ABSTRACT The water quality of a pond in the field of aquaculture has a very important role in the success of growing or raising shrimp. Water parameters are variables that can affect the health of crustaceous or affect late growth and slow reproduction. Water parameters are commonly measured manually with the help of measuring instruments to determine their status. Measurement of data allows to note changes and make decisions in emergencies. A remote monitoring system is developed, with the objective of automating the process of data capture and avoiding accidents with the species under observation, this includes nodes with sensors to measure water parameters, environmental sensors, XBee wireless communication module and Arduino microcontroller. Working together allows the taking of scheduled readings or in real time. The information of each reading taken from the parameters can be consulted from a mobile device or a computer with internet access at any time. Finally, the system is tested to verify its operation in the required environment. Nodes are installed in each pond of the "pilot project of shrimp farms".

RESUMEN La calidad del agua de un estanque en el campo de la acuicultura tiene un papel muy importante para el éxito del cultivo o crianza de camarones. Los parámetros del agua son variables que pueden afectar la salud del animal o afectar en un crecimiento tardío y una reproducción lenta. Los parámetros del agua se miden comúnmente de manera manual con la ayuda de instrumentos de medición para conocer su estado. Los datos de las mediciones permiten notar cambios y tomar decisiones ante emergencias. Se desarrolla un sistema de monitoreo remoto, con el objetivo de automatizar el proceso de toma de datos y evitar accidentes con las especies en observación, éste incluye nodos con sensores para medir parámetros del agua, sensores ambientales, módulo de comunicación inalámbrica XBee y microcontrolador Arduino. El trabajo en conjunto permite la toma de lecturas programadas o en tiempo real. La información de cada lectura tomada de los parámetros puede ser consultada desde un dispositivo móvil o un computador con acceso a internet en cualquier instante. Finalmente se realizan pruebas del sistema, para comprobar su funcionamiento en el ambiente requerido. Se instalan nodos en cada estanque del "proyecto piloto de criaderos de camarones".

Copernicia y Washingtonia son dos de los géneros de Trachycarpeae para los cuales no ha sido propuesta una clasificación subtribal debido a la carencia de resolución en los estudios filogenéticos. La morfología y anatomía floral dentro de Coryphoideae han sido útiles para la delimitación de taxones y apoyo de relaciones. En este trabajo se presenta una descripción de la estructura morfo-anatómica de las flores de C. tectorum y W. filifera, con la finalidad de explorar caracteres reproductivos que puedan aclarar su ubicación dentro de la subfamilia y contribuir con estudios de biología floral. Se fijaron flores de especimenes cultivados de ambos taxones y frutos en desarrollo de C. tectorum, se realizaron disecciones para las descripciones morfológicas y cortes anatómicos seriados para la obtención de láminas permanentes utilizando técnicas convencionales con parafina. Todos los procedimientos fueron llevados a cabo en el Laboratorio de Morfo-Anatomía, Facultad de Agronomía de la Universidad Central de Venezuela (UCV). Ambas especies tienen flores hermafroditas. Las flores de C. tectorum tienen perianto engrosado y pubescente. Las flores de W. filifera presentan un cáliz irregularmente dentado y corola corto-acuminada. Se reportan células con drusas en el tubo estaminal de C. tectorum. Uno solo de los carpelos de C. tectorum se desarrolla en fruto y se encontró una capa de células con rafidios que podrían formar el endocarpo crustáceo en los frutos maduros. W. filifera presenta pocas capas de células de paredes engrosadas y tejido esclerenquimático en el mesofilo del perianto, gineceo con carpelos fusionados en el ápice del ovario (en su porción ventral), libres en la base y en el ápice del estilo, donde presenta suturas ventrales abiertas. Los pétalos de C. tectorum poseen una hipodermis ventral de células con paredes muy engrosadas, gineceo con carpelos fusionados en el ápice del ovario, libres y adpresos en su base, región estilar-estigmática fusionada y canal de transmisión estilar ausente distalmente. La presencia de canales estilares separados en C. tectorum, unidos distalmente en W. filifera confirman la relación cercana de estas especies con la subtribu Livistoninae. Igualmente, se encontraron algunas similitudes entre C. tectorum y Pritchardia (p.e. base carnosa del cáliz y epidermis ventral con células de paredes engrosadas en los pétalos), apoyando ciertas afinidades entre ambos géneros.

Copernicia and Washingtonia are two genera of the Trachycarpeae for which no subtribal classification has been proposed, mainly because of the lack of resolution in phylogenetic studies. Morphology and anatomy of flowers whithin Coryphoideae have proven useful for taxa delimitation and supporting relationships among their members. A description of the morphological and anatomical structure of flowers of C. tectorum and W. filifera is presented in order to explore reproductive characters that may clarify their classification within the subfamily and to contribute with floral biology studies. Flowers of cultivated specimens of both taxa and developing fruits of C. tectorum were fixed in FAA, dissected for morphological analysis, and parafin-embedded flowers and fruits were serially sectioned for obtaining permanent slides, using conventional techniques and safranin-fast green staining. All procedures were carried out in the Laboratory of Morpho-Anatomy, Agronomy Faculty of the Universidad Central de Venezuela (UCV). Both species have hermaphroditic flowers. C. tectorum flowers have a thick and pubescent perianth, six stamens with filaments forming a tube fused to the corolla, with rounded projections and an acute apex where the anthers are inserted. W. filifera flowers have an irregularly dentate calyx, and a shortly acuminate corolla, six stamens united by their filaments to the corolla which at the same time are briefly fused to the gynoecium. Cells with druse crystals in the staminal tube are reported for C. tectorum. Only one of the carpels of the gynoecium of C. tectorum develops at fruit stage, and a layer of abundant raphide cells forming a crustaceous endocarp in mature fruits, was found. W. filifera presents the perianth mesophyll with few layers of thick walled cells and schlerenchymatic tissue, gynoecium with apically fused carpels in the ventral region of ovary, free at the base and the apex of the style, where the ventral sutures are opened. C. tectorum has a ventral hypodermis in the petals made of large and thick walled cells, gynoecium with apically fused carpels in the ovary, free and adpressed basally, style-stigma completely fused, and stylar transmission channel absent distally. Distinct stylar canals in C. tectorum, united distally in W. filifera confirm the close relationship between these species and subtribe Livistoninae. Also, some floral morpho-anatomical similarities (e.g. fleshy calyx base and a hypodermis with thickened cell walls in petals) were found between C. tectorum and Pritchardia, supporting the affinities between both genera. Rev. Biol. Trop. 62 (3): 1137-1146. Epub 2014 September 01.

The aim of this study was to evaluate the effectiveness of a mixed biofertilizer with phosphate and potash rocks (PK biofertilizer) combined with an earthworm compound inoculated with free living diazotrophic bacteria and Cunninghamella elegans, fungi that produces chitosan, on cowpea nodulation, biomass yield and nutrient uptake. The effects of some chemical attributes from an acidic soil of the Brazilian Northeast were also studied. The treatments were as follows: a) biofertilizer enriched in N by free living diazotrophic bacteria(NPKB), applying crustaceous chitosan (ChCru) at a rate 2 mg mL-1.; b) NPKB and ChCru at a rate 4 mg mL-1.; c) NPKB and ChCru at a rate 6 mg mL-1.; d) NPKB and fungi chitosan (ChFu, 2 mg mL-1); e) NPKB+C. elegans (NPKP); f) NPKB without chitosan; g) mineral fertilizers (NPKF); and h) control without NPK fertilizer and chitosan. Biofertilizer treatments increased cowpea nodules biomass, shoot biomass, and total N, P, and K in the shoots. The largest increase was obtained with ChCru, and the highest rate was obtained with NPKP. Furthermore, biofertilizers reduced soil pH and increased the total N and available P and K. These results reveal the potential of rock biofertilizer mixed with earthworm compound inoculated with free living diazotrophic bacteria and C. elegans (fungi chitosan) for plant production and nutrient uptake. The biofertilizer may be an alternative for NPK fertilization that slows the release of nutrients, favoring longterm soil fertility.

The purpose of this paper is to provide an overview of the published research about chitosan, which is the deacetylated form of chitin, a natural biodegradable compound derived from crustaceous shells whose major attributes corresponds to its polycationic nature. This review points out its chemical and structural characteristics, obtainment methods, antimicrobial activity and its action mode. The potential of chitosan to induce a series of defence reactions correlated with certain enzymatic activities carried out by PAL, β-1,3-glucanase, chitinase and chitosanase is also reviewed.

El propósito de este artículo es proporcionar una revisión de la investigación publicada acerca de la quitosana que es la forma desacetilada de la quitina, un compuesto natural biodegradable que se deriva de cubiertas de crustáceos siendo su principal atributo su naturaleza policatiónica. Se revisan las características químicas y estructurales, métodos de obtención, actividad antimicrobiana y modo de acción. Asimismo, se analiza el potencial de la quitosana para inducir una serie de reacciones de defensa correlacionadas con la actividad enzimática tales como la PAL, β-1,3 glucanasa, quitinasa y quitosanasa.

A espécie vegetal Sonchus oleraceus é uma planta daninha presente em diversas culturas no Brasil e de utilização na medicina popular. Neste trabalho, realizou-se a prospecção fitoquímica dessa espécie com extratos em etanol, água e diclorometano, bem como testes de toxicidade sobre o microcrustáceo Artemia salina. O extrato aquoso apresentou em sua composição açúcares redutores, compostos fenólicos, taninos, flavonóides e cumarinas. No extrato etanólico, observaram-se os mesmos compostos qualificados no extrato aquoso, com exceção de cumarinas. Em diclorometano, verificou se a presença de saponinas, derivados triterpênicos e esteróides. No teste de toxicidade sobre Artemia salina, os dados convergiram para frações de extrato aquoso de 5.117,2 ppm, indicando ser um extrato de baixa toxicidade.

Sonchus oleraceus is a common weed in Brazil, also used as a medicinal plant. Phytochemical prospecting of this species was carried out in this work using extracts obtained in ethanol, water and dichloromethane. A toxicity study of the aqueous extract was also conducted, using the micro crustaceous Artemia salina. The aqueous extract presented sugar reducers, phenolic compounds, tannins, flavonoids and coumarins in its composition. The compounds found in the aqueous extract were also detected in the ethanol extract, except for the coumarins. Saponin, triterpenes and steroids were identified in the dichloromethane extract. The toxicity test on Artemia salina pointed to aqueous extract fractions of 5,117.2 ppm, indicative of low toxicity.

Anoxic sediments favor sulfate reducing bacteria proliferation, main characteristic of reduced environments, which are used for crustaceous culture. In Mexico, it has been reported the presence of anoxic sediments in the channels of Xochimilco, reduced environment that could be used for culture of organisms, like crayfish (Cambarellus montezumae). The aim of this study was to prove that reduced environments can be used for the production of culture susceptible aquatic organisms for human consumption. Apatlaco and Cuemanco channels are characterized as reduced environments, its water and sediment physicochemical parameters were evaluated; heavy metals in sediment and organisms were assessed; presence and sanitary quality of crayfish was proven, through qualitative and quantitative analysis of its bacteria charge; nutritional quality of crayfish was determined, by proximal chemical analysis. It was proven that the channels of Xochimilco fulfill the reduced environment characteristics, presence of crayfish C. montezumae in these channels was verified, it was shown that the levels of heavy metals and bacteria charge recorded, do not exceed the maximum allowed limits for edible crustaceous, important protein source for human consumption. Based on the previous, it is affirmed that reduced environments can be used for culture of edible aquatic species.

Los sedimentos anóxicos propician proliferación de bacterias sulfato-reductoras, característica principal de los ambientes reducidos, que se aprovechan para el cultivo de crustáceos. En México se ha notificado presencia de sedimentos anóxicos en los canales de Xochimilco, ambiente reducido, que podrían aprovecharse para el cultivo de organismos, como el acocil (Cambarellus montezumae). El objetivo del presente estudio fue probar que los ambientes reducidos pueden ser útiles para la producción de organismos acuáticos susceptibles de cultivo, y además, para consumo humano. Se caracterizaron los canales Apatlaco y Cuemanco como ambientes reducidos, se evaluaron parámetros fisicoquímicos del agua y sedimento; se determinaron metales pesados en sedimento y organismo; se comprobó la presencia y calidad sanitaria del acocil, a través de los análisis cualitativo y cuantitativo de su carga bacteriana; se determinó la calidad nutrimental de los acociles por medio de análisis químico proximal. Se probó que los canales de Xochimilco cumplen con las características de ambiente reducido, en el que se comprobó presencia del acocil (C. montezumae). Se demostró que los niveles de metales pesados y carga bacteriana registrados no superan los límites máximos permisibles para crustáceos comestibles, fuente importante de proteínas para el consumo humano. Con base en lo anterior se afirma que los ambientes reducidos pueden ser aprovechados para el cultivo de especies acuáticas comestibles.

This study mentions the first female of Grimpoteuthis bruuni collected in fishery of crustaceous of Chilean water. With base in the morphology, the female can be separated clearly from the males of the same species and another species of the genus Grimpoteuthis. The specimen this deposited in the collection of cephalopods of the National Museum of Natural History of Santiago of Chile

De janeiro a dezembro de 1999, foi estudada a dieta de Noctilio leporinus (Linnaeus, 1758) em um ecossistema de manguezal, através da análise das fezes de morcegos capturados com redes-neblina. Das 61 amostras analisadas, a maioria continha fragmentos de peixes (90.2%), seguido de insetos (70.5%) e crustáceos (29,5%). As espécies de peixes mais freqüentes foram: peixe-rei Atherinella brasiliensis (Quoy & Gaimard, 1825), manjuba Cetengraulis edentulus (Cuvier, 1829) e sardinha Ophisthonema oglinum (Lesueur, 1818). Os insetos mais freqüentes foram mariposas (Saturniidae) e besouros (Cerambycidae, Scarabaeidae e Coccinellidae), além de duas espécies de ectoparasitas (Streblidae). Entre os crustáceos, houve a presença apenas de camarões (Palaemonidae) e siris (Gecarcinidae). O consumo de peixes, insetos e crustáceos foi diferente para machos e fêmeas ao longo do ano.

From January to December 1999, the diet of Noctilio leporinus (Linnaeus, 1758) was determined in a salt-water ecosystem, by analysing the feces of bats captured in mist nets. Of the 61 samples analyzed, most contained remains of fish (90.2%), followed by insects (70.5%) and crustaceous (29.5%). The most frequent fishes species were: silversides Atherinella brasiliensis (Quoy & Gaimard, 1825), anchovies Cetengraulis edentulus (Cuvier, 1829) and scaly sardines Ophisthonema oglinum (Lesueur, 1818). The most frequent insects were moths (Saturniidae) and beetles (Cerambycidae, Scarabaeidae and Coccinellidae), as well as two species of bat ectoparasites (Streblidae). Among the crustaceous the shrimp (Palaemonidae) and crabs (Gecarcinidae) are was present. The consumption of fish, insects and crustaceans was different for the males and females throughout the year.

A levedura Phaffia rhodozyma, produtora de astaxantina, pigmento carotenóide largamente empregado na aqüicultura de peixes e crustáceos, pode ser eficientemente cultivada num meio de cultura de baixo custo, à base de caldo de cana diluído 1:10 e uréia a 1 g/L. No entanto, a produção de biomassa e a formação do carotenóide sofrem a inibição pelo substrato (efeito "Crabtree"), limitando desta forma a utilização do caldo de cana com concentrações da fonte de carbono superiores a 20 g/L, importante consideração na produção industrial de astaxantina. No presente trabalho, o cultivo da levedura P. rhodozyma foi realizado em processo descontínuo alimentado, no qual se obteve produtividade volumétrica de 0,024 mg astaxantina/L.h. em relação aos 0,013 mg astaxantina/L.h. obtidos no cultivo controle, que não sofreu alimentação da fonte de carbono.

The yeast Phaffia rhodozyma produces astaxanthin, a carotenoid pigment widely applied in fish and crustaceous cultivation. This yeast can be efficiently cultured in a low cost medium, sugar cane broth diluted 1:10 and supplemented with 1 g/L urea. However, the biomass and astaxanthin production undergo inhibition by the substrate (Crabtree effect), limiting the utilization of sugar cane broth up to 20 g/L total sugar concentration. Therefore, this effect must be considered during the industrial production of astaxanthin. In the present work, using fed batch system to cultivate P. rhodozyma we were able to obtain 0.024 mg astaxanthin/l.h compared to 0.013 mg astaxanthin/l.h obtained by the discontinuous cultivation system.

A oxidação do colesterol leva à formação de óxidos biologicamente ativos, capazes de desencadear processos citotóxicos, aterogênicos, mutagênicos e cancerígenos. Durante o processamento, os alimentos são expostos, além do calor, ao oxigênio e a outros fatores desencadeadores da oxidação lipídica, inclusive do colesterol. Os crustáceos, além de possuírem níveis elevados de colesterol, apresentam em sua fração lipídica ácidos graxos com alto grau de insaturação, o que favorece a oxidação do referido esterol. O 7-cetocolesterol tem sido utilizado como indicador da oxidação do colesterol, por ser o óxido formado nos estágios iniciais e em maior quantidade que os demais. O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar o efeito do cozimento e da fritura sobre a oxidação do colesterol em camarão-rosa (Penaeus brasiliensis e Penaeus paulensis). O processamento do camarão-rosa, de um modo geral, levou à diminuição das concentrações de colesterol e 7-cetocolesterol livres. A redução observada foi bem maior na fritura do que no cozimento, e mais acentuada para o 7-cetocolesterol. Enquanto os níveis de colesterol foram 10,7 e 24,7% menores, a diminuição do 7-cetocolesterol atingiu 41,5 e 61% no camarão cozido e frito, respectivamente, em relação ao controle. A redução de colesterol e 7-cetocolesterol livres em camarão-rosa processado foi relacionada com a eluição destes compostos nos meios de processamento, água de cozimento e óleo de fritura.

Cholesterol oxidation results in the production of oxides that exert a wide range of biological activities such as atherosclerosis, mutagenesis, carcinogenesis and citotoxicity. During cooking foods are exposed to oxygen, heat and other factors that can promote lipid oxidation, including cholesterol oxidation. Because of the presence of polyunsaturated fatty acids and the high levels of cholesterol crustaceous have a great potential for oxide production. 7-ketocholesterol has been used as a "tracer" of the degree of cholesterol oxidation, due to its fast and continuous formation and thus relatively high amounts with respect to the other oxidation products. The objective of this work was to evaluate the effects of boiling and deep-frying on the cholesterol oxidation in pink-shrimp (Penaeus brasiliensis and Penaeus paulensis). Cooking of pink-shrimp, in general, decreased both free cholesterol and 7-ketocholesterol concentrations. Such decrease was higher after frying than after boiling and was more pronounced for 7-ketocholesterol. While the cholesterol concentrations were 10.7 and 24.7% lower, the decrease of 7-ketocholesterol concentrations was 41.5 and 61% in boiled and fried shrimp, respectively. The reduction of free cholesterol and 7-ketocholesterol concentrations in processed pink-shrimp was related to elution of these compounds by the cooking medium, i.e. water in boiling and oil in frying.

Revisão da literatura médica sôbre higiene de crustáceos e moluscos marinhos. Intoxicações por elementos extranhos às carnes de crustáceos e moluscos: por sais de cobre, vegetais tóxicos; estranho e chumbo nas conservas de crustáceos; botulismo. Putrefação de ostras e doenças de ostras provocadas por cogumelos; crustáceos e moluscos guardados em geladeiras bolorentas. Lista das espécies de moluscos comestíveis da Bahia de Guanabara. Lista das espécies de crustáceos comestíveis da Bahia de Guanabara. Veiculação de micro-organismos patogênicos ao homem por intermédio das carnes de crustáceos e de moluscos: veiculação do vibrião colérico, dos bacilos tíficos e paratíficos e de germes do grupo coli e do gênero Proteus. Vitalidade dos bacilos tíficos nas ostras. Listas dos moluscos veiculadores dos agentes causadores das febres tíficas e paratíficas. Conceitos antigos e modernos sõbre intoxicações por crustáceos; partidas de crustáceos salubres ou não conforme o local de venda. Estudos experimentais sôbre a "talassina" princípio tóxico existente em alguns crustáceos. "Mitilotoxina", intoxicações por mexilhões e outros acidentes incriminados aos moluscos. Enterotoxina estavfilocócica em ostras. Métodos de determinação da salubridade dos moluscos; verificações nas ostras brasileiras. Depuração dos crustáceos pelas soluções cloradas. Estabulação de caranguejos denominados vulgarmente de "guaiamus" e "ussás".

Recording main medical publication on Hygiene of Mollusca and Crustacea. Food-poisoning. Decomposing oysters, and shell-fish sickness by fungi. Catalogue of eatable Crustacea and Mollusca of Rio de Janeiro. Significance of Mollusca and Crustacea in the spread of diseases. Longevity of Vibrio comma, Eberthella typhosa, Salmonella schottmuelleri, Salmonella paratiphi. Escherichia coli in oysters, Microorganisms in marked oysters. Comparison old written papers with moderns publications on food-poisoning by Crustacea and Mollusca. Crustaceous - talassin, mitilotoxin, staphylococci enterotoxin in shellfishes products. Bacteriological examinations of shellfishes: Houston's, Klein's, and Eyre's methods. American Public Health Association Method for examination of oyters. Purification of Mollusca and Crustacea: bubling, floating, transplanting, chlorination. Purification of great land crab Cardisoma guanhumi and the mangrove crab Ucides cordatus.