Abstract (Introduction): Within the framework of the present capitalist system, human beings have become an important polluting agent. Current production and consumption processes do not consider the existence of finite natural resources and a planet incapable of treating the waste that the prevailing way of life generates. Given these circumstances, the study of non-linear models is of interest, which make a more rational use of the waste that the productive activity generates, favoring recycling mechanisms. The phenomenon of recycling becomes particularly relevant in the case of electrical and electronic devices, whose ability to be degraded and metabolized by planet Earth is extremely difficult. (Objective): Evaluate the feasibility of installing and starting a recycling plant for electrical and electronics items in the town of Bahía Blanca (Argentina), during 2021. (Methodology): The conventional method for evaluating investment projects was used, considering technical, legal and economic aspects. (Results): The project is not acceptable according to the profitability intended by the investor. The possibility of financing was also included, which made the project even less profitable, and the sensitivity of the results was measured, finding that the price should be 1.48 % higher than that used in the analysis. (Conclusions): Other alternatives must be explored to make this proposal profitable from an economic and financial point of view.

Resumen (Introducción): En el marco del sistema capitalista vigente, el ser humano se ha transformado en un agente significativo de contaminación. Las dinámicas productivas y de consumo actuales no contemplan la existencia de recursos naturales finitos y de un planeta incapaz de procesar los desperdicios que el modo de vida habitual genera. Dadas estas circunstancias, cobra interés el estudio de modelos no lineales, que hagan un uso más racional de los residuos derivados de la actividad productiva, los cuales favorezcan mecanismos de reciclaje. El fenómeno del reciclaje se vuelve, en particular, relevante para el caso de los artefactos eléctricos y electrónicos; la capacidad del planeta Tierra para degradarlos y metabolizarlos resulta sumamente difícil. (Objetivo): Evaluar la factibilidad de la instalación y puesta en marcha de una planta recicladora de artículos eléctricos y electrónicos en la localidad de Bahía Blanca (Argentina), durante el 2021. (Metodología): Se utilizó la metodología convencional de evaluación de proyectos de inversión, considerando aspectos técnicos, legales y económicos. (Resultados): El proyecto no es aceptable según la rentabilidad pretendida por el inversor. También se incluyó la posibilidad de un financiamiento, lo que hizo que el plan fuera menos rentable aún, y se midió la sensibilidad de los resultados: se halló que el precio debiera ser 1.48 % superior al utilizado en el análisis. (Conclusiones): Se deben explorar otras alternativas para lograr que el proyecto sea rentable desde el punto de vista económico-financiero.

Abstract The primary aim of this investigation is to analyze the pre- and post-Hispanic landscapes of La Cueva Gorge (Jujuy) through toponymy. This article presents the results obtained on the identification and location in varied cartography of multiple place names in Quechua, Kunza, and Spanish, their ethnolinguistic analysis, and the establishment of spatial relationships with the gorge’s archaeological sites (pre-Hispanic and post-Hispanic) and current localities. We direct special attention to the study of toponyms that refer to potential animal, plant, mineral, and water resources, as well as events and/or social facts. We consider that this study allows us to better understand the use of this landscape and the social process of its appropriation by the social actors who live and have lived or circulated there. Furthermore, we achieved a greater understanding of different languages and, therefore, of the different societies that would have inhabited the sector throughout its extensive occupational history.

Resumen El objetivo es analizar el paisaje pre y post-hispánico de la quebrada de La Cueva (Jujuy), a través de la toponimia. Se presentan los resultados obtenidos sobre la identificación y localización en cartografía variada de múltiples topónimos en quechua, kunza y español, su análisis etnolingüístico y el establecimiento de relaciones espaciales con los sitios arqueológicos (prehispánicos y post-hispánicos) y localidades actuales de la quebrada. Nos focalizamos en el estudio de topónimos que refieren a potenciales recursos animales, vegetales, minerales e hídricos, así como a eventos y/o hechos sociales. Consideramos que este estudio permite aproximarnos a una mejor comprensión del uso de este paisaje y al proceso social de apropiación del mismo por parte de los actores sociales que allí viven, vivieron o circularon. Complementariamente, logramos una mayor comprensión de distintas lenguas y, por lo tanto, de las diferentes sociedades que habrían habitado el sector a lo largo de su extensa historia ocupacional.

Summary: The aim of this research is to study the structure of the “tolas” complex in the Province of Jujuy. Fieldwork was carried out in the cities of Abra Pampa, Humahuaca and San Salvador de Jujuy, specifically in household context, markets and fairs. Qualitative ethnobotanical methodology , such as participant observation and open and semi-structured interviews, was used to inquiring about local knowledge on the plant(s) recognised locally as tola, its current use, any users, sites of access, ways to obtain them, parts used, and harvesting times. Complementarily, a literature search was carried out for articles in ethnobotany and related disciplines. Plant material was obtained and conditioned for taxonomic identification. Results show that this complex consists of 14 species originating from the Puna, Altoandina and Prepuna phytogeographical provinces, known locally as “tola” or variants of this name, which share the name based on the attributes of their morphology, aromaticity and diverse uses. The presence of a subcomplex under the local name “koa”-“koba” is proposed. It is important to recognise plant complexes and identify their components for a better understanding of local view of nature.

Resumen: En este trabajo se propone indagar en la conformación del complejo de las “tolas” en la provincia de Jujuy. Se desarrolló trabajo de campo en las ciudades de Abra Pampa, Humahuaca, y San Salvador de Jujuy, puntualmente en el ámbito familiar, en mercados y ferias. Para cumplir con el objetivo se empleó metodología etnobotánica cualitativa, como observación participante y entrevistas abiertas, semiestructuradas; orientadas a indagar el conocimiento local sobre la/s planta/s reconocida/s localmente como “tola”, el uso actual, los usuarios del recurso, sitios de acceso y formas de obtención, partes utilizadas y épocas de recolección. De manera complementaria, se indagó en artículos etnobotánicos y de disciplinas afines. Se obtuvo también material vegetal acondicionado para determinar su identidad taxonómica. Se estableció que este complejo está integrado por 14 especies originarias de las provincias fitogeográficas Puna, Altoandina y Prepuna; conocidas localmente como “tola” o variantes de este nombre, las cuales comparten el nombre en función de los atributos de su morfología, la aromaticidad y usos diversos. Se propone la presencia de un subcomplejo bajo el nombre local de “koa”-“koba”.Se concluye la importancia de reconocer los complejos vegetales e identificar sus componentes, lo que permite una mejor comprensión de la visión local de la naturaleza.

Resumen Los bosques de galería son comunidades forestales que crecen a lo largo de los ríos y arroyos. Proporcionan numerosos servicios ecosistémicos, pero al igual que otras asociaciones vegetales están severamente amenazadas por actividades antrópicas como la agricultura. El objetivo del presente estudio fue conocer el estado actual de los bosques de galería del municipio Linares, Nuevo León por medio de un análisis multitemporal de cambio de uso de suelo y cobertura vegetal en cuatro periodos: 1995-2008, 2008-2014, 2014-2022 y 1995-2022. Para el análisis se utilizaron imágenes de alta resolución espacial de los satélites Airbus Defence and Space, GeoEye-1 y Birdseye. Se determinó el cambio neto y el cambio relativo porcentual para cada tipo de uso de suelo a lo largo del tiempo, así como la tasa anual de cambio mediante la ecuación propuesta por Puyravaud. Los resultados indican una pérdida de cobertura de los bosques de galería y un aumento del área agrícola. En un periodo de 27 años (1995-2022), la tasa anual de cambio registrada fue de -0.55 %; por el contrario, para la agricultura fue de 0.51 %. Con base en los valores obtenidos, se concluye que la superficie de los bosques de galería del municipio Linares tiende a disminuir, en función del tiempo para convertirse en tierras agrícolas. Es importante detener esta tendencia, ya que los bosques de galería desempeñan un papel importante en la protección de la biodiversidad, los recursos hídricos y edáficos, por lo que deben ser recuperados y conservados.

Abstract Gallery forests are plant communities that grow along rivers and streams. They provide numerous ecosystem services, but like other vegetation associations they are strongly threatened by anthropic activities such as agriculture. The objective of the present study was to know the current state of the gallery forests of Linares municipality, state of Nuevo León, by means of a multitemporal analysis of land use change and vegetation cover in four periods: 1995-2008, 2008-2014, 2014-2022 and 1995-2022. The analysis used high-resolution space images from the Airbus Defence and Space, GeoEye-1 and Birdseye satellites. The net change and relative percentage change for each type of land use was determined over time, as well as the annual rate of change using the equation proposed by Puyravaud. As a result, a loss of coverage of gallery forests and an increase in agricultural area was found. Over a period of 27 years (1995-2022), the annual rate of change for gallery forests was -0.55 %, whereas for agriculture it was 0.51 %. Considering the values obtained, it is concluded that the area of the gallery forests of Linares municipality tends to decrease according to the time to become agricultural land. It is important to stop this trend, as gallery forests play an important role in protecting biodiversity, water and soil resources and must be recovered and preserved.

Abstract Fungal contamination is an important problem in cannabis and medical cannabis production, as fungi can produce toxic compounds or reduce the quality and safety of the product. The aim of this study was to perform a bibliometric evaluation related to fungal contamination in cannabis, analyzing current trends in this field and providing future perspectives for research. For this purpose, an exhaustive search was carried out in the scientific literature in electronic databases such as Scopus and Web of Science (WOS), covering the period from 2000 to 2023. The results obtained were processed through bibliometrics and network analysis, using tools such as RStudio and Bibliometrix software. The results revealed that the main themes associated with fungal contamination in cannabis are focused on: diseases related to fungal contamination of the plant, use of fungi as an alternative biological control in cannabis cultivation, metabolites associated with cannabis and their potential in fungal control, as well as fungal diversity in cannabis cultivation and postharvest and the risk to consumer health. Finally, future research areas are proposed to address the challenge of fungal contamination in medicinal cannabis production, covering topics such as pest control, contamination, genetic resistance, active compounds, analysis methods, and the impact of fungi on cannabis.

Resumo A contaminação fúngica é um problema importante na produção da cannabis e cannabis medicinal, pois os fungos podem produzir compostos tóxicos ou reduzir a qualidade e a segurança do produto. O objetivo deste estudo foi realizar uma avaliação bibliométrica relacionada à contaminação fúngica na cannabis, analisando as tendências atuais nesse campo e fornecendo perspectivas futuras para a pesquisa. Para isso, foi realizada uma busca exaustiva na literatura científica em bases de dados eletrônicas como Scopus e Web of Science (WOS), abrangendo o período de 2000 a 2023. Os resultados obtidos foram processados por meio de bibliometria e análise de redes, utilizando ferramentas como o software RStudio e Bibliometrix. Os resultados revelaram que os principais temas associados à contaminação fúngica na cannabis estão focados em: doenças relacionadas à contaminação fúngica da planta, uso de fungos como alternativa de controle biológico no cultivo da cannabis, metabólitos associados à cannabis e seu potencial no controle de fungos, bem como a diversidade fúngica no cultivo e pós-colheita da cannabis e o risco à saúde dos consumidores. Por último, são sugeridas futuras áreas de pesquisa para enfrentar o desafio da contaminação fúngica na produção de cannabis medicinal, abordando temas como controle de pragas, contaminação, resistência genética, compostos ativos, métodos de análise e impacto dos fungos na cannabis.

ABSTRACT Improving drought tolerance of potato (Solanum tuberosum L.) is integral, particularly under current climate fluctuations. The objective of this study was to assess the impact of different concentrations of nanoparticles of ascorbic acid (AS), benzoic acid (BA), and salicylic acid (SA) individually and in combined treatments on potato under drought-induced stress. The assessed biostimulants with different concentrations (0.50 and 0.75 mM) were applied to two potato cultivars (Spunta and Lady-Rosetta). Nodal cutting of each cultivar was exposed to drought stress via 30% polyethylene glycol (PEG) in MS media. Five growth characters (plantlet length, number of leaves plant-1, number of roots, number of lateral branches plantlet-1, and root length) were measured after 7, 14, and 21 d. The results indicated that the evaluated cultivars exhibited highly significant differences (< 0.001) in all characters. Moreover, all evaluated nano biostimulants recorded highly significant differences (< 0.001) compared to the untreated control. The co-application of two nano biostimulants was stronger than the sole use of one material. The co-application of AS+BA was the most effective, and its impact was more considerable compared to the other treatments. The assessed cultivars displayed significant interaction with the application of nano biostimulants. ‘Lady-Rosetta’ responded more to the applied nano biostimulants in all studied characters. In conclusion, applying AS, SA, and BA improved the growth of ‘Lady-Rosetta’ under drought stress conditions. Furthermore, the combined treatment AS+BA is more powerful in modulating drought stress's adverse impacts on potato plants.

ABSTRACT: More and more countries are incorporating new safety, health and food safety regulations, responding to the growing concern about the use of antibiotic growth promoters (APC) in animal production, the scientific community has been forced to seek new alternatives that reduce or replace the use of (APC), with the ability to safeguard public health. Within these alternatives, phytobiotics are considered a very promising option, since they are natural substances made up of complex bioactive compounds. This document reviews the different applications and functionality of phytobiotics in animal production. Firstly, the main effects and mechanism of action are shown, highlighting and explaining their functionality as antioxidants, anti-inflammatory, antimicrobial, growth promoters, improvers of the organoleptic characteristics of foods and reduces the generation of gases that cause the greenhouse effect. Second, notable applications of phytobiotics to different species of zootechnical interest and their effect are reviewed. Finally, their bioavailability and the current and future challenges of phytobiotics are investigated.

RESUMEN: Cada vez más países van incorporando nuevas normativas de inocuidad, seguridad sanitaria y alimentaria, respondiendo a la progresiva preocupación por el uso de antibióticos promotores de crecimiento (APC) en producción animal; la comunidad científica se ha visto obligado a buscar nuevas alternativas que reduzcan o sustituyan el uso de APC, con la capacidad de salvaguardar la salud pública. Dentro de esas alternativas, los fitobióticos son considerados una opción muy prometedora, ya que son sustancias naturales constituidas por complejos compuestos bioactivos. Este documento revisa las distintas aplicaciones y la funcionalidad de los fitobióticos en la producción animal. En primer lugar, se manifiesta los principales efectos y mecanismo de acción, destacando y explicando su funcionalidad como antioxidantes, antiinflamatorios, antimicrobianos, promotores de crecimiento, mejoradores de las características organolépticas de los alimentos y reductores de la generación de gases causantes del efecto invernadero, Segundo, se revisan aplicaciones destacadas de los fitobióticos a las distintas especies de interés zootécnico y su efecto que estos tienen. Finalmente, se indaga su biodisponibilidad y los desafíos actuales y futuros de los fitobióticos.

Abstract Phytopathogenic nematodes are a threat for agriculture, they cause plant diseases and economic losses worldwide. Currently, the pursuit of compounds of biological origin for nematode biocontrol has become a priority as an environmentally friendly alternative. Microorganisms-derived compounds have several strategies to reduce the populations of infectious juvenile nematodes. Although microorganisms and their metabolites are the focus of literature reports reviews on nematicidal control, interactions between fungi, bacteria, and nematodes, as well as the compounds that are generated in such interactions, are not highlighted. The aim of this review was to discuss the latest advances on chemical compounds secreted by microorganisms and their interaction mechanisms for biological control of phytopathogenic nematodes. Results were organized based on: i) mode of action, ii) infection process, iii) nematicide compounds, iv) interactions and field applications, and v) current challenges. The scope of this review contributes to a better comprehension of the versatility of bacterial and fungal compounds for their use in the development of management plans for nematode control.

Resumen Los nematodos fitopatógenos son una amenaza para la producción agrícola, causando enfermedades en las plantas y pérdidas económicas en todo el mundo. En la actualidad, la búsqueda de compuestos de origen biológico para estos nematodos, como una alternativa amigable con el ambiente, se ha convertido en prioridad. Los compuestos derivados de microorganismos cuentan con diferentes mecanismos de acción para reducir las poblaciones de juveniles infecciosos de nematodos. A pesar de que la literatura reporta revisiones sobre los microorganismos y sus metabolitos nematicidas, no se destacan las interacciones entre hongos, bacterias y nematodos, así como de los compuestos que se generan en tales interacciones. El objetivo de esta revisión fue discutir los avances recientes sobre compuestos químicos secretados por microorganismos y mecanismos de interacción para el control biológico de nematodos fitopatógenos. Los resultados se organizaron en función de i) mecanismos de acción, ii) proceso de infección, iii) compuestos nematicidas, iv) interacciones y aplicaciones a las soluciones en campo y v) desafíos actuales. El enfoque de esta revisión contribuye a una mejor comprensión de la utilidad de los compuestos producidos por bacterias y hongos que permitan incorporarlos en el desarrollo de planes de manejo para el control de nematodos.

Resumo Vaginite aeróbica (VA) é uma infecção vaginal recorrente definida recentemente, que é tratada com antibióticos. No entanto, o uso excessivo e prolongado de antibióticos perturba a microflora vaginal saudável e leva ao surgimento de resistência aos antibióticos entre os patógenos. Esta situação levou os pesquisadores a explorar antimicrobianos alternativos. O presente estudo descreve a eficácia antimicrobiana in vitro e in vivo e as interações farmacêuticas entre óleos essenciais vegetais (OE) e cinco bactérias lácticas (BAL), isoladas de vagina sã, contra E. faecalis, um dos principais agentes etiológicos da AV. Os experimentos in vitro confirmam a boa atividade antimicrobiana de ambos os EOs de plantas e sobrenadante livre de células (CFS) de LABs. Com base na alta eficácia antimicrobiana, o óleo essencial de Moringa (MO) foi selecionado para determinar sua natureza de interação com o sobrenadante livre de células (CFS) de cinco cepas de LAB. Sinergismo foi registrado entre MO e CFS de L. reuteri (MT180537). Para validar os resultados in vitro, as respostas profiláticas da aplicação individual e sinérgica de MO e L. reuteri (MT180537) foram avaliadas em um modelo murino AV induzido por E. faecalis (MW051601). A eficácia profilática foi evidenciada por uma redução na intensidade dos sintomas clínicos, contagem de E. faecalis (MW051601) por tecido vaginal, juntamente com uma redução nas alterações associadas a AV nos marcadores histológicos de infecção em animais que receberam óleo essencial de Moringa e L. reuteri (MT180537) sozinho ou em combinação. No entanto, não foi possível observar sinergismo significativo entre o óleo essencial de Moringa e L. reuteri (MT180537). Nossos dados confirmam a importância dos experimentos in vivo na dedução de interações farmacológicas.

Abstract Aerobic vaginitis (AV) is a recently defined vaginal recurring infection, which is treated with antibiotics. However, excessive and prolonged use of antibiotics disrupts healthy vaginal microflora and leads to the emergence of antibiotic resistance among pathogens. This situation has directed researchers to explore alternative antimicrobials. The current study describes in vitro and in vivo antimicrobial efficacy and pharmaceutical interactions between plant essential oils (EOs) and five lactic acid bacteria (LABs), isolated from the healthy vagina, against E. faecalis, one of the major etiological agents of AV. In vitro experiments confirm good antimicrobial activity of both plant EOs and cell free supernatant (CFS) from LABs. Based on high antimicrobial efficacy, Moringa essential oil (MO) was selected to determine its nature of interaction with CFS of five LAB strains. Synergism was recorded between MO and CFS of L. reuteri (MT180537). To validate in vitro findings, prophylactic responses of individual and synergistic application of MO and L. reuteri (MT180537) were evaluated in an E. faecalis (MW051601) induced AV murine model. The prophylactic efficacy was evidenced by a reduction in intensity of clinical symptoms, E. faecalis (MW051601) count per vaginal tissue along with a reduction in AV associated changes in histological markers of infection in animals receiving Moringa essential oil and L. reuteri (MT180537) alone or in combination. However, significant synergism between Moringa essential oil and L. reuteri (MT180537) could not be observed. Our data confirms the importance of in vivo experiments in deducing pharmacological interactions.

Resumo A natureza é presenteada com uma grande variedade de plantas ornamentais que embelezam e limpam a natureza. Por causa de seu grande valor estético, existe a necessidade de proteger essas plantas de uma variedade de estresses bióticos e abióticos. Hibiscus rosa-sinensis (L.) é uma planta ornamental comumente conhecida como rosa-da-China ou graxa-de-estudante. É afetada por vários patógenos fúngicos e bacterianos. O presente estudo buscou isolar o patógeno da mancha foliar de H. rosa-sinensis e seu controle usando nanopartículas de prata (AgNPs). Com base nas características moleculares e morfológicas, o patógeno isolado da mancha foliar foi identificado como Aspergillus niger. As AgNPs foram sintetizadas no extrato de folhas de Calotropis procera e caracterizadas. A análise de espectroscopia UV-vis mostrou discretas bandas de ressonância plasmônica na superfície das AgNPs sintetizadas, mostrando a presença de aminoácidos aromáticos. A espectroscopia no infravermelho com transformada de Fourier (FTIR) descreveu a presença de grupos funcionais C-O, NH, C-H e O-H, que atuam como moléculas estabilizadoras e redutoras. A difração de raios X (DRX) revelou o tamanho médio (~32,43 nm) das AgNPs e a microscopia eletrônica de varredura (MEV) mostrou sua natureza esférica. Neste estudo, foi investigada a atividade antifúngica in vitro e in vivo de AgNPs. A análise da atividade antifúngica in vitro revelou a maior inibição do crescimento de micélio (87%) na concentração de 1,0 mg/ml de AgNPs. A mesma concentração de AgNPs inibiu a propagação da doença em folhas infectadas de H. rosa-sinensis. Esses resultados demonstraram significativa capacidade de controle de doenças das AgNPs e sugeriram seu uso em diferentes plantas ornamentais.

Abstract Nature is gifted with a wide range of ornamental plants, which beautify and clean the nature. Due to its great aesthetic value, there is a need to protect these plants from a variety of biotic and abiotic stresses. Hibiscus rosa-sinensis (L.) is an ornamental plant and it is commonly known as China rose or shoeblack plant. It is affected by several fungal and bacterial pathogens. Current study was designed to isolate leaf spot pathogen of H. rosa-sinensis and its control using silver nanoparticles (AgNPs). Based on molecular and morphological features, the isolated leaf spot pathogen was identified as Aspergillus niger. AgNPs were synthesized in the leaf extract of Calotropis procera and characterized. UV-vis spectral analysis displayed discrete plasmon resonance bands on the surface of synthesized AgNPs, depicting the presence of aromatic amino acids. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) described the presence of C-O, NH, C-H, and O-H functional groups, which act as stabilizing and reducing molecules. X-ray diffraction (XRD) revealed the average size (~32.43 nm) of AgNPs and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) depicted their spherical nature. In this study, in vitro and in vivo antifungal activity of AgNPs was investigated. In vitro antifungal activity analysis revealed the highest growth inhibition of mycelia (87%) at 1.0 mg/ml concentration of AgNPs. The same concentration of AgNPs tremendously inhibited the spread of disease on infected leaves of H. rosa-sinensis. These results demonstrated significant disease control ability of AgNPs and suggested their use on different ornamental plants.

Resumo A produção de plantas transgênicas com características agronômicas e hortícolas desejadas vem ganhando grande importância por atender às demandas da crescente população. A transformação genética também é um passo fundamental para estudar os fundamentos das ciências das plantas. Foram desenvolvidos e utilizados diferentes protocolos de transformação, que são confiáveis e eficientes. Esses protocolos usaram genes de resistência a antibióticos ou herbicidas incorporados ao gene de interesse para identificar plantas transformadas e não transformadas. Esses genes marcadores podem representar uma ameaça ao ser humano e ao meio ambiente. O uso de marcadores visuais permite a observação direta e fácil de plantas transformadas com mais precisão. No estudo atual, foi projetado um cassete de genes com o gene da hidroxilase de produção de pigmentos (PPH) sob promotor específico de fibra (GhSCFP) e terminador NOS a jusante. Após verificar a eficiência estrutural e funcional do gene otimizado por códons usando ferramentas de bioinformática, o cassete foi enviado para síntese química a partir de fonte comercial. O cassete do gene do pigmento (PPH_CEMB), clonado em pCAMBIA-1301, foi transformado em Agrobacterium por eletroporação. O método de imersão floral mediado por Agrobacterium foi usado para transformar a inflorescência de Camelina sativa. Após a formação de sementes, foi observado um total de 600 sementes com mudança de cor, das quais 19 desenvolveram uma coloração marrom-avermelhada, enquanto as 581 restantes permaneceram amarelas. A eficiência de transformação calculada com base na mudança de cor foi de 1%. A análise de PCR das folhas obtidas após a semeadura de sementes avermelhadas confirmou a transformação do gene produtor de pigmentos, enquanto não foi observada amplificação por PCR em folhas de plantas de sementes do tipo selvagem. A partir dos resultados, é evidente que a transformação da inflorescência de C. sativa mediada por Agrobacterium é uma técnica muito eficiente e favorável ao ambiente não só para a detecção de plantas transformadas, mas também para estudar processos celulares básicos.

Abstract Production of transgenic plants with desired agronomic and horticultural traits has gained great importance to fulfill demands of the growing population. Genetic transformation is also a fundamental step to study basics of plant sciences. Different transformation protocols have been developed and used which are reliable and efficient. These protocols used antibiotic or herbicide resistance genes incorporated along with gene of interest to identify transformed plants from non-transformed ones. These marker genes may pose a threat to human and environment. Use of visual markers enables direct and easier observation of transformed plants with more precision. In current study a gene cassette with ‘pigment production hydroxylase (PPH) gene under fiber specific promoter (GhSCFP) and downstream Nos-terminator was designed. After checking the structural and functional efficiency of codon optimized gene using bioinformatics tools, the cassette was sent for chemical synthesis from commercial source. The pigment gene cassette (PPH_CEMB), cloned in pCAMBIA-1301, was transformed into Agrobacterium through electroporation. Agrobacterium-mediated floral dip method was used to transform Camelina sativa inflorescence. After seed setting a total of 600 seed were observed for change in color and out of these, 19 seeds developed a reddish-brown coloration, while the remaining 581 seeds remained yellow. The transformation efficiency calculated on basis of color change was 1.0%. PCR analysis of leaves obtained after sowing reddish seeds confirmed the transformation of pigment production gene, while no PCR amplification was observed in leaves of plants from wild type seeds. From the results it is evident that Agrobacterium-mediated transformation of C. sativa inflorescence is very efficient and environment friendly technique not only for detection of transformed plants but also to study basic cellular processes.

ABSTRACT: The current production of major crops, such as Glycine max L., has become increasingly adept on the use of bio-inputs, such as application of plant growth-promoting inocula. However, the evaluation of the potential of bacterial isolates from soils with different time histories of agricultural use are still scarce, and methods for isolation and testing of multifunctional microorganisms need to be continuously innovated and improved. Thus, we used G. max bait plants to attract rhizobacteria from soils obtained from three areas with different time histories of soybean cultivation. We evaluated the influence of the management and characteristics of soils on the phosphate-solubilizing bacterial population. We then tested the multifunctional potential of the isolated rhizobacteria for calcium phosphate (CaHPO4) and iron phosphate (FePO4) solubilization, considering their potential as microbial inoculants in the future. The use of bait plants enabled the isolation of 139 phosphate solubilizing rhizobacteria, including four strains with multifunctional potential. The largest number of solubilizing bacteria was obtained from the interaction of bait plants with soil from an area with a history of soybean cultivation for thirty consecutive years. The high concentration of P, Fe, and K found in the soil were associated with this occurrence. In the in vitro tests, the pH values of the culture media had a moderate negative relationship with the amounts of P made available by the isolates, indicating that other processes besides the availability of organic acids, may underlie the solubilizing action of the isolates. The rhizobacteria SAF9 (Brevibacillus sp.), SAF11 (Brevibacillus sp.), BRC11 (Pseudomonas fluorescens), and SAC36 (Bacillus velezensis) stood out as multifunctional and are indicated within a perspective of obtaining bioinoculants to promote plant growth directly, indirectly, or synergistically, contributing to increase the range of bio-inputs for soybean cultivation and more sustainable agricultural practices. ABSTRACT crops L L. bioinputs, bioinputs bio inputs, inputs growthpromoting promoting inocula However scarce improved Thus G phosphatesolubilizing population CaHPO4 CaHPO (CaHPO4 FePO4 FePO (FePO4 solubilization future 13 years Fe occurrence tests acids SAF Brevibacillus sp., sp sp. , sp.) SAF1 BRC BRC1 Pseudomonas fluorescens, fluorescens fluorescens) SAC SAC3 Bacillus velezensis directly indirectly synergistically practices (CaHPO (FePO 1

RESUMO: A produção atual de grandes culturas, como Glycine max L. tem se mostrado cada vez mais adepta da utilização de bioinsumos, como a aplicação de inóculos promotores do crescimento vegetal. No entanto, avaliações do potencial de isolados bacterianos de solos com diferentes históricos de tempo de uso agrícola ainda são escassos e os métodos para isolamento e testagem de micro-organismos multifuncionais precisam ser continuamente inovados e melhorados. Assim, usamos plantas iscas de G. max para atrair rizobactérias de solos obtidos de três áreas com diferentes históricos de cultivo de soja. Avaliamos a influência do manejo e das características dos solos sobre a população de bactérias solubilizadoras de fosfato. Em seguida, testamos o potencial multifuncional das rizobactérias isoladas para solubilização de fosfato de cálcio (CaHPO4) e fosfato de ferro (FePO4), considerando seu potencial como inoculantes microbianos no futuro. O uso de plantas iscas permitiu o isolamento de 139 rizobactérias solubilizadoras de fosfato, incluindo quatro cepas com potencial multifuncional. O maior número de bactérias solubilizadoras foi obtido a partir da interação das plantas-isca com o solo de uma área com histórico de cultivo de soja por trinta anos consecutivos. Características como a alta concentração de P, Fe e K neste solo, estiveram associadas a esta ocorrência. Nos testes in vitro, os valores de pH dos meios de cultivo se correlacionaram negativamente, mas de forma moderada com as quantidades de P disponibilizados pelos isolados, indicando que outros processos, além da disponibilização de ácidos orgânicos podem estar subjacentes à ação solubilizadora dos isolados. As rizobactérias SAF9 (Brevibacillus sp.), SAF11 (Brevibacillus sp.), BRC11 (Pseudomonas fluorescens) e SAC36 (Bacillus velezensis) se destacaram como multifuncionais e são indicadas dentro de uma perspectiva de obtenção de bioinoculantes para promoção do crescimento vegetal de forma direta, indireta ou sinérgica, contribuindo para aumentar a gama de bioinsumos destinados à cultura da soja e para práticas agrícolas mais sustentáveis. RESUMO culturas L entanto microorganismos micro organismos melhorados Assim G seguida CaHPO4 CaHPO (CaHPO4 FePO4, FePO4 FePO , (FePO4) futuro 13 plantasisca isca consecutivos ocorrência vitro negativamente processos SAF Brevibacillus sp., sp sp. sp.) SAF1 BRC BRC1 Pseudomonas fluorescens SAC SAC3 Bacillus velezensis direta sinérgica sustentáveis (CaHPO (FePO4 1 (FePO

ABSTRACT From 1913 onwards, the global situation changed from a scenario of nitrogen (N) scarcity to an abundance of ammonia (NH3) produced synthetically via the Haber-Bosch process. Several N compounds have been synthesized since then, with urea becoming the main source of N, accounting for 55 % of current N consumption. However, N efficiency in agroecosystems is low and, normally, N recovery in cultivated plants is less than 50 %. This occurs because a large amount of reactive N is lost to the environment, inducing various forms of pollution, threatening human and environmental health, in addition to causing a negative economic impact on the farmer. The main processes responsible for low N efficiency are NH3 volatilization, leaching, and N denitrification. Considering global NH3 volatilization losses of 14 %, it can be assumed that up to 8.6 million Mg of urea are lost every year in the form of NH3. For each ton of NH3 produced, 1.9 to 3.8 Mg of CO2 is emitted into the atmosphere. Therefore, increasing N use efficiency (NUE) without compromising yield is a necessity and a challenge for crop improvement programs and current management systems, in addition to reducing greenhouse gas emissions. In this context, enhanced efficiency fertilizers (EEFs), which contain technologies that minimize the potential for nutrient losses compared to conventional sources, are an alternative to increasing the efficiency of nitrogen fertilization. Currently, EEFs are classified into three categories: stabilized, slow-release, and controlled-release. This study aims to understand the technologies used to produce EEFs and the factors that govern their availability to plants. This review covers the following topics: the discovery of N, N dynamics in the soil-atmosphere system, N assimilation in plants, strategies to increase NUE in agrosystems, NH3 synthesis, NH3 volatilization losses, N fertilizer technologies, the importance of characterization of EEFs, conventional nitrate or ammonium-based fertilizers to reduce gaseous losses of NH3 and future prospects for the use of N fertilizers in agriculture. 191 onwards (N NH (NH3 HaberBosch Haber Bosch process then 5 consumption However normally environment pollution health farmer leaching denitrification 1 86 8 6 8. 19 9 1. 38 3 3. CO atmosphere Therefore (NUE systems emissions context , (EEFs) sources fertilization Currently categories stabilized slowrelease, slowrelease slow release, release slow-release controlledrelease. controlledrelease controlled release. controlled-release topics soilatmosphere soil system agrosystems synthesis ammoniumbased ammonium based agriculture (NH (EEFs

Abstract Nanotechnology is a fast-growing field with large number of applications. Therefore, the current study, was designed to prepare Zinc Oxide nanoparticles (ZnO NPs) from A. modesta leaves extract through a cost-effective method. The prepared NPs were characterized through UV-Vis Spectroscopy (UV–Vis), Dynamic light scattering (DLS), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), X-ray diffraction analysis (XRD), scanning electron microscope (SEM), and energy dispersive X-ray (EDX). The XRD and DLS analysis revealed the hexagonal nanocrystalline nature of ZnO NPs. The FTIR results displayed multiple fictional groups and UV results confirmed its optical properties. The average size of the NPs was 68.3 nm with a band gap of 2.71 eV. The SEM images divulge a clover leaf shape of ZnO NPs. The EDX spectrum revealed the presence of zinc and oxygen. The prepared NPs showed excellent biomedical application. The highest antileishmanial activity was 68%, anti-inflammatory activity was 78%, total antioxidant capacity (TAC) was 79.1%, antibacterial potential (ZOI) 22.1 mm, and highest growth inhibition of 85 ± 2.1% against A. rabiei. The adsorption efficiency of 85.3% within 120 min was obtained. Conclusively ZnO NPs have shown potential biomedical and environmental applications and ought to be the more investigated to enhance their practical use. fastgrowing fast growing Therefore study A costeffective cost effective method UVVis Vis UV–Vis, UV–Vis , (UV–Vis) DLS, (DLS) FTIR, (FTIR) Xray X ray XRD, (XRD) SEM, (SEM) EDX. . (EDX) properties 683 68 3 68. 271 2 71 2.7 eV oxygen application 68% antiinflammatory anti inflammatory 78 78% TAC (TAC 791 79 1 79.1% ZOI (ZOI 221 22 22. mm 8 21 2.1 rabiei 853 85.3 12 obtained use (UV–Vis (DLS (FTIR (XRD (SEM (EDX 6 27 7 2. 79.1 85. 79.

Resumen En el contexto actual de excesiva explotación de los recursos naturales, la bioética impulsa un importante debate interdisciplinar que abarca ramas éticas y científicas. Durante mucho tiempo, el proceso de industrialización incrementó la producción de bienes de consumo y generó una actitud consumista. La valorización de la rentabilidad y el consumismo puso en evidencia los impactos de conocimientos peligrosos, como el uso indiscriminado de plaguicidas y las pruebas de ingeniería genética. En este contexto, la población tuvo acceso a mucha información, aunque no sabía utilizarla adecuadamente, lo que destaca la importancia de la bioética para mediar en los conflictos, impulsando un debate entre los expertos y la población. Además, hay la necesidad de concienciar a las personas sobre los impactos ambientales de sus actividades para cambiar las actitudes hacia el medio ambiente y permitir una convivencia más armoniosa entre los seres humanos y las diferentes especies animales y vegetales. naturales científicas tiempo consumista peligrosos genética información adecuadamente conflictos Además vegetales

Abstract Given the current reality of excessive exploitation of natural resources, bioethics promotes an important interdisciplinary debate encompassing ethical and scientific branches. For many years, a significant industrialization process has increased the production of consumer goods and generated a consumerist mentality. The valuation of profitability and consumerism has highlighted the impacts of dangerous knowledge, such as the indiscriminate use of pesticides and genetic engineering tests. In this context, the population had access to an extraordinary amount of information, despite not knowing how to properly use it, a fact that highlights the importance of bioethics to mediate conflicts, promoting a discussion between experts and the population. Finally, the need to make people aware of the environmental impacts of their activities is stressed, aiming to change attitudes towards the environment and enabling a more harmonious coexistence between human beings and the different animal and plant species. resources branches years mentality knowledge tests context information it conflicts Finally stressed species

Resumo Perante a realidade atual de exploração excessiva dos recursos naturais, a bioética promove um importante debate interdisciplinar abrangendo ramos éticos e científicos. Por muitos anos, um processo de industrialização expressivo aumentou a produção de bens de consumo e gerou uma mentalidade consumista. A valorização da lucratividade e do consumismo evidenciaram os impactos do conheci mento perigoso, a exemplo do uso indiscriminado de agrotóxicos e de testes de engenharia genética. Nesse contexto, a população teve acesso a uma quantidade extraordinária de informações, embora não soubesse como utilizá-las de maneira adequada, fato que salienta a importância da bioética para mediar conflitos, promovendo uma discussão entre especialistas e a população. Por fim, ressalta-se a necessidade de conscientizar as pessoas quanto aos impactos ambientais de suas atividades, objetivando mudar atitudes em relação ao ambiente e possibilitar um convívio mais harmônico entre os seres humanos e as diferentes espécies animais e vegetais. naturais científicos anos consumista perigoso genética contexto informações utilizálas utilizá las adequada conflitos fim ressaltase ressalta se atividades vegetais