ABSTRACT: Drawing from Walter Mignolo's decolonial theory and the concept of latsploitation, this article explores how Sarli and Bó’s films challenge Eurocentric standards and represent identities marked by colonial wounds. Thanks to this reading it is possible to highlight the political nature of Bó and Sarli’s productions, despite having been considered a commercial entertainment cinema. By analyzing the decolonial stance in the films of Isabel Sarli and Armando Bó, this article concludes the necessity of challenging and questioning the unequivocal binary between commercial and political cinema. This study seeks to contribute to a broader understanding of Sarli and Bó’s cinema, and its role in cultural resistance against coloniality.

RESUMEN: Partiendo de la teoría decolonial de Walter Mignolo y del concepto de latsploitation, este artículo explora cómo las películas de Sarli y Bó desafían los estándares eurocentristas y representan identidades marcadas por una herida colonial. Gracias a esta lectura es posible destacar el carácter político de las producciones de Bó y Sarli, pese a haber sido considerado un cine comercial de entretenimiento. Al analizar la postura decolonial en los films de Isabel Sarli y Armando Bó, el artículo concluye la necesidad de desafiar y cuestionar el tajante binarismo entre cine comercial y cine político. Este estudio busca contribuir a una comprensión más amplia del cine de Bó y Sarli, y su papel en la resistencia cultural contra la colonialidad.

ABSTRACT: This article analyzes the cultural, graphic, and identity components that distinguish the city of Manta (Ecuador) for the construction of its “city brand”. It explores how these elements are integrated into the tourism, industrial, commercial, fishing, and sports sectors, contributing to the city's cosmopolitan projection. Through a qualitative methodology that includes photographic surveys, interviews, and analysis in Atlas.ti, the characteristics that position Manta as a mediating city with demographic balance and urban plurality are revealed. The goal is to establish a city brand strategy that reflects the lifestyle of its inhabitants and their social, economic, and cultural interactions.

RESUMEN: Este artículo analiza los componentes culturales, gráficos e identitarios que distinguen a la ciudad de Manta (Ecuador) a la hora de construir su “marca ciudad”. Se expone cómo tales elementos se integran en las áreas turística, industrial, comercial, pesquera y deportiva, contribuyendo a la proyección cosmopolita de la ciudad. A través de una metodología cualitativa que incluye relevamiento fotográfico, entrevistas y análisis en Atlas.ti, se evidencian las características que posicionan a Manta como una ciudad mediadora con equilibrio demográfico y pluralidad urbana. El objetivo es establecer una estrategia de marca ciudad que refleje el estilo de vida de sus habitantes y su interacción social, económica y cultural.

ABSTRACT: This article examines and analyzes the films of the cinema of Bo-Sarli’s cinema from a dissident sex perspective. The essay seeks to analyze part of the film Sabaleros (1959). The link between the characters of Sarli and Alba Mujica is addressed in relation to the theoretical category of archive of feelings and its connections with other cultural materials. To this end, counternormative connections are established with the film Fuego (1969). Also with textual, visual and audiovisual appearances of Isabel Sarli. Finally, the article proposes Isabel Sarli and her emotional and cultural traces in different cultural texts as part of an archive of feelings of sexual dissidence.

RESUMEN: Este artículo examina y analiza el cine de Isabel Sarli y Armando Bo desde una perspectiva sexo-disidente. El texto busca analizar una parte de la película Sabaleros (1959), y asimismo el vínculo de los personajes de Sarli y Alba Mujica con relación a la categoría de archivo de sentimientos y sus conexiones con otros materiales culturales. Para esto se establecen relaciones contranormativas con la película Fuego (1969) y diferentes apariciones textuales, visuales y audiovisuales de Isabel Sarli. El artículo propone posicionar a Isabel Sarli, a sus huellas afectivas y culturales, como parte de un archivo de sentimientos de las disidencias sexuales.

Abstract:This research aimed to implement an offline mobile application to disseminate and enhance the thousand-year-old heritage of Malqui Machay in the canton La Maná, Cotopaxi province, which represents a valuable ceremonial site, a vestige of the Panzaleo culture, located in a rural area without internet access or mobile signal. The research is of a descriptive and field type, which supports the historical importance of the connection with the final abode of Atahualpa to enhance the dissemination and accessibility of Malqui Machay. The Mobile-D methodology was applied based on software functionality and flexibility in its exploration, initialization, production, stabilization, and testing phases. Augmented Reality (AR), Onboarding for specific administrator and user functions, and templates designed in CanvaPro were implemented to improve the visitor experience. The application allowed the short-term implementation of an offline, location-based mobile application, which facilitated the tracing of a path with references containing detailed information and contributed to the promotion, dissemination, and orientation of tourism of the Malqui Machay cultural heritage, constituting an innovative solution to the technical and geographical challenges of the site.

Resumen:El objetivo de la presente investigación, fue implementar una aplicación móvil offline para difundir y realzar el patrimonio de mil años de antigüedad de Malqui Machay del cantón La Maná, provincia de Cotopaxi, ubicada en una zona rural sin acceso a internet ni señal móvil. La investigación es de tipo descriptiva y de campo, la cual consideró utilizar la metodología Mobile-D, basada en la funcionalidad del software y la flexibilidad con sus fases de exploración, inicialización, producción, estabilización y pruebas. Se seleccionaron herramientas específicas compatibles con la plataforma Androide; entre ellas: Android Studio, XML, Java, SQLite y Mapbox. Para mejorar la experiencia del visitante se implementó Realidad Aumentada (RA) con plantillas deseñadas en CanvaPro; mientras que para procesar las funciones específicas del administrador y usuario Onboarding. La metodología Mobile-D, permitió que la implementación de la aplicación sea realizada en un tiempo de 10 semanas, donde se priorizó los requerimientos de los usuarios que coincidieron en un 94,7%, que la principal barrera era la falta de conectividad móvil, para lo cual se logró aplicar una aplicación funcional del trazado de rutas con referencias que contienen información detallada y que contribuye en la promoción, difusión y orientación del turismo del patrimonio cultural Malqui Machay.

Abstract In Colombia, public policies aimed at the youth population were structured under the framework of social, economic, and cultural rights established by the national constitution of 1991, which allowed for broadening perspectives regarding the role of this age group and its life cycle. In this article, I focus on public policies aimed at youth in Colombia between 1992 and 2022, especially in relation to youth employment, which constitutes the case study. The analysis seeks to contrast theoretical patterns regarding the role of young people with the role assigned to them in public policy, examining national development plans, documents from the National Council for Economic and Social Policy (CONPES, in Spanish), and employment programs, to demonstrate changes and advances towards the recognition of their rights. It is concluded that the governmental structure implemented for the development of these policies, as well as their respective programs, have limited the continuity and progression of youth rights, as a vision prevails in which youth is understood as a transitional stage and family and individual resources determine to a great extent the effective enjoyment of rights.

Resumen En Colombia, las políticas públicas orientadas a la población joven se estructuraron bajo el marco de los derechos sociales, económicos y culturales establecido por la Constitución Política aprobada en el año 1991, lo que permitió ampliar la perspectiva sobre el rol de este grupo etario y de su ciclo de vida. En el presente artículo me enfoco en las políticas públicas dirigidas a la juventud en Colombia entre 1992 y 2022, ahondando especialmente en lo relacionado al empleo juvenil, el cual constituye el caso de estudio. El análisis busca contrastar los patrones teóricos sobre el papel de los y las jóvenes con el rol que se les asigna en la política pública, examinando los planes de desarrollo nacional, los documentos publicados por el Consejo Nacional de Política Económica y Social (CONPES) y los programas de empleo, con el fin de evidenciar los cambios y la evolución hacia el reconocimiento de sus derechos. Se concluye que la estructura gubernamental implementada para el desarrollo de estas políticas, al igual que sus respectivos programas, han limitado la continuidad y la progresión de los derechos juveniles, pues prevale una visión donde se entiende a la juventud como una etapa de transición en la que los recursos familiares e individuales determinan en gran medida el goce efectivo de sus derechos.

Abstract Young men and women from migrant families of Bolivian origin settled in the horticultural belt of La Plata, in Argentina, access university degrees to shift away from activities characterized by precarious living and working conditions. This article examines the challenges faced by this population in their transition to higher education. Using a qualitative methodology and with the conceptual framework of endogenous education, encounter, and cultural recognition, we analyze the ways in which the Technical Degree in Agroecology at the National University of La Plata offers an alternative close to the reality of young people. The conclusions highlight the potential of this viable alternative that represents a training opportunity to advise family farmers and their organizations. It focuses on the active participation of students, especially in practical courses where they become protagonists by sharing their experiences. It can also be mentioned that, although these degrees offer collective spaces to question the conventional productive model, challenges still persist: the quality of lower-level training and the adaptation of schedules due to the need to combine study and work. In a context of crisis and transition, this type of proposal values local knowledge and empowers the autonomy of youth to transform their reality.

Resumen Los y las jóvenes de familias migrantes de origen boliviano establecidas en el cinturón hortícola platense, en Argentina, acceden a carreras universitarias para alejarse de una actividad caracterizada por las precarias condiciones de vida y de trabajo. En el presente artículo se examinan los desafíos que enfrenta esta población en su tránsito hacia estudios superiores. Mediante una metodología cualitativa y con el marco conceptual de la educación endógena, el encuentro y el reconocimiento cultural, se analiza la manera en que la Tecnicatura Universitaria en Agroecología de la Universidad Nacional de La Plata brinda una alternativa cercana a la realidad de los y las jóvenes. En las conclusiones se destacan las potencialidades de esta alternativa viable que representa una oportunidad de formación para asesorar a productores familiares y a sus organizaciones. Se enfoca en la participación activa de estudiantes, especialmente en cursos prácticos donde se convierten en sujetos protagonistas al compartir sus experiencias. También se puede mencionar que, aunque estas carreras ofrecen espacios colectivos para cuestionar el modelo productivo convencional, todavía persisten desafíos: el nivel de formación inicial y la adaptación de horarios por la necesidad de combinar el estudio y el trabajo. En un contexto de crisis y transición, este tipo de propuesta otorga valor a los saberes locales y potencia la autonomía de la juventud para transformar su realidad.

Resumo As diretrizes estabelecidas pelo Estatuto da Cidade determinam a garantia do direito a cidades sustentáveis, à gestão democrática e à inclusão da política patrimonial no planejamento e na gestão do desenvolvimento urbano. O objetivo deste trabalho é realizar uma pesquisa do estado da arte, em bancos de dados, sobre a produção acadêmica nacional relacionada à abordagem do patrimônio cultural entre 2011-2020, nos planos diretores municipais. Por meio da metodologia estado da arte foi possível concluir que há pouca produção acadêmica relacionando o plano diretor ao patrimônio cultural. sustentáveis urbano dados 20112020, 20112020 2011 2020, 2020 2011-2020 municipais 2011202 201 202 2011-202 201120 20 2011-20 20112 2 2011-2 2011-

Abstract The guidelines established by the City Statute mandate the guarantee of the right to sustainable cities, democratic management, and the inclusion of heritage policy in urban development planning and management. The objective of this study is to carry out state-of-the-art research, in databases, on the Brazilian academic production related to the approach to cultural heritage in municipal master plans between 2011 and 2020. Through the state--of-the-art methodology, it was concluded that there is limited academic production connecting master plans to cultural heritage. cities management stateoftheart state art research databases 201 2020 methodology 20 202 2

Resumo Neste artigo, é abordada uma experiência de valorização cultural e ambiental relacionada ao turismo na metrópole do Ruhr, uma região industrial alemã com longa tradição de mineração de carvão e produção de aço que, até o final do século passado, não tinha grandes atrações turísticas ou sequer considerava tê-las. Para isso, enfatiza-se o papel do patrimônio industrial e sua conexão com a recuperação ecológica do rio Emscher, que tem sido o carro-chefe do bem-sucedido desenvolvimento turístico da região nas últimas décadas. No entanto, o principal objetivo do artigo é demonstrar que o turismo industrial pode atuar como impulsionador de outras dimensões do turismo que ampliam o escopo das oportunidades de desenvolvimento regional, particularmente em antigas áreas industriais. Ruhr passado têlas. têlas tê las. las tê-las isso enfatizase enfatiza se Emscher carrochefe carro chefe bemsucedido bem sucedido décadas entanto regional industriais

Abstract This article addresses an experience of cultural and environmental valorization related to tourism in the Ruhr metropolis, a German industrial region with a long tradition in coal mining and steel production that, until the end of the past century, had neither major tourist attractions nor any intention of developing them. To this end, the article emphasizes the role of industrial heritage, which has been the flagship of the region’s successful tourism development in recent decades, and its connection with the ecological recovery of the Emscher River. However, the main objective of the article is to show that industrial tourism can drive other dimensions of tourism that broaden the scope of regional opportunities, particularly in industrial areas like the Ruhr metropolis. metropolis century them heritage regions s decades River However opportunities

Resumo Este artigo propõe uma possibilidade de leitura do espaço urbano por meio da metodologia apresentada por Ewing e Clement (2013) no livro Measuring urban design. Essa metodologia foi aplicada em um trecho da área central da cidade de Laguna/SC tombada pelo Instituto de Patrimônio Histórico e Artístico Nacional nos anos 1980, por sua relevância histórica e cultural, o que determina quais espaços públicos de uma cidade são mais atrativos à presença humana em detrimento de outros, quais são as qualidades perceptíveis desse espaço e como essas qualidades podem ser mensuradas. Os resultados iniciais indicam que a metodologia proposta é adequada para identificar e mensurar as qualidades perceptíveis do ambiente urbano, tanto em áreas urbanas patrimoniais quanto nas demais áreas. 2013 (2013 design LagunaSC Laguna SC 1980 cultural outros mensuradas 201 (201 198 20 (20 19 2 (2 1 (

Abstract This article proposes the possibility of reading urban space through the methodology presented by Ewing and Clement (2013) in the book Measuring Urban Design. This methodology was applied to a section of the central area of the city of Laguna, State of Santa Catarina, an area listed by the National Institute of Historical and Artistic Heritage in the 1980s due to its historical and cultural relevance. The methodology determines which public spaces in a city are more attractive to human presence compared to others and what the perceptible qualities of these spaces are, as well as how these qualities can be measured. Initial results indicate that the proposed methodology is suitable for identifying and measuring the perceptible qualities of the urban environment, both in urban heritage areas and in other areas. 2013 (2013 Design Laguna Catarina s relevance measured environment 201 (201 20 (20 2 (2 (

A inadequação da legislação autoral brasileira gera um cenário de insegurança jurídica capaz de impactar a realização de atividades de preservação e difusão de bens culturais por instituições de inegável interesse público, como os museus. Esse problema se torna ainda mais complexo no caso das chamadas "obras órfãs", ou seja, aquelas cujo autor ou titular de direitos não pode ser identificado ou, quando identificado, não pode ser localizado. Empregando pesquisa bibliográfica e documental, este artigo busca contribuir para o debate sobre as mudanças legislativas necessárias para que instituições museológicas possam cumprir sua missão institucional. Para isso, o estudo apresenta o conceito de obras órfãs, analisa as causas de sua existência e as consequências de seu crescimento contínuo. Em seguida, discute o panorama regulatório vigente no Brasil e em outras jurisdições, destacando abordagens adotadas em diferentes jurisdições. Por fim, propõe contribuições concretas tanto para a reforma legislativa quanto para ações no âmbito do Poder Executivo. Parte-se da hipótese de que a regulamentação adequada do uso de obras órfãs traria benefícios não apenas para os museus, que ganhariam maior segurança jurídica, mas também para a sociedade, ao ampliar o acesso a bens culturais, e para autores e titulares, ao possibilitar a circulação e o reconhecimento de suas obras.

The inadequacy of the Brazilian copyright legislation creates a scenario of legal uncertainty that affects the ability of public interest institutions, such as museums, to carry out activities related to the preservation and dissemination of cultural heritage. This issue becomes even more complex in the case of so-called "orphan works," that is, works whose author or rights holder cannot be identified or, when identified, cannot be located. Through bibliographic and documentary research, this article seeks to contribute to the debate on the legislative changes necessary for museums to fulfill their institutional mission. To this end, the study presents the concept of orphan works, analyzes the reasons for their existence, and examines the consequences of their continuous growth. It then discusses the current regulatory framework in Brazil and other jurisdictions, highlighting different approaches adopted worldwide. Finally, the article offers concrete proposals for both legislative reform and executive branch initiatives. The central hypothesis is that adequate regulation of orphan works would benefit not only museums, by providing greater legal certainty, but also society as a whole, by expanding access to cultural heritage, and authors and rights holders, by facilitating the circulation and recognition of their works.

Resumo O final da Segunda Guerra Mundial marca um conjunto de grandes transformações no pensamento social brasileiro. As teorias raciais e eugênicas vão perdendo rapidamente força frente às interpretações de cunho cultural e econômico. Neste trabalho, conta-se parte dessas transformações a partir das interpretações sobre a imigração japonesa no Brasil em dois intelectuais de marcante atuação parlamentar: o psiquiatra-eugenista Pacheco e Silva e o sociólogo Gilberto Freyre. A imigração japonesa foi foco de intenso debate nas décadas de 1930 e 1940, merecendo até mesmo emendas restritivas ou proibitivas nas Constituintes de 1934 e 1946. Este estudo analisa a atuação parlamentar dos dois intelectuais nesse período, observando as influências de seus pensamentos sociais em sua atividade política. O artigo examina, ainda, as transformações que ocorrem na década de 1950, com mudanças no pensamento de Pacheco e Silva, maior influência do pensamento de Freyre e um redesenho do lugar da imigração japonesa no debate parlamentar. brasileiro econômico trabalho contase conta se psiquiatraeugenista psiquiatra eugenista 193 1940 1946 período política examina ainda 1950 19 194 195 1

Resumen El final de la Segunda Guerra Mundial marcó un conjunto de grandes transformaciones en el pensamiento social brasilero. Las teorías raciales y eugenésicas van perdiendo fuerza rápidamente frente a las interpretaciones de cuño cultural y económico. En este trabajo, se da cuenta de parte de esas transformaciones a partir de las interpretaciones sobre la inmigración japonesa en Brasil de dos intelectuales con un importante desempeño parlamentario: el psiquiatra-eugenista Pacheco e Silva y el sociólogo Gilberto Freyre. La inmigración japonesa fue foco de intenso debate en las décadas de 1930 y 1940, e incluso fue merecedora de enmiendas restrictivas o prohibitivas en las Constituyentes de 1934 y 1946. Este estudio, analiza la acción parlamentaria de los dos intelectuales en ese periodo, observando las influencias de sus pensamientos sociales en su actividad política y examinando, también, las transformaciones que ocurrieron en la década de 1950, con cambios en el pensamiento de Pacheco e Silva, principal influencia del pensamiento de Freyre, y el rediseño del lugar dado a la inmigración japonesa en el debate parlamentario. brasilero económico trabajo parlamentario psiquiatraeugenista psiquiatra eugenista Freyre 193 1940 1946 estudio periodo examinando también 1950 19 194 195 1

Abstract The end of World War II marks a set of major transformations in Brazilian social thought. Racial and eugenic theories rapidly lose ground to interpretations of cultural and economic nature. This article examines part of these transformations through the perspectives on Japanese immigration to Brazil by two intellectuals with important parliamentary roles: the psychiatrist-eugenicist Pacheco e Silva and the sociologist Gilberto Freyre. Japanese immigration was the subject of intense debate in the 1930s and 1940s, even prompting restrictive or prohibitive amendments in the 1934 and 1946 constitutions. This study analyzes the parliamentary activities of both intellectuals over this period and demonstrates the influence of their respective social thoughts on their political endeavors. This article also examines the transformations that took place in the 1950s, including shifts in Pacheco e Silva’s thinking, a greater influence of Freyre’s ideas, and a reconfiguration of the role of Japanese immigration in parliamentary discourse. thought nature roles psychiatristeugenicist psychiatrist eugenicist Freyre s 1940s 193 194 constitutions endeavors 1950s Silvas thinking Freyres ideas discourse 19 1

Résumé La fin de la Seconde Guerre mondiale marque un ensemble de grandes transformations dans la pensée sociale brésilienne. Les théories raciales et eugéniques perdent rapidement leur force face aux interprétations d’ordre culturel et économique. Dans ce travail, une partie de ces transformations est racontée à partir des interprétations sur l’immigration japonaise au Brésil de deux intellectuels ayant une influence marquante au Parlement : le psychiatre-eugéniste Pacheco e Silva et le sociologue Gilberto Freyre. L’immigration japonaise a été au centre d’un débat intense dans les années 1930 et 1940, suscitant même des amendements restrictifs ou prohibitifs dans les Constitutions de 1934 et 1946. Cette étude analyse l’activité parlementaire des deux intellectuels pendant cette période, observe les influences de leurs pensées sociales sur leur activité politique, examine également les transformations qui ont lieu dans les années 1950, avec des changements dans la pensée de Pacheco e Silva, une plus grande influence de la pensée de Freyre et une redéfinition de la place de l’immigration japonaise dans le débat parlementaire. brésilienne dordre d ordre économique travail limmigration l immigration psychiatreeugéniste psychiatre eugéniste Limmigration L dun 193 1940 1946 lactivité période politique 1950 19 194 195 1

Objetivo: traduzir e adaptar culturalmente a Quality of Life Scale for Informal Carers for Older Adults, para o Brasil. Método: Trata-se de estudo metodológico de adaptação cultural da referida escala, que seguiu as seguintes  etapas:  tradução inicial, síntese das traduções, retrotradução, revisão por um comitê de especialistas e pré-teste. Todos os preceitos éticos foram respeitados. Resultados: Foram feitas duas traduções da escala original, estabelecendo-se posteriormente a versão  consensual, a qual  foi retrotraduzida por outro tradutor independente. A seguir realizou-se a revisão pelo comitê de especialistas composto  por seis juízes. Dos 24 itens da escala, a maioria dos itens obteve índice de validade de contéudo acima de 0,78, com exceção de três, os quais foram revisados. Em seguida realizou-se o instrumento que foi pré testado por  35 cuidadores informais de pessoas idosas, seis participantes refereriram dúvidas em duas questões “oito e vinte quatro”foram esclarecidas as dúvidas e após verificou-se  boa clareza, compreensão e aceitabilidade. Além disso, a consistência interna foi satisfatória, já que se obteve alfa de Cronbach ≥ 0,70 para  maioria dos domínios do instrumento. Conclusão: A Quality of Life Scale for Informal Carers for Older Adults está agora traduzida e adaptada culturalmente para o português brasileiro.

Objective: Translate and culturally adapt Quality of Life Scale for Informal Carers for Older Adults for Brazil. Method: It consists of a methodological study of cultural adaptation of the aforementioned scale, which was performed according to the following steps: initial translation, synthesis of translations, back translation, review by a team of experts and pre-test. All ethical precepts have been respected.Results: Two translations of the original scale were performed, and the consensual version was subsequently established, being back-translated by another independent translator. The review was then performed by a team of experts made up of six judges. Out of the 24 items on the scale, most of them obtained an index of content validity above 0.78, except three which were then reviewed. The instrument was then carried out, being pre-tested by 35 informal caregivers of elderly people, six participants were in doubt about two questions "eight and twenty-four"; the doubts were clarified and, after that, there was clarity, understanding and acceptability. Furthermore, satisfactory internal consistency has been obtained, since Cronbach's alpha ≥ 0.70 was obtained for most of the instrument categories.Conclusion: The Quality of Life Scale for Informal Carers for Older Adults is now translated and culturally adapted into Brazilian Portuguese.

Objetivo: Traducir y adaptar culturalmente la Escala de Calidad de Vida para Cuidadores Informales de Adultos Mayores, para Brasil. Método: Se trata de un estudio metodológico de adaptación cultural de la escala antes mencionada, que siguió los siguientes pasos: traducción inicial, síntesis de traducciones, retrotraducción, revisión por comité de expertos y pretest. Se respetaron todos los preceptos éticos. Resultados: Se realizaron dos traducciones de la escala original, estableciéndose posteriormente la versión consensuada, la cual fue retrotraducida por otro traductor independiente. Luego la revisión fue realizada por el comité de expertos compuesto por seis jueces. De los 24 ítems de la escala, la mayoría tenía un índice de validez de contenido superior a 0,78, a excepción de tres, que fueron revisados. Luego se realizó la realización del instrumento, que fue testeado previamente por 35 cuidadores informales de personas mayores, seis participantes informaron dudas en dos preguntas “ocho y veinticuatro”, las dudas fueron aclaradas y luego hubo buena claridad, comprensión y aceptabilidad. Además, la consistencia interna fue satisfactoria, ya que se obtuvo alfa de Cronbach ≥ 0,70 para la mayoría de los dominios del instrumento. Conclusión:  La Escala de Calidad de Vida para Cuidadores Informales de Adultos Mayores ahora está traducida y adaptada culturalmente al portugués brasileño.

BACKGROUND: Cultural and religious illnesses such as spirit possessions are health conditions that are not easily understood by healthcare providers in mental healthcare service institutions. Mental health care providers' understanding is guided by the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, fifth edition (DSM-5) that seems to not recognise cultural and religious illnesses as a disorder that needs distinct care. The study explored mental healthcare providers' understanding of cultural and religious illnesses that could assist spirit-possessed persons to receive proper management and early referrals to traditional health practitioners and faith healers who are expects in cultural and religious illnesses. METHODS: Hermeneutic phenomenology explored 12 mental healthcare providers' understanding of cultural and religious illnesses. In-depth individual interviews were conducted with 12 mental healthcare providers who were selected through a purposive sampling technique. Data were collected from two mental healthcare institutions in the Gauteng province of South Africa that provide mental healthcare services. Data analysis followed Heidegger's and Gadamer's philosophies and Van Manen's six steps. RESULTS: The findings revealed that mental healthcare providers understood cultural and religious illnesses as mental illness that is unclassified, a calling for a person to become a traditional health practitioner, a demonic spirit and/or witchcraft. The term 'unclassified disorder' denotes that there are no specific criteria that could be used to classify an illness. CONCLUSION: Understanding of cultural and religious illnesses could assist mental healthcare providers that ill-nesses that do not respond to psychiatric treatment can be referred to traditional health practitioners with expert cultural and religious assessment. CONTRIBUTION: The study could assist MHCPs to acknowledge and take culture and religion into account when providing care to person with cultural and religious illness. Considering the culture and religion of the spir-it-possessed person could be an attempt to move towards a holistic understanding of health needs that highlight the continuous connections between mind, body, and soul.

The concepts of explorer, expedition, and the combination of the two into the myth of the explorer have been integral parts of Western mentality for more than 200 years. Here we briefly outline the colonial origins of these ideas, and use this crystallised understanding of the explorer myth to consider how African palaeoanthropology in the 20th century and up to the present continues to carry many of these biased, outdated overtones - some more overtly than others. We examine how Raymond Dart and the discovery of the Taung Child were situated and storied within this explorer narrative. We also expand on how these outdated concepts persist in determining which scientific approaches and outcomes are valued and which are not, which in turn has perpetuated extractive approaches to palaeoanthropology and the marginalisation of Indigenous scientists. This is especially notable in fieldwork practices which, to this day, embody the explorer myth's deeply problematic colonial ideals of Western, masculine moral and cultural superiority. By understanding the mindset behind the discovery and reporting of Dart's work on the Taung Child, we can better understand why it still holds such sway in palaeoanthropology today, and propose important practical and cultural disciplinary changes that will allow us to move beyond these colonial and masculine ideas in a manner that creates a more equitable future for all scholars. SIGNIFICANCE: • This paper shows how palaeoanthropology has remained tied to an outdated view of the role of field exploration in science, since the time of Dart's discovery. • This is then linked to the disproportionately high number of white men working across Africa who have achieved professional success under this rubric. • We provide suggestions on how and why the discipline should shift away from glorifying 'explorer' science, and towards the work of local African scholars, be it in the laboratory or the field. • This paper thus contributes to greater awareness of scientific biases, their historical origins, and opportunities for correction.