Abstract The conservation of cultural heritage needs to be aligned with current sustainability policies. Therefore, this work aimed to assess the effectiveness of using kaolin residue, either totally or partially replacing bentonite, in Mário Mendonça de Oliveira's formulation for cleaning stone surfaces, in order to measure possible changes in the appearance or structure of Lioz stone. The influence of some variables, such as the application time of the plaster and the concentration of the clay minerals used, was evaluated. The experimental methodology consisted of drying and pulverizing the residue; quantifying and weighing the reagents; wet cleaning the rock; synthesis, application, and removal of the plaster. Throughout the research, analysis techniques were employed to characterize the starting materials, the products formed, and the alterations produced on the rock surface. After the wet cleaning process, there was a trend for increased brightness in all studied ranges, and an increase in brightness in all ranges where 100% kaolin plaster was applied during 7 and 14 days. policies Therefore residue bentonite Oliveiras Oliveira s surfaces variables used evaluated reagents synthesis research materials formed surface process 100 1 days 10

Resumo A conservação de bens culturais necessita estar alinhada com a política de sustentabilidade da atualidade. Assim, este trabalho teve como objetivo avaliar a eficácia do uso do resíduo do caulim substituindo total ou parcialmente a bentonita, na formulação de Mário Mendonça de Oliveira, para a limpeza de superfícies pétreas. E dessa forma avaliar possíveis alterações no aspecto ou na estrutura do lioz. Para tanto foram avaliadas a influência de algumas variáveis, como tempo de aplicação do emplastro e a concentração dos argilominerais utilizados. A metodologia experimental consistiu em: secagem e pulverização do resíduo; quantificação e pesagem dos reagentes; limpeza úmida da rocha; síntese, aplicação e remoção do emplastro. Ao longo da pesquisa foram empregadas técnicas de análise, para caracterizar os materiais de partida, os produtos formados e as alterações produzidas na superfície da rocha. Após a limpeza por via úmida houve uma tendência de elevação de brilho em todas as faixas estudadas; e um aumento do mesmo em todas as faixas em que foi aplicado o emplastro de 100% caulim, para os tempos de 7 e 14 dias. atualidade Assim bentonita Oliveira pétreas lioz variáveis utilizados reagentes rocha síntese análise partida estudadas 100 1 dias 10

Resumen En este artículo se aborda el tema de la familia transnacional de manera holística. Se analizan no solo las remesas, sino también las dinámicas y los cambios que afrontan sus integrantes como consecuencia del fenómeno migratorio. Para ello, se realizó una revisión documental en diversas bases de datos de investigaciones empíricas realizadas con familias de migrantes pertenecientes a países de Iberoamérica, principalmente de la última década. Los hallazgos sugieren que las nuevas tecnologías de la información y la comunicación han propiciado el surgimiento de nuevas dinámicas familiares y el fortalecimiento de los vínculos filiales. Además, en los contextos migratorios se evidencian las desigualdades laborales y culturales entre hombres y mujeres. Este estudio aporta al reconocimiento de que la voz de los niños es necesaria para comprender los procesos migratorios, a partir de sus vivencias y significados construidos dentro del contexto transnacional, para lo cual el escenario escolar es trascendental.

ABSTRACT This article approaches the transnational family in a comprehensive manner. Not only remittances are analyzed, but also the dynamics and changes that family members face as a consequence of migration. To this end, a documentary review of empirical research on migrant families from Ibero-American countries, mainly from the last decade, was carried out in various databases. The findings suggest that new information and communication technologies have led to the emergence of new family dynamics, and to the strengthening of filial ties. Furthermore, labor and cultural inequalities between men and women are evidenced in the content of migration. This study contributes to acknowledging that the voice of children is necessary to understand migration processes, based on their experiences and the meanings they construct in the transnational context, for which the school scenario is essential.

Abstract: The municipality of Cuautlancingo used to agricultural production was interfered by the insertion of new urban areas causing land use speculation resulting in the reconfiguration of public spaces such as streets and avenues. The objective is to illustrate how urban expansion, through changes in land use, has interfered with the socio-spatial valuation among the inhabitants of the neighborhood of San Juan and the new housing areas, leading to conflicts in the use, access, and appropriation of public space, exemplified by Morelos Avenue. The methodology used is of a mixed nature, using GIS for the spatial analysis of urban growth. Among the main findings, it is presented how the changes in land use in the last three decades and the appearance of new housing complexes affected the sociocultural valuation of the neighborhood of San Juan Cuautlancingo.

Resumen: El municipio de Cuautlancingo habituado a la producción agrícola fue interferido por la inserción de nuevas zonas urbanas provocando la especulación del uso de suelo, de modo que los espacios públicos como las calles y avenidas se han ido reconfigurando. El objetivo es mostrar cómo la expansión urbana por el cambio de uso de suelo ha ido interfiriendo en la valoración socioespacial entre los habitantes del barrio de San Juan y de las nuevas zonas habitacionales que chocan con el uso, acceso y apropiación del espacio público por sus diversas expresiones socioculturales y religiosas como es el caso de la Avenida Morelos. La metodología utilizada es de carácter mixto, utilizando los SIG para el análisis espacial del crecimiento urbano. Entre los principales hallazgos se presenta cómo los cambios de uso de suelo de las tres últimas décadas y la aparición de nuevos complejos habitacionales fueron afectando la valoración sociocultural del barrio de San Juan Cuautlancingo.

RESUMO No presente artigo, discutiremos o papel do teatro na construção da nova pessoa socialista, tal como vislumbra Lev Vigotski (1896-1934) no contexto da revolução cultural dos anos 1920, subsequente à Revolução Russa de outubro de 1917. Em um estudo bibliográfico, recorreremos particularmente aos seus escritos sobre arte do período entre 1917 e 1925, entre os quais destaca-se, numericamente, a crítica teatral. Trataremos da relação dele com o teatro como lugar de onde a sociedade se vê e onde ela deveria vivenciar o pathos revolucionário, em intersecção com a presença de ideias trotskistas sobre o “super-homem”. Problematizaremos o teor eclético da influência de Nietzsche entre os marxistas russos, e as determinações pelas quais Vigotski anseia por mudanças radicais no teatro (como texto, instituição e encenação), na atmosfera trotskista da formação experimental, coletiva e criativa de uma nova pessoa, tendo a multiplicidade e a alteridade no centro do desenvolvimento e da educação humana. artigo socialista 18961934 1896 1934 (1896-1934 1920 bibliográfico 191 1925 destacase, destacase destaca se, destaca-se numericamente teatral revolucionário superhomem. superhomem super homem . “super-homem” russos texto encenação, encenação , encenação) experimental humana 1896193 189 193 (1896-193 192 19 “super-homem 189619 18 (1896-19 1 18961 (1896-1 (1896- (1896 (189 (18 (1 (

ABSTRACT In this article, we will discuss the role of theater in the construction of the new socialist person, as envisioned by Lev Vygotsky (1896-1934) in the context of the cultural revolution of the 1920s, following the October 1917 Russian Revolution. In a bibliographical study, we will particularly turn to his writings on art from the period between 1917 and 1925, among which theatrical criticism prevails. We will explore his relationship with the theater as a place from which society observes itself and where it should experience the revolutionary pathos, intersecting with Trotskyist ideas about the “superman”. We will problematize the eclectic nature of Nietzsche’s influence among Russian Marxists and the determinations through which Vygotsky aspires to radical changes in the theater (as text, institution, and performance), in the Trotskyist atmosphere of experimental, collective, and creative formation of a new person, with multiplicity and otherness at the center of human development and education. article person 18961934 1896 1934 (1896-1934 1920s s 191 Revolution study 1925 prevails pathos superman. superman . “superman” Nietzsches Nietzsche text institution performance, performance , performance) experimental collective education 1896193 189 193 (1896-193 19 192 “superman 189619 18 (1896-19 1 18961 (1896-1 (1896- (1896 (189 (18 (1 (

Abstract When studying ancient historical processes, we are faced with the problem of chronology, since the confidence intervals of radiocarbon dates are too wide, as are the lifetimes of particular types of artifacts. A solution to the problem may be to study the appearance of new cultures as a result of migration. Climate changes were the most important factor that stimulated migration in antiquity. It was they which led to the appearance of monuments of the megalithic tradition in the Northwestern Black Sea region (Usatovo), in the North Caucasus (Novosvobodnaya), in the Urals, and in Central Asia (Chemurchek) in the 4th - 3rd millennia B.C. This also caused the spread of the tradition of Yamnaya culture to Central Europe, the appearance of the Corded Ware cultures and many other changes. However, the general process of climate change could not be a trigger for migrations. These were short-term drastic climatic changes, which are recorded by dendrochronology. The latter can also be used as chronological markers, making it possible to create the Eurasian chronology independent of radiocarbon analyses, which have too wide confidence intervals. This approach made it possible to determine the date of the Yamnaya migration to the Carpathian Basin and the formation of the Corded Ware cultures ca. 2910/2850 B.C., and the date of the Fatyanovo migration from Europe to the east ca. 2564 B.C. Unfortunately, the dates of the appearance of megaliths in the east are not determined with a similar accuracy, due to the impossibility to verify this with alternative sources. Their appearance can be dated to ca. the mid-4th millennium B.C. in Eastern Europe, in the last quarter of the 4th millennium B.C. in the Urals, and in the 25th century B.C. in Central Asia.

Resumen Al estudiar los procesos históricos de la antigüedad, enfrentamos el problema de la cronología, ya que los intervalos de confianza de las fechas de radiocarbono son demasiado amplios, al igual que los tiempos de vida de determinados tipos de artefactos. Una solución puede ser estudiar la aparición de nuevas culturas como resultado de migraciones. Al respecto, los cambios climáticos fueron uno de los estímulos más importantes de las mismas en la Antigüedad. El clima permite explicar la aparición de monumentos de tradición megalítica en la región noroccidental del Mar Negro (Usatovo), en el Cáucaso septentrional (Novosvobodnaya), en los Urales y en Asia central (Chemurchek) entre el cuarto y tercer milenio a.C., y también la propagación de la cultura Yamnaya en Europa central, la aparición de las culturas de la Cerámica Cordada (“Corded Ware”), entre otros cambios. Sin embargo, el proceso general de cambio climático no pudo ser el desencadenante de las migraciones, sino que estas fueron fomentadas por cambios climáticos drásticos a corto plazo registrados por la dendrocronología. Las ventajas de la aproximación dendrocronológica es que puede utilizarse como proxy temporal, de manera independiente a los análisis de radiocarbono, los cuales tienen intervalos de confianza demasiado amplios. El enfoque dendrocronológico permitió determinar la fecha de la migración Yamnaya a la cuenca de los Cárpatos y la formación de las culturas de la Cerámica Cordada hacia ca. 2910-2850 a.C., y la fecha de la migración Fatyanovo desde Europa central hacia el Este hacia ca. 2564 a.C. Desgraciadamente, las fechas de aparición de los megalitos en el Este no se determinan con una precisión similar, debido a la imposibilidad de verificarlo con fuentes alternativas. Su aparición puede fecharse hacia mediados del cuarto milenio a.C. en Europa Oriental, en los últimos siglos del cuarto milenio a.C. en los Urales y hacia mediados del tercer milenio a.C. en Asia Central.

The proposed study conducts a comparative analysis of the results from two empirical research projects investigating the activities of artistic and cultural collectives in the city of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. Considering the political and social events, as well as the changes that have occurred in the artistic landscape of the city over the past few decades, the research highlights how art institutions have become an integral part of these transformations. This results in unique dynamics that favor the emergence and expansion of collective actions in different areas of the city. Although the investigations indicate that this combination of factors has had a widespread impact throughout the city, the motivations for forming artistic collectives vary significantly between central and peripheral areas. Furthermore, the institutionalization or lack thereof of these collectives presents distinct justifications and social contexts, reflecting the particularities of each location. Nevertheless, the politicization of art and the claim for urban space emerge as common points among these collectives, illustrating the intersection between art and social activism.

A proposta apresentada realiza uma análise comparativa dos resultados de duas pesquisas empíricas que investigam as atividades de coletivos artísticos e culturais na cidade do Rio de Janeiro, Brasil. Considerando os eventos políticos e sociais, bem como as mudanças ocorridas no cenário artístico da cidade nas últimas décadas, a pesquisa destaca como as instituições de arte se tornaram parte integrante dessas transformações. Isso resulta em dinâmicas únicas que favorecem o surgimento e a expansão de ações coletivas em diferentes áreas da cidade. Embora as investigações indiquem que essa combinação de fatores teve um impacto abrangente em toda a cidade, as motivações para a formação de grupos artísticos coletivos variam significativamente entre as áreas centrais e periféricas. Além disso, a institucionalização ou não desses coletivos apresenta justificativas e contextos sociais distintos, refletindo as particularidades de cada local. Contudo, a politização da arte e a reivindicação do espaço urbano emergem como pontos comuns entre esses coletivos, evidenciando a intersecção entre arte e ativismo social.

Abstract Introduction: professional codes of ethics should be updated periodically to respond to criticisms and demands arising from social, technological and scientific changes, especially in the field of human rights; Objectives: to verify the updating of the new Brazilian Code of Medical Ethics in the field of bioethics and human rights; Methods: document analysis of a document in the public domain, with previous definition of categories of analysis and registration units, with reference to the Unesco Universal Declaration of Bioethics and Human Rights. Results: the analysis showed the following most prevalent principles: dignity, autonomy, respect for human vulnerability and personal integrity, benefit and harmful effects, solidarity, privacy and confidentiality, non-discrimination and non-stigmatization; Not very well covered: people without the capacity for consent, social responsibility, protection of the environment and future generations; Absent: sharing of research benefits, equality, justice and equity, respect for cultural diversity and pluralism; Final considerations: the Brazilian Code of Medical Ethics values the maintenance of prudential autonomy in the relationship with patients and health professionals. The inclusion of broader social concerns, in a fragmentary and insufficient way, does not yet ensure the broad defense of public health, and the rights of people in vulnerability, who have historically been in a position of disparity. The application of the method in a specific context, of the pandemic, was useful for the understanding of the deontological and principlist limits applied to public health. A future revision is suggested based on Unesco's Universal Declaration of Bioethics and Human Rights and the deliberative method for interprofessional decision-making.

Resumo Introdução: os códigos profissionais de ética devem ser atualizados, periodicamente, para responder às críticas e demandas decorrentes de mudanças sociais, tecnológicas e científicas, especialmente no campo dos direitos humanos; Objetivos: verificar a atualização do novo Código de Ética Médica brasileiro ao campo da bioética e dos direitos humanos; Métodos: análise documental de documento de domínio público, com definição prévia de categorias de análise e unidades de registro, tendo como referencial teórico a Declaração Universal de Bioética e Direitos Humanos da Unesco. Resultados: a análise demonstrou como princípios mais prevalentes: dignidade, autonomia, respeito à vulnerabilidade humana e a integridade pessoal, benefício e efeitos nocivos, solidariedade, privacidade e confidencialidade, não discriminação e não estigmatização; pouco contemplados: pessoas sem capacidade de consentimento, responsabilidade social, proteção do meio ambiente e das gerações futuras; ausentes: repartição de benefícios da pesquisa, igualdade, justiça e equidade, respeito à diversidade cultural e ao pluralismo; Considerações finais: o Código de Ética Médica brasileiro preza pela manutenção de uma autonomia prudencial na relação com os pacientes e profissionais da saúde. A inclusão de preocupações sociais mais amplas, de forma fragmentária e insuficiente, não assegura ainda a ampla defesa da saúde pública, e dos direitos das pessoas em vulnerabilidade, situadas historicamente em posição de desigualdade. A aplicação do método em contexto específico, de pandemia, foi útil para a compreensão dos limites deontológicos e principialistas aplicados à saúde coletiva. Sugere-se uma futura revisão tendo como eixos a Declaração Universal de Bioética e Direitos Humanos da Unesco e o método deliberativo para tomada de decisões interprofissionais.

Abstract Introduction: the cultural dimension of health, now clearly acknowledged (WHO, 2017), remains insufficiently explored. Particularly, investigating the cultural influence on the effectiveness of health interventions is relevant since, insofar as when such interventions lack meaning from the target population's cosmovision or are not practical in their context, the effectiveness of those interventions may have a limited scope (Bautista-Gómez et al, 2022), creating the need for culturally adapted health interventions. Aim: tto understand how cultural adaptations have been designed and implemented, and how they have contributed to improving health outcomes in low and middle-income countries. Methods: the guiding question was designed following the PICo methodology. PubMED, Scopus, and Web of Science databases were reviewed, the descriptors were established based on the MeSH/DeSC registry, and inclusion and exclusion criteria were defined. The initial articles were selected based on the appearance of the descriptors in their title and abstract, and then a filtering process was carried out based on the full reading of the texts that led to 14 articles that met the established criteria, on which a thematic analysis was carried out. Results: it was evidenced that: a) interventions are designed based on 3 components: community participation, adjustment of content, and changes in the service delivery; b) aspects related to poverty, vulnerability, and deficiencies in the health system are the main barriers, whilst the inclusion of the community’s beliefs and customs, adaptation to their context, and articulation with the communities and local health institutions are the main facilitators; c) main outcomes are feasibility, effectiveness, improvement of disease’s knowledge and acceptability. Conclusions: cultural adaptation with ethnic groups in vulnerable settings is useful to ensure comprehensive health education and to promote behavioural change to improve mainly the effectiveness and acceptability of health interventions.

Abstract Introduction - Respiratory symptoms and allergic diseases remain under-diagnosed both in the general population and in athletes. The Allergy Questionnaire for Athletes (AQUA), for screening these pathologies, has been validated and translated into Portuguese only for athletes age 16 years or over. Objectives - This work aims to culturally adapt the AQUA questionnaire into the Portuguese pediatric population, for future use in athletes between 12 and 18 years old. Material and Methods - Focus groups were held to evaluate the preservation of the construct and the correct understanding of phrases and expressions. These were made up of: (1) group of young Portuguese federated athletes between 12 and 18 years old, (2) caregivers of these young people, (3) teachers at the institution's school for the aforementioned ages and (4) group of experts in the areas sports medicine, otorhinolaryngology and immunoallergology. Results - The original version of the instrument has 25 questions, to be answered by the athletes. The working group responsible for the adaptation reached a consensus taking into account the changes discussed in the focus groups, achieving semantic, idiomatic, experimental and conceptual equivalence, which guaranteed an accurate translation and adequate cultural adaptation. Conclusions - With this work, the original version of the “AQUA” questionnaire has now been translated and adapted for use in athletes over 12 years of age.

Resumo Introdução - Os sintomas respiratórios e doenças alérgicas continuam sub-diagnosticados quer na população em geral como em atletas. O questionário Allergy Questionnaire for Athletes (AQUA), de rastreio destas patologias encontra-se validado e traduzido para português apenas para atletas com idade igual ou superior a 16 anos. Objetivos - Este trabalho tem como objetivo a adaptação cultural para a população pediátrica portuguesa do questionário “AQUA”, para futura utilização em atletas entre os 12 e os 18 anos. Material e Métodos - Foram realizados quatro grupos focais para avaliar a preservação do constructo e a correta compreensão de frases e expressões. Estes foram constituídos por: (1) grupo de jovens atletas federados portugueses entre os 12 e 18 anos, (2) cuidadores desses jovens, (3) professores a lecionar na escola da instituição às idades referidas e (4) grupo de peritos nas áreas da medicina desportiva, otorrinolaringologia e imunoalergologia. Resultados - A versão original do instrumento possui 25 questões, a serem respondidas pelo atleta. O grupo de trabalho responsável pela adaptação chegou a consenso tendo em conta as alterações discutidas nos grupos focais, conseguindo uma equivalência semântica, idiomática, experimental e conceptual, que garantiu uma tradução precisa e uma adaptação cultural adequada. Conclusões Com este trabalho, a versão original do questionário “AQUA” encontra-se agora traduzida e adaptada para uso em atletas com mais de 12 anos.

Abstract The aim of this work is to (re)construct the life histories of two people who were buried together in the northern Pampean region at the end of the Late Holocene from the perspective of Social Bioarchaeology. An osteobiographical approach is applied integrating cultural and bioanthropological information to contextualize the social identities of the individuals. For both, skeletal defects were identified on the cranium (e.g., oral conditions) and the postcranium (e.g., activity indicators) that account for their lifestyles and changes in their diet. One of them presented bone lesions compatible with interpersonal violence. The results are presented following the three-body model of Scheper-Hughes and Lock (1987), although considering that several skeletal indicators contribute to the interpretation of more than one body.

Resumen El objetivo del presente trabajo es (re)construir las historias de vida de dos personas que fueron inhumadas juntas en el norte de la región pampeana, a finales del Holoceno tardío, desde la perspectiva de la Bioarqueología Social. Se aplica un enfoque osteobiográfico que integra información cultural y bioantropológica para contextualizar sus identidades sociales. Para ambos individuos, se identificaron defectos esqueletales en el cráneo (e.g., condiciones orales) y en el postcráneo (e.g., indicadores de actividad) que dan cuenta de sus modos de vida y los cambios en su dieta. Uno de ellos presentó lesiones óseas compatibles con violencia interpersonal. Los resultados son presentados siguiendo el modelo de los tres cuerpos de Scheper-Hughes y Lock (1987) advirtiendo que varios indicadores esqueletales contribuyen a la interpretación de más de un cuerpo.

Abstract: The processes of digitalization, automation and robotization of work have gained significant relevance in public and political discussion at a global level. The characteristics of this process tend to generate research, problematizations and conceptualizations regarding its historical, cultural, and social scope. One of the primary areas of contention is the relationship between technology and work. In this article we analyze and review some of the main theses regarding socio-technological transformation and its impacts on the world of work. We conducted an analysis of the behavior of the scientific field in work studies based on a bibliometric analysis of the WOS database between 1992 and 2023. The objective was to identify the manner in which scientific communities have investigated changes in this field, as well as the thematic focuses that have developed in the understanding of its complexity and density.

Resumen: Los procesos de digitalización, automatización y robotización del trabajo han cobrado una significativa relevancia en la discusión pública y política a nivel global. Sus características tienden a generar investigación, problematizaciones y conceptualizaciones respecto a los alcances históricos, culturales y sociales de dicho proceso. Uno de los principales ejes de controversia tiende a ser la relación entre tecnología y trabajo. En este artículo analizamos y revisamos algunas de las principales tesis respecto a la transformación socio-tecnológica y sus impactos en el mundo del trabajo. Realizamos un análisis del comportamiento del campo científico en los estudios del trabajo, a partir del análisis bibliométrico de la base WOS entre 1992 y 2023, con el objetivo de relevar la forma en que las comunidades científicas han investigado estos cambios, así como los focos temáticos que se han desarrollado en la comprensión de su complejidad y densidad.

Early education helping young children manage prejudiced attitudes towards themselves and others is urgent. Early childhood (EC) teachers in Saudi Arabia are making significant changes by applying an anti-bias approach to deal with such issues with young children. In the study reported on here we used a quantitative approach to explore anti-bias education, including an analysis of approaches to the cultural environment, which includes teaching practices and associated learning resources. Many teachers (n = 142) in the cities of Jeddah and Riyadh in Saudi Arabia contributed to this study by completing a questionnaire. Teachers' classroom practices, such as role-play, pictures, books, toys, and materials in teaching children the concept of anti-bias, were deeply explored. The results of the study show that the greater the previous experience of teachers in teaching children from a culture different from their own, the greater the application of the concept of anti-bias in creating the classroom environment. There is a need for further studies on the extent to which anti-bias education is being implemented on a larger scale in primary schools in Saudi Arabia.

We present a series of 12 OSL/IRSL dates that revise and complete the chronology of the important Middle (MSA) and Later Stone Age (LSA) site Umbeli Belli in KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa. These dates shift the previous radiometric ages thousands of years older than earlier measurements and play a key role in revising the cultural stratigraphy of KwaZulu-Natal. We also discuss how these dates bring the chrono- and cultural stratigraphy of southern Africa into clearer focus. The Robberg sequence of Umbeli Belli is now firmly dated to 21 ± 2 ka, whereas the preceding Early LSA assemblage dates to ~32 ka, representing one of the earliest dates for this cultural expression in the broader region. The final MSA assemblages from Layer 7 to 9 now date to between 35 ka and 40 ka, overlapping more tightly with comparable assemblages from Sibhudu, Umhlatuzana and other sites. Layer 10, which was previously also assigned to the final MSA, now dates to ~47-54 ka, placing the assemblage within the temporal range of the Late MSA. The new dates provide a good explanation for the clear differences in material culture between Layer 10 and the younger layers. We also present two new ages for the deeper horizons 11b and 12 at Umbeli Belli, dating to 76 ± 9 ka and 80 ± 9 ka, respectively. SIGNIFICANCE: • Revised and new age estimates are given for the Middle and Later Stone Age sequence of Umbeli Belli. • These age changes allow new comparisons with nearby prehistoric sites. • They change our view of the regional variability of technologies and cultures between ca. 80 and 20 ka on the east coast of South Africa.

Abstract Introduction Land use/land cover change (LULCC) alters the quantity and quality of ecosystem services. The economic value of these services is an indicator of change that facilitates conservation, utilization, and restoration activities of ecosystems. Objective To analyze the dynamics of land use/land cover (LULC) from 2000 to 2020 and estimate the ecosystem services value (ESV) as an indicator of ecological degradation in the Copalita River watershed in Oaxaca. Materials and methods Landsat 7 and 8 images captured during the years 2000 and 2020, respectively, were used. Six types of LULC were identified and classified in the watershed, and an intensity analysis was performed. Based on the economic values of biomes previously published, the values of LULC and ecosystem service functions in the watershed were estimated. Results and discussion There is an increase in forest cover (13.23 %), low-cover lands (494.41 %), construction (75.35 %), and wetlands (38.34 %), and a decrease in the area of rainforest (-48.02 %) and water bodies (-32.71 %). LULCC dynamics caused a 2.21 % reduction in the ESV of the watershed. The value of provisioning services increased (49.10 %), while regulation (-12.39 %), cultural (-4.77 %), and support (-3.89 %) values decreased. Conclusions The reduction in the economic value of ecosystem service functions is caused by the effects of LULCC on the decrease in rainforest and water bodies in the watershed.

Resumen Introducción Los cambios en las coberturas y usos de suelo (CCUS) modifican la cantidad y calidad de los servicios ecosistémicos. El valor económico de estos es un indicador de cambio que facilita las actividades de conservación, aprovechamiento y restauración de ecosistemas. Objetivo Analizar la dinámica de coberturas y usos de suelo (CUS) de 2000 a 2020 y estimar el valor de servicios ecosistémicos (VSE) como indicador de la degradación ecológica de la cuenca del río Copalita en Oaxaca. Materiales y métodos Se utilizaron imágenes Landsat 7 y 8 capturadas durante los años 2000 y 2020, respectivamente. Seis tipos de CUS se identificaron y clasificaron en la cuenca y se hizo un análisis de intensidad. Con base en los valores económicos de biomas, previamente publicados, se estimaron los valores de las CUS y de las funciones de los servicios ecosistémicos de la cuenca. Resultados y discusión Existe incremento de las coberturas de bosque (13.23 %), tierras de baja cobertura (494.41 %), construcción (75.35 %) y humedales (38.34 %) y se redujo el área de selva (-48.02 %) y cuerpos de agua (-32.71 %). Los CCUS ocasionaron reducción de 2.21 % del VSE de la cuenca. El VSE de provisión creció (49.10 %) y el de regulación (-12.39 %), cultural (-4.77 %) y de soporte (-3.89 %) disminuyó. Conclusiones La reducción del valor económico de las funciones de los servicios ecosistémicos es causada por los efectos de los CCUS en la disminución de selva y cuerpos de agua en la cuenca.

RESUMEN En un contexto local de estudios estrictamente tipológicos y con ausencia de manuales para el estudio de la cerámica relacionada con la cultura arqueológica Puruhá, Sierra Central del Ecuador, verificamos la posibilidad de asociar la cuestión teórica y metodológica con la práctica arqueológica, resultando en la ubicación de la producción cerámica como un subsistema intrínseco a la comprensión de los sistemas socioculturales que definen una cultura. Con esta premisa, este manuscrito presenta una propuesta de clasificación en arqueología basada en el análisis de la cultura material cerámica contextualizada o no contextualizada mediante la aplicación de los conceptos de antropología de técnicas y cadenas operativas asociadas a los análisis tecnotipológicos con el estudio de caso de la producción alfarera Puruhá. Teniendo como marco metodológico el método empírico inductivo, con un enfoque cualitativo que mezcla revisión de la literatura, inserción conceptual, técnica y análisis, con un alcance exploratorio y no experimental como diseño de investigación. La propuesta de clasificación en arqueología permitió verificar la factibilidad y potencial de su uso en un contexto Puruhá, así como su correlación con otros sitios, resultando en una lectura que permite hacer inferencias sobre continuidades y cambios culturales.

ABSTRACT In a local context of strictly typological studies and with the absence of manuals for the study of ceramics related to the Puruhá archaeological culture, Sierra Central do Ecuador, we verified the possibility of associating the theoretical and methodological issue with archaeological practice, resulting in the location of ceramic production as an intrinsic subsystem understanding the sociocultural systems that define a cultural. With this premise, this manuscript presents a proposal for classification in archeology based on the analysis of contextualized or non-contextualized ceramic material culture through the application of the concepts of anthropology of techniques and operational chains associated with techno-typological analyzes with the case study of production Puruhá potter. Having as a methodological framework the inductive empirical method, with a qualitative approach that mixes literature review, conceptual insertion, technique and analysis, with an exploratory and non-experimental scope as a research design. The proposed archeological classification allowed us to check the feasibility and potential of its usage in a Puruhá setting, as well as its linkage with other sites, yielding a reading that allows us to draw conclusions regarding cultural continuities and changes.

RESUMO Em um contexto local de estudos estritamente tipológicos e com a ausência manuais para o estudo da cerâmica relacionada a cultura arqueológica Puruhá, Serra Central do Equador, verificamos a possibilidade associar a questão teórica e metodológica à prática arqueológica, resultando na localização da produção ceramista como um subsistema intrínseco a compreensão dos sistemas socioculturais que definem uma cultural. Com esta premissa, este manuscrito apresenta uma proposta de classificação em arqueologia com fulcro na análise da cultura material cerâmica contextualizada ou não contextualizada por intermédio da aplicação dos conceitos de antropologia das técnicas e das cadeias operatórias associada às análises tecnotipológicas com o estudo de caso da produção ceramista Puruhá. Tendo como marco metodológico o método empírico indutivo, com enfoque qualitativo que mescla a revisão de literatura, inserção conceitual, técnica e análises, de alcance exploratório e não experimental enquanto desenho de investigação. A proposta de classificação em arqueologia possibilitou verificar a factibilidade e potencial de sua utilização em um contexto Puruhá, assim como sua correlação entre outros sítios, resultando em uma leitura que permite realizar inferências sobre continuidades e mudanças culturais.