ABSTRACT: One of the main issues related to the management of forage legumes is the fact that these plants can be found in a broad diversity of morphology, structures and growth habits. This study evaluated the structural and productive characteristics of forage legumes with different growth habits [Clitoria ternatea L.; Desmanthus pernambucanus (L.) Thellung; and Stylosanthes spp. cv. Campo Grande], in response to two harvesting frequencies (60 and 90 days). The experimental design was completely randomized in blocks, with a split-plot scheme and four replications (n=4). The type of forage legume influenced the number of secondary branches, the number of leaves per branch, leaf area index (LAI), light interception (LI), percentage of leaves and stems (%), leaf/stem ratio, and pod production (P<0.05). D. pernambucanus had the lowest LI and LAI (P < 0.05). Stylosanthes spp. cv. Campo Grande and C. ternatea showed a greater leaf percentage and leaf/stem ratio (P < 0.05). There was an effect of the harvesting frequency on the percentage of stems, leaves, pod production, and total production (P < 0.05). Longer harvesting frequencies affected differently these legumes, especially the accumulation of stems in D. pernambucanus, which displayed an intense increase after 60 days of growth. The choice of the best harvesting frequency for these legumes evaluated should consider the proposal of the usage. In our study, it was shown that harvesting at 60 days did not affect the total forage mass accumulated, which possibly is the most advantageous choice. ABSTRACT morphology Clitoria L. L (L. Thellung spp cv Grande, , Grande] (6 9 days. . days) blocks splitplot split plot n=4. n4 n n=4 4 (n=4) branches branch LAI, (LAI) LI, (LI) %, % (%) leafstem stem P<0.05. P005 P P<0.05 0 05 (P<0.05) D 0.05. 005 0.05 0.05) C 6 usage accumulated (L ( n= (n=4 (LAI (LI (% P00 P<0.0 (P<0.05 00 0.0 (n= P0 P<0. (P<0.0 0. (n P<0 (P<0. P< (P<0 (P<

RESUMO: Uma das principais questões relacionadas ao manejo de leguminosas forrageiras é o fato de que essas plantas podem ser encontradas em uma ampla diversidade de morfológica, estruturais e de hábitos de crescimento. O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar características morfológicas, estruturais e produtivas de leguminosas forrageiras com diferentes hábitos de crescimento [Clitoria ternatea L.; Desmanthus pernambucanus (L.) Thellung; e Stylosanthes spp. cv. Campo Grande], em resposta a duas frequências de colheita (60 e 90 dias). O delineamento experimental foi inteiramente casualizado em blocos, com esquema de parcelas subdivididas e quatro repetições (n=4). O tipo de leguminosa forrageira influenciou no número de ramos secundários, número de folhas por ramo, índice de área foliar (IAF), interceptação luminosa (IL), porcentagem de folhas e colmos (%), razão folha/colmo e produção de vagens (P<0,05). D. pernambucanus apresentou os menores IL e IAF (P<0,05). Stylosanthes spp. cv. Campo Grande e C. ternatea apresentaram maior porcentagem de folhas e relação folha/colmo (P<0,05). Houve efeito da frequência de colheita na porcentagem de produção de hastes, folhas e vagens e na produção total (P<0,05). Frequências de colheita mais longas afetaram de forma diferente as leguminosas forrageiras avaliadas, principalmente o acúmulo de caules em D. pernambucanus, que apresentou aumento intenso após 60 dias de crescimento. A escolha da melhor frequência de colheita para essas leguminosas avaliadas deve levar em consideração a sua forma de uso. No presente estudo, foi demonstrado que a colheita aos 60 dias não afetou a massa forragem total acumulada, o que possivelmente é a escolha mais vantajosa. RESUMO morfológica morfológicas Clitoria L. L (L. Thellung spp cv Grande, , Grande] (6 9 dias. . dias) blocos n=4. n4 n n=4 4 (n=4) secundários ramo IAF, (IAF) IL, (IL) %, % (%) folhacolmo folha colmo P<0,05. P005 P P<0,05 0 05 (P<0,05) D C hastes 6 uso acumulada vantajosa (L ( n= (n=4 (IAF (IL (% P00 P<0,0 (P<0,05 (n= P0 P<0, (P<0,0 (n P<0 (P<0, P< (P<0 (P< (P

Resumen Se evaluaron tres densidades de siembra, de&nidas por las distancias entre surcos, las cuales fueron: 70 cm (4375 kg biomasa ha-1), 85 cm (3750 kg biomasa ha-1) y 100 cm (3125 kg biomasa ha-1) y dos frecuencias de cosecha, a los 45 y 70 días después del corte de uniformidad (ddu). El experimento se realizó entre diciembre de 2020 y mayo de 2021 en la Finca Experimental de Santa Cruz de la Universidad de Costa Rica. Se utilizó un diseño en franjas, donde se cuanti&có la producción de biomasa fresca y seca, altura de planta, longitud de tallo y hojas, contenido de cloro&la, proteína cruda y número de nudos por tallo; para cada variable se efectuó un análisis de varianza. El uso de una distancia de siembra de 70 cm con una frecuencia de cosecha de 70 ddu, mostró valores mayores para biomasa fresca (p < 0,0001), producción de biomasa seca (p < 0,0068), altura (p < 0,0194) y longitud de tallo (p < 0,0093), en comparación con las otras combinaciones. Mientras que una combinación de distancia de siembra de 85 cm y una frecuencia de cosecha de 45 ddu presentó valores mayores para contenido de cloro&la (p < 0,0284) y porcentaje de proteína cruda (p < 0,0134). En edades de corte tempranas hubo mayor contenido de clorofila y de proteína cruda, mientras que en edades tardías hubo mayor producción de biomasa. Por productividad y por contenido de proteína, el Cuba OM-22 es una alternativa para bancos de forraje. Este trabajo formó parte del proyecto de investigación B8009 inscrito en Vicerrectoría de Investigación de la Universidad de Costa Rica, San José, Costa Rica.

Abstract Three planting densities, de(ned by the distances between rows, which were: 70 cm (4375 kg biomass ha-1), 85 cm (3750 kg biomass ha-1) and 100 cm (3125 kg biomass ha-1) and two harvest frequencies, at 45 and 70 days a)er the uniform cutting grass (auc) were evaluated. 'e experiment was carried out between December 2020 and May 2021 at the Santa Cruz Experimental Farm of the University of Costa Rica. A strip design was used, where the production of fresh and dry biomass, plant height, stem and leaf length, chlorophyll content, crude protein, and number of nodes per stem were quanti(ed; an analysis of variance was performed for each variable. 'e use of a planting distance of 70 cm with a harvest frequency of 70 auc, showed higher values for fresh biomass (p < 0,0001), dry biomass production (p < 0,0068), height (p < 0,0194) and stem length (p < 0,0093), compared to the other combinations. While a combination of a planting distance of 85 cm and a harvest frequency of 45 auc, presented higher values for chlorophyll content (p < 0,0284) and percentage of crude protein (p < 0,0134). At early cutting ages there was a higher chlorophyll and crude protein content, while at later ages there was higher biomass production. Due to productivity and protein content, Cuba OM-22 is an alternative for forage banks.

Abstract Cattle raising is a crucial element of production systems in the tropics and subtropics. However, in recent years, global public health security has been threatened by disease emergence. In Orellana Province, livestock is the most important activity to generate economic income. Nevertheless, there is no available data about Animal Health status. With this objective, a study was performed to describe the major Bovine diseases recorded between 2011 to 2019, and the main Risk factors associated. Data on main Bovine diseases were retrieved from the World Animal Health Information System database. Whereas Bovine population data used to calculate the prevalence rates and confidence intervals were obtained from Ecuador's Ministry of Agriculture. By contrast, the Risk factors identified with an epidemiological questionnaire were applied to 300 livestock farmers. As a result, from 2011 to 2019 in Orellana has been confirmed: 90 cases of Infectious Bovine Rhinotracheitis (31.58%), Bovine Rabies by hematophagous bats (Desmodus rotundus), 83 cases (29.12%), Bovine viral diarrhea with 43 cases (15.10%), Brucellosis by Brucella abortus 35 cases, which was (12.28%), and 34 cases related to Enzootic bovine leukosis (11.92%). Overall, the prevalence rates ranged from (0.24 to 15.37%). In addition, farm size, presence of forest, herd, and paddock sizes, cutting frequency of forages, and other animal species were involved as Risk factors (OR = 3.15 to 11.75; 95% CI, 0.01 to 0.69). In conclusion, there are animal diseases with reproductive and neurologic symptomology and high-Risk factors implicated in the transmission. Consequently, space-temporal and seroprevalence epidemiological studies should be performed in Orellana. subtropics However years emergence Province income Nevertheless status objective 201 associated database Ecuadors Ecuador s Agriculture contrast 30 farmers result confirmed 9 31.58%, 3158 31.58% , 31 58 (31.58%) Desmodus rotundus, rotundus rotundus) 8 29.12%, 2912 29.12% 29 12 (29.12%) 4 15.10%, 1510 15.10% 15 10 (15.10%) 3 12.28%, 1228 12.28% 28 (12.28%) 11.92%. 1192 11.92% . 11 92 (11.92%) Overall 0.24 024 0 24 (0.2 15.37%. 1537 15.37% 37 15.37%) addition size forest herd sizes forages OR 315 3.1 11.75 1175 75 95 CI 001 01 0.0 0.69. 069 0.69 69 0.69) conclusion highRisk high transmission Consequently spacetemporal space temporal 20 31.58 5 (31.58% 291 29.12 2 1 (29.12% 151 15.10 (15.10% 122 12.28 (12.28% 119 11.92 (11.92% 0.2 02 (0. 153 15.37 3. 11.7 117 7 00 0. 06 0.6 6 31.5 (31.58 29.1 (29.12 15.1 (15.10 12.2 (12.28 11.9 (11.92 (0 15.3 11. 31. (31.5 29. (29.1 15. (15.1 12. (12.2 (11.9 ( (31. (29. (15. (12. (11. (31 (29 (15 (12 (11 (3 (2 (1

Resumo A criação de gado é um elemento crucial dos sistemas de produção nos trópicos e subtrópicos. No entanto, nos últimos anos, a segurança da saúde pública global tem sido ameaçada pelo surgimento de doenças. Na província de Orellana, a pecuária é a atividade mais importante para gerar renda econômica. Contudo, não há dados disponíveis sobre o estado de saúde animal. Com este objetivo, foi realizado um estudo para descrever as principais doenças dos bovinos registradas entre 2011 e 2019, além dos principais fatores de risco associados. Os dados sobre as principais doenças bovinas foram recuperados do banco de dados do World Animal Health Information System. Os dados da população bovina usados para calcular as taxas de prevalência e os intervalos de confiança foram obtidos do Ministério da Agricultura do Equador. Por outro lado, os fatores de risco identificados com um questionário epidemiológico foram aplicados a 300 criadores de gado. Como resultado, de 2011 a 2019 em Orellana foram confirmados: 90 casos (31,58%) de rinotraqueíte infecciosa bovina, 83 casos (29,12%) de raiva bovina por morcegos hematófagos (Desmodus rotundus), 43 casos (15,10%) de diarreia viral bovina, 35 casos (12,28%) de brucelose por Brucella abortus e 34 casos relacionados à leucose enzoótica bovina (11,92%). No geral, as taxas de prevalência variaram de 0,24 a 15,37%. Além disso, tamanho da fazenda, presença de floresta, tamanho do rebanho e dos piquetes, frequência de corte de forragens e outras espécies animais estiveram envolvidos como fatores de risco (OR = 3,15-11,75; IC 95% 0,01-0,69). Em conclusão, existem doenças animais com sintomatologia reprodutiva e neurológica e fatores de alto risco implicados na transmissão. Portanto, estudos epidemiológicos espaço-temporais e de soroprevalência devem ser realizados em Orellana. subtrópicos entanto anos econômica Contudo animal objetivo 201 associados System Equador lado 30 resultado confirmados 9 31,58% 3158 31 58 (31,58% 8 29,12% 2912 29 12 (29,12% Desmodus rotundus, rotundus , rotundus) 4 15,10% 1510 15 10 (15,10% 3 12,28% 1228 28 (12,28% 11,92%. 1192 11,92% . 11 92 (11,92%) geral 024 0 24 0,2 1537 37 15,37% disso fazenda floresta piquetes OR 3,1511,75 3151175 3,15 11,75 75 3,15-11,75 95 0,010,69. 001069 0,01 0,69 01 69 0,01-0,69) conclusão transmissão Portanto espaçotemporais espaço temporais 20 31,58 315 5 (31,58 29,12 291 2 1 (29,12 15,10 151 (15,10 12,28 122 (12,28 119 11,92 (11,92% 02 0, 153 15,37 1511 3,1511,7 315117 3,1 1175 11,7 7 3,15-11,7 010 0,010,69 00106 001 0,0 069 0,6 6 0,01-0,69 31,5 (31,5 29,1 (29,1 15,1 (15,1 12,2 (12,2 11,9 (11,92 15,3 3,1511, 31511 3, 117 11, 3,15-11, 0,010,6 0010 00 06 0,01-0,6 31, (31, 29, (29, 15, (15, 12, (12, (11,9 3,1511 3151 3,15-11 0,010, 0,01-0, (31 (29 (15 (12 (11, 3,151 3,15-1 0,010 0,01-0 (3 (2 (1 (11 3,15- 0,01- (

Abstract This study evaluated the impact of cutting severity (4 vs. 10 cm cutting height) on forage production and biomass of perennial organs (root plus crown), in two contrasting winter dormant cultivars of lucerne (G6 vs. G10), defoliated more frequently than usually recommended, during the first year of life. The experiment was conducted in outdoor pots, under non-limiting water and nutritional conditions. Between November 5, 2014 and September 2, 2015, plants were cut approximately every 370 growing degree days (GDD) at the 4 and 10 cm in height. No differences were observed between cultivars. Forage yield (biomass harvested above cutting height) was similar between plants cut at 10 and 4 cm in height. Plants cut at 10 cm in height showed higher perennial biomass than those cut at 4 cm. At the same time, plants cut at 10 cm quickly achieved perennial biomass levels higher than 3000 kg DM/ha, a value at which it is considered that partitioning to roots would not limit the aerial biomass production. Consequently, a management of defoliation that contemplates a higher post-cut foliar residual allows to reconcile the need for early use of lucerne pastures with the need to establish a vigorous perennial system during the year of establishment.

ABSTRACT The cultivation of vascular plants in aquaculture is becoming increasingly important and saline aquaponics have been centered on plants with a short life cycle (i.e. annual species). However, the cultivation of perennial halophytes can allow to produce biomass year-round by repeated cuttings and regrowth. The present study evaluated the effects of different cutting regimes on the growth and tissue nitrogen uptake of the perennial halophyte Paspalum vaginatum and Salicornia neei cultivated in saline aquaponics. Clarified water from Litopenaeus vannamei cultivation was used as the main source of water and nutrients to grow plants established in Nutrient Film Technique (NFT). In each trial (28 days), three groups of 22 plants were established in different NFT benches and subjected to no cutting, one harvest and two harvests. Cutting regimes applied to both halophytic species did not affect the quality of recirculating water. Tillering and stem elongation of P. vaginatum had increasing trends with augment of cutting frequency. Salicornia neei cut at 28-day intervals produced a larger number of marketable size branches with less lignified shoots than non-cut plants and branchy plants cut every 14 days, which showed the smallest branch size. Individual plants of P. vaginatum and S. neei took up in their tissues between 2.27-2.45 mg/day of N and 4.59-6.43 mg/day of N, respectively. Cutting regimes did not statistically affect the accumulation of nitrogen in the biomass of either halophytic species. One harvest treatment, every 28 days, was considered the most suitable practice for aquaponics production of both halophytes. i.e. ie i e (i.e . species) However yearround year round regrowth NFT. (NFT) (2 days , days) 2 harvests P frequency 28day day noncut non 1 S 2.272.45 227245 2.27 2.45 27 45 2.27-2.4 mgday mg 4.596.43 459643 4.59 6.43 4 59 6 43 4.59-6.4 respectively treatment i.e (NFT ( 272 2.272.4 22724 227 2.2 245 2.4 2.27-2. 596 4.596.4 45964 459 4.5 643 6.4 5 4.59-6. 2.272. 2272 2. 24 2.27-2 4.596. 4596 4. 64 6. 4.59-6 2.272 2.27- 4.596 4.59-

RESUMO O cultivo de plantas vasculares na aquicultura está se tornando cada vez mais importante e a aquaponia salina tem centrado no cultivo de plantas com o ciclo de vida curto (i.e. plantas anuais). Entretanto, o cultivo de plantas perenes pode permitir a produção de biomassa durante todo o ano por cortes repetidos e rebrote. O presente estudo avaliou os efeitos de diferentes regimes de poda no crescimento e absorção tecidual de nitrogênio das halófitas perenes Paspalum vaginatum e Salicornia neei cultivadas em aquaponia salina. A água clarificada do cultivo de Litopenaeus vannamei foi utilizada como principal fonte de água e nutrientes para o cultivo de plantas estabelecidas em Nutrient Film Technique (NFT). Em cada ensaio (28 dias), três grupos de 22 plantas foram estabelecidos em diferentes bancadas NFT e submetidos a nenhum corte, um corte e dois cortes. Os regimes de poda aplicados a ambas as espécies halófitas não afetaram a qualidade da água de recirculação. O perfilhamento e o alongamento do caule de P. vaginatum apresentaram tendências crescentes com o aumento da frequência de corte. Salicornia neei cortada em intervalos de 28 dias produziu um maior número de ramos de tamanho comercializável com menos ramos lignificados do que plantas não cortadas e plantas ramificadas cortadas a cada 14 dias, que apresentaram o menor tamanho de ramo. Plantas individuais de P. vaginatum e S. neei absorveram em seus tecidos entre 2,27-2,45 mg/dia de N e 4,59-6,43 mg/dia de N, respectivamente. Os regimes de corte não afetaram estatisticamente o acúmulo de nitrogênio na biomassa de nenhuma das espécies halófitas. O tratamento de uma poda, a cada 28 dias, foi considerado a prática mais adequada para a produção de aquaponia de ambas as halófitas. i.e. ie i (i.e anuais. anuais . anuais) Entretanto rebrote NFT. (NFT) (2 , dias) 2 recirculação P 1 ramo S 2,272,45 227245 2,27 2,45 27 45 2,27-2,4 mgdia mg dia 4,596,43 459643 4,59 6,43 4 59 6 43 4,59-6,4 respectivamente i.e (NFT ( 272 2,272,4 22724 227 2,2 245 2,4 2,27-2, 596 4,596,4 45964 459 4,5 643 6,4 5 4,59-6, 2,272, 2272 2, 24 2,27-2 4,596, 4596 4, 64 6, 4,59-6 2,272 2,27- 4,596 4,59-

Abstract The development of new environmentally-friendly cutting fluids is an important technological advancement. The aim of this study was to assess the tribological behavior of microemulsions (W/O) developed with epoxidized soybean oil and nonionic surfactants with different degrees of ethoxylation (NP4EO, NP6EO and NP9.5EO). The tribological performance of the microemulsion systems was assessed in a High Frequency Reciprocating Rig (HFRR) tribometer. Microemulsions showed Newtonian fluid behavior, with viscosities compatible with conventional cutting fluids. In addition, contact angle values above 90º indicate spherical-shaped drops on the surface on which they are deposited, due to their hydrophobic nature. The microemulsions formulated using surfactants with lower ethoxylation numbers and 20% concentration exhibited greater stability, lower viscosity and better friction reduction during tribological contact between surfaces, given that the average wear scar diameter was 118 µm with smooth surfaces exhibiting slight slippage wear caused by abrasion, as identified by SEM/EDS analyses.

Resumo Introdução: Em 2006 e 2009, relatamos os níveis de danos teciduais agudos e crônicos após cordectomia associados ao uso de microeletrodos com energia de alta frequência. Em 2010, passamos a usar radiofrequência em vez de eletrogeradores de alta frequência. Objetivo: Avaliar a lesão tecidual aguda na laringe após cordectomia com microeletrodos acoplados a um gerador de radiofrequência. Método: Foram estudados 22 pacientes com carcinoma espinocelular glótico no estágio T1. Os pacientes foram divididos aleatoriamente nos dois modos de operação: corte ou coagulação (11 pacientes em cada modo). A força do estudo é que não há estudos anteriores sobre o efeito da radiofrequência nas cordas vocais humanas. Resultados: O dano tecidual foi mais leve quando os microeletrodos foram acoplados a um gerador de 4 MHz que opera no modo de corte. Assim, ao usar microeletrodos e radiofrequência, recomendamos que o modo de corte seja usado para a incisão epitelial e o modo de coagulação para tratar estroma e músculo e para a hemostasia final. Conclusão: O uso de microeletrodos e radiofrequência na cirurgia laríngea transoral produziu dano tecidual leve e oferece uma excelente opção ao uso de energia de alta frequência.

Abstract Introduction: In 2006 and 2009, we reported the levels of acute and chronic tissue damage after cordectomy associated with use of the microlectrodes using high frequency energy. In 2010, we shifted to radiofrequency rather than high frequency electrogenerators. Objective: The aim of this study is to evaluate acute tissue damage in the larynx after cordectomy using microelectrodes coupled to a radiofrequencygenerator. Methods: We studied 22 patients with a stage T1 glottic squamous cell carcinoma. The patients were randomly assigned to the two operating mode: cutting or coagulation (11 patients each mode). The strength of the study is that there are no previous studies on the effect of radiofrequency in human vocal cord. Results: Tissue damage was milder when microelectrodes were coupled to a 4 MHz generator operating in the cutting mode. Thus, when using microelectrodes and radiofrequency, we recommend that the cutting mode be used for epithelial incision and the coagulation mode to treat the stroma and muscle and for final hemostasis. Conclusion: Microelectrodes and radiofrequency in transoral laryngeal surgery produced mild tissue damage and offer an excellent alternative to the use of high frequency energy.

Resumen El presente estudio realizó un análisis de la influencia que ejercen las variaciones del grosor del sustrato dieléctrico y de la posición de las ranuras de microcinta creadas en el parche radiante de una antena de microcinta. El trabajo presentó la simulación mediante el software de optimización automática CST Studio, de una antena para captura de energía de radiofrecuencia empleando el substrato ARLON AD450 con constante dieléctrica de 4.5, pérdidas tangenciales de 0.035 y espesor de 3 mm. En este diseño se aplicaron varias ranuras hasta formar una espira cuadrada. Los resultados obtenidos evidenciaron que al aumentar el espesor del sustrato que separa el plano de tierra del parche radiante, se produce una disminución en las pérdidas de retorno del parámetro (S 11 ) y al mismo tiempo se da un aumento en la ganancia de la antena. La creación de ranuras, el grosor y la ubicación de estas en el parche radiante producen un desplazamiento en la frecuencia de resonancia. Asimismo, el arreglo presentado permite frecuencias de resonancia alrededor de 1.6 GHz, 2.38 GHz, 3.38 GHz y 4.16 GHz, con una ganancia entre 2.48 dB y 7.66 dB. Este diseño de antena permitió mejoras en ganancia y en el patrón de radiación. La creación de ranuras en el parche radiante modificó la distribución de corriente de superficie de la antena y generó nuevas frecuencias de resonancia. Los espacios de aire creados entre el cobre y el substrato mejoraron el rendimiento de la antena, del mismo modo que el espacio ejercido por el substrato entre el plano de tierra y el parche radiante disminuyeron las pérdidas de ganancia en la antena debido a la reducción del cobre cuando se realizan estas ranuras. La antena propuesta presenta un comportamiento multibanda inmediatamente se agregan ranuras en el parche. La evaluación de substratos y estructuras son útiles para el desarrollo de antenas de microcinta integradas para sistemas de recolección de energía de radiofrecuencia.

Abstract This study analyses the influence of variations in the thickness of the dielectric substrate and the position of the microstrip slots created in the radiating patch of a microstrip antenna. Automatic optimization software, i.e., CST Studio, was used to simulate an antenna for radio frequency energy harvesting made of ARLON AD450 substrate with a dielectric constant of 4.5, tangential losses of 0.035 and a thickness of 3 mm. In this design, several slots were applied to form a square loop. The results show that, by increasing the thickness of the substrate that separates the ground plane from the radiating patch, the return loss of the (S 11 ) parameter was reduced, and, at the same time, the antenna gain rose. Cutting out slots, as well as their thickness and location in the radiating patch, produced a shift in the antenna’s resonant frequency. Likewise, the array presented here allowed resonant frequencies around 1.6 GHz, 2.38 GHz, 3.38 GHz, and 4.16 GHz, with a gain between 2.48 dB and 7.66 dB. This antenna design produced improvements in gain and radiation pattern. Creating slots in the radiating patch modified the surface current distribution of the antenna and generated new resonant frequencies. The air gaps produced between the copper and the substrate improved the antenna’s performance. Similarly, the spaces created by the substrate between the ground plane and the radiating patch decreased the gain losses in the antenna due to the reduction of the copper caused when the slots were made. The proposed antenna presented a multiband behavior immediately after the slots were added to the patch. Evaluating substrates and structures is useful for developing integrated microstrip antennas for RF energy harvesting systems.

Abstract Milling is an intrinsically interrupted cutting operation; therefore, vibrations occur. There are both self-excited (chatter) and forced vibration. Vibrations in milling appear due to the lack of dynamic stiffness of some components in the machine tool-tool-workpiece system. If the vibrations are excessive, the machine stability is negatively affected. In this paper a parallel kinematic machine is modelled and structurally analyzed, considering vibrational parameters (mass, inertia, stiffness, and damping). Theoretical results are used to verify the model. The proposed model provides an effective guide to design milling machines with the best structural arrangement (architecture) and enhancing performance. The value of this finding is in answering the research question: "Should the machine tool-tool-workpiece system be kept decoupled to mitigate the vibration generated during a cutting operation?" Two approaches were proposed to determine which option (coupled or decoupled bases) provides greater dynamic rigidity. The evidence shows that the decoupled base proposal maintains a cutting operation without displacement peaks due to greater operation times and better damping response.

Resumen El fresado es una operación de corte intrínsecamente interrumpida, por tanto, se producen vibraciones. Aparecen vibraciones tanto autoexcitadas como forzadas. Las vibraciones en el fresado aparecen debido a la falta de rigidez dinámica de algunos componentes en el sistema máquina herramienta-herramienta-pieza de trabajo. Si las vibraciones son excesivas, la estabilidad de la máquina se ve afectada negativamente. En este trabajo se modela y analiza estructuralmente una máquina cinemática paralela, considerando parámetros vibracionales (masa, inercia, rigidez y amortiguación). Los resultados teóricos se utilizan para verificar el modelo. El modelo propuesto proporciona una guía eficaz para diseñar fresadoras con la mejor disposición estructural (arquitectura) y rendimiento mejorado. El valor de este hallazgo radica en responder a la pregunta de investigación: "¿Debe mantenerse desacoplado el sistema máquina herramienta-herramienta-pieza de trabajo para mitigar la vibración generada durante una operación de corte?". Se propusieron dos enfoques para determinar qué opción (bases acopladas o desacopladas) proporciona una mayor rigidez dinámica. La evidencia muestra que la propuesta de base desacoplada mantiene una operación de corte sin picos de desplazamiento debido a mayores tiempos de operación y mejor respuesta de amortiguamiento.

Abstract: Introduction: Hallux valgus is a high frequency disorder, affecting the first ray. Operative correction techniques have grown popularity lately. One of them is the Reverdin-Isham technique (first metatarsal medial incomplete osteotomy). Recently, a protection and osteotomy cutting guide has been developed: the BARU system. Objective: To test the usefulness of the BARU system as a protective factor for soft structures adjacent to the surgical site and guidance for osteotomy. Material and methods: Experimental cadaveric study. Six cadaveric feet (two fresh-frozen and four in formaldehyde solution), unapproached. Feet were numbered and intervened with RI technique, three of them with BARU system and three without it. Afterwards, dissection by two dissectors who did not know whether the BARU system had been used or not, establishing a single-blinded model. 13 structures were evaluated in each foot. Data was recovered into Microsoft Office Excel and processed with SPSS. χ2 test (significative if p value < 0.05) and relative risk were calculated. Results: Approach using BARU system was satisfactory, with usual-size operation-ports. BARU system colocation was simple and radiological control showed adequate spatial location. The device contributed as reference for cutting direction and depth. 65 out of the 78 searched structures were found (83.3%). Six injuries were found among the assessed structures: plantar medial nerve (one injury), plantar medial artery (one injury), flexor brevis muscle (three injuries), abductor muscle (one injury). Five of these injuries occurred in non-utilizing BARU system feet. Conclusion: Promising results in terms of protection of nearby structures, cutting guide, and ease of intervention. Avoids X-rays exposure. Not significant statistical calculations, the sample should be enlarged.

Resumen: Introducción: El hallux valgus es una patología con alta prevalencia en la población. Técnicas de corrección quirúrgica han crecido en popularidad últimamente. Una de ellas es la de Reverdin-Isham (RI: osteotomía incompleta medial en primer metatarsiano), se desarrolló un dispositivo de protección y guía de corte para dicho procedimiento: el sistema BARU. Objetivo: Probar la utilidad del sistema BARU como factor protector de estructuras blandas adyacentes al sitio de abordaje y guía para osteotomía. Material y métodos: Estudio cadavérico; seis pies (dos frescos y cuatro formolados) sin abordajes previos. Tres con el sistema BARU y tres sin éste. Posteriormente disección por dos disectores con enmascaramiento simple ciego. Se evaluaron 13 estructuras en cada pie. Los datos fueron recabados con Microsoft Office Excel y procesados en SPSS. Se realizó test de χ2 (valor p < 0.05 significativo) y se calculó el riesgo relativo. Resultados: El sistema BARU fue satisfactorio. Su colocación fue sencilla y el control radiológico mostró adecuada ubicación espacial. Ayudó como referencia para la dirección y profundidad del corte. Se encontraron 65 de las 78 estructuras buscadas (83.3%). En las estructuras evaluadas hubo seis lesiones: nervio plantar medial (uno dañado), arteria plantar medial (uno dañado), músculo flexor corto (tres dañados), músculo abductor (uno dañado). Cinco de estas lesiones ocurrieron en pies donde no se utilizó el sistema BARU. Conclusión: Resultados prometedores en cuanto a protección de estructuras cercanas, guía de corte y facilidad para la intervención. Cálculos estadísticos no significativos, la muestra debería ampliarse.

Abstract The objective of this study, made in 2017, was to characterize mombaza grass (Megathyrsus maximus) to assess its potential as a raw material for the production of liquid biofuel (bioethanol). Annual biomass production, calorific power, chemical composition and theoretical bioethanol yield were determined at four cutting frequencies (30, 60, 90 and 120 d after regrowth). The data were analyzed with the GLM (SAS) procedure and the means of the treatments were compared with the Tukey test (p( 0.05). The highest biomass production, calorific power, energy production, bioethanol production, FDN, LDA and hemicellulose were obtained at the cutting frequency of 120 d with 11 Mg ha-1 year-1; 16.1 MJ kg-1; 178.4 GJ ha-1 year-1; 238.2 L Mg-1 MS and 68.6, 6.5, 23.3%, respectively. However, the highest cellulose and FDA content were found at the cutting frequency of 90 d, with 41.2 and 47.4%, respectively. The highest values of humidity, PC and ash were found at the cutting frequency of 30 d with values of 8.2, 10.4 and 12.1%, respectively, while the EE content was higher at the cutting frequency of 60 d (1.6%). According to the results obtained in this study mombaza grass (Megathyrsus maximus) can be considered as an attractive raw material for the production of bioethanol in tropical climates.

Resumen El objetivo de este estudio realizado en 2017 fue caracterizar el pasto mombaza (Megathyrsus maximus) para evaluar su potencial como materia prima para la producción de biocombustible líquido (bioetanol). La producción anual de biomasa, el poder calorífico, la composición química y el rendimiento teórico de bioetanol fueron determinadas en cuatro frecuencias de corte (30, 60, 90 y 120 d después del rebrote). Los datos se analizaron con el procedimiento GLM (SAS) y las medias de los tratamientos se compararon con la prueba de Tukey (p( 0.05). La mayor producción de biomasa, poder calorífico, producción de energía, producción de bioetanol, FDN, LDA y hemicelulosa se obtuvieron en la frecuencia de corte de 120 d con 11 Mg ha-1 año-1; 16.1 MJ kg-1; 178.4 GJ ha-1 año-1; 238.2 L Mg-1 MS y 68.6, 6.5, 23.3%, respectivamente. No obstante, el mayor contenido de celulosa y FDA se encontraron en la frecuencia de corte de 90 d, con 41.2 y 47.4%, respectivamente. Los valores más altos de humedad, PC y cenizas se encontraron en la frecuencia de corte de 30 d con valores de 8.2, 10.4 y 12.1%, respectivamente, mientras que el contenido de EE fue mayor en la frecuencia de corte de 60 d (1.6%). De acuerdo con los resultados obtenidos en este estudio el pasto mombaza (Megathyrsus maximus) puede ser considerado como una materia prima atractiva para la producción de bioetanol en climas tropicales.

Abstract The objective of this work was to evaluate the nutritional quality in 3 cultivars of alfalfa, belonging to different winter dormancy (GRI), subjected to two cutting frequencies during one year of cultivation, based on the abundant information existing in studies carried out in productivity, coverage and persistence, not so in the determination of quality of forage subjected to different frequencies of cuts and contrasting GRI. Three cultivars (GR6-Verzy), (GR9-Mecha) and (GR10-Ruano) were tested. The experimental design was a complete split plot with four repetitions. Two treatments defined by the cutting intervals were established: T1: 25 days and T2: 35 days. These were specified for spring, summer and fall seasons. For winter the interval was 45 and 55 days in T1 and T2, respectively. The evaluated variables were: percentage of dry matter (% DM), percentage of crude protein (% PB), percentage of neutral detergent fiber (% FDN) and percentage of acid detergent fiber (% FDA). Significant differences were found for all the nutritional variables studied, for both treatment with p <0.05 with InfoStat program. Interaction between cultivars and treatment was observed for % PB. The 35 days cutoff frequency of yielded the lowest percentages of PB and the highest percentages of FDN and FDA. Hence the forage resulting from this frequency is of a lower quality, leading to decreased digestibility and lower performance of pasture for livestock.

Resumen El objetivo de este trabajo fue evaluar la calidad nutricional en 3 cultivares de alfalfa, pertenecientes a diferentes grupos de reposo invernal (GRI), sometidos a dos frecuencias de corte, durante un año del cultivo, fundamentado en que es abundante la información existente en estudios realizados en productividad, cobertura y persistencia, no así en la determinación de calidad de forraje sometidos a diferentes frecuencias de cortes y de GRI contrastantes. Se utilizaron tres cultivares (GR6-Verzy), (GR9-Mecha) y (GR10-Ruano). El diseño experimental fue de parcelas divididas con cuatro repeticiones. Se establecieron 2 tratamientos definidos por los intervalos entre cortes: T1: 25 días y T2: 35 días. Estos fueron precisados para las estaciones de primavera, verano y otoño. En invierno el intervalo fue de 45 y 55 días en T1 y T2, respectivamente. Las variables evaluadas fueron: porcentaje de materia seca (% MS), porcentaje de proteína bruta (% PB), porcentaje de fibra detergente neutro (% FDN) y porcentaje de fibra detergente ácido (% FDA). Se encontraron diferencias significativas para todas las variables nutricionales estudiadas, para ambos tratamientos. Se observó interacción entre cultivares y tratamiento para % PB. Los cultivares estudiados con diferentes GRI, no expresaron diferencias significativas en los parámetros de calidad evaluados para ninguna de las frecuencias de corte realizadas. La frecuencia de corte de 35 días arrojó los menores % PB y mayores % FDN y % FDA, por lo cual el forraje resulta para esta frecuencia de menor calidad, llevando a la disminución de la digestibilidad y aprovechamiento de la pastura para el ganado.

Abstract: Sixty moderately curved canals of mandibular molars classified as Vertucci’s type IV canal configuration were selected by micro-CT 1174. The teeth were divided into two groups according to the kinematics used, whether reciprocating or rotary motion (n=30, totaling 60 mesial root canals). The instruments used to perform the glide path procedures had identical features (0.15 mm of tip size, 0.04 mm/mm taper, thermal treatment, and square cross-section), but differed in the direction of the cutting blade. The duration of the procedure and the absolute and percentage frequency of the instruments to reach the full working length were recorded. The torsional test (3630-1; 1992) was performed on both used and unused instruments, to evaluate a possible reduction in the torsional resistance when using the glide path procedure. Statistical analysis was performed using the unpaired t-test and the chi-square test, and the level of significance was set at 5%. The type of kinematics used affected the duration of glide path procedures, and the reciprocating motion seemed to induce less torsional stress during glide path procedures.

RESUMO Objetivou-se avaliar as características estruturais e a produção de forragem do capim-piatã submetido à combinação de duas frequências de corte (95% e máxima interceptação de luz pelo dossel forrageiro, ILmax) e duas alturas pós-corte (15 e 20cm), no período de janeiro de 2012 a março de 2013. O delineamento utilizado foi em blocos ao acaso, com três repetições, em esquema fatorial 2x2, totalizando 12 unidades experimentais de 14m2 cada. Foram avaliadas as seguintes variáveis-respostas: altura do dossel no pré-corte, intervalo de corte, índice de área foliar pré e pós-corte, taxa de produção de forragem e as percentagens de colmo, folha e forragem morta na forragem produzida. A altura pré-corte decresceu durante o experimento (de 65,81 para 34,03cm), sendo a menor altura observada no dossel sob alta frequência de desfolhação (95% de IL). A taxa de produção de forragem foi maior nas épocas favoráveis ao crescimento da gramínea forrageira. As percentagens de folha, colmo e forragem morta foram semelhantes entre as frequências de corte. Assim, o capim-piatã sob manejo de desfolhação intermitente pode ser colhido com qualquer combinação de frequências de corte de 95% e ou máxima interceptação de luz, e alturas pós-corte de 15 ou 20cm.

ABSTRACT The objective of this study was to evaluate the structural characteristics and forage production of the piatã grass submitted to the combination of two cutting frequencies (95% and maximum interception of light by the forage canopy, ILmax) and two post cutting heights (15 and 20cm) in the period from January 2012 to March 2013. The design was a randomized complete block with three replications, in a 2x2 factorial scheme, totaling 12 experimental units of 14m2 each. The following variables were evaluated: pre-cut canopy height, cut interval, pre and post-cut leaf area index, forage yield rate, and percentage of stem, leaf and dead forage in the forage produced. The pre-cut height decreased during the experiment (from 65.81 to 34.03cm), with the lowest height observed in the canopy under high frequency of defoliation (95% IL). The rate of forage production was higher in the seasons favorable to forage grass growth. The percentages of leaf, stem and dead fodder were similar between cut-off frequencies. Thus, piatã grass under intermittent defoliation management can be harvested with any combination of 95% and maximum light interception cut frequencies, and post cutting heights of 15 or 20cm.

The purpose of this contribution is to address the translation problems related to the term "sword" as a weapon in the Maccabean books. The translation problem becomes evident in the various occurrences of ρομφαία, μάχαιρα and τό ξίφος in the source text of 1-2 Maccabees, as well as the frequency of the words in these books. Swords are historically contextual, and reveal important information about the nature of confrontation and attack strategies, as well as the relationship between attackers and victims, as it would determine whether soldiers would use them to stab, slash or cut their enemies. This is important information for understanding the translation context in which a particular type of sword was used, especially in the military context of the Maccabees. It is therefore clear that a definite distinction should be made between the various Greek terms used in 1 and 2 Maccabees for "sword". The ρομφαία was a longer type of sword, longer than one meter in length, with a broad blade that was only slightly curved, or even straight. The weapon was designed to serve as a stab and slashing weapon. The blade was fitted to a shaft or handle, which was only slightly shorter than the blade itself. The blade normally had only one cutting edge, although there were also some exceptions to this rule. It was a dreaded weapon because of its cutting or slashing power. The occurrences of the term ρομφαία in 1 and 2 Maccabees can be found in the context of the wars and battles in which the Jews were involved with the Seleucids and Ptolemies. In ancient war contexts, the Greek sword, known as a μάχαιρα, refers to a weapon in the form of a short sword or dagger, of which the blade had a slightly curved cutting edge on the one side and was level on the opposite side. It was designed to serve as a cutting weapon rather than a stab weapon. More detailed research into the Maccabean war context indicates that during the first phase of the Maccabees, some Jewish units were equipped with shields and such swords, similar to the classic Tragians and Scythians. Various sizes and forms of μάχαιρα, which was regionally specific and not necessarily uniquely Greek in nature, were in circulation. In biblical literature, violent death during wars or persecution often occurs by μάχαιρα as a weapon. Although the contexts in which the term μάχαιρα is used in 1 and 2 Maccabees are also contexts of war, the impression here is more that of close combat. The fact that the term μάχαιρα is used only a third in contrast to the two-thirds of the occurrences of ρομφαία in 1-2 Maccabees, as well as the specific contexts of 1 Maccabees 3:12, 4:6 and 2 Mac 5:2-3, seems to create the impression that the μάχαιρα was probably a hand weapon that was not widely used by the Jews at the time of the books of Maccabees. The ξίφος was a short stab sword or dagger with a narrow, double-edged blade and particularly sharp point. The term ξίφος is often generically applied in Aeolian or Attic Greek for a sword. It was especially used in hand-to-hand combat. The term ξίφος is not used in 1 Maccabees and occurs only twice in 2 Maccabees. It is clear from the context that ξίφος in these two instances refers to a short stab sword or dagger as a personal weapon. During the investigation, it has become clear that the existing mainstream English, German and Afrikaans translation traditions have predominantly and consistently chosen to translate all three Greek terms almost without excepton generically as "sword". During the recent translation process of the new Afrikaans translation, this translation has largely succumbed to the peer pressure of existing translation traditions, but has still managed to take the first offensive steps in the area of the translation problem related to the sword as an ancient weapon. This was done by specifying the type of sword mentioned in the source text in a footnote in a few strategic places.

Hierdie bydrae het ten doel om die vertaalproblematiek betreffende die term "swaard" as wapentuig in die Makkabeërboeke onder die loep te neem. Die vertaalprobleem bestaan daaruit dat die onderskeie betekenisse van ρομφαία, μάχαιρα en το ξίφος in die bronteks van Makkabeërs in die nuwe Afrikaanse vertaling (NAV) na vore moet kom en dat die woorde nie deurgaans met "swaard" vertaal moet word nie. Dit word ondersteun deur die frekwensie van die woorde in hierdie boeke. Swaarde is histories konteksgebonde, en onthul belangrike inligting oor die aard van die konfrontasie en aanvalstrategie, asook die onderlinge verhouding tussen die aanvaller en slagoffer, aangesien dit bepaal het of die soldaat die vyand daarmee sou steek, sny of kap. Dit is belangrike inligting vir die vertaling om die konteks te verstaan waarin 'n bepaalde tipe swaard gebruik is - veral in die militêre konteks van die Makkabeërboeke. Dis dus duidelik dat 'n besliste onderskeid getref behoort te word tussen die verskillende Griekse terme wat in 1 en 2 Makkabeërs vir "swaard" aangewend word. Tydens die ondersoek het dit algaande duidelik geword dat die bestaande hoofstroom-Engelse, Duitse en Afrikaanse vertaaltradisies oorwegend al drie Griekse terme feitlik deurgaans generies met "swaard" vertaal. Tydens die onlangse vertaalproses van die NAV swig ook hierdie vertaling grotendeels onder die groepsdruk van bestaande vertaaltradisies, maar slaag nogtans daarin om die eerste offensiewe treë te gee op die terrein van die vertalingsproblematiek betreffende die swaard as antieke wapentuig. Dit is gedoen deur op enkele strategiese plekke by wyse van 'n voetnoot die tipe swaard waarvan in die bronteks sprake is, te spesifiseer.