RESUMEN Fundamento: la cultura de seguridad del paciente es el producto de valores, creencias, actitudes, percepciones, normas, procedimientos, competencias y patrones de comportamiento individual y grupal, que determina el compromiso de una organización de salud con la gestión de la seguridad del paciente. Objetivo: realizar adaptación cultural del instrumento “Encuesta hospitalaria sobre cultura de seguridad del paciente”, al contexto cubano. Métodos: estudio descriptivo, de corte transversal, realizado de enero a marzo del 2023, con trabajadores del Complejo Científico Ortopédico Internacional Frank País, que constó de cuatro fases: primera fase: análisis cualitativo del instrumento, segunda fase: selección de la escala, tercera fase: ensayo piloto con 17 trabajadores, cuarta fase: segundo pilotaje con 30 trabajadores. Resultados: en el análisis cualitativo con expertos se eliminaron, agregaron y cambiaron palabras del instrumento; en el primer ensayo, fueron contestadas con un 73,6 % en las escalas uno y dos de incomprensible y poco comprensible y 2,3 % no contestaron algunas dimensiones. En el segundo pilotaje el 78,2 % contestó en las escalas de comprensible y totalmente comprensible en la adaptación cultural del instrumento. El cuestionario final cuenta con 42 ítems agrupados en 12 dimensiones y estas en tres secciones, igual que el original. Conclusiones: el cuestionario posee una estructura comprensible y relevante para medir la percepción sobre la cultura de seguridad del paciente en el Complejo Científico Ortopédico Internacional Frank País.

ABSTRACT Foundation: patient safety culture is the product of values, beliefs, attitudes, perceptions, norms, procedures, competencies and patterns of individual and group behavior, which determines the commitment of a health organization to the management of patient safety. Objective to carry out cultural adaptation of the Hospital Survey on Patient Safety Culture instrument to the Cuban context. Methods: descriptive, cross-sectional study, carried out from January to March 2023, with workers from the Frank País International Orthopedic Scientific Complex, which consisted of four phases: first phase: instrument qualitative analysis, second phase: scale selection, third phase: pilot test with 17 workers, fourth phase: second pilot test with 30 workers. Results: in the qualitative analysis with experts, words are eliminated, added and changed from the instrument; in the first test, 73.6% answered them on scales one and two of incomprehensible and poorly understood and 2.3% did not answer some of dimensions. In the second pilot, 78.2% answered on the scales of understandable and completely understandable in the cultural adaptation of the instrument. The final questionnaire has 42 items grouped into 12 dimensions and these are in three sections, just like the original. Conclusions: the questionnaire has a comprehensible and relevant structure to measure the perception of the patient safety culture at the Frank País International Orthopedic Scientific Complex.

RESUMEN Este artículo aborda la vulnerabilidad de diversas poblaciones en Ecuador debido a factores socioeconómicos, culturales y de acceso a recursos. Se enfatiza que la vulnerabilidad en Ecuador abarca diversas dimensiones, subrayando la importancia de políticas y programas para abordar estas necesidades y promover la equidad y la justicia social. La investigación se centra en la manera en que se pueda hacer llegar a esta población de manera educativa, información en cuanto a las enfermedades catastróficas. El estudio adopta un enfoque mixto en el que se analizan tanto patrones cualitativos como asociaciones cuantitativas. Los resultados revelan que el acceso a información sobre enfermedades catastróficas varía entre las poblaciones vulnerables. Las barreras incluyen falta de recursos educativos, baja alfabetización digital y desinformación. Para mejorar el acceso a esta información, se proponen estrategias adaptadas a las necesidades específicas de cada población vulnerable.

ABSTRACT This article addresses the vulnerability of various populations in Ecuador due to socioeconomic, cultural and access to resources factors. It is emphasized that vulnerability in Ecuador encompasses various dimensions, underscoring the importance of policies and programs to address these needs and promote equity and social justice. The research focuses on the way in which information regarding catastrophic diseases can be reached in an educational manner to this population. The study adopts a mixed approach in which both qualitative patterns and quantitative associations are analyzed. The results reveal that access to information about catastrophic diseases varies among vulnerable populations. Barriers include lack of educational resources, low digital literacy and misinformation. To improve access to this information, strategies adapted to the specific needs of each vulnerable population are proposed.

Abstract While there is objective data regarding the advancement of agribusiness in the Cerrado region and discourses that legitimize it, such a process does not occur in a cultural vacuum. Behind the structuring of what has been called the “agribusiness society” lie social regularities in the form of sociabilities, moralities, and hierarchies. Using the ethnographic method applied between 2018 and 2020 with actors representative of this society (in the Central Plateau Irrigation Zone, encompassing contiguous portions of the states of Goiás, Minas Gerais, and the Federal District), this article aims to explore social traits that mark the speech and appearance of those inhabiting this society. By shifting the attention to interests at play, we demonstrate how its members – as they reproduce aesthetic patterns and coherent narratives shared within their networks – reinforce a sense of group unity that creates common spaces and intersubjective bonds, fabricating a sense of belonging that motivates a particular way of acting and expressing.

Resumen Si existe un dato objetivo relacionado con el avance del agronegocio sobe el Cerrado y los discursos que lo legitiman, ese proceso se desarrolla en un vacío cultural. Detrás de la estructuración de lo que se ha llamado “sociedad del agronegocio” se encuentran sociabilidades, moralidades y jerarquías constituidas como regularidades sociales. Recurriendo al método etnográfico aplicado entre 2018 y 2020 con actores representativos de esa sociedad (en el Polo de Irrigación del Planalto Central, abarcando porciones contiguas de Goiás, Minas Gerais y el Distrito Federal), este artículo tiene como objetivo explorar los rasgos sociales que marcan el decir y el aparecer de quien habita tal sociedad. Al desplazar la atención a los intereses en juego, evidenciamos como sus miembros, al reproducir patrones estéticos y narrativas coherentes compartidas en sus redes, refuerzan una unidad de grupo creadora de espacios comunes y vínculos intersubjetivos, delimitando un sentido de pertenencia que moviliza un modo particular de actuar y expresarse.

Résumé S’il y a la donnée objective concernant à l’avancée de l’agro-industrie sur le Cerrado et les discours qui la légitiment, ce processus ne se déroule pas dans un vide culturel. Derrière la structuration de ce qu’on appelle la «société de l’agriculture d’agro-industrie», se trouvent des sociabilités, des moralités et des hiérarchies constituées en tant que régularités sociales. En utilisant la méthode ethnographique appliquée entre 2018 et 2020 auprès d’acteurs représentatifs de cette société (dans le Pôle de l’Irrigation du Plateau Central, englobant des parties contiguës de Goiás, Minas Gerais et du District Fédéral), l’article vise à explorer les traits sociaux qui marquent le discours et l’apparence de ceux qui habitent cette société. En déplaçant l’attention des intérêts en jeu, nous mettons en évidence comment ses membres, en reproduisant des normes esthétiques et des récits cohérents partagés dans leurs réseaux, renforcent une unité de groupe créant des espaces communs et des liens intersubjectifs, délimitant un sentiment d’appartenance mobilisateur d’un mode particulier d’agir et de s’exprimer.

Resumo Se há o dado objetivo relativo ao avanço do agronegócio sobre o Cerrado e discursos que o legitimam, tal processo não ocorre num vazio cultural. Por trás da estruturação do que se tem chamado de “sociedade do agronegócio” encontram-se sociabilidades, moralidades e hierarquias constituídas enquanto regularidades sociais. Recorrendo-se ao método etnográfico aplicado entre 2018 e 2020 junto a atores representativos dessa sociedade no Polo de Irrigação do Planalto Central, envolvendo porções contíguas de Goiás, Minas Gerais e Distrito Federal, o artigo tem como objetivo explorar traços sociais que marcam o dizer e o aparecer de quem habita tal sociedade. Ao deslocar a atenção dos interesses em jogo, evidenciamos como seus membros, ao reproduzirem padrões estéticos e narrativas coerentes partilhadas em suas redes, reforçam uma unidade de grupo criadora de espaços comuns e vínculos intersubjetivos, delimitando um sentido de pertencimento mobilizador de um modo particular de agir e expressar.

Keramat refers to local popular concepts and practices in Indonesia that are applied to the earth and prevent people from freely exploiting the world. This article aimed to determine the values of Keramat concepts and practices that contribute to the understanding about humans and the earth for Christians by using a qualitative method. The results showed that two important values of the Keramat concepts and practices would transform and enhance the perspective of Christians about humans and the earth, with anthropocentrism being very strong. These values included humans and the earth, which were principally interdependent and interconnected to each other. From this article, it could be observed that the interaction patterns of these elements directly impacted the natives' lives. This indicated that humans were positively influenced when living according to the effective taboos in Keramat concepts and practices. In this case, the control of needs was very necessary because of the existence of limitations in the usage of the earth's resources. Besides, humans and the earth were also forms of life from the perspective of Keramat. This proved that the earth was not considered as a tool, medium or object capable of meeting the needs of all humans. However, based on the challenges of national development, the natives were powerless in protecting their Keramat areas, indicating that the local churches needed to be supportive in maintaining and sustaining the concepts and practices. INTRADISCIPLINARY AND/OR INTERDISCIPLINARY IMPLICATIONS: This research could contribute to enhance echo-theological discourse in accordance with cultural anthropology.

This study aimed to investigate and propose a pragmatic approach in the adaptation of English terminologies for scientific purposes into Northern Sotho. This is necessary because of the lack of terminologies to describe and define scientific phenomena in the language. Languages are constantly evolving, and speakers drive their evolution. The study aimed to overcome the scientific terminology development challenge for Northern Sotho by analysing existing data and using corpus linguistics as a method. The Multilingual Natural Science and Technology Dictionary Grade 4-6 (2013) was used to provide illustrative examples and clarify linguistic complexities in scientific terminology. The study revealed the complexity of the linguistic adaptation of Northern Sotho and the challenges and pitfalls linked to the integration of borrowed English terminology into academic discourse, encompassing apprehensions concerning accuracy, clarity and cultural appropriateness. Furthermore, the findings indicated that the puristic term adaptation approach tends to be perplexing. CONTRIBUTION: This study contributes to the intellectualisation and revitalisation of Northern Sotho by enhancing the language and equipping its speakers to engage more efficiently in scientific contexts, illuminating intricacies and potential misrepresentations inherent in the process of adaptation. Moreover, the research underscored the significance of employing adaptation strategies that are suitable for the Northern Sotho context and are consistent with linguistic patterns and semantics.

Resumen El objetivo de este análisis es identificar rasgos del ideal de belleza representado, como modelo de identidad femenina, en nueve cuentos costarricenses escritos en el período entre los años 1900 y 2000. El ideal de belleza en la literatura costarricense presupone que la creación cultural reproduce patrones socioculturales de socialización. Se analizaron nueve cuentos costarricenses para ilustrar las representaciones del ideal de belleza de la mujer en tanto referentes de los modelos de socialización femeninos en la cultura costarricense. La metodología aplicada se basa en la hermenéutica profunda psicoanalítica, la cual permitió el análisis en diversos niveles de sentido, desde el juego intrínseco en la relación texto-lector, que articula la función de las imágenes, hasta las simbolizaciones en el texto como agente de socialización que recoge, transmite y polemiza construcciones socioculturales (Sanabria, 2007). El estudio destaca que el ideal de belleza femenino no remite exclusivamente al aspecto físico, sino que abarca y controla diversos ámbitos de la subjetividad de las mujeres. Es un conjunto de encargos sociales dirigidos hacia la mujer que no son estáticos, sino que se continúan adaptando históricamente ante mandatos patriarcales sobre el rol sociocultural femenino, lo cual implica imposiciones psicosociales para la subordinación femenina en donde la belleza se impone como una forma de cautiverio.

Abstract The objective of this analysis is to identify features of the ideal of beauty represented, as a model of feminine identity, in ten Costa Rican short stories written between the years 1900 and 2000. The ideal of beauty in Costa Rican literature presupposes that cultural creation reproduces patterns of sociocultural socialization. Ten Costa Rican short stories were analyzed to illustrate the representations of the ideal of beauty for women as referents of female socialization models in Costa Rican culture. The applied methodology is based on deep psychoanalytic hermeneutics, which allowed analysis at various levels of meaning, from the intrinsic game in the text-reader relationship, which articulates the function of images, to the symbolizations in the text as an agent of socialization that collects, transmits, and debates sociocultural constructions (Sanabria, 2007). The study highlights that the ideal of female beauty does not refer exclusively to the physical appearance, but rather encompasses and controls various areas of women's subjectivity. It is a set of social orders directed towards women that are not static, but rather continue to adapt historically to patriarchal mandates on the female sociocultural role, which implies psychosocial impositions for female subordination where beauty is imposed as a form of captivity.

Resumo O objetivo desta análise é identificar traços do ideal de beleza representado, como modelo de identidade feminina, em nove contos costarriquenhos escritos entre os anos 1900 e 2000. O ideal de beleza na literatura costarriquenha pressupõe que a criação cultural reproduz padrões socioculturais de socialização. Nove contos costarriquenhos foram analisados para ilustrar as representações do ideal de beleza da mulher como referente dos modelos de socialização feminina na cultura costarriquenha. A metodologia aplicada baseia-se na hermenêutica psicanalítica profunda, que permitiu a análise em vários níveis de significação, desde o jogo intrínseco na relação texto-leitor, que articula a função das imagens, até as simbolizações no texto como agente de socialização que recolhe, transmite e polemiza construções socioculturais (Sanabria, 2007). O estudo destaca que o ideal de beleza feminina não se refere exclusivamente à aparência física, mas abrange e controla diversas esferas da subjetividade das mulheres. É um conjunto de ordens sociais dirigidas às mulheres que não são estáticas, mas se continuam adaptando historicamente ante os mandatos patriarcais sobre o papel sociocultural feminino, o que implica imposições psicossociais para a subordinação feminina onde a beleza é imposta como forma de cativeiro.

Resumen La producción contemporánea del paisaje no es ajena a las prácticas que ocurren en las plataformas sociodigitales. En tal sentido, en la presente investigación se estudian ciertas formas en que se instrumentalizan los paisajes turísticos con el objetivo de mercantilizar su componente visual desde la figura digital del travel blogger. Para ello, a través de la analítica cultural y la entrevista en profundidad, identificamos y comprendimos la retórica visual y las estrategias textuales empleadas por una travel blogger. Específicamente descargamos 450 publicaciones de su perfil de Instagram para distinguir los patrones de comunicación utilizados para instrumentalizar el paisaje en beneficio de la construcción de su personaje. Con la entrevista en profundidad contextualizamos los resultados desde la perspectiva de la microcelebridad. Los resultados indican cómo la presentación del paisaje es configurada desde ciertas estrategias que fragmentan el espacio en función de las cualidades estéticas del personaje, la exposición de los patrocinadores y el deseo por constituirse como una microcelebridad.

Abstract Contemporary landscape production is not exempt from the practices that occur on sociodigital platforms. In that sense, this research studies certain ways in which tourist landscapes are instrumentalized from the digital figure of the travel blogger in order to commercialize their visual component. For this, through cultural analytics and in-depth interview we identify the visual rhetoric and textual strategies used by a travel blogger. Specifically, we downloaded 450 publications from her Instagram profile to distinguish the communication patterns used to instrumentalize the landscape for the benefit of the construction of her character. With the in-depth interview we contextualize the results from the microcelebrity perspective. The results indicate how the presentation of the landscape is configured from certain strategies that seek to fragment the space based on the aesthetic qualities of the character, the exposure of the sponsors and the desire to become a microcelebrity.

Resumen: Este artículo tiene como objetivo abordar la relación entre el determinismo tecnológico y las prácticas culturales al interior de los debates de los estudios de comunicación, el tránsito de la televisión como emblema del broadcasting, su declive como medio hegemónico y el surgimiento de nuevas pantallas. Para ello, se retoman y analizan prácticas asociadas a los modos de consumo de las producciones ficcionales de la televisión y plataformas on demand. Además, se presentan aquellas innovaciones de los dispositivos tecnológicos que a lo largo de la historia modificaron los usos y prácticas de los sujetos, a la vez que las nuevas destrezas y conocimientos de los usuarios que influyen en los soportes. Este trabajo concluye que existe una tensión oscilante entre medios y audiencias, y entre tecnologías y prácticas, por lo que ciertas modificaciones en los procesos de uno producen cambios en el otro y viceversa

Abstract: This article aims to address the relationship between technological determinism and cultural practices within the realm of communication studies. It explores the transition of television from being a symbol of broadcasting to its decline as a dominant medium and the emergence of new screens. To achieve this, we revisit and analyze practices associated with the consumption patterns of fictional television productions and on-demand platforms. Furthermore, we present innovations in technological devices that have, throughout history, altered the behaviors and practices of individuals, as well as the new skills and knowledge of users that influence the platforms. This work concludes that there is an oscillating tension between media and audiences, as well as between technologies and practices. Therefore, certain modifications in the processes of one domain produce changes in the other, and vice versa

Resumo: Este artigo tem como objetivo abordar a relação entre o determinismo tecnológico e as práticas culturais no âmbito dos debates dos estudos da comunicação, a transição da televisão como emblema do broadcasting, seu declínio como meio hegemônico e o surgimento de novas telas. Para isso, são retomadas e analisadas as práticas associadas aos modos de consumo de produções ficcionais na televisão e nas plataformas on demand. Além disso, são apresentadas as inovações dos dispositivos tecnológicos que, ao longo da história, modificaram os usos e as práticas dos sujeitos, bem como as novas habilidades e conhecimentos dos usuários que influenciaram a mídia. Este trabalho conclui que há uma tensão oscilante entre mídias e audiência, e entre tecnologias e práticas, razão pela qual certas modificações nos processos de um produzem mudanças no outro e vice-versa.

ABSTRACT The settlement process of the south-central Western Pampa shows weak and scattered signs during the Early Holocene, a greater human incidence during the Middle Holocene and a progressive colonization process from the initial Late Holocene, around 4000-3000 years BP The bioarchaeological record has been one of the clearest indicators of this process. In this paper we present the osteobiography of a burial called CLV3, recovered in Cerro de Los Viejos Archaeological Locality (SE of La Pampa province), which has a date of 3410±20 years BP. It is an adult male individual who was in good health. His lifestyle involved moderate mechanical stress and the intensive use of the masticatory apparatus. He had a local residence, a terrestrial diet, and shows circular cranial deformation. The characteristics of CLV3 reflect social and cultural patterns observed at the macro-regional scale.

RESUMEN El proceso de poblamiento del centro-sur de la Pampa Occidental presenta señales débiles y dispersas durante el Holoceno Temprano, mayor incidencia humana durante el Holoceno Medio y un proceso de colonización progresivo a partir del Holoceno Tardío inicial. El registro bioarqueológico ha sido uno de los indicadores más claros de este proceso. En este trabajo se presenta la Osteobiografía de un enterratorio denominado CLV3, recuperado en la Localidad Arqueológica Cerro de Los Viejos (SE de La Pampa), cuyo fechado es 3410±20 años AP. Se trata de un individuo masculino, adulto, que gozó de un buen estado de salud. Su estilo de vida implicó estrés mecánico moderado y se destaca el uso intensivo del aparato masticatorio. El mismo tuvo una residencia local, una dieta terrestre, y presenta deformación craneana de tipo circular. Las características de CLV3 reflejan patrones sociales y culturales registrados también en la escala macroregional.

RESUMEN El estudio busca conocer los patrones culturales de violencia contra adolescentes en el departamento de Alto Paraná, Paraguay, durante los años 2020-2021. La investigación cualitativa, transversal y de alcance exploratoria-descriptiva. Se realizaron 32 entrevistas (21 individuales y 11 grupales) a informantes claves, conformada por líderes y lideresas adultos, referentes institucionales y adolescentes (varones y mujeres) de forma intencional en el 2021. Se indagó los patrones culturales aplicando las dimensiones de pautas de crianza y violencia contra las mujeres. Las respuestas en general difieren según actores y según la posición que ocupan en la comunidad. Los principales hallazgos se resumen en la presencia de relaciones adultocéntricas en los espacios de convivencia comunitaria; la aceptación del castigo físico como forma de disciplinamiento familiar y de resolución de conflictos naturalizadas en el proceso de crianza; mientras que entre adolescentes y adultas mujeres la violencia física no es aceptada.

ABSTRACT The study sought to understand the cultural patterns of violence against adolescents in the Alto Paraná department of Paraguay, during the years 2020 - 2021. The research was qualitative, cross-sectional, and exploratory-descriptive. A total of 32 interviews (21 individual and 11 group) were conducted with key informants, consisting of adult leaders, institutional representatives, and adolescents (boys and girls) intentionally in 2021. The cultural patterns were investigated by applying the dimensions of parenting patterns and violence against women. The responses generally differ according to actors and according to the position they occupy in the community. The main findings are summarized in the presence of adult-centered relationships in community living spaces; the acceptance of physical punishment as a form of family discipline and naturalized conflict resolution in the parenting process; while physical violence is not accepted among adolescents and adult women.

Abstract The intent of research is to improve the lives of individuals and communities. Through qualitative research specifically, we can deepen our understanding of reality and investigate the nuances of how people experience and make meaning from it. Qualitative research, as a scientific approach, enables researchers to examine phenomena from the point of view of those who live it. Qualitative researchers seek to understand individuals’ experiences, perceptions, thoughts, and emotions that are constructed through social rules, cultural patterns shaped by the communities and societies in which they live. Although research objectives differ, qualitative research is defined by a systematic process of researchers' identifying and interrogating their positionality, subjectivities, and influential paradigms. In this introduction readers will note similar methodologies; however, these are presented in the context of multiple disciplines. This volume demonstrates the evolving interdisciplinarity of qualitative research methods that engages scholars in innovative conversation. This editorial offers a peek at the interdisciplinary potential of qualitative research. Such interdisciplinary prowess is found in Volume 16 of New Trends in Qualitative Research.

In the above title "vernacular" suggests opposite geographic origins and setting than those ascribed "town". It is now generally accepted that the term "vernacular" is an applicable and appropriate way to cluster and organise a certain cultural phenomenon (architecture) and is used for both farm and urban architecture: "vernacular farm architecture" and "vernacular urban architecture". This paper will focus on the changes in the vernacular farm architecture in the Vredefort Dome area (near the present towns of Parys, Vredefort and Potchefstroom), that reflect cultural development processes associated with the history of settlement in the southern African rural areas from 1850 to 1950. For many years, the Vredefort Dome was known as a prestigious area of settlement. Extensive numbers of game attracted hunter-gatherer groups, pre-colonial Bantu-speaking groups and more recently, European pioneers entering the area from around 1836. From 1845, European pioneer farm occupation livestock and agricultural development expanded exponentially until recent times. After 1850, the farmers and settlers (European pioneers) on the southern and northern sides of the Vaal River erected more permanent buildings and structures (including rondavels and rectangular dwellings), constructed with stone and, more commonly, clay. The landowner became both the architect and builder, selecting the most affordable ways to construct structures. Consequently, stone walls, sod walls, rammed-earth walls, walls of raw or sundried bricks, and walls ofburnt andfired bricks are characteristic of the different vernacular building traditions. By 1889, with the influx of miners and capital to the Vredefort and Potchefstroom diggings, a period of temporary economic prosperity ensued. Economics in the area evolved during this period through a combination of agriculture-based activities and mining-based activities. Gold and diamond mining stimulated the regional economy and played a significant role in the establishment and development of towns. This growth was reflected in the presence of typical late nineteenth century vernacular farm architecture, in particular the introduction of galvanised (corrugated) iron roofs. On the farms, two broad, generic architectural traditions existed: "designed" architecture formal structures), and rural, vernacular "architecture" (structures erected without the assistance of professional architects), typically constructed with building materials obtained from the immediate environment. The availability of corrugated iron can be considered the most notable technological development in the vernacular architecture of the nineteenth century. Thatched roofs on rectangular dwellings were replaced with Victorian-style corrugated iron roofs. The "corrugated-iron style" became the "new-vernacular" architecture, and with the addition of verandas, veranda-room houses became a distinguishing characteristic of the period. During thefirst three decades of the twentieth century, poverty and an economic depression had a negative impact on the building environment and therefore on the building of homes. In the Dome area, there were few, if any, wealthy residents who could employ the services of an architect for the design of their private homes. Consequently, the houses were simple and "old-fashioned", resulting in the birth of sub-branches of vernacular building traditions that already existed. The process of change affecting homes after the Second World War (1939-1945) can be seen in the area. The improvement of technology related to running water and sanitation, and the presence of electricity, made life more comfortable and had a notable effect on patterns of internal space utilisation. Some household activities moved from the outside of the home to the inside. Consequently, time and energy were saved, since water was no longer fetched from a water source, and the distance between the service points shortened considerably. The fitting ofpipes to provide water to the service spaces in the house (kitchen and bathroom) caused a change in the interior layout of the farmhouse and a change to lifestyles. Floor plans of urban dwellings were replicated, and the "patchwork" architectural tradition (additions and extensions added to the original pioneer core) became common. Household water consumption, the presence and location of the kitchen and the bathroom and the fitting ofpipes for running water related to the prosperity of each household and differed from farm to farm. It is notable that these changes did not occur among the homes of the labourers, probably as their accommodation was considered temporary. The Vredefort Dome was listed as a United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO) World Heritage Site in 2005. It is the oldest and largest known meteorite impact structure on earth, about 120 km southwest from Johannesburg, and represents a unique geological phenomenon formed about 2 023 million years ago. The Vredefort dome area also contains other well-preserved and outstanding cultural phenomena such as San rock art, Late Stone Age and Late Iron Age sites - including objects, the floor and wall remains of Sotho-Tswana hut structures, animal kraals and smelting-furnaces. The historic sites contain the remains of abandoned homesteads, outbuildings and other structures such as cattle kraals, water furrows, irrigated gardens, the orchards and graveyards of immigrant farmers.

Volksboukuns in die Vredefortkoepel (naby die huidige Parys, en Potchefstroom) kan beskou word as 'n kultuurhistoriese ontwikkelingsproses wat met die vestigingsgeskiedenis tussen 1850 en 1950 geassosieer word. Die Vaalrivieromgewing in die Vredefortkoepel was 'n gesogte vestigingsterrein vir opeenvolgende golwe van nedersetters en het aanvanklik groot wildstapels, jagter-versamelaars, pre-koloniale Bantoesprekendes, en ná 1836 boere en nedersetters (pioniers) getrek. Vanaf 1838 het pioniersvestiging, plaasbesetting, 'n landboustadium en ook 'n era van landbou-mynbou gevolg. Goud- en diamantmynbedrywighede gedurende die laat-negentiende eeu het die ekonomie van die omgewing gestimuleer, 'n beduidende rol in dorpstigting gespeel, en ook die volksboukuns met die gebruik van die sinkplaatdak beïnvloed. Die gegewe landskap beskik ook oor goedbewaarde en besonderse kultuurprodukte soos Sotho-Tswana klipmuurstrukture en verlate woonstrukture, veekrale, en smeltoonde en pioniersvestigings met huise, buitegeboue en ander strukture soos veekrale, ou watervore en besproeiingstuine, boorde en begraafplase. Die Vredefortkoepel, waar die grootste en oudste meteoriet impak op aarde gevind word, is sedert 2005 'n gelyste UNESCO wêrelderfenisterrein.

Resumen El presente estudio tuvo como objetivo establecer un prototipo de vivienda progresiva con base a las características físicas, culturales y los patrones de crecimiento. Se realizó un estudio con enfoque mixto, de tipo descriptivo-observacional. Por medio de una revisión documental en bases de datos indexadas se rescataron artículos con las palabras clave, viviendas progresivas, flexibles y adaptables; características físicas y culturales; patrones de crecimiento de viviendas. Además, se aplicó una encuesta a 99 participantes, la cual midió la percepción de la población frente a las necesidades de ambientes y problemas que se presentan en la vivienda. Los resultados mostraron que las características físicas, culturales y patrones de crecimiento en las viviendas de interés social progresiva son, estéticos o aspectos formales, dinámica familiar/incremento del núcleo familiar, y espacio para realizar una actividad económica respectivamente. Se demostró la necesidad de que desde la concepción del diseño de las viviendas de interés social se considere la participación de los futuros habitantes al conocer las necesidades de habitabilidad y de producción.

Abstract The objective of this study was to establish a progressive housing prototype based on physical and cultural characteristics and growth patterns. A study was carried out with a mixed approach, of a descriptive-observational type. Through a documentary review in indexed databases, articles with the keywords progressive, flexible and adaptable housing were rescued; physical and cultural characteristics; housing growth patterns. In addition, a survey was applied to 99 participants, which measured the perception of the population regarding the needs of environments and problems that arise in the home. The results showed that the physical and cultural characteristics and growth patterns in progressive social interest housing are aesthetic or formal aspects, family dynamics/increase in the family nucleus, and space to carry out an economic activity, respectively. It was demonstrated the need for the participation of future inhabitants to be considered from the conception of the design of social interest housing when knowing the habitability and production needs.

Resumen Este artículo propone que las ampliaciones del Panteón del Tepeyac y la Colegiata de Guadalupe realizadas en el sigloxixconformaron la modernización del santuario siguiendo modelos europeos. Su objetivo fue convertir a la Villa de Guadalupe en un centro de peregrinaje masivo, religioso y cultural. No obstante, la imitación de patrones extranjeros produjo dificultades técnicas, administrativas y económicas. A partir de archivos, caricaturas y prensa se analizan los efectos urbanos de dichos proyectos. Las fuentes indican que las infraestructuras y los peregrinos comprometieron el agua potable, la salubridad, la seguridad y los ferrocarriles; además, propiciaron corrupción y segregación socioespacial.

Abstract This article proposes that the extensions of the Tepeyac cemetery and the Collegiate Church of Guadalupe carried out in the 19th century shaped the modernization of the sanctuary following European models. The goal was turning the Ville of Guadalupe into a massive religious and cultural pilgrimage site. However, the imitation of foreign patterns produced technical, administrative, and economic hardships. Drawing on archives, caricatures and press this paper analyzes the urban effects of these projects. The sources point out that infrastructures and pilgrims threatened the water system, the sanitation, the security, and railways; furthermore, they triggered corruption and socio-spatial segregation.

Resumo Objetivos. Este artigo tem como objetivo determiner as causas da aplicação da violência religiosa pelos professores às crianças em idade escolar no contexto dos anos setenta e noventa do século XX no centro-sul do Peru andino. Além disso, descreve as formas adotadas por esta violência e explica seus efeitos entre os estudantes. Metodologia. É um estudo analítico-sintético e interpretativo-explicativo, baseado numa investigação etnográfica, com fontes primárias e secundárias. Resultados. Os mecanismos de violência religiosa foram registados, com códigos orais e visuais, cuja análise permitiu postular que a escola impõe regras que idealmente guiam as relações entre professores e alunos. Conclusões. As directrizes ideais entram em conflito com a emergência de trasgressões às regras impostas. Por conseguinte, a instituição aplica a violência religiosa como coacção e controle social para induzir o medo dos transgressores a pagar pelas suas faltas através de punições místicas. Nesta perspectiva, o medo actua como um dispositivo cultural de dominação que traz, como efeito imediato, a submissão dos alunos e alunas à autoridade e, como efeito mediato, a rejeição da Igreja Católica.

Resumen Objetivos. Este artículo determina las causas de la aplicación de la violencia religiosa por el personal docente a escolares en el contexto de los setenta y noventa del siglo XX en el centro-sur andino peruano. Describe las formas adoptadas por esta violencia y explica sus efectos entre el estudiantado. Metodología. Se trata de un estudio analítico-sintético e interpretativo-explicativo, basado en una investigación etnográfica, con fuentes primarias y secundarias. Resultados. Se registraron los mecanismos de violencia religiosa, con códigos orales y visuales, cuyo análisis permitió postular que la escuela impone reglas que pautan idealmente las relaciones entre docentes y estudiantes. Conclusiones. Las pautas ideales entran en conflicto con la emergencia de transgresiones a las reglas impuestas. Por lo tanto, la institución aplica la violencia religiosa como coerción y control social para inducir el miedo de las personas transgresoras a pagar sus culpas mediante castigos místicos. En esta perspectiva, el miedo actúa como un dispositivo cultural de dominación que trae, como efecto inmediato, el sometimiento de los escolares y las escolares a la autoridad y, como efecto mediato, el rechazo a la iglesia católica.

Abstract Objectives. This article aims to determine the causes of religious violence by teaching staff towards students in the context of the Peruvian Andean region during the 1970s and 1990s, describe the forms adopted by this violence, and explain its effects on the students. Methodology. This is an analytical-synthetic and interpretive-explanatory study based on ethnographic research with primary and secondary sources. Results. Mechanisms of religious violence were recorded with oral and visual codes. The analysis of these mechanisms led to the proposition that the school imposes rules that ideally regulate the relationships between teachers and students. Conclusions. Ideal patterns conflict with the emergence of transgressions of the imposed rules. Therefore, the institution applies religious violence as coercion and social control to induce fear in transgressors to pay for their sins through mystical punishments. From this perspective, fear acts as a cultural device of domination that brings, as an immediate effect, the submission of male and female students to authority and, as a mediate effect, rejection of the Catholic Church.