Abstract The importance of humanitarian social intervention in situations of vulnerability in Ecuador is a topic that is extremely important to discuss since human solidarity is derived from it to help people who are going through some type of crisis, the objective of this article. It is to publicize the help that is provided to people or groups who are going through extreme problems and difficulties. The purpose of carrying out research focused on humanitarian social intervention in vulnerable environments in Ecuador is to offer information and knowledge through a bibliographic analysis. This will allow professionals and organizations involved in social intervention to design and apply effective strategies to address the needs of vulnerable people. Research can be key to identifying the underlying causes of vulnerability, evaluating the effectiveness of current interventions and proposing new solutions to improve the quality of life of those affected. This study seeks to determine the impact of humanitarian social interventions in vulnerable contexts in Ecuador and highlight their relevance. It is hoped that this analysis will not only inform current practices, but also inspire innovation and promote collaboration among diverse actors involved in caring for vulnerable populations.

Resumen La importancia de la intervención social humanitaria en situaciones de vulnerabilidad en Ecuador es un tema del cual se de suma importancia discutir ya que de este se deriva la solidaridad humana en ayuda de las personas que están atravesando algún tipo de crisis, el objetivo de este artículo es dar a conocer la ayuda que se brinda a las personas o grupos que están pasando por problemas y dificultades extremas. El propósito de llevar a cabo una investigación centrada en la intervención social humanitaria en entornos vulnerables en Ecuador es ofrecer información y conocimientos a través de un análisis bibliográfico. Esto permitirá a los profesionales y organizaciones implicadas en la intervención social diseñar y aplicar estrategias efectivas para atender las necesidades de las personas vulnerables. La investigación puede ser clave para identificar las causas subyacentes de la vulnerabilidad, evaluar la eficacia de las intervenciones actuales y proponer nuevas soluciones para mejorar la calidad de vida de los afectados. Este estudio busca determinar el impacto de las intervenciones sociales humanitarias en contextos vulnerables en Ecuador y destacar su relevancia. Se espera que este análisis no solo informe las prácticas actuales, sino que también inspire la innovación y promueva la colaboración entre diversos actores involucrados en la atención a poblaciones vulnerables.

ABSTRACT The improvement of the professional training process is a current need in all university courses, which includes Physical Culture; from this context, the eminently pedagogical nature of this professional profile is declared in the Study Plan, so it is necessary to prepare students in professional pedagogical skills, starting from the management process. To delve deeper into the topic, a research was carried out with the aim of developing strategic actions for the management of professional pedagogical skills in second-year students of the Bachelor's degree in Physical Culture, at the University of Physical Culture and Sports Sciences. "Manuel Fajardo." In the development of the study there were used scientific methods of the theoretical level such as analytical-synthetic and inductive-deductive methods; of the empirical level, observation, interview, surveys, documentary analysis, expert judgment and user judgment and of the statistician-mathematician, empirical frequency distributions. The results of the diagnosis made it possible to detect insufficiencies in the management process with respect to the development of professional pedagogical skills, so strategic actions were developed that were theoretically validated by the experts, who classified them as very appropriate and this same category was assigned by users to denote the feasibility of its implementation. After the application of the strategic actions, higher levels of development of professional pedagogical skills were evident in the sample studied.

RESUMO A melhoria do processo de formação profissional é uma necessidade atual em todos os cursos universitários, o que inclui Cultura Física; A partir deste contexto, a natureza eminentemente pedagógica deste perfil profissional é declarada no Plano de Estudos, pelo que é necessário preparar os alunos em competências pedagógicas profissionais, a partir do processo de gestão. Para aprofundar o tema, foi realizada uma investigação com o objetivo de desenvolver ações estratégicas para a gestão das competências pedagógicas profissionais em alunos do segundo ano do curso de Licenciatura em Cultura Física, da Universidade de Cultura Física e Ciências do Desporto”. Manoel Fajardo." No desenvolvimento do estudo foram utilizados métodos científicos de nível teórico, como analítico-sintético e indutivo-dedutivo; no nível empírico, observação, entrevista, levantamentos, análise documental, avaliação de especialistas e avaliação de usuários; do estatístico-matemático, distribuições de frequência empíricas. Os resultados do diagnóstico permitiram detectar insuficiências no processo de gestão no que diz respeito ao desenvolvimento de competências pedagógicas profissionais, pelo que foram desenvolvidas ações estratégicas que foram validadas teoricamente pelos especialistas, que as classificaram como muito adequadas e esta mesma categoria foi atribuída pelos usuários para denotar a viabilidade de sua implementação. Após a aplicação das ações estratégicas, ficaram evidentes níveis mais elevados de desenvolvimento de competências pedagógicas profissionais na amostra estudada.

RESUMEN El perfeccionamiento del proceso de formación de profesionales es una necesidad actual en todas las carreras universitarias, en la que se incluye la Cultura Física; desde este contexto, se declara en el Plan de estudio el carácter eminentemente pedagógico de este perfil profesional, por lo que es necesario preparar a los estudiantes en habilidades profesionales pedagógicas, a partir del proceso de gestión. Para ahondar en la temática, se realizó una investigación con el objetivo de elaborar acciones estratégicas para la gestión de habilidades profesionales pedagógicas en estudiantes de segundo año de la carrera Licenciatura en Cultura Física, en la Universidad de Ciencias de la Cultura Física y el Deporte “Manuel Fajardo”. En el desarrollo del estudio, se emplearon métodos científicos del nivel teórico como el analítico-sintético e inductivo-deductivo; del nivel empírico, la observación, entrevista, encuestas, análisis documental, criterio de expertos y criterio de usuarios; del estadístico-matemático, distribuciones empíricas de frecuencias. Los resultados del diagnóstico permitieron detectar insuficiencias en el proceso de gestión con respecto al desarrollo de las habilidades profesionales pedagógicas, por lo que se elaboraron acciones estratégicas que fueron validadas teóricamente por los expertos, quienes las calificaron de muy adecuadas y esta misma categoría fue asignada por los usuarios para denotar la factibilidad de su implementación. Luego de la aplicación de las acciones estratégicas, se evidenciaron niveles superiores de desarrollo de las habilidades profesionales pedagógicas en la muestra estudiada.

Abstract. Clinical judgement has become a central topic in both medicine and the philosophy since the 1960s. With the development of evidence-based medicine in the 1990s, clinical judgment is expected to be more sensitive to the needs and preferences of patients in the face of threats from positivist approaches that are considered to neglect individuality. This paper addresses this problem in the light of a philosophy of medicine that is more sensitive to the historical components of epistemology, ontology, and ethics. The analysis is directed to the 19th century in order to elucidate the tensions about the place of medical knowledge and the commitment, for the sake of professional improvement, to provide clinical judgment with new methods. This trip to the past is useful to understand the current transformations in the field of medicine, especially the way in which they help constitute new types of patients, new types of professional ethos, and new forms of relationship between these actors.

Resumen. El juicio clínico se ha convertido en un tópico capital para la filosofía de la medicina y la profesión médica desde los sesenta. Tras el desarrollo de la medicina basada en la evidencia en los noventa, se espera una mayor sensibilidad en el juicio clínico frente a las necesidades y preferencias de los pacientes ante las amenazas de enfoques positivistas, que, se considera, descuidan la individualidad. Este artículo aborda este problema a la luz de una filosofía de la medicina más sensible a los componentes históricos de la epistemología, la ontología y la ética. Se dirige la mirada al siglo XIX para dilucidar las tensiones en torno al lugar de los conocimientos médicos y la apuesta por dotar al juicio clínico de nuevos métodos para la mejora profesional. Este retorno al pasado ayuda a comprender las transformaciones actuales del campo de la medicina, especialmente en cuanto a cómo ayudan a constituir nuevos tipos de pacientes, nuevos tipos de ethos profesional y nuevas formas de relación entre dichos actores.

Resumen En el ámbito de la gestión empresarial, se armonizan un conjunto de herramientas en función de la gestión integral de las dimensiones económica, social y ambiental que fundamentan la Responsabilidad Social Empresarial y permiten realizar una evaluación de la empresa en función del cumplimiento de sus objetivos integralmente. Como parte del proceso de actualización de su modelo de desarrollo económico y social cubano, este tema adquiere una especial importancia por su impacto en el desarrollo local con énfasis en el ámbito social y ambiental. La presente investigación tiene como objetivo diseñar un procedimiento para la gestión de la responsabilidad social en la Empresa de Acopio y Beneficio del Tabaco Minas, Pinar del Río, válido para otras empresas similares. Se utilizó el método dialéctico-materialista que de acuerdo con sus aportes permitió descubrir la dialéctica del desarrollo del proceso a estudiar. Los métodos empíricos se emplearon para obtener información primaria y secundaria. Se realizaron encuestas y entrevistas a trabajadores y directivos de la empresa, sus familiares y a otros actores locales. Se realizó un diagnóstico del estado actual del proceso de gestión de la responsabilidad social en la empresa, donde se pudo constatar una serie de limitaciones que refieren como elemento central la carencia de una herramienta metodológica orientada a perfeccionar el esquema de toma de decisiones, vinculado al accionar social de la entidad. Se exponen los principales subsistemas del programa de responsabilidad social empresarial, así como las acciones sociales que se han implementado como parte de la estrategia de desarrollo municipal.

Resumo No campo da gestão empresarial, um conjunto de ferramentas é harmonizado em termos de gestão integrada das dimensões econômica, social e ambiental que formam a base da Responsabilidade Social Corporativa e permitem uma avaliação da empresa em termos do cumprimento de seus objetivos de forma integrada. Como parte do processo de atualização do modelo de desenvolvimento econômico e social de Cuba, essa questão assume especial importância devido ao seu impacto no desenvolvimento local, com ênfase nas esferas social e ambiental. O objetivo desta pesquisa é elaborar um procedimento para a gestão da responsabilidade social na Empresa de Coleta e Processamento de Tabaco de Minas, Pinar del Río, que seja válido para outras empresas semelhantes. Foi utilizado o método dialético-materialista, que, de acordo com suas contribuições, permitiu descobrir a dialética do desenvolvimento do processo a ser estudado. Foram usados métodos empíricos para obter informações primárias e secundárias. Foram realizadas pesquisas e entrevistas com trabalhadores e gerentes da empresa, suas famílias e outros atores locais. Foi feito um diagnóstico do estado atual do processo de gestão da responsabilidade social da empresa, no qual foi identificada uma série de limitações, cujo elemento central foi a falta de uma ferramenta metodológica destinada a aprimorar o processo de tomada de decisões vinculado às ações sociais da empresa. São apresentados os principais subsistemas do programa de responsabilidade social corporativa, bem como as ações sociais que foram implementadas como parte da estratégia de desenvolvimento municipal.

Abstract In the area of business management, a set of tools are harmonized in terms of the integral management of the economic, social and environmental dimensions that support Corporate Social Responsibility and allow for an evaluation of the company in terms of the fulfillment of its objectives in an integral manner. As part of the process of updating the Cuban economic and social development model, this topic acquires special importance due to its impact on local development with emphasis on the social and environmental aspects. The objective of this research is to design a procedure for the management of social responsibility in the Minas Tobacco Collection and Processing Company, Pinar del Río, valid for other similar companies. The dialectical-materialist method was used, which according to its contributions allowed discovering the dialectic of the development of the process to be studied. Empirical methods were used to obtain primary and secondary information. Surveys and interviews were conducted with workers and managers of the company, their families and other local actors. A diagnosis was made of the current state of the social responsibility management process in the company, where a series of limitations were found, which refer as a central element to the lack of a methodological tool oriented to improve the decision-making scheme, linked to the social actions of the entity. The main subsystems of the corporate social responsibility program are presented, as well as the social actions that have been implemented as part of the municipal development strategy.

The incidence of medical negligence claims is well documented in South Africa (SA). Civil and criminal processes are in place to deal with this, and the matter may be reported to the Health Professions Council of SA (HPCSA). There is a school of thought that suggests that these processes do not provide sufficient relief to an affected party. The processes are not always satisfactory; an aggrieved party may wish to know the reasons why a particular error occurred and why a healthcare practitioner acted in a particular manner. In addition to this, they may want to receive a sincere apology. Medical practitioners may also want to communicate with patients or family members of a patient who has passed away as a result of an iatrogenic event, but may be fearful of litigation. This article considers the current position in SA in relation to issuing an apology related to an iatrogenic event, and consults foreign jurisdictions for further guidance on the topic.

RESUMEN La inteligencia artificial se está usando ampliamente en diversos campos de la medicina. El objetivo de esta revisión es describir las principales aplicaciones, oportunidades y desafíos de la inteligencia artificial en medicina brindando una perspectiva del contexto actual. Se realizó una revisión narrativa de la literatura, identificando la información más actualizada y relevante sobre el tema. Se consultaron las bases de datos electrónicas PubMed, Scopus y SciELO, desde enero de 2019 a marzo de 2024, tanto en inglés como en español. Se incluyeron revisiones sistemáticas y no sistemáticas de la literatura, scoping reviews, artículos originales y capítulos de libros. Se excluyeron artículos duplicados, trabajos científicos poco claros, aquellos de bajo rigor científico y literatura gris. La implementación de la inteligencia artificial en medicina ha traído consigo notables beneficios, que van desde el registro de información médica hasta el descubrimiento de nuevos fármacos. Ha generado una revolución en la forma tradicional de hacer medicina. Por otro lado, ha traído consigo desafíos en materia de precisión, confiabilidad, ética, privacidad, entre otros. Es crucial mantener un enfoque centrado en el paciente y garantizar que estas tecnologías se utilicen para mejorar los resultados en salud y promover la equidad en el acceso a la atención médica. La colaboración entre profesionales de la salud, investigadores, entidades reguladoras y desarrolladores de tecnología será fundamental para enfrentar estos desafíos y aprovechar todo el potencial de la inteligencia artificial.

ABSTRACT Artificial intelligence is being widely used in various fields of medicine. The aim of this review is to describe the main applications, opportunities and challenges of AI in medicine by providing an overview of the current context. An overview of the literature was conducted, identifying the most up-to-date and relevant information on the topic. The electronic databases PubMed, Scopus and SciELO were consulted, from January 2019 to March 2024, in both English and Spanish. Systematic and non-systematic literature reviews, scoping reviews, original articles and book chapters were included. Duplicate articles, unclear scientific papers, those of low scientific rigour and grey literature were excluded. The implementation of artificial intelligence in medicine has brought remarkable benefits, ranging from the recording of medical information to the discovery of new drugs. It has generated a revolution in the traditional way of doing medicine. On the other hand, it has brought with it challenges in terms of accuracy, reliability, ethics, privacy, among others. It is crucial to maintain a patient-centred approach and ensure that these technologies are used to improve health outcomes and promote equity in access to care. Collaboration between healthcare professionals, researchers, regulators and technology developers will be critical to address these challenges and realise the full potential of artificial intelligence.

ABSTRACT Introduction/framework/objectives The legislation gives the possibility for pregnant women with jobs where there are night shifts, to avoid doing them during this stage. However, sometimes the workers themselves question whether this has concrete scientific validity and what this could entail for themselves and their descendants. Not being a topic with much published literature, this review allows to consult a summary of the most up-to-date records at this level, in order to make assertive and scientific decisions regarding conditioning, as well as whether these should be mandatory or optional. Methodology This is a Bibliographic Review, initiated through a search carried out in May 2023 in the databases “CINALH plus with full text, Medline with full text, Database of Abstracts of Reviews of Effects, Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials, Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, Cochrane Methodology Register, Nursing and Allied Health Collection: comprehensive, MedicLatina and RCAAP”. Content Night shifts during pregnancy may be associated with greater family-work conflict, tiredness and sleep disturbance; as well as cancers, weight gain, diabetes, high blood pressure and other cardiovascular diseases; in addition to preterm delivery, low birth weight and congenital anomalies. Discussion and Conclusions Night shifts during pregnancy, especially if numerous and/or consecutive, seem to allow for some alterations, whose pathophysiology is reasonably explained/theorized. However, the probability and eventual severity of these issues must be considered by the pregnant woman herself, so that she (duly informed with regard to current medical knowledge on the subject) choose whether she wishes to continue to do some night shifts and, if so, how; since anxiety and disruption of routines can also be harmful, especially on an emotional and/or economic level (more prominently in companies where the pregnant woman has empathy with the tasks, the work team and/or I have a shared transport). It should be decided on a case-by-case basis, as a team, taking into account pregnant´s opinion. It would be interesting for professionals working in a hospital environment, in an institution that has Obstetric service, to focus a little on the topic, portraying the national reality and publishing their research in a magazine in the area, to disseminate knowledge. and national level, with international extrapolation.

RESUMO Introdução/enquadramento/objetivos A legislação consagra a possibilidade de as grávidas com postos de trabalho em que existam turnos noturnos, os evitem durante esta etapa. Contudo, por vezes, as próprias trabalhadoras questionam a validade científica concreta dessa medida e o que isso poderá acarretar para si e para a descendência. Não sendo um tema com muita bibliografia publicada, esta revisão permite consultar uma síntese do que mais atualizado se registou a este nível, de forma a se tomarem decisões assertivas e científicas em relação a condicionamentos, bem como se estes devem ser obrigatórios ou opcionais. Metodologia Trata-se de uma Revisão Bibliográfica, iniciada através de uma pesquisa realizada em maio de 2023, nas bases de dados “CINALH plus with full text, Medline with full text, Database of Abstracts of Reviews of Effects, Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials, Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, Cochrane Methodology Register, Nursing and Allied Health Collection: comprehensive, MedicLatina e RCAAP”. Conteúdo Os turnos noturnos durante a gravidez poderão associar-se a maior conflito família-trabalho, cansaço e perturbação do sono; bem como cancros, aumento de peso, diabetes, hipertensão arterial e outras doenças cardiovasculares; para além de parto pré-termo, baixo peso ao nascer e anomalias congénitas. Discussão e Conclusões Os turnos noturnos durante a gravidez, sobretudo se numerosos e/ou seguidos, parecem possibilitar algumas alterações, cuja fisiopatologia se encontra razoavelmente explicitada/teorizada. Contudo, a probabilidade e eventual gravidade dessas questões devem ser ponderadas pela própria grávida (devidamente informada relativamente aos conhecimentos médicos atuais), para que possa optar se deseja continuar a fazer alguns turnos noturnos e, em caso positivo, de que forma; uma vez que a ansiedade e perturbação de rotinas pode ser também perniciosa, sobretudo a nível emocional e/ou económico (com maior destaque em empresas onde a grávida tenha empatia com as tarefas e com a equipa de trabalho e/ou tenha meio de transporte partilhado). Caberá decidir caso a caso, em equipa, considerando a opinião da própria. Seria aliciante que profissionais a exercer em ambiente hospitalar, em instituição que tenha serviço de Obstetrícia, se debruçassem um pouco sobre o tema, retratando a realidade nacional e publicando a sua investigação em revista da área, para difusão de conhecimentos e nível nacional, com extrapolação internacional.

ABSTRACT Introduction/framework/objectives: Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis is a disease that can progress in a debilitating manner and affect some individuals of working age, so it will be important that professionals working in Occupational Health and Safety have a reasonable set of knowledge on the subject, to be able to adjust work tasks as best as possible, as well as any protective measures, enhancing well-being and performance/productivity. Furthermore, knowing the work factors that increase it, it will be possible to slightly reduce the incidence of the pathology. The aim of this review was to summarize in Portuguese the most current and relevant articles published on the topic in international and national literature. Methodology: This is a Bibliographic Review, initiated through a search carried out in April 2023 in the databases “CINALH plus with full text, Medline with full text, Database of Abstracts of Reviews of Effects, Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials, Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, Cochrane Methodology Register, Nursing and Allied Health Collection: comprehensive, MedicLatina and RCAAP”. Content: This pathology is a rapidly progressive neurodegenerative disease characterized by muscular atrophy/paralysis, generally beginning in adulthood with an average survival of two to three years. The first manifestations generally involve asthenia of the lower limbs, generally in the 5th or 6th decade of life. Focal paralysis intensifies and spreads, reaching the respiratory muscles and culminating in respiratory failure. However, the pathophysiology is not clearly understood. Some researchers consider that the only environmental fact that could have any influence could be smoking; others even claim that the influence of global environmental exposure itself is controversial. At this level, with greater or lesser consensus, pesticides, fertilizers, solvents, heavy metals, formaldehyde, diesel, physical exertion/hypoxia, trauma and contact with electricity stand out. Therefore, there are also some professional sectors that may present greater risk. Discussion and Conclusions: Even though the prevalence of this pathology is low, some of these individuals are part of the active population, at least at an initial stage. No concrete data was found regarding protective measures or other relevant attitudes for the Health and Safety team to guide in this context. Even so, the authors succinctly recorded some items in this sense, depending on their professional experience, especially for pathologies with some similarities and more prevalent. It would be interesting for professionals working in a hospital environment, in an institution where there is a support consultation for users with this pathology, to focus a little on the topic, portraying the national reality and publishing their research in a magazine in the area, to disseminate knowledge at national level, with international extrapolation, given the scarcity of bibliography.

RESUMO Introdução/enquadramento/objetivos: A Esclerose Lateral Amiotrófica é uma doença que poderá evoluir de forma debilitante e atingir alguns indivíduos em idade ativa, pelo que será relevante que os profissionais a exercer na Saúde e Segurança Ocupacionais tenham um conjunto razoável de conhecimentos sobre o tema, de forma a conseguirem ajustar o melhor possível as tarefas laborais, bem como eventuais medidas de proteção, potenciando o bem-estar e desempenho/produtividade. Para além disso, conhecendo os fatores laborais que a potenciam, poder-se-á diminuir um pouco a incidência da patologia. Pretendeu-se com esta revisão resumir em português o que de mais atual e relevante se publicou sobre o tema nas literaturas internacional e nacional. Metodologia: Trata-se de uma Revisão Bibliográfica, iniciada através de uma pesquisa realizada em abril de 2023 nas bases de dados “CINALH plus with full text, Medline with full text, Database of Abstracts of Reviews of Effects, Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials, Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, Cochrane Methodology Register, Nursing and Allied Health Collection: comprehensive, MedicLatina e RCAAP”. Conteúdo: Esta patologia é uma doença neurodegenerativa rapidamente progressiva e caraterizada por atrofia/paralisia muscular, geralmente iniciada na idade adulta com sobrevida média de dois a três anos. As primeiras manifestações geralmente incidem na astenia dos membros inferiores, geralmente na 5ª ou 6ª décadas de vida. A paralisia intensifica-se e alastra-se, podendo atingir os músculos respiratórios e culminar em insuficiência respiratória. Contudo, a fisiopatologia não está esclarecida com clareza. Alguns investigadores consideram que o único fator ambiental que poderá ter alguma influência poderá ser o tabagismo; outros até afirmam que a influência da exposição ambiental global em si é controversa. Neste contexto, com maior ou menor consenso, destacam-se os pesticidas, fertilizantes, solventes, metais pesados, formaldeído, diesel, esforço físico/hipoxia, trauma e contato com a eletricidade. Desta forma, existem também alguns setores profissionais que poderão apresentar maior risco. Discussão e Conclusões: Ainda que a prevalência desta doença seja baixa, parte destes indivíduos estão inseridos na população ativa, pelo menos numa fase inicial. Não se encontraram dados concretos relativos a medidas de proteção ou outras atitudes relevantes para a equipa de Saúde e Segurança orientar neste contexto; ainda assim, os autores registaram de forma sucinta alguns itens nesse sentido, em função da sua experiência profissional, sobretudo para patologias com algumas semelhanças e mais prevalentes. Seria aliciante que profissionais a exercer em ambiente hospitalar, em instituição que exista uma consulta de apoio a utentes com esta patologia, se debruçassem um pouco sobre o tema, retratando a realidade nacional e publicando a sua investigação em revista da área, para difusão de conhecimentos a nível nacional, com extrapolação internacional, dada a escassez de bibliografia.

Résumé L’historiographie des Caraïbes est diverse quant au nombre d’études qui la cautionnent. Différents efforts ont été déployés pour rassembler dans une œuvre des siècles de profonds développements historiques directement liés aux centres de pouvoir mondial. Le présent ouvrage a pour objectif l’analyse historiographique de deux de ses œuvres les pluses importantes: De Cristóbal Colón à Fidel Castro. La Caraïbe frontière impériale de Juan Bosch et From Columbus to Castro: The history of the Caribbean 1492-1969 d’Eric Williams. À cette fin, les textes analysés ont été consultés, ainsi que d’autres sources liées à la thématique, aux auteurs et au contexte historique et spatial. La méthodologie utilisée était l’analyse et la révision critique de sources historiographiques. L’étude démontre l’importance de la région des Caraïbes dans le devenir historique de l’humanité. Il permet de comprendre les divers phénomènes qui se produisent à l’intérieur des pays des Caraïbes et de définir une future stratégie politique, économique et sociale dans le cadre d’une compréhension holistique de l’histoire. Les auteurs analysent l’histoire des Caraïbes d’un point de vue nationaliste. Toutes deux recréent différentes périodes du développement de ces peuples en s’appuyant sur des jalons qui sont culminants dans leur devenir de région historique. Son actualité réside dans sa grande valeur méthodologique, une étude documentaire approfondie et la nécessité de continuer à étudier notre passé commun pour construire un meilleur présent.

Streszczenie Historiografia Karaibów jest zróżnicowana pod względem ilości badań, które ją popierają. Różne były wysiłki podejmowane, aby zgromadzić w jednym dziele wieki głęboko zakorzenionych wydarzeń historycznych bezpośrednio związanych z centrami światowej potęgi. Niniejsza praca ma na celu analizę historiograficznych dwóch najbardziej znaczących dzieł: "De Cristóbal Colón a Fidel Castro. El Caribe frontera imperial" autorstwa Juana Boscha oraz "From Columbus to Castro: The history of the Caribbean 1492-1969" Erica Williamsa. Do tego celu skonsultowano teksty będące przedmiotem analizy oraz inne źródła związane z tematyką, autorami i kontekstem historycznym i przestrzennym. Metodologią używaną był analiza i rewizja krytyczna źródeł historiograficznych. Badanie pokazuje znaczenie regionu Karaibów w historii ludzkości. Pozwala zrozumieć różnorodne zjawiska zachodzące w karaibskich krajach i wyznaczyć przyszłą strategię polityczną, ekonomiczną i społeczną w kontekście holistycznego rozumienia historii. Autorzy analizują historię Karaibów z perspektywy nacjonalistycznej. Oba dzieła odtwarzają różne okresy rozwoju tych społeczności, opierając się na wydarzeniach, które są kluczowe dla ich przemiany jako regionu historycznego. Ich aktualność wynika z wysokiej wartości metodologicznej, głębokich badań dokumentalnych i konieczności kontynuowania nauki o naszej wspólnej przeszłości w celu budowania lepszej teraźniejszości.

Resumen La historiografía del Caribe es diversa en cuanto a la cantidad de estudios que la avalan. Disímiles han sido los esfuerzos por recoger en una obra siglos de profundo acontecer histórico vinculados directamente a los centros de poder mundial. El presente trabajo tiene como objetivo el análisis historiográfico de dos de sus obras más relevantes: De Cristóbal Colón a Fidel Castro. El Caribe frontera imperial, de Juan Bosch y From Columbus to Castro: The history of the Caribbean 1492-1969, de Eric Williams. Se consultaron para ello, los textos que son objeto de análisis, así como otras fuentes relacionadas con la temática, los autores y el contexto histórico y espacial. La metodología utilizada fue el análisis y revisión crítica de fuentes historiográficas. El estudio demuestra la importancia de la región del Caribe en el devenir histórico de la humanidad. Permite comprender los variados fenómenos ocurridos al interior de los países caribeños y delinear una futura estrategia política, económica y social en el marco de la comprensión holística de la historia. Los autores analizan la historia del Caribe desde una visión nacionalista. Ambas recrean diversos períodos del desarrollo de estos pueblos apoyándose en hitos que son culminantes en su devenir como región histórica. Su actualidad radica en su alto valor metodológico, un profundo estudio documental y la necesidad de seguir estudiando nuestro pasado común en aras de construir un mejor presente.

Abstract The historiography of the Caribbean is diverse in terms of the quantity of studies that comprise it. There have been different efforts to compile in one work centuries of historical events directly linked to the centers of world power. The present work has the objective to analyze historiographically two of its most relevant works: From Christopher Columbus to Fidel Castro. The Caribbean frontier of John Bosch and from Columbus to Castro: The history of the Caribbean 1492-1969 by Eric Williams. The two texts mentioned were subject to analysis, including other resources related with this topic, the authors and the historic and spatial context. The methodology used was the analysis and critical revision of historiographic sources. The study shows the importance of the Caribbean Region in the history of humanity. It allows for an understanding of the events that occurred in the Caribbean countries and for a delimitation of future political, economic and social strategies in light of a holistic frame of understanding of history. The authors analyze Caribbean history from a nationalist perspective. Both recreate diverse periods in the development of these people, supporting themselves in culminating milestones in the history formation of the region. Its current relevance relies on its methodological value, a deep documental study and the need to keep studying our past in order to construct a better future.

Resumen El artículo aborda la relación sino-latinoamericana desde la perspectiva del constructivismo, desafiando los enfoques materialistas que han predominado en los estudios sobre este tema. El constructivismo busca explorar aspectos que han sido subestimados por los discursos materialistas y abrir nuevas dimensiones de análisis en las relaciones internacionales entre China y América Latina. Tradicionalmente, la visión de las relaciones exteriores se ha centrado en categorías históricas y teorías como el liberalismo neoliberalismo y la teoría de la dependencia. Sin embargo, el constructivismo busca comprender una nueva cultura internacional que trascienda lo material, incorporando aspectos culturales e ideacionales. En este contexto, se analizan las identidades estatales de China y los países latinoamericanos como punto de partida para estudiar sus relaciones internacionales. Se reconoce que las percepciones compartidas, las normas y las narrativas culturales son fundamentales en la construcción de la identidad de los estados y en la formulación de sus políticas exteriores. Se explora la correspondencia cultural entre el Estado chino y América Latina mediante el análisis de las “estructuras culturales” propuestas por Wendt en el sistema internacional: las culturas hobbesiana, lockeana y kantiana. Esta exploración permite comprender las lógicas culturales actuales entre los actores en el sistema internacional. Es crucial destacar la influencia de los Estados Unidos en el sistema internacional y en su relación con China y los países de América Latina. Este enfoque resalta las complejidades y contrastes en las relaciones sino-estadounidenses y latino-estadounidenses, enmarcándolas dentro de la dinámica de la lógica lockeana que caracteriza la estructura global del sistema internacional. La comprensión de las dimensiones culturales e ideacionales en estas interacciones internacionales ofrece una visión más completa de las relaciones y contribuye a una mayor comprensión de cómo estas dinámicas culturales moldean la identidad de los Estados y sus decisiones en el sistema internacional. El constructivismo emerge como un marco teórico valioso para enriquecer el análisis de las relaciones internacionales y abrir nuevas perspectivas en el estudio de las interacciones entre China y América Latina.

Abstract In this critical analysis, the Sino-Latin American relationship is approached from the constructivist perspective, challenging the materialistic approaches that have predominated in studies on this topic. Constructivism seeks to explore aspects underestimated by materialistic discourses and open new dimensions of analysis in the international relations between China and Latin America. Traditionally, the focus of foreign relations has been on historical categories and theories such as neoliberalism and dependency theory. However, constructivism aims to understand a new international culture that transcends the material, incorporating cultural and ideational aspects. In this context, the article centers on the state identities of China and Latin American countries as a starting point for analyzing their international relations. It acknowledges that shared perceptions, norms, and cultural narratives are crucial in shaping states’ identities and formulating their foreign policies. The cultural correspondence between the Chinese state and Latin America is explored through the analysis of Wendt’s “cultural structures” in the international system: the Hobbesian, Lockean, and Kantian cultures. This exploration allows an understanding of the current cultural logic among actors in the international system. It is crucial to highlight the United States’ influence in the international system and its relationship with China and Latin American countries. This approach emphasizes the complexities and contrasts in Sino-American and Latin American United States relations, framing them within the dynamics of the Lockean logic that characterizes the global structure of the international system. Understanding the cultural and ideational dimensions of these international interactions provides a more comprehensive view of relationships and contributes to a deeper understanding of how these cultural dynamics shape states’ identities and decisions in the international system. Constructivism emerges as a valuable theoretical framework to enrich the analysis of international relations and open new perspectives in the study of interactions between China and Latin America.

Resumo: Introdução: O componente genético foi estabelecido como um fator de risco significativo para a ruptura do ligamento cruzado anterior (RLCA). As pesquisas atuais têm se concentrado em identificar os genes candidatos que podem influenciar e predispor um indivíduo a essa lesão. Objetivo: Foi realizada uma análise bibliométrica para rastrear os resultados das pesquisas e identificar tendências globais e lacunas no conhecimento sobre a relação entre o componente genético e a RLCA. Metodologia: Os dados foram extraídos das bases de dados Pubmed e Scopus e analisados no pacote Bibliometrix do software R. Um total de 63 estudos publicados desde 2007 foram identificados. Resultados: A maioria das publicações recuperadas foram artigos de pesquisa (85,71%). Os autores com o maior número dessas publicações estão na Polônia e na África do Sul. A análise por meio do mapa de coocorrência revela que há uma linha principal de pesquisa baseada no estudo de polimorfismos genéticos, especialmente nos genes das famílias de colágeno (COL1A1, COL5A1, COL12A1, com maior frequência). Um total de 54 genes candidatos foram identificados nos estudos. Conclusão: Esperamos que este estudo possa ajudar a encontrar pontos-chave e lacunas de pesquisa, fornecendo uma análise abrangente e informações estruturadas sobre este tema.

Abstract: Introduction: Genetic component has been established as a significant risk factor for anterior cruciate ligament rupture (ACLR). Current research has focused on knowing the candidate genes that can influence and predispose a subject to this injury. Objective: A bibliometric analysis was carried out to trace the results of the research and identify global trends and gaps in knowledge about the relationship between the genetic component and ACLR. Methodology: Data were extracted from the Pubmed and Scopus databases and analyzed in the Bibliometrix package of the R software. A total of 63 studies published since 2007 were identified. Results: Most of the publications recovered were research articles (85.71%). The authors with the highest number of those are in Poland and South Africa. The analysis through the co-occurrence map reveals that there is a mainline of research based on the study of genetic polymorphisms, especially in the genes of the collagen families (COL1A1, COL5A1, COL12A1, in greater frequency). A total of 54 candidate genes were identified within the studies. Conclusion: We hope that this study can help to find key points and research gaps by providing a comprehensive analysis and structured information on this topic.

Resumen: Introducción: El componente genético se ha establecido como un factor de riesgo considerable para la ruptura del ligamento cruzado anterior (RLCA). La investigación actual se ha centrado en conocer los genes candidatos que pueden influir y predisponer a un sujeto a padecer esta lesión. Objetivo: Se llevó a cabo un análisis bibliométrico para rastrear los resultados de la indagación e identificar las tendencias globales, así como las brechas en el conocimiento sobre la relación entre el componente genético y la RLCA. Metodología: Los datos fueron extraídos de las bases Pubmed y Scopus, igual que analizados en el paquete Bibliometrix del software R. Se identificó un total de 63 estudios publicados a partir del 2007. Resultados: La mayoría de las publicaciones identificadas fueron artículos de investigación (85.71 %). Los autores con mayor número de aquellas se encuentran en Polonia y Sudáfrica. El análisis a través del mapa de coocurrencias reveló que hay una línea principal de investigación basada en el estudio de polimorfismos genéticos, especialmente en los genes de las familias del colágeno (COL1A1, COL5A1, COL12A1, en mayor frecuencia). Un total de 54 genes candidatos fueron identificados en los estudios. Conclusión: Esperamos que este estudio pueda contribuir a encontrar puntos claves y vacíos de investigación, al proporcionar análisis integrales e información estructurada sobre este tema.

Resumen Un desafiante planteo que hace el divulgador científico Derek A. Muller, con un circuito eléctrico muy simple pero muy curioso, es elegido en función de su potencialidad para reflexionar sobre algunos aspectos básicos relacionados con la circulación de corriente. Aunque el propósito del planteo de Muller es mostrar que en los circuitos eléctricos la energía viaja por el espacio conducida por el campo electromagnético y no lo hace por los conductores, ese no es el tema de este trabajo, sino que se aprovecha el circuito propuesto por Muller para reflexionar sobre aspectos básicos de la circulación de la corriente eléctrica. Específicamente se mostrará cómo hallar la forma en que se inicia la circulación de la corriente, aprovechando las aproximaciones que este circuito permite hacer. Aunque el planteo de Muller apunta a otros objetivos, pone de relieve el problema de que la forma en que se inicia la circulación de la corriente en los circuitos es un tema que, debido a las dificultades matemáticas, no se profundiza ni en los niveles básicos ni en los avanzados. En este trabajo se plantearán algunas preguntas que asaltan tanto a un profesor de física como a un experto cuando se ven confrontados por el planteo de Muller, y se mostrará cómo se procede a la búsqueda de respuestas y se avanza gradualmente hasta construir un panorama claro del proceso correspondiente a este circuito.

Abstract A challenging proposal made by the scientific disseminator Derek A. Muller, with an electric circuit very simple but very curious, is chosen based on its potential to reflect on some basic aspects related to the electric current circulation. Although the purpose of Muller’s proposal is to show that in electrical circuits energy travels through space driven by the electromagnetic field and does not travel through conductors, that is not the topic of this work, but rather the circuit proposed by Muller is used to reflect on other basic aspects of the circulation of electric current. Specifically, it will be shown how to find the way in which the current circulation begins, taking advantage of the fact that this circuit allows appropriate approximations. Although Muller’s approach aims to other objectives, it highlights the problem that the way in which the circulation of current in circuits begins is a topic that, due to mathematical difficulties, is not explored in depth either at the basic or advanced levels. In this work questions will be raised that assail both a physics teacher and an expert when confronted with Muller’s proposal, and it will be shown how to proceed to search for answers and gradually advance until building a clear overview of the process corresponding to this circuit.

Abstract Introduction/Objective: This study aims to explore the current state of knowledge regarding the relationship between governance and the optimization of public expenditure. Methodology: A bibliometric analysis was conducted in Scopus to examine the evolution of the topic, followed by a systematic review in Scopus, WOS, and Dimensions. Empirical studies addressing the relationship between governance and public expenditure were selected using rigorous quality criteria. The Prisma diagram was applied for the systematic review. Results: The bibliometric analysis revealed a growing research interest since 2011, highlighting the contributions of key authors such as Baldersheim, Canh, and Ståhlberg. Compliance with bibliometric laws was observed, and semantic analysis identified clusters linking governance with expenditure efficiency. The systematic review uncovered a widespread consensus: good governance, characterized by effectiveness, transparency, corruption control, and citizen participation, leads to an optimization of public expenditure outcomes. Empirical findings converge on five main blocks: governance as a catalyst for the impact of public expenditure, governance for greater sectoral efficiency of expenditure, public expenditure targeting vulnerable populations and associated governance, the moderating role of institutions and governance quality, and governance mechanisms to optimize public financial management. Conclusions: There is solid theoretical and empirical support indicating that the incorporation of principles of democratic, participatory, and transparent governance is crucial for efficiently directing public expenditure towards economic and social development. Future research should examine the relative weight of the various dimensions of governance and their impact on the optimal allocation of expenditure across different sectors.

Resumen Introducción/Objetivo: La sociedad demanda una gestión de calidad de los recursos públicos. Este estudio tiene como objetivo conocer el estado del arte sobre la relación entre la gobernanza y la optimización del gasto público. Metodología: Se realizó un análisis bibliométrico en Scopus para explorar la evolución del tema y después una revisión sistemática en Scopus, WOS y Dimensions, para seleccionar estudios empíricos sobre la relación gobernanza-gasto público mediante criterios de calidad. Se aplicó el diagrama Prisma. Resultados: El análisis bibliométrico revela un creciente interés investigativo desde 2011, con autores clave como Baldersheim, Canh y Ståhlberg. Se cumplieron leyes bibliométricas y el análisis semántico identificó clústeres que vinculan gobernanza y eficiencia del gasto. La revisión sistemática encontró un consenso generalizado: una buena gobernanza (efectividad, transparencia, control de corrupción y participación ciudadana) optimiza los resultados del gasto público. Los hallazgos empíricos convergen en cinco bloques principales: gobernanza como catalizador del impacto del gasto público, gobernanza para una mayor eficiencia sectorial del gasto, gasto público pro-pobre y gobernanza, rol moderador de las instituciones y la calidad de la gobernanza, y mecanismos de gobernanza para optimizar la gestión financiera pública. Conclusiones: Existe un sólido respaldo teórico y empírico en cuanto a que incorporar principios de gobernanza democrática, participativa y transparente es clave para canalizar eficientemente el gasto público hacia el desarrollo económico y social. Futuras investigaciones deben examinar el peso relativo de las dimensiones de gobernanza y su impacto en la asignación óptima del gasto entre sectores.

ABSTRACT Objective: The objective of this narrative review is to discuss the current state of research funding in Brazil. Materials and Methods: This study is based on the most recent edition of the course Funding for Research and Innovation in the University of Sao Paulo School of Medicine which was a three-day course with 12 hours of instruction. The course brought together leading experts in the field to comprehensively discuss the current state of research funding in Brazil. Each speaker provided a presentation on a specific topic related to research funding. After the workshop, speakers assembled relevant topics in this manuscript. Results: collaborative research is critical for securing research funding. It optimizes proposal competitiveness, amplifies societal impact, and manages risks effectively. As such, fostering and supporting these collaborations is paramount for both researchers and funding agencies. To maintain the highest integrity in research, investigators involved in these collaborations must disclose any relationships that could potentially influence the outcomes or interpretation of their projects. Conclusions: In Brazil, the mainstay of research funding stems from public entities, with agencies such as CNPq, CAPES, and state bodies like FAPESP, FAPERJ, FAPEMIG and others at the forefront. Concurrently, industry funding offers viable pathways, especially through industry-sponsored studies, investigator-led projects, and collaborative initiatives. The Brazilian funding landscape is further enriched by innovative platforms, including crowdfunding and the contributions of institutions like the Serrapilheira Institute. Internationally, esteemed organizations such as the National Institutes of Health (NIH) and the Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation stand out as potential funders. Objective Brazil Methods threeday three day 1 instruction workshop manuscript Results competitiveness impact effectively projects Conclusions entities CNPq CAPES FAPESP FAPERJ forefront Concurrently pathways industrysponsored sponsored studies investigatorled investigator led initiatives platforms Institute Internationally NIH (NIH funders

Abstract Objectives To present observational studies investigating associations between the consumption of ultra-processed foods and health outcomes in childhood and adolescence. Data source Observational, cross-sectional, or longitudinal studies were considered, and identified in the Scopus, Web of Science, Pubmed and Scielo databases, without date restrictions. Data synthesis The most frequent combinations of risk factors in children and adolescents involved an unhealthy diet, with regular consumption of ultra-processed foods to the detriment of a diet based on fresh or minimally-processed foods and insufficient levels of physical activity; records on alcohol and tobacco use were identified. Combined, these practices contribute to the findings that indicate an increase in the prevalence of obesity in children and adolescents and a sedentary lifestyle, with a decrease in physical activity, in addition to representing a risk for the development of chronic non-communicable diseases, such as cardiovascular diseases and periodontal disease in childhood and adolescence. Conclusions The present study maps the current literature on the topic and indicates the direction of the approach for health promotion and prevention of NCDs in children and adolescents. Among the different risk factors that negatively affect the full development of this population, frequently eating breakfast and practicing physical activity is most strongly associated with a lower consumption of ultra-processed foods and should be part of an integrated approach to promoting eating practices that favor the reduction of diseases also in adult life. ultraprocessed ultra processed adolescence Observational crosssectional, crosssectional cross sectional, sectional cross-sectional considered Scopus Science databases restrictions minimallyprocessed minimally Combined lifestyle noncommunicable non communicable population life