Abstract Objective: to study from a gender perspective the consumption of bottled water in the context of the environmental disaster caused by the spilled 40 000 m3 of cupper leachates in the Sonora river. Methodology: 40 interviews, one workshop and 28 questionnaires were applied in various communities of the watershed. Results: bottled water of different brands and prizes has become an element of differentiation among women. Limitations: the need to broaden the sample and to conduct a biomedical analysis in order to deepen the results. Value: to explain the factors that intervene in the substitution of tapped water for bottled water in the Sonora watershed river. Conclusions: using a gender approach helps to understand the decisions that women make regarding water for human consumption.

Resumen Objetivo: estudiar desde la perspectiva de género el consumo de agua embotellada en el contexto del desastre ambiental que provocó el derrame de 40 000 m3 de lixiviados de cobre en el río Sonora. Metodología: se realizaron 40 entrevistas, un taller y se aplicaron 28 cuestionarios en distintas localidades de la cuenca. Resultados: el agua embotellada de distintas marcas y precios se ha convertido en un elemento de diferenciación entre las mujeres. Limitaciones: se requiere ampliar la muestra y realizar análisis biomédicos para profundizar en el estudio. Valor: se contribuye a explicar los factores que intervienen en la sustitución del agua de la llave por la embotellada en la cuenca del río Sonora. Conclusiones: el enfoque de género ayuda a entender las decisiones que toman las mujeres en relación con el agua para consumo humano.

Abstract The aim of this study was to evaluate the serum levels of calcium (Ca), phosphorus (P), magnesium (Mg), copper (Cu), and zinc (Zn) in dairy goats in different productive periods. Twenty Saanen breed goats were selected at different productive stages: prepartum (1 to 2 weeks before partum), postpartum (1 to 2 weeks of lactation), peak of lactation (6 to 8 weeks postpartum) and dry period (15 to 30 days of the final lactation) of a dairy farm in the Valle de Lerma, in the province of Salta. Blood samples were collected and then, Ca, Mg, Cu and Zn levels were measured using atomic absorption spectrophotometry, and P was measured by colorimetric. Hypocalcaemia (7,7±0,2 mg/dL) and hypophosphatemia (3,4±0,4 mg/dL) were found in all production stages. In contrast, Mg levels did not present variation during all the samplings (2.5 ± 0.06 mg / dL). In evaluated micro-minerals, only the serum levels of Zn were lower than those recommended in all the productive periods (53 ± 4 µg / dL). Serum cupper levels were within normal limits (53 ± 4 µg / dL). The obtained results allowed identifying abnormalities in Ca, P and Zn levels during the evaluated productive periods. Information about mineral deficiency in goats is restricted and it is needed to study more about it.

Resumen El objetivo de este trabajo fue evaluar los niveles séricos de calcio (Ca), fósforo (P), magnesio (Mg), cobre (Cu), y zinc (Zn) en cabras lecheras en diferentes etapas productivas. Se seleccionaron 20 cabras de raza Saanen en diferentes estadios productivos: preparto (1 a 2 semanas previas al parto), posparto (1 a 2 semanas de lactancia), pico de lactancia (6 a 8 semanas de lactancia posparto) y período de seca (15 a 30 días de finalizada la lactancia) de un establecimiento lechero del valle de Lerma, Salta. Se colectaron muestras de sangre y se midieron los niveles séricos de Ca, Mg, Cu, y Zn empleando espectrofotometría de absorción atómica y P por colorimetría. Se identificó hipocalcemia (7,7±0,2 mg/dL) e hipofosfatemia (3,4±0,4 mg/dL) durante todas las etapas productivas. El Mg, por el contrario, presentó niveles adecuados durante todo el ensayo (2,5±0,06 mg/dL). Con respecto a los microminerales evaluados, solo los niveles séricos de Zn fueron inferiores a los recomendaros en todos los periodos productivos (53±4 µg/dL). Los niveles de Cu estuvieron dentro de los límites normales (53±4 µg/dL). Estos resultados permitieron identificar anormalidades en los niveles de Ca, P y Zn durante los periodos productivos evaluados. La información sobre deficiencias minerales en cabras es escasa y debe estudiarse más al respecto.

Serious health consequences can occur not only from acute exposure to environmental toxicants, but also from chronic exposures to minute quantities. Petroleum substances are widely distributed and used in huge amount, mainly as fuels. A total number of 45 males aged between 20 and 45 years participated in this study. The participants were divided in to two groups: The first group of 25 subjects worked at least 8hours/day in different oil product distribution companies in both Basrah and Thiqar Governorates-Iraq. The second group (control group) of 20 healthy individuals with age and weight matched with the test group and lived far away from hazardous exposure. Heavy metals levels in hair were measured by Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometer. Statistical analysis was performed using GraphPad Prism (version 6.0). Higher levels of lead and cupper were observed in the hair of subjects working in different oil product distribution companies compared to control group. Heavy metals evaluation in hair samples could be used as a good bioindicator of heavy metal exposure in occupational and environmental surveys for various populations for screening for heavy metals toxicity. In the present study high levels of heavy metals were observed in workers at different oil product distribution companies in Iraq.

In this work, we studied the degree of tolerance to heavy metals of fungi and bacteria isolated from soils with and without rhizosphere, in order to know its potential for applications in bioremediation. The samples came from Santa Rosa de Jangas mining liability. The fungi and bacterial strains were taxonomically identified by ITS region and 16S rDNA analysis, respectively. Heavy metal tolerance indices were calculate using salt medium supplemented with 1mM of lead (II), cupper (II), nickel (II) or zinc (II); and 0.1 mM of silver (I), chromium(VI) or cadmium (II). It was isolated 23 fungi and 18 bacteria strains. The fungi with better tolerance indices were Fusarium temperatum CTLM05 (Pb+2), Fusarium temperatum CTLM08 (Zn+2), Fusarium oxysporum CTLM18 (Ni+2 and Cd+2), Fusarium oxysporum CTLM12 (Ag+1), Fusarium inflexum CTLM22 (Cu+2), and Penicillium vanluykii CTLM11 (Cr+6). Likewise, the bacterial strains with better tolerance indices were Bacillus licheniformis SSR18 (Cd+2, Ni+2 and Zn+2), Bacillus subtilis SSR3 (Pb+2), Serratia sp. SSR15 (Cu+2), Serratia sp. SSR13 (Ag+1) and Bacillus cereus SSR01 (Cr+6). Too, it was found that fungi showed better tolerance indices than bacterial strains. Finally, the soil from Santa Rosa waste mine have an interesting microflora, probably with mechanisms for their adaptation, growth, and development were heavy metals are present and they could be useful to perform biotechnology and bioremediation processes.

En el presente trabajo estudiamos el grado de tolerancia a metales pesados de hongos y bacterias aisladas de suelos con y sin rizósfera, con el propósito de conocer su potencial para aplicaciones en biorremediación. Las muestras procedían del pasivo minero de Santa Rosa de Jangas. Los hongos y bacterias aislados fueron identificados taxonómicamente mediante el análisis de la región ITS y 16S ADNr, respectivamente. El índice de tolerancia a metales pesados se calculó usando medio salino suplementado con 1 mM a plomo (II), cobre (II), niquel (II) o zinc (II), y 0.1 mM a plata (I), cromo (VI) o cadmio (II). En total se aislaron 23 hongos y 18 bacterias. Las cepas de hongos con mejores índices de tolerancia fueron: Fusarium temperatum CTLM05 (Pb+2), Fusarium temperatum CTLM08 (Zn+2), Fusarium oxysporum CTLM18 (Ni+2 y Cd+2), Fusarium oxysporum CTLM12 (Ag+1), Fusarium inflexum CTLM22 (Cu+2) y Penicillium vanluykii CTLM11 (Cr+6). Las cepas de bacterias con mayores índices de tolerancia fueron Bacillus licheniformis SSR18 (Cd+2, Ni+2 y Zn+2), Bacillus subtilis SSR3 (Pb+2), Serratia sp. SSR15 (Cu+2), Serratia sp. SSR13 (Ag+1) y Bacillus cereus SSR01 (Cr+6). También se encontró que los hongos mostraron mejores índices de tolerancia que las bacterias. Finalmente, los suelos del pasivo ambiental minero de Santa Rosa de Jangas poseen una microflora interesante, probablemente con mecanismos para su adaptación, crecimiento y desarrollo sobre metales pesados y pueden ser de utilidad para el desarrollo de procesos biotecnológicos y biorremediación.

ABSTRACT In Ecuador, the principal disease in strawberry is the grey mould caused by B. cinerea. Chemical fungicides are used only for its control but sometime cause phyto-toxicity due frequent application, high doses and non-rotation of active ingredients. The aim of this work was to evaluate the effect of iodinecitrate of cupper (Citrubact) on fruits number afected by B. cinereain Fragaria vesca L. cv. Albion in Tungurahua province. Iodinecitrate reduced the number of infected flowers with B. cinerea. Doses of 0.588 g L-1 each 14 days; 0.588 g L-1 each 7 days; 0.392 g L-1 each 14 days and 0.196 g L-1 each 7 days of active ingredient increase the number of healthy fruit in comparison with unprotected fruits. Based on results Citrubact is an efficient chemical alternative to control B. cinerea in F. vesca. This fungicide is accepted in strawberry organic production system in Ecuador and other producing countries which conferee added value

RESUMEN En Ecuador la principal enfermedad del cultivo de la fresa es el moho gris cuyo agente causal es B. cinerea. Para su control solo se utilizan fungicidas químicos que en ocasiones producen fitotoxicidad por el uso frecuente, las dosis elevadas y la no rotación de ingredientes activos. El objetivo del presente trabajo fue evaluar el efecto del iodocitrato de cobre (Citrubact) sobre frutos para reducir las afectaciones causadas por B. cinerea en Fragaria vesca L. cv. Albion en la provincia Tungurahua. El producto, redujo el número de flores infectadas con B. cinerea. Las dosis de 0,588 g L-1 cada 14 días; 0,588 g L-1 cada 7 días; 0,392 g L-1 cada 14 días y de 0, 196 g L-1 cada 7 días incrementaron el número de frutos sanos en relación con los frutos no protegidos. Sobre la base de los resultados obtenidos se concluye que el Citrubact es una nueva alternativa química eficiente para el control de B. cinerea en el cultivo de F. vesca L. cv. Albion. Este fungicida es aceptado en los sistemas de producción orgánica de fresa en Ecuador y otros países productores lo cual le adjudica un valor adicional

As vitaminas (Vit.) C, E e A, em conjunto com zinco (Zn++) e Cobre (Cu++) desempenham um papel importante na prevenção de comorbidades associadas à obesidade. O objetivo do trabalho foi avaliar as concentrações séricas (Cs) de Vit. C, E e A, bem como as de Zn++ e de Cu++ em púberes com excesso de peso (EP) e resistência à insulina (RI). O estudo foi descritivo, correlacional, de campo e transversal. As variáveis foram comparadas entre os púberes normopeso (NP)/sem RI e aqueles que tinham EP (com e sem RI). Foram utilizados os testes de Pearson e Spearman, teste de Student, U de Mann- Whitney, Kruskal-Wallis e o estatístico Z. Adolescentes com EP/RI apresentaram Cs de Zn++ menores do que aqueles com EP/sem RI, e que o grupo controle (p=0,010), sendo provavelmente a RI o que define esta diminuição, visto que o Zn++ foi similar entre os púberes com e sem EP. 12,0% de sujeitos com EP/RI apresentaram a relação Vit. E/Colesterol Total (CT) <2,25 mmol/mol, comparados com 4,8% e 8,0% observado nos adolescentes com EP/sem RI e os controles, respectivamente (p=0,012). Adolescentes com EP e RI mostraram menor proteção antioxidante e Cs de Zn++ inferiores ao resto dos grupos avaliados.

Vitamins (Vit.) C, E and A, together with zinc (Zn++) and copper (Cu++) play an important role in the prevention of comorbidities associated with obesity. The objective of this work was to evaluate serum concentrations (Sc) of Vit. C, E and A, and those of Zn++ and Cu++ in a pubertal overweight (OW) and insulin-resistant (IR) population. The study was descriptive, correlational and cross-sectional. Variables were compared between the normalweight pubescent population, non-IR and those OW (IR or non-IR). Correlations between variables were assessed using Pearson and Spearman tests, the Student t test, Mann-Whitney U test, Kruskal-Wallis test and the statistical Z. OW and IR adolescents presented lower Zn++ than those OW non-IR, and the control group (p=0.010). Probably it is being IR what defines this decrease since the Zn++ was similar in the pubertal population with and without OW. In the OW and RI group of adolescents, there was a frequency of alterations in vit. E/CT (<2.25 mmol/mol) of 12.0%, compared to 4.8% and 8.0% in OW and non-IR and control adolescents, respectively (p=0.012) OW and IR adolescents showed a lower antioxidant protection and lower Zn++ than other groups evaluated.

Las vitaminas (Vit.) C, E y A, junto al zinc (Zn++) y cobre (Cu++) colaboran en la prevención de las comorbilidades asociadas a la obesidad. El objetivo del trabajo fue evaluar las concentraciones séricas (Cs) de Vit. C, E y A, así como las del Zn++ y Cu++ en púberes con exceso de peso (EP) y resistencia a la insulina (RI). El estudio fue descriptivo, correlacional, de campo y transversal. Las variables se compararon entre los púberes normopeso (NP)/sin RI y quienes tenían EP (con y sin RI). Se emplearon las pruebas de Pearson y Spearman, test de Student, U de Mann-Whitney, Kruskal-Wallis y el estadístico Z. Los adolescentes con EP/RI presentaron Cs de Zn++ menores que aquellos con EP/sin RI, y que el grupo control (p=0,010), siendo probablemente la RI lo que define esta disminución ya que el Zn++ fue similar entre los púberes con y sin EP. El 12,0% de los sujetos con EP/RI presentaron la relación Vit. E/Colesterol Total (CT)< 2,25 mmol/mol, comparados con el 4,8% y 8,0% observado en los adolescentes con EP/sin RI y los controles, respectivamente (p=0,012). Los adolescentes con EP/ RI evidenciaron una menor protección antioxidante y Cs de Zn++ inferiores al resto de los grupos evaluados.

Asphalt mixes with Reclaimed Asphalt Pavement (RAP) offer many advantages when reusing this material. But without the adequate treatment, these mixtures present durability problems due to the material’s loss of properties over time. The use of copper slag can reduce these problems through its physical-chemical properties, such as highly angular characteristics, lime content in its composition and low silica content, while contributing with friction and strong adhesive characteristics. On the other hand, the amount of copper slag stockpiles and their associated lixiviation are also reduced. This work presents the results obtained in asphalt mixes with RAP percentages from 0 to 40%, combined with copper slag percentages ranging from 0 to 35%. Sixteen (16) combinations of materials were used to prepare Marshall specimens in order to carry out stability and flow tests, indirect tensile strength tests and resilient modulus by diametral compression. The use of copper slag improves the performance of asphalt mixes with RAP. With 15% copper slag amounts by mass, the stability and flow values are stabilized, thereby improving the Marshall stiffness index. The values for indirect tensile strength and resilient modulus with RAP percentages over 20% are also improved, especially in mixtures with high RAP percentage (40%). These results favor the use of RAP in applications that require more demanding parameters.

Las mezclas asfálticas con RAP (pavimento asfaltico reciclado) tienen muchas ventajas relacionadas a la reutilización de este material. Pero sin el adecuado tratamiento, estas mezclas tienen asociados problemas de durabilidad debido a la perdida de propiedades que sufre este material con el paso del tiempo. La utilización de escorias de cobre puede ayudar a solventar parte de estos problemas gracias sus propiedades físicas-químicas, como la elevada angulosidad, el contenido de cal en su composición y su bajo contenido en sílice, aportando fricción y adhesividad elevada. A su vez, también se reduce el volumen de escorias de cobre acopiadas y la lixiviación asociada a éstas. Este trabajo muestra los resultados obtenidos en mezclas asfálticas con porcentajes de RAP de 0 a 40% combinados con porcentajes de escoria de cobre del 0 al 35%. Se realizaron 16 combinaciones de materiales con las que se elaboraron probetas Marshall para su análisis mediante ensayos de estabilidad y fluencia, tracción indirecta y módulo resiliente por compresión diametral. La utilización de escorias de cobre provoca una mejora en el comportamiento de mezclas asfálticas con RAP. Con cantidades de escorias de cobre del 15% en volumen, los valores de estabilidad y fluencia se estabilizan, mejorando el índice de rigidez Marshall. También se mejoran los valores de tracción indirecta y módulo resiliente para porcentajes de RAP mayores al 20%, especialmente en mezclas con porcentajes altos de RAP (40%). Estos resultados ayudan a potenciar la utilización de RAP en aplicaciones que requieran parámetros más exigentes.

AbstractThe aim of this research was to determine the fertility of soils of dairy farms at four zones of the Guanacaste volcanic mountain range. The study was conducted during a two-year period (2009-2010) in farms of Guayabo (Bagaces) and Nubes, San Ramón and Florida (Quebrada Grande, Tilarán). A total of 40 soil samples were collected, each one was composed by 20 subsamples. The results revealed that soil pH in Guayabo tended to be lower (p=0.0539) than in Nubes, San Ramón and Florida. Guayabo soils showed higher concentrations (p<0.01) of magnesium (Mg), cupper (Cu), iron (Fe) and manganese (Mn) than the soils of the three zones of Tilarán. The soils of Guayabo and San Ramón showed higher values of effective cation exchange capacity (ECEC) (p<0.01) than Nubes and Florida soils. According to the general critical levels for the extracting solution used, none of the soils of the analyzed zones reach a pH higher than 5.5, the Tilarán and Guayabo soils were deficient in Mg and P respectively and no zone was deficient in Zn, Cu, Fe and Mn. These results revealed that the soils of all the zones had some mineral deficiency and low values of pH, therefore fertilizers and amendments should be applied according to nutritional needs of each farm. Adequate soil nutrition could improve productivity of forage and allowed a higher animal charge capacity per unit of area.

Resumen El objetivo de esta investigación fue determinar la fertilidad de los suelos de fincas lecheras de cuatro zonas de la Cordillera Volcánica de Guanacaste. El estudio se llevó a cabo durante un periodo de dos años (2009-2010) en fincas de Guayabo (Bagaces) y Nubes, San Ramón y Florida (Quebrada Grande, Tilarán). Un total de 40 muestras de suelo fueron recolectadas, cada una se conformó por 20 sub-muestras. Los resultados revelaron que el pH de los suelos de Guayabo tendieron a ser más bajos (p=0,0539) que los de Nubes, San Ramón y Florida. Los suelos de Guayabo presentaron mayores concentraciones (p<0,01) de magnesio (Mg), cobre (Cu), hierro (Fe) y manganeso (Mn) que los de las tres zonas de Tilarán. Los suelos de Guayabo y San Ramón mostraron mayor capacidad de intercambio catiónica efectiva (CICE) (p<0,01) que los suelos de Nubes y Florida. Según los niveles críticos generales para la solución extractora utilizada, ninguno de los suelos de las zonas analizadas alcanzó un pH mayor a 5,5, los suelos de Tilarán y Guayabo fueron deficientes de Mg y P respectivamente y ninguna zona fue deficiente en Zn, Cu, Fe y Mn. Estos resultados revelaron que los suelos de todas las zonas tuvieron alguna deficiencia mineral y valores bajos de pH, por lo tanto se deben aplicar fertilizantes y enmiendas acordes con las necesidades nutricionales de cada finca. Una nutrición adecuada de los suelos podría mejorar la productividad de forraje y permitir una mayor capacidad de carga animal por unidad de área.

In Argentina, the prehispanic agricultural activity, is not the most popular issue to investigate and almost nobody study it from a geoarchaeological perspective. Therefore our objective was to determinate the anthropic modification produced by the sustained use of prehispanic cultivated fields located at Yasyamayo (Tucumán, Argentina), and their relationship with the climatic conditions at the moment of occupation. To accomplish it we used methods from the geoscience such as pH, texture, color, structure, bulk density, organic phosphorous, calcium, and available phosphorous, manganese, cupper and iron. We could determinate a clear distinction between agricultural and natural lands. It was even possible to recognize the use of organic fertilizer in the agricultural areas

En Argentina son escasos los estudios sobre la actividad agrícola prehispánica y prácticamente inexistentes aquellos que la abordan desde una perspectiva geoarqueológica. El objetivo de este trabajo es determinar las alteraciones antrópicas producidas por el uso sostenido de los campos de cultivos prehispánicos tardíos ubicados en Yasyamayo, y su relación con las condiciones ambientales típicas del momento de ocupación. Para ello se utilizaron métodos provenientes de las geociencias tales como determinaciones de pH, textura, color, estructura, porcentaje de materia orgánica, fósforo orgánico, fósforo disponible, calcio, manganeso, cobre y hierro disponibles. Como resultado pudo observarse una clara diferencia entre las tierras bajo cultivo y aquellas naturales. Incluso se registró la utilización de abono para la mantención de los campos agrícolas en condiciones medioambientales adversas.

RESUMO Objetivou-se a quantificação química dos preservantes, identificação anatômica da espécie florestal e dos principais agentes deterioradores dos postes de madeira de uma rede de distribuição de energia elétrica da Ilha do Mel, no litoral do Estado do Paraná. Além disso, foram propostas formas de prolongar a vida útil do poste em uso. Os postes foram caracterizados anatomicamente e a identificação e quantificação química foram realizadas por meio de análise colorimétrica e absorção atômica. Avaliou-se a retenção média amostral pelo teste t de Student e na comparação entre os grupos foi aplicado o teste de Fisher. A identificação dos agentes deterioradores foi realizada de acordo com a inspeção visual, com o auxílio de pequenas ferramentas. As análises anatômicas identificaram os postes como sendo da espécie Eucalyptus grandis. Os testes químicos qualitativos revelaram a presença de preservante arseniato de cobre cromatado (CCA) e borato de cobre cromatado (CCB) tendo os índices de retenção para CCA apresentado valores inferiores ao mínimo recomendado. Os resultados da inspeção visual indicaram ataques por pica-paus, fungos e cupins. Para o modelo de gerenciamento foram propostas ações integradas desde o recebimento da matéria-prima, monitoramento e manutenção dos postes.

ABSTRACT The objectives were the chemical quantification of preservatives, the anatomical identification of forest species and the principal decay agent identification of wood poles from an electric distribution system in 'Ilha do Mel', in the coast of Paraná state. It was also proposed a methodology to extend the poles useful life. The poles were anatomically characterized and the identification and the chemical quantification were done by colorimetric analysis and atomic absorption. The mean retention was evaluated by t test and comparison of groups was done by Fisher test. The decay agent identification was done by visual inspection, with little tools. The anatomical analysis identified the poles how Eucalyptus grandis species. The qualitative chemical tests showed cupper chromo arseniate (CCA) and cupper chromo borate (CCB) presence, with the retention index for CCA with lesser values than the minimum recommended by rule. The visual inspection results indicated woodpecker, fungi and termite attacks. To management model proposed integrated actions like raw material receiving, monitoring and pole maintenance.

The levels of inorganic contaminants (As, Cd, Cu, Ni and Pb) were measured in 18 Brazilian spirit beverages, before and after 4 contact cycles of 24h each with in natura soapstone (steatite) cups. Results were compared to Brazilian regulation levels. Spirits contained As, Cd, Ni and Pb within permitted levels. For Cu, 5.6% of the brands were above the limit. The contact with soapstone cups decreased Cu levels in the spirits, while the other elements remained unchanged. The use of in natura soapstone cups was considered safe because this kind of vessel did not transfer inorganic contaminants to the spirits.

Os efeitos do uso de minerais complexados durante o pré-parto sobre a ocorrência de retenção de placenta foram avaliados em 135 vacas Holandesas de dois ou mais partos: grupo mineral iônico (69 animais) e grupo mineral complexado (66 animais). Em 55 desses animais foram também avaliadas as concentrações séricas da imunoglobulina G (IgG), Zn, Cu e a qualidade do colostro. O experimento foi realizado em delineamento inteiramente ao acaso, em arranjo em parcelas subdivididas. As concentrações séricas de IgG e dos microminerais foram avaliadas por análise de variância, sendo utilizados, respectivamente, os testes de Duncan e Fisher. A taxa de erro α admitida foi de 7%. Não foram observadas diferenças entre os grupos para ocorrência de retenção de placenta, qualidade do colostro, concentrações séricas de Zn e IgG (P>0,07), sendo observada diferença para a concentração de Cu (P<0,07). As concentrações de IgG foram diferentes nas semanas pré-parto avaliadas (P<0,07).

The effects of the use of complex minerals on the occurrence of retained placenta during pre-partum were valued on 135 Holstein cows from two or more deliveries. The animals were divided in two groups: ionic mineral (69 animals) and complexed mineral (66 animals). In 55 of these animals serum concentrations of imunoglobulin G (IgG), Zn and Cu and colostrum quality were also evaluated. The experiment was conducted in complete randomized split-plot design, serum IgG and trace minerals were evaluated by analysis of variance and used, respectively, Duncan's test and Fisher. The α error rate of 7% was accepted. There were no differences between groups for the occurrence of retained placenta, colostrum quality and serum concentrations of Zn and IgG (P>0.07), a difference was observed for Cu (P<0.07) concentrations. The IgG concentrations were different on the weeks pre partum evaluated (P <0.07).

Avaliou-se o efeito da inclusão de fitase em dietas com proteína bruta (PB) e fósforo disponível (Pd) reduzidos sobre o desempenho, rendimento de carcaça e cortes e quantidade de poluentes na cama de frangos dos 22 aos 42 dias de idade. Foram utilizados 1200 pintos aos 21 dias, média de peso inicial de 646±8g, distribuídos em blocos ao acaso em esquema fatorial 3x3+1 (três porcentagens de Pd - 0,2, 0,3 e 0,4% - e três de PB - 14, 16 e 18% - e um tratamento adicional, padrão) em seis repetições de 20 aves cada. A fitase (500FTU/kg) foi adicionada nas dietas com fósforo reduzido (0,2 e 0,3%). Aos 42 dias as aves foram abatidas e amostras das camas foram encaminhadas para análise. Em dietas com reduzido teor de PB, melhor desempenho e rendimento de carcaça e menor quantidade de fósforo, cálcio, potássio e zinco nas camas foram obtidos com 0,3% Pd+fitase. Menor quantidade de nitrogênio e potássio, porém com maior deposição de gordura abdominal e maior excreção de cobre, foram obtido com 14% de PB. Comparadas ao controle, dietas com 14% de PB e 0,3% de Pd reduziram a excreção de fósforo em 34%. Conclui-se que dietas com 14% de PB e 0,3% de Pd, suplementadas com fitase e aminoácidos cristalinos, podem ser utilizadas para frangos de corte dos 22 aos 42 dias.

The effect of the inclusion of phytase in reduced crude protein (CP) and available phosphorus (aP) diets on performance, carcass and cut yields and the amount of pollutant elements in the litter of broilers from 22 to 42 days of age was evaluated. One thousand and two hundred male broilers at 21 days of age, initial weight of 646±8g, were distributed in randomized block design in factorial scheme 3x3+1 (three levels of aP - 0.2, 0.3 and 0.4% - and three of CP - 14, 16 and 18% - and an additional treatment, standard) in six repetitions of 20 birds each. Phytase (500 FTU/kg) was added in reduced phosphorus (0.2 and 0.3%) diets. At 42 days of age, the birds were sacrificed and samples of the litters were sent to the laboratory for analysis. In reduced-CP diets, the best performance and carcass yield and lesser quantity of phosphorus, calcium, potassium and zinc in the litter was obtained with 0.3% aP + phytase diets. The minor quantity of nitrogen and potassium in the litter, with higher abdominal fat deposition and excretion of cupper were obtained with 14% CP diets. Compared to control, diets with 14% CP and 0.3% aP reduced the excretion of phosphorus in 34%. It was concluded that diets with 14% CP and 0.3% aP, supplemented with phytase and crystalline amino acids, can be used in broilers from 22 to 42 days old.

The aim of this research is the synthesis and characterization of new Copper(II)-2,2':6'2''-terpyridine complexes, as well as the evaluation of their antitumor activity, as a part of a project on copper complexes with cytotoxic activity. The new complex [Cu(terpy)(H2O)(SO4)]∙2H2O was characterized by infrared spectroscopy in solid state and aqueous solution, electronic spectra, conductimetry and cyclic voltammetry. Besides, its lipophilicity and antriproliferative activity in HeLa cells cultures were assessed. The results show that there is a copper atom in the complex that is coordinated to a terpyridine molecule and a sulphate anion. Aqueous solution behavior indicates that the sulphate anion is replaced by three water molecules being [Cu(terpy)(H2O)3]2+ the resulting ion. Lipophilicity studies show a partition coefficient between n-octanol and water of 1,3, similar to other compounds presenting biological activity. The antiproliferative activity was 25 % at 25 µM.

El objetivo de este trabajo es la síntesis y caracterización de nuevos complejos de Cobre(II) y 2,2':6'2''-terpiridina y la evaluación de su actividad antitumoral, como parte de una investigación de complejos de Cu(II) con actividad citotóxica. La estructura del nuevo complejo [Cu(terpy)(H2O)(SO4)]∙2H2O se caracterizó por espectroscopía infrarroja en estado sólido y en solución acuosa, espectroscopía electrónica, conductimetría y voltametría cíclica. Se realizaron ensayos de lipofilia y de actividad antiproliferativa en células HeLa. Se determinó que el compuesto obtenido presenta un átomo de Cobre(II) coordinado con una molécula de terpiridina y un anión sulfato. En solución acuosa, el anión sulfato es sustituido por moléculas de agua formándose el ion [Cu(terpy)(H2O)3]2+. Los estudios de lipofilia muestran un coeficiente de reparto n-octanol/agua de 1,3, que es similar a los valores encontrados para otros compuestos con actividad biológica. El compuesto presenta actividad antiproliferativa de 25 % de inhibición a 25 µM.

O arroz é o segundo cereal de maior consumo no mundo, sendo a produção mundial estimada em 661,3 milhões de toneladas, em 2008. O farelo, resultante do beneficiamento do grão, para obtenção do arroz polido ou parboilizado polido, possui quantidades significativas de carboidratos, proteínas, lipídios, fibras insolúveis, vitaminas e minerais. Este trabalho teve por objetivo avaliar algumas características físico-químicas e microbiológicas do farelo de arroz cru (FAC), do farelo cru submetido à extrusão (FAE) e do obtido após o processo de parboilização do arroz (FAP). Todas as análises foram realizadas conforme métodos recomendados pela Agência Nacional de Vigilância Sanitária Brasileira e International Association of Official Analytical Chemists. O FAP apresentou maior teor de proteínas (17,17 g 100 g-1), lipídios (36,03 g 100 g-1), fibra alimentar (34,06 g 100 g-1), cálcio (99,45 mg 100 g-1), zinco (15,58 mg 100 g-1), cobre (1,45 g 100 g-1) e manganês (17,81 g 100 g-1) e menor teor de carboidratos (5,73 g 100 g-1), cinzas (7,01 g 100 g-1), potássio (507,55 mg 100 g-1) e ferro (6,83 mg 100 g-1). Em todos os farelos, foi detectada presença de Aspergillus sp., sendo que o FAE apresentou o menor número de colônias. Todos os farelos apresentaram padrões microbiológicos aceitáveis, para coliformes a 45ºC e Bacillus cereus, e ausência de Salmonela sp., conforme legislação brasileira. FAC, FAE e FAP possuem alto valor nutritivo, sendo fontes de proteínas, lipídios, fibra alimentar e minerais.

Rice is the second most consumed cereal in the world, having reached a global production of 661.3 millions of tons, in 2008. Rice bran, resulted from grain milling to obtain white rice or polished parboiled rice, has significant amounts of carbohydrates, proteins, lipids, soluble fiber, vitamins, and minerals. This study had the objective of evaluating some physicochemical and microbiological characteristics of raw rice bran (RRB), extruded rice bran (ERB), and parboiled rice bran (PRB). All the analyses were done according to standardized methods recommended by the Brazilian National Health Vigilance and International Association of Official Analytical Chemists. The PRB presented the highest contents of protein (17.17 g 100 g-1), lipids (36.03 g 100 g-1), dietary fiber (34.06 g 100 g-1), calcium (99.45 mg 100 g-1), zinc (15.58 mg 100 g-1), cupper (1.45 g 100 g-1), and manganese (17.81 g 100 g-1), and the lowest levels of carbohydrate (5.73 g 100 g-1), ash (7.01 g 100 g-1), potassium (507.55 mg 100 g-1), and iron (6.83 mg 100 g-1). All the rice bran samples showed Aspergillus sp. contamination, but ERB had the lowest colonies counting. All samples showed acceptable microbiological patterns for coliforms at 45ºC and Bacillus cereus, and Salmonella sp. absence, according to the Brazilian legislation. The RRB, ERB, and PRB have high nutritive value, being considered good sources of proteins, lipids, dietary fiber, and minerals.