Abstract: This article aims to realize a critical analysis according to the rational evidence theory, related to the jurisprudence which provides that in the amparo law, the parties cannot ask cross-examination to the expert or experts once they have rendered their expert opinion. The above, in order to make visible that such prohibition affects the right of defence of the parties, prevents the contradictions principle from being respected and reduces the evidential faculties of the amparo judge.

Resumen: El artículo tiene como objetivo realizar un análisis crítico, a la luz de la teoría racional de la prueba, respecto de la jurisprudencia conforme a la cual las partes en el juicio de amparo no puedan formular repreguntas al perito o a los peritos una vez que han rendido su dictamen. Lo anterior, con la finalidad de visibilizar que tal prohibición afecta el derecho de defensa de las partes, impide que se respete el principio de contradicción y merma los poderes probatorios del juez de amparo.

Child sexual abuse is an epidemic that adversely affects the whole of society. The conviction rate of sexual offenders is exceptionally low in South Africa (SAPS, 2019). There are several factors in the court process that prevent children from testifying effectively in court. These factors were researched in this article by means of a rapid review. The purpose of the research is to examine the legal system in South Africa regarding the court procedures in which children are involved and to identify the factors that influence children's testimony. We focused on external factors related to court proceedings. Various databases were searched, namely SA Publications, Sabinet, EBSCO-Host, LexisNexis, and Juta. The PRISMA guidelines were used for the quality appraisal of the articles. Both the title and summary of an article were examined to determine the relevance of the data. There were two researchers involved in the study: the first researcher launched the study and the second researcher ensured quality. From the eventual eight articles selected, factors were identified and thematically analysed to identify the external factors as outlined in this article. Eight factors were identified that prevent children from testifying effectively in court. In more than 60% of the articles, it was shown that inadequate court preparation causes children to testify less effectively; so proper court preparation is of great value in obtaining more effective evidence. A quarter of the articles show that contact with the alleged offender or the possibility of contact during the court proceedings provokes excessive tension in the child as a witness. The tension and anxiety cause children to testify less effectively. In 37,5% of the articles, it was shown that the delay in court proceedings is directly related to poor evidence given by children and that this is a common problem in the South African legal system. More than 85% of the articles have shown that there is a reason for insufficient child participation in the South African courts, due to a lack of sufficient resources. The law requires that specific services must be rendered to child witnesses, but due to a lack of resources or misuse of resources, these services are not provided sufficiently. It emerged in 25% of the articles that a lack of adequate support for the family and the child influenced the effectiveness of the evidence provided. Parents of child witnesses cannot provide sufficient support to their child alone, as they themselves do not necessarily have all the answers about court proceedings and in many cases, one of them is the perpetrator. Due to anxiety and stress, highlighted in 75% of the articles, the quality of evidence is affected, because stress levels of the witnessing process affect children's recall of events and memory. It is extremely important to reduce the stress to as little as possible. In 50% ofthe articles, reference is made to secondary victimisation, and it has been shown that it has a tremendous impact on the child's ability to participate meaningfully in court proceedings. What is needed is that staff working in and around the court should receive thorough training and have the necessary awareness to be able to adequately address the issues mentioned above. It is crucial to consider that the factors are not independent of the socio-economic factors that already affect the daily lives of underprivileged children. The article is concluded by providing a list of factors that influence children's participation in the court process in the South African courts. Although the findings and recommendations have been formulated in the form of an article, more empirical research is needed to investigate the factors thoroughly in future studies.

Seksuele misbruik van kinders is 'n epidemie wat die hele samelewing nadelig beïnvloed. Die skuldigbevindingskoers van seksuele oortreders is uitsonderlik laag in Suid-Afrika. Daar is verskeie faktore in die hofproses wat kinders verhoed om doeltreffend in die hof te getuig. Die doel van die ondersoek is om binne die Suid-Afrikaanse regstelsel die hofprosedures waarby kinders betrokke is te ondersoek en die faktore te identifiseer wat kinders beïnvloed as hulle getuienis lewer. Die faktore is deur middel van 'n vlugtige oorsig nagevors. Daar is spesifiek gefokus op eksterne faktore wat verband hou met hofverrigtinge. Daar is gebruik gemaak van verskeie databasisse, naamlik SA Publications, Sabinet, EBSCOhost, LexisNexis en Juta. Die PRISMA-riglyne is gebruik vir kwaliteitversekering van die artikels. Die titel, sowel as die opsomming van die artikels is gelees om te bepaal hoe toepaslik die data is. Daar was twee navorsers betrokke by die studie: die eerste navorser het die studie geloods en die tweede navorser het kwaliteit verseker. Vanuit die finale agt artikels is daar faktore geïdentifiseer en tematies geanaliseer om die eksterne faktore te bepaal. Daar word afgesluit met 'n lys van faktore wat in die Suid-Afrikaanse howe 'n invloed op kinders se deelname aan die hofproses het. Alhoewel die bevindings en aanbevelings in die vorm van 'n artikel geformuleer is, word meer empiriese navorsing benodig om die faktore meer diepgaande te ondersoek.

This article aims to analyse how formulations, politeness, and facework are employed by speakers to achieve specific purposes in courtroom interaction. The theoretical framework is based on the concepts of conversation analysis and forensic linguistics, and the corpus consists of the trial of Jodi Ann Arias, which received widespread media attention in the United States. The excerpts under analysis were taken from the final day of the prosecutor’s cross-examination and from a reporter’s transcript of proceedings, both available on the Internet. It is important to highlight that these devices contribute to construct, enhance, threaten, or weaken people’s image involved in this kind of context.

Este estudo tem o objetivo de analisar o modo como as formulações, polidez e preservação da face são empregadas pelos falantes para a obtenção de objetivos específicos na interação em tribunais. O aporte teórico está fundamentado nos conceitos da Análise da Conversação e da Linguística Forense, e o corpus é formado pelo julgamento de Jodi Ann Arias, que recebeu grande atenção da mídia nos Estados Unidos. Os excertos analisados foram obtidos no último dia de inquirição cruzada do promotor e em uma transcrição do processo, ambas disponíveis na Internet. Vale ressaltar que esses mecanismos contribuem para construir, realçar, ameaçar ou enfraquecer a imagem das pessoas nesse tipo de contexto.

RESUMO Este estudo tem o objetivo de analisar o modo como as formulações, polidez e preservação da face são empregadas pelos falantes para a obtenção de objetivos específicos na interação em tribunais. O aporte teórico está fundamentado nos conceitos da Análise da Conversação e da Linguística Forense, e o corpus é formado pelo julgamento de Jodi Ann Arias, que recebeu grande atenção da mídia nos Estados Unidos. Os excertos analisados foram obtidos no último dia de inquirição cruzada do promotor e em uma transcrição do processo, ambas disponíveis na Internet. Vale ressaltar que esses mecanismos contribuem para construir, realçar, ameaçar ou enfraquecer a imagem das pessoas nesse tipo de contexto.

ABSTRACT This article aims to analyse how formulations, politeness, and facework are employed by speakers to achieve specific purposes in courtroom interaction. The theoretical framework is based on the concepts of conversation analysis and forensic linguistics, and the corpus consists of the trial of Jodi Ann Arias, which received widespread media attention in the United States. The excerpts under analysis were taken from the final day of the prosecutor’s cross-examination and from a reporter’s transcript of proceedings, both available on the Internet. It is important to highlight that these devices contribute to construct, enhance, threaten, or weaken people’s image involved in this kind of context.

Several empirical research studies have shown that cognitive bias can unconsciously distort inferences and interpretations made by judges either at the hearing, ruling or sentencing stage of a court trial and this may result in miscarriages of justice. This article examines how cognitive heuristics affects judicial decision-making with seven common manifestations of heuristics such as availability heuristics, confirmation bias, egocentric bias, anchoring, hindsight bias, framing and representativeness. This article contends that the different manifestations of heuristics pose a potentially serious risk to the quality and objectivity of any criminal case, despite the professional legal training and experience of judges and magistrates. Therefore, suggestions on how best to avoid and minimise the effects of cognitive heuristics, especially within South African courts are proffered. These include creating awareness raising, cross-examination and replacement.

Notwithstanding the acceptance of firearm identification by courts, the scientific community has been reluctant to recognise firearm identification as a reliable method of conclusively establishing a connection between a particular bullet and a particular gun. The National Institute of Justice (NIJ) in the United States (US) has categorised firearm identification as a discipline under forensic science, and forensic science has been described as a "fractured and burdened discipline". In addition, in 2009 the National Academy of Sciences (NAS) concluded that forensic science is broken. With regard to firearm identification, the NAS Report emphasised the need for sufficient studies to be done because this report regarded this type of evidence as unreliable and lacking repeatability. The President's Council of Advisors on Science and Technology (PCAST) Report, released in September 2016, came to a conclusion similar to that of the 2009 NAS Report with regard to forensic science evidence. With regard to firearm identification, the report asserted that firearm identification evidence still "falls short of the scientific criteria for foundational validity". It is disturbing that courts across the globe are using different types of forensic science without subjecting them to scrutiny so as to determine their reliability. In the light of this, reliability and validity have become important factors which demand attention in Anglo-American litigation, even in jurisdictions that do not have a formal reliability standard (such as England and Wales, and South Africa). This article shows the role of cross-examination in establishing the reliability of firearm expert evidence. It also focusses on the role that South African forensic practitioners, prosecutors, defence counsels and presiding officers can play in ensuring the reliability of firearm identification evidence.

Resumen El testimonio infantil en delitos sexuales ha sido un tema investigado. Esta investigación tiene como objetivo, analizar las preguntas del interrogatorio y contrainterrogatorio, realizadas a niños(as) cuando rinden testimonio presumiéndose víctimas de delitos sexuales, bajo un estudio cualitativo con un diseño narrativo. Las unidades de análisis fueron las preguntas que hicieron la Fiscalía, Defensa, ministerio público y el juez en interrogatorio y contrainterrogatorio a niños(as) como víctimas en audiencias de juicio oral. Se contabilizaron 1126 preguntas, clasificadas en dos categorías orientadoras: tipos de preguntas y elementos de apoyo. Respecto a la primera, se generaron los siguientes códigos: preguntas frecuentes y necesarias, de hechos específicos, prohibidas e inadecuadas, aclaratorias del juez, preguntas de opinión del niño(a) y objetadas; la segunda categoría se codificó en los medios electrónicos, los juegos, dibujos anatómicos, láminas y videos. Los datos se analizaron con el software ATLAS.ti 7.5.4. La investigación demuestra que los actores judiciales deben considerar la forma en que hacen las preguntas para cumplir con los mínimos estándares legales, además de preservar el bienestar integral de los niños, niñas y adolescentes (NNA), por lo que se sugiere fomentar la formación en quienes interrogan.

Abstract The testimony of children in sexual crimes has been a subject investigated, but its study is not frequent when children are called as witnesses. The objective of this investigation was to analyze the interrogation and cross-examination questions made to children when they testify presuming victims of sexual crimes. It is a qualitative study, under a Narrative Design. The questions were obtained from eight videos of children giving testimony in oral hearing. The units of analysis were the questions asked by the Office of the Prosecutor, Defense, Public Pros ecutor and the Judge in the practice of the cross-examination and cross-examination. There were 1126 questions, classified into two guiding categories: types of questions and support elements. The data was analyzed with Atlas Ti software. Regarding the types of questions, the following codes were generated: Frequent and necessary questions, questions of specific facts, forbidden and inadequate questions, clarifying questions of the Judge, questions of opinion of the child and questions objected. And regarding the support elements, electronic media, games, anatomical drawings, pictures and videos. The investigation shows that judicial actors must not only consider the way in which they ask questions, in order to comply with the minimum legal standards, but that the children be considered as a psychological subject, whose integral welfare should be preserved, so it is suggested to encourage training in those who question.

General consensus exists that the adversarial nature of the South African criminal procedure with its often aggressive cross-examination of a witness, sometimes by an accused himself, will in most cases expose a child to undue mental stress or suffering when having to testify in court. In confirmation of this fact and with a notion to shield child witnesses from the stress or suffering when having to testify in the presence of an accused the function of an intermediary was introduced with the insertion of section 170A into the Criminal Procedure Act 51 of 1977. In terms of section 170A(1) a court may if it appears to such court that it would expose any witness under the biological or mental age of eighteen years to undue mental stress or suffering if he or she testified at such hearing, appoint a competent person as an intermediary in order for the witness to give evidence through that intermediary. Section 170A(1) contemplates that a child complainant will be assessed prior to testifying in court in order to determine whether the services of an intermediary should be used. If the assessment reveals that the services of an intermediary are needed, then the state must arrange for an intermediary to be available at the commencement of the trail. The aforementioned procedure of section 170A(1) was followed in Kerkhoff v Minister of Justice and Constitutional Development 2011 2 SACR 109 (GP) and is the subject of this discussion.

Resumo: Os programas sociais têm recrutado jovens moradores das periferias sociais, que passam a atuar profissionalmente por meio de políticas culturais, são os chamados educadores sociais. Partindo de uma pesquisa que interrogou as configurações do trabalho nesse contexto específico, apresentamos nesse texto as categorias reconhecimento e mobilidade psicossocial, bem como uma discussão histórico-política sobre educação social. A pesquisa utilizou histórias de vida, observação participante em uma oficina e duas entrevistas com educadores do Programa Fica Vivo! em Minas Gerais, analisadas por meio de categorização em análise cruzada. Percebemos que os processos de segregação que permeiam a relação cidade e alteridade estão presentes nesse cenário.

Abstract: Social programs have been recruiting young residents of social outskirts, who begin to act professionally through cultural policies - these are the social educators. Based on a research that questioned work configurations in this particular context, this text introduces categories such as recognition and psychosocial mobility, as well as a historical-political discussion on social education. The research used life stories, participant observation and two interviews with educators of the Fica Vivo! Program in Minas Gerais. The categorization in cross-examination was used for the analysis. We realize that the segregation processes which permeate the relationship between city and otherness are present in this scenario.

Abstract: Current black TV series can be included in a more global configuration by bearing in mind their relationships with the literary genre of black novel and black cinema. A methodology of “language games”, borrowed from the second Wittgenstein, is used to carry out translations between the “language game” of the novel, the fiction film and the TV series, in a dialogue with the category of “knowledge games” coming from philosophy and sociology. A radical social criticism in connection to an existential and a moral cross-examination is carried out in every “language game” through analogies, but bearing in mind their specificities. Having examined successively a novel (Gone, Baby Gone, Dennis Lehane), a film (In the Valley of Elah, Paul Haggis) and a series (The Killing, American version, Veena Sud), certain displacements produced in these translations were detected. A critique of the conspiracy narrative plot and of the displacements of a perfectionist ethics arises from the analysis of these three works. The researches carried out have an exploratory and programmatic nature.

Resumen: Las series negras actuales pueden ser subsumidas en una configuración más global, tomando en cuenta sus relaciones con el género literario de la novela negra y del cine negro. La metodología de los “juegos de lenguaje”, tomada del segundo Wittgenstein, permite hacer traducciones entre el “juego de lenguaje” de la novela, el del cine de ficción y el de la serie, en diálogo con los “juegos de conocimiento” de la filosofía y de la sociología. Se realiza una crítica social radical, vinculada con una interrogación existencial y moral, en cada “juego de lenguaje” mediante analogías y tomando en cuenta las especificidades. Al examinar sucesivamente una novela (Gone, Baby, Gone, de Dennis Lehane), una película (Dans la vallée d’Elah, de Paul Haggis), y una serie (The Killing, en versión americana, de Veena Sud), se detectan ciertos desplazamientos producidos en estas traducciones. Emerge del análisis de estas tres obras una crítica de la trama narrativa conspiracionista, así como deslizamientos hacia una ética perfeccionista. Las investigaciones propuestas tienen un carácter exploratorio y programático.

The goal of this paper is to make a contribution for scholarly knowledge and jurisprudential development of our country through the presentation of information and the elaboration of arguments to resolve a specific problem that has been highly debated before Chilean courts: the possibility to allow or to deny the defendant (or her lawyer) -according to article 332 of the Criminal Procedural Code- the use of statements made by witnesses and expert witnesses in a trial that was annulled in the new trial that is the consequence of the first one. I will argue that there are no good legal reasons nor of principles and values that inspire our adversarial system that justify an absolute prohibition to use these statements with the goal to confront those witnesses and expert witnesses with their prior inconsistent statements. To achieve this, the paper will propose a conceptual framework to understand the problem (right to confront witnesses and particularly right to cross-examine) and then will elaborate arguments in favor of this position and critically review the arguments against it.

El propósito del artículo es aportar al conocimiento doctrinario y desarrollo jurisprudencial de nuestro país por medio de la presentación de información y elaboración de argumentos para resolver un problema específico que se ha debatido intensamente en la práctica de tribunales: la posibilidad de permitirle o no al acusado (su defensa) -en virtud al artículo 332 del Código Procesal Penal- utilizar las declaraciones prestadas por testigos y peritos en un juicio oral previo anulado en el contexto del desarrollo del nuevo juicio oral que se ha seguido como consecuencia de la anulación del primero. Sostendré que no existen buenas razones legales ni de principios o de valores que inspiran a nuestro sistema acusatorio que justifiquen la prohibición absoluta de utilizar estas declaraciones para efectos de confrontar a esos testigos o peritos con sus declaraciones previas inconsistentes. Para estos efectos, el artículo fijará un marco conceptual para debatir el problema (ubicarlo como una cuestión de derecho de confrontación y, especialmente, de derecho a contraexaminar) y luego se detendrá en la elaboración de argumentos en favor de su uso y en la revisión crítica de los argumentos que usualmente se invocan en su contra.

Se propone una problematización en torno a la pregunta por lo social. Para tal fin, se parte de una matriz conceptual simmeliana, con énfasis en ciertas formas mínimas de lo social. Entre ellas, se destaca y se trabaja con el secreto (que desde cierto sentido común podría considerarse ajeno al ámbito de lo social) y se lo analiza a partir del cuento "Al abrigo", de Juan José Saer. Con esto, no se pretende resolver una discusión por el objeto que se construye desde y para las ciencias sociales, sino plantear humildemente, algunos aspectos insoslayables para tal fin.

Ce travail propose une problématisation autour de la question du social. Pour se faire, il part d'une matrix conceptuelle simmelienne, laquelle met l'accent sur certaines formes primaires du social. Parmi celles-ci, le travail regarde et apprenne le secret (lequel d'un certain sens commun peut étre considéré comme n'appartenant pas au champ du social) et l'analyse á partir du récit « Á l'abri » de Juan José Saer. Avec ceci, on ne prétend pas résoudre une discussion autour de l'Object que Ion construit á partir et pour les sciences sociales, mais on veut proposer humblement quelques aspects inéluctables pour cet objectif.

This paper proposes a cross-examination around the question of the social sphere. To this end, it is assumed a matrix of Georg Simmel's concepts, with emphasis on small social forms. Among them the secret stands out (usually considered, by common sense, as an issue that exists outside the social problems), which is analyzed with the support of Juan José Saer's short story "Al abrigo". In this article there is no intention to resolve a dispute over the object that is built from and for the social sciences, but it is intended, in a humbly way, to propose some unavoidable aspects for this purpose.

The new criminal procedure has incorporated the adversarial model to the criminal trial, in which for the first time the parties are in charge of incorporating evidence in trial. In this context the witness examination, including their impeachment, has been handed over to the parties through cross-examination, its role to filter witness and expert testimony. One of the phases of the cross-examination is impeachment, which requires the correct development of this stage in order for the new model of public trial to produce precise evidence that will decide the litigious issue. This article discusses the possibility of using, during cross-examination, information from an annulled trial in order to discredit the witnesses’ statements in a subsequent trial.

El nuevo proceso penal ha traído aparejada la inclusión de un modelo adversarial de juicio oral, en que por primera vez las partes son las encargadas de incorporar la evidencia al juicio. En ese contexto la examinación de los testigos, incluida su desacreditación, ha quedado entregada a los intervinientes a través del contraexamen, el que cumple el rol de depurar la prueba testimonial y pericial. Un de las fases del contraexamen es la impugnación de la credibilidad, etapa que requiere desarrollarse correctamente para que el nuevo modelo de juicio oral produzca evidencia de calidad para decidir el asunto sometido a juicio. El presente artículo analiza la posibilidad de usar durante el contraexamen, información que emane de un juicio anulado para desacreditar a los declarantes en un posterior juicio de reenvío.

Strategic management ensures organisational performance by creating and shaping effective strategy to outwit competition. Intended strategy and realised strategy do not necessarily coincide, resulting in a performance gap. Various reasons are advanced for this performance gap. Some researchers are of the opinion that this gap is attributable to formulation aspects, while others blame execution barriers. This paper reports on the perceptions of CEOs of four South African life insurers in connection with the strategy-to-performance gap experienced in their respective organisations. The findings illustrate that these organisations ranked the strategy formulation and execution activities in their organisations similarly. However, they ranked the reasons for the breakdown in strategy execution, as well as the factors that would have the greatest impact on the quality of strategy execution, differently. These rankings were not entirely coherent. This study is situated in the interpretivist research philosophy, combining a case study and descriptive survey as method of inquiry and using a questionnaire to collect data. The latter was one of the reported limitations of the study, since the use of a questionnaire prohibited cross-examination of responses. Nevertheless, the study contributes valuable information to organisations, especially life insurers, to minimise the strategy-to-performance gap. competition coincide aspects barriers strategytoperformance similarly However differently coherent philosophy data crossexamination cross examination responses Nevertheless