Resumen: Este artículo se propone como un ensayo-performance, un escrito que resulta de un diálogo sobre la presencia/ausencia de las mujeres negras en la teoría social. Partimos de un diagnóstico de algunas posiciones clave sobre cómo la teoría social ha tratado las demandas identitarias y proponemos una discusión centrada en la idea de interseccionalidad como base para pensar el tema. Para ello, señalamos la importancia de recuperar el sentido crítico de la idea de interseccionalidad como expresión intelectual de la experiencia de las mujeres negras, que han enunciado esta idea incluso sin nombrar el término. Finalmente, desplazamos la idea de interseccionalidad hacia la idea de encrucijada y ofrecemos algunas aportaciones sobre el sentido y la posibilidad de la presencia de las mujeres negras en la teoría social. Resumen ensayoperformance, ensayoperformance ensayo performance, performance ensayo-performance presenciaausencia ausencia tema ello término Finalmente

Resumo: Este artigo propõe-se como ensaio-performance, uma escrita que resulta do diálogo sobre a presença/ausência de mulheres negras na teoria social. Partimos de um diagnóstico de algumas posições-chave sobre como a teoria social tem lidado com as demandas identitárias, e propomos uma discussão centrada na ideia de interseccionalidade como ponto de estofo para pensar a questão. Para tanto, destacamos a importância de recuperar o sentido crítico da ideia de interseccionalidade como expressão intelectual da experiência de mulheres negras, que, mesmo sem nomear o termo, já a enunciavam. Ao final, deslocamos a ideia de interseccionalidade para a ideia de encruzilhada e oferecemos algumas contribuições sobre o sentido e a possibilidade da presença de mulheres negras na teoria social. Resumo propõese propõe se ensaioperformance, ensaioperformance ensaio performance, performance ensaio-performance presençaausência ausência posiçõeschave posições chave identitárias questão tanto termo enunciavam final

Abstract: This article is an essay-performance, a piece of writing resulting from a dialog about the presence/absence of black women in social theory. We start from a diagnosis of some key positions on how social theory has dealt with identity demands and propose a discussion centered on the idea of intersectionality as a basis for thinking about the issue. To this end, we point out the importance of recovering the critical sense of the idea of intersectionality as an intellectual expression of the experience of black women, who have enunciated this idea even without naming the term. Finally, we shift the idea of intersectionality to the idea of crossroads and offer some contributions on the meaning and possibility of the presence of black women in social theory. Abstract essayperformance, essayperformance essay performance, performance essay-performance presenceabsence absence issue end term Finally

RESUMEN Es necesario desarrollar trabajos que centren su interés en el tema de los valores inherentes al proceso de generación del conocimiento, con el fin de fortalecer la formación de los académicos en el postgrado. El artículo forma parte del proyecto en desarrollo “Éticas Aplicadas y Educación” y como instrumento se diseñó un cuestionario administrado a una muestra de 291 profesores e investigadores de una universidad pública mexicana, que laboran en diversas áreas de conocimiento. El análisis se realizó a través de una lectura minuciosa que permitió reconocer y clasificar valores y otros elementos axiológicos, organizados según el porcentaje obtenido. Los resultados evidencian un núcleo estable de valores: Honestidad, Responsabilidad, Integridad Científica, Compromiso y Respeto. Se enfatiza la preocupación por el desarrollo del pensamiento crítico, la visión del trabajo de los académicos como bien social y la necesidad de continuar estudiando para conocer los principios éticos especiales relacionados con los marcos disciplinares.

ABSTRACT We consider that it is necessary to develop work that focuses on the values inherent to the process of creating knowledge, in order to strengthen the training of postgraduate studies scholars. This article arises from an ongoing project called “Applied Ethics and Education”. As a data collection instrument, a questionnaire was applied to a sample of 291 professors and researchers from a Mexican public university, who work in different areas of knowledge. The analysis was carried out through exhaustive reading that allowed values and other axiological elements to be recognized and classified, organized according to the percentage obtained. The results show a stable core of values: Honesty, Responsibility, Scientific Integrity, Commitment and Respect. We highlight the concern with the development of critical thinking, the view of the work of teachers and researchers as a social good and the need to continue investigating the specific ethical principles related to different disciplinary frameworks.

RESUMO É necessário desenvolver trabalhos que se foquem no valores inerentes ao processo de criação de conhecimento, a fim de fortalecer a formação de professores e investigadores de estudos pós-graduados. Este artigo decorre de um projeto em curso denominado “Ética Aplicada e Educação”. Como instrumento de recolha de dados aplicou-se um questionário a uma amostra de 291 professores e investigadores de uma universidade pública mexicana, que atuam em diversas áreas do conhecimento. A análise foi realizada através de uma leitura exaustiva que permitiu reconhecer e classificar valores e outros elementos axiológicos, organizados de acordo com a percentagem obtida. Os resultados mostram um núcleo estável de valores: Honestidade, Responsabilidade, Integridade Científica, Compromisso e Respeito. Destaca-se a preocupação com o desenvolvimento do pensamento crítico, a visão do trabalho dos professores e investigadores como um bem social e a necessidade de continuar a investigar os princípios éticos específicos de cada contexto disciplinar.

Abstract This article aims to demonstrate that the use of intersectionality, as an analytical, political and social strategy, is compatible with a critical and radical reading of criminology, considering LGBT issues as a central point of the implications of violence and vulnerability. Intersectionality is used as a strategy for contemporary criminological thinking, given its analytical potential regarding the intersection of power systems and the production of inequalities. The course of reflections, which has LGBTphobic violence as a starting point, begins with a brief exposition of Brazilian data on homotransphobia and its relations with the intersectional perspective. It then justifies the choice of Patricia Hill Collins and her approach to intersectionality as a critical social theory. It advances the analysis of intersectional thinking as a necessary strategy for contemporary criminological criticism, by repositioning reflections on vulnerability, especially regarding LGBT debates. The results of these discussions leave open possibilities for a paradigm shift in Brazilian critical criminological thinking, which has become accustomed to working with social markers of difference in a generic or isolationist bias, a perspective that can be overcome with the intersectional criminology proposed by Hillary Potter. vulnerability inequalities theory criticism debates bias Potter

Resumo O presente artigo tem como objetivo demonstrar que o uso da interseccionalidade, enquanto estratégia analítica, política e social, se compatibiliza com uma leitura crítica e radical da criminologia, considerando as questões LGBT como ponto central das implicações de violência e vulnerabilidade. A interseccionalidade é empregada como estratégia para o pensamento criminológico contemporâneo, diante do seu potencial analítico quanto ao entrecruzamento dos sistemas de poder e a produção de desigualdades. O percurso das reflexões, que tem a violência LGBTfóbica como ponto de partida, inicia com uma breve exposição de dados brasileiros sobre a homotransfobia e suas relações com a perspectiva interseccional. Em seguida, justifica a escolha de Patrícia Hill Collins e sua abordagem da interseccionalidade como teoria crítica social. Avança na análise do pensamento interseccional como estratégia necessária à crítica criminológica contemporânea, ao reposicionar reflexões sobre vulnerabilidade, especialmente quanto aos debates LGBT’s. Os resultados destas discussões deixam em aberto possibilidades de uma mudança paradigmática no pensamento criminológico crítico brasileiro, que se habituou a trabalhar com marcadores sociais da diferença em um viés genérico ou isolacionista, perspectiva que pode ser superada com a criminologia interseccional proposta por Hillary Potter. analítica social vulnerabilidade contemporâneo desigualdades partida seguida contemporânea LGBTs. LGBTs s. s LGBT’s brasileiro isolacionista Potter

ABSTRACT The territories ofNuestra Américahave been subjected to natural and sociopolitical dynamics that put them at risk. However, governmental authorities have preferred to implement strategies borrowed from the so-called developed countries rather than to develop their own strategies based on local past-experiences and knowledge. Therefore, from the need to reflect on the importance of construct proposals for the integral resilience of the territories, considering the characteristics and potential of local ecosystems and sociocultural aspects, the historical particularities and political ecology aspects stand out. Those are important in the construction or strengthening of resilience in Nuestra América.

RESUMEN Los territorios de Nuestra América han estado sometidos a dinámicas naturales y sociopolíticas que los ponen en riesgo. Sin embargo, las autoridades gubernamentales han preferido implementar estrategias de países considerados desarrollados, en lugar de aprender de las experiencias pasadas y emplear el conocimiento local. Por tanto, a partir de la necesidad de reflexionar sobre la importancia de construir propuestas para la resiliencia integral de los territorios, teniendo en cuenta las características y potencialidades ecosistémicas y socioculturales locales, se destacan las particularidades históricas y los aspectos de ecología política a considerar al pensar en la construcción o fortalecimiento de resiliencia en Nuestra América.

Resumen: Las técnicas de Gianni Rodari y Edward de Bono tienen gran importancia pues promueven el interés del estudiante en el proceso de producción de textos a través de la experimentación, que se logra al aplicar la metodología lúdica y el pensamiento creativo en las aulas. Por esta razón, la investigación tuvo como objetivo analizar las técnicas de Gianni Rodari y Edward De Bono como una estrategia de enseñanza para mejorar el proceso de escritura creativa en estudiantes de educación general básica en Ecuador. El escrito se elaboró empleando un enfoque deductivo, respaldado además por una investigación documental con enfoque cualitativo. No obstante, en cuanto a los resultados obtenidos, se evidenció a través del informe presentado por el Instituto Nacional de Evaluación Educativa en las pruebas Pisa que el promedio de Ecuador en lectura es de 409, lo que lo sitúa en nivel 2 que corresponde al nivel mínimo de competencias. Esto se debe al desconocimiento de técnicas y estrategias innovadoras en el ámbito escolar. Se concluyó que dichas técnicas estimulan la imaginación al tiempo que refuerza la confianza y autoestima del niño o niña, mejora la capacidad comunicativa y de escritura, y desarrolla el pensamiento crítico desde la expresión personal.

Abstract: The techniques of Gianni Rodari and Edward de Bono are of great importance, since they promote the student's interest in the process of text production through experimentation, which is achieved by applying the playful methodology and creative thinking in the classroom. Thus, the research aims to analyze the Techniques of Gianni Rodari and Edward De Bono as a teaching strategy to improve the creative writing process in students of general basic education in Ecuador. It can be indicated that the writing was elaborated using a deductive approach, supported by documentary research with a qualitative approach. However, as for the results obtained, it was evidenced through the report presented by INEVAL in the Pisa tests that Ecuador's average in reading is 409, which places it in level 2, the minimum level of competencies, this is due to the lack of knowledge of innovative techniques and strategies in the school environment. In summary, these techniques stimulate the imagination while reinforcing the child's confidence and self-esteem, improve communication and writing skills, and finally, develop critical thinking through personal expression.

Abstract The conceptualization of peace education has been approached from different paradigms with specific historical and contextual developments, which reveals that the notion of peace is not univocal. This work is based on the recognition of the diverse forms of violence present in Mexico and aims to present a critical reflection on the conceptualization of peace education, as well as to propose a frame of reference for its implementation in the country through the incorporation of feminist and decolonial perspectives that can enrich the approaches to peace education work. First, a conceptualization of the development of peace studies and research, and the way in which peace education has been constructed from more classical perspectives, is presented. Subsequently, these conceptualizations are questioned and expanded from what is known as “other pedagogies”, arguing that thinking about peace and its education from the criteria of experience, tenderness, hope, and resistance is relevant, given that it is necessary to start from the specific ways in which peace is lived, felt and constructed in the Mexican context.

Resumen La conceptualización de la educación para la paz se ha abordado desde diferentes paradigmas con desarrollos históricos y contextuales específicos, lo que pone de manifiesto que la noción de paz no es unívoca. Este trabajo parte del reconocimiento de las diversas formas de violencia presentes en México y tiene como objetivo presentar una reflexión crítica en torno a la conceptualización de la educación para la paz, así como proponer un marco de referencia para su implementación en el país a través de la incorporación de perspectivas feministas y decoloniales que puedan enriquecer los planteamientos del trabajo educativo para la paz. En primer lugar, se presenta una conceptualización del desarrollo de los estudios y la investigación para la paz, y de la manera en que se ha construido la educación para la paz desde perspectivas más clásicas. Posteriormente, se cuestionan y amplían estas conceptualizaciones desde lo que se conoce como “pedagogías otras”, argumentando que pensar la paz y su educación desde los criterios de la experiencia, la ternura, la esperanza y la resistencia es pertinente, dado que es necesario partir de las formas propias en las que se viven, sienten y construyen las paces en el contexto mexicano.

Abstract This article is a critical reflexivity approach of our own ethnographic research on SARS-CoV-2 infection carried out during 2020-2021. Experiences, narratives, interpretations and policies for the diagnosis and control of the circulation of the virus in three cities of different urban scale in Argentina are analyzed here. Carried out in the post-pandemic, our analysis aims to converge experiences, tellings and policies to make significant contributions to the study and understanding of the health phenomenon from social anthropology, offering recommendations for the planning and management of future and probable confinements. We conclude that our contribution as social scientists is the understanding of the health phenomenon within the framework of structural inequalities, emerging the need to plan prevention due to confinement at micro, meso and macro social scales. SARSCoV2 SARSCoV SARS CoV 2 SARS-CoV- 20202021. 20202021 2020 2021. 2021 2020-2021 Experiences narratives here postpandemic, postpandemic post pandemic, pandemic post-pandemic experiences anthropology confinements inequalities micro scales SARS-CoV 2020202 202 2020-202 202020 20 2020-20 20202 2020-2 2020-

Resumen Este artículo es un ejercicio de reflexividad sobre investigaciones etnográficas propias de la infección por SARS-CoV-2 realizadas en 2020-2021. Se analizan aquí experiencias, narrativas y políticas de diagnóstico y control de la circulación del virus en tres ciudades de diferente escala urbana de Argentina. Realizado en la postpandemia, nuestro análisis se propone aportar al estudio del fenómeno sanitario desde la antropología social, ofreciendo recomendaciones para la planificación y gestión de futuros y probables confinamientos. Concluimos que nuestra contribución como científicas sociales es la comprensión del fenómeno sanitario en el marco de desigualdades estructurales, emergiendo la necesidad de planificar la prevención por confinamiento a escalas micro, meso y macro sociales. SARSCoV2 SARSCoV SARS CoV 2 SARS-CoV- 20202021. 20202021 2020 2021. 2021 2020-2021 experiencias Argentina postpandemia social confinamientos estructurales micro SARS-CoV 2020202 202 2020-202 202020 20 2020-20 20202 2020-2 2020-

Abstract In today’s social and political landscape, marked by the rise of neopopulist social players and heightened democratic uncertainty, it becomes imperative to understand the quality of journalism in post-democratic frameworks. The infodemic witnessed amidst the COVID-19 pandemic has underscored the pitfalls of relying on social media as a primary information source able to facilitate the development of fundamental skills necessary for active citizenship within liberal democracies. Given these circumstances, it is essential to analyse the pivotal role of mainstream journalism in countering disinformation and fostering critical thinking among citizens, thereby elevating public interest concerns onto the societal agenda. The primary objective of this research is to assess the quality of the content produced by prominent Spanish newspapers and disseminated to the public via social media. Employing both qualitative and quantitative paradigms as a methodology within the epistemological framework that guides them, we analyse the content’s tendencies and political biases concerning rumours about the coronavirus published by leading national and regional newspapers on their Facebook profiles. The findings of this investigation indicate minimal audience engagement with the posts, prompting further discussions on the kinds of stories that capture public interest while also nurturing critical thinking skills among citizens.

Resumo No contexto social e político em que vivemos, com um incremento de atores sociais neopopulistas e um cenário de instabilidade democrática, é fundamental entender a qualidade do jornalismo na pós-democracia. A situação de infodemia, que vivemos durante a pandemia da COVID-19, ressaltou os aspetos negativos do uso das redes sociais como ferramenta de informação que ajuda a desenvolver as competências básicas para exercer uma cidadania ativa na democracia liberal. Nestas circunstâncias, é fundamental analisar o papel do jornalismo de referência no combate à desinformação e a sua importância no fomento do pensamento crítico da cidadania, para, desse modo, inserir na agenda pública temas de interesse público. O objetivo principal desta investigação é analisar a qualidade do conteúdo produzido por jornais espanhóis de referência e disponibilizado aos cidadãos por meio das redes sociais. Para isso, utilizamos como metodologia os paradigmas qualitativo e quantitativo, centrados no quadro epistemológico em que estão circunscritos, para realizar uma análise ao conteúdo, a sua tendência e viés político relativamente aos boatos sobre o coronavírus publicados pelos jornais de referência no cenário nacional e regional nos seus perfis do Facebook. Os resultados desta investigação revelam uma baixa interação da audiência com as publicações e abrem novas discussões sobre o tipo de matérias que atraem a atenção do público e que, ao mesmo tempo, podem cumprir com a formação e o fomento do pensamento crítico da cidadania.

Resumen Ante los hechos violentos que la población y en particular las mujeres padecen como grupo en México, este trabajo busca sumar al ejercicio crítico de pensar las violencias simbólicas y fácticas, mostrar sus formas de reconocimiento y el trabajo discursivo que apuesta por la vida de las mujeres y la población vulnerable no sólo desde el dolor y la rabia, sino también desde la apuesta por la supervivencia, por las estrategias que permitirían sustraerse al peso avasallador de sus formas, para devenir otras. Este trabajo analiza el trabajo de escritoras que invitan a encontrar en sus reflexiones, historias, relatos y personajes femeninos no sólo a víctimas, sino a subjetividades que evitan por diferentes medios quedar aprisionadas por conceptos que sólo reiteran la violencia en sus cuerpos y en sus vidas.

Abstract Given the violent events that the population and in particular women suffer as a group in Mexico, this work seeks to add to the critical exercise of thinking about symbolic and factual violence, show its forms of recognition and the discursive work that supports the lives of women and vulnerable population not only from pain and anger, but also from the commitment to survival, for the strategies that would allow to escape the overwhelming weight of their forms, to become others. This work analyzes the work of writers who invite us to find in their reflections, stories, tales, and female characters not only victims, but also subjectivities that avoid, through different means, being imprisoned by concepts that only reiterate violence in their bodies and in their lives.

Resumen El doble filo crítico que caracteriza la posición de Silvia Rivera Cusicanqui ayuda a hacer un tratamiento de la modernidad hegemónica y sus expresiones por medio de dos movimientos reflexivos simultáneos: el epistemológico y el político. Silvia no realiza su trabajo de investigación a través de las categorías y las herramientas tradicionales, nacidas en la academia elitista que promueve la esterilización política de las reflexiones gracias a investigaciones hiperespecializadas, o realizadas bajo la lógica del mercado de saberes y que es la lógica imperante en las instituciones universitarias. La pensadora andina se dedica a usar instrumentos teóricos cuya base política sea ya de por sí crítica, es decir, no aborda al colonialismo o al patriarcado sólo como temas, sino que lo hace con posiciones anticolonialistas y antipatriarcales.

Abstract The critical thinking that characterizes Silvia Rivera Cusicanqui’s position helps to make a treatment of hegemonic modernity and its expressions through two simultaneous reflexive movements: the epistemological and the political. Silvia does not carry out her research work through traditional categories and tools, born in the elitist academy that promotes the political sterilization of reflections thanks to hyper-specialized research, or carried out under the logic of the market of knowledge and which is the prevailing logic in university institutions. The Andean thinker is dedicated to using theoretical instruments whose political basis is already critical in itself, that is, she does not approach colonialism or patriarchy only as issues but does so with anti-colonialist and anti-patriarchal positions.

Resumen: Las injusticias epistémicas son aquellas formas de trato injusto que se relacionan con la producción, trasmisión o utilización del conocimiento por parte de los sujetos. El encuadre ético-epistémico y socio-epistémico proporcionado por estas injusticias se vincula con temas que atraviesan las principales tradiciones filosóficas como el pragmatismo, la fenomenología y la teoría crítica. Estas injusticias se interrelacionan, además, con movimientos sociales e intelectuales como el feminismo, la teoría crítica de la raza, los estudios críticos de la discapacidad y las epistemologías decolonizadoras. Sin embargo, existe un cuestionamiento a que las personas con discapacidad no han sido suficientemente abordadas. El presente artículo se posiciona en los debates actuales sobre las injusticias epistémicas y la discapacidad, y tiene como propósito aportar el concepto de “injusticias epistémicas normalizadas”. Partiendo de la constatación de las formas en que se reconocen opresivamente los sujetos con discapacidad, como alejados de la “norma”, establece que existen injusticias epistémicas asociadas con esta identificación. Propone que las injusticias epistémicas normalizadas ocurren en la intersección de dos ámbitos: un sistema hermenéutico capacitista y una agencia epistémica restringida en la que se producen al menos tres tipos de configuraciones: no agencia, agencias epistémicas disminuidas y agencias epistémicas en resistencia. Pensar las injusticias epistémicas considerando el peso de la “normalidad” en la constitución como sujetos de las personas con discapacidad permite reconocer una situación crítica de exclusión epistémica para algunas personas, mientras que otras resisten y luchan por ser comprendidas en los recursos hermenéuticos colectivos.

Abstract: Epistemic injustices refer to those forms of unfair treatment that are related to the production, transmission, or use of knowledge by the subjects. The ethical-epistemic and socio-epistemic framework provided by these injustices is linked to themes that cross the main philosophical traditions such as pragmatism, phenomenology, and critical theory. These injustices are further intertwined with social and intellectual movements such as feminism, critical race theory, critical disability studies, and decolonizing epistemologies. However, there is a question that people with disabilities have not been sufficiently addressed. This article is positioned in the current debates on epistemic injustices and disability, and its purpose is to contribute the concept of "normalized epistemic injustices". Starting from the verification of the ways in which subjects with disabilities are oppressively recognized, as far from the "norm", it establishes that there are epistemic injustices associated with this identification. It proposes that normalized epistemic injustices occur at the intersection of two realms: a capacitist hermeneutic system and a constrained epistemic agency where at least three types of configurations are produced: non-agency; diminished epistemic agencies and epistemic agencies in resistance. Thinking about epistemic injustices considering the weight of "normality" in the constitution as subjects of people with disabilities allows us to recognize a critical situation of epistemic exclusion for some people, while others resist and fight to be understood in collective hermeneutical resources.

Resumo: As injustiças epistêmicas referem-se àquelas formas de tratamento injusto que estão relacionadas à produção, transmissão ou uso do conhecimento pelos sujeitos. O enquadramento ético-epistêmico e socioepistêmico proporcionado por essas injustiças está vinculado a temas que atravessam as principais tradições filosóficas como o pragmatismo, a fenomenologia e a teoria crítica. Essas injustiças estão ainda mais entrelaçadas com movimentos sociais e intelectuais como o feminismo, a teoria crítica da raça, os estudos críticos da deficiência e as epistemologias descolonizadoras. No entanto, há uma questão de que as pessoas com deficiência não foram suficientemente abordadas. Este artigo se posiciona nos debates atuais sobre injustiças epistêmicas e deficiência, e seu objetivo é contribuir com o conceito de "injustiças epistêmicas normalizadas". A partir da verificação das formas como os sujeitos com deficiência são opressivamente reconhecidos, como distantes da "norma", constata-se que existem injustiças epistêmicas associadas a essa identificação. Propõe que injustiças epistêmicas normalizadas ocorrem na interseção de dois domínios: um sistema hermenêutico capacitista e uma agência epistêmica restrita onde pelo menos três tipos de configurações são produzidas: não-agência; agências epistêmicas diminuídas e agências epistêmicas em resistência. Pensar as injustiças epistêmicas considerando o peso da "normalidade" na constituição como sujeitos das pessoas com deficiência permite reconhecer uma situação crítica de exclusão epistêmica para algumas pessoas, enquanto outras resistem e lutam para serem compreendidas em recursos hermenêuticos coletivos.

ABSTRACT Educational changes present a challenge for teachers in terms of how to effectively teach and enhance student performance. Surgery demands manual dexterity that reflects critical thinking and the ability to make efficient decisions quickly in complex situations. Artificial Intelligence (AI) is a tool that can enhance the performance of both undergraduate and graduate students and improve clinical outcomes. The role of traditional teaching and the future of surgical education need to be addressed.

RESUMEN Los cambios en la educación desafían a los profesores sobre cómo enseñar de la mejor manera y mejorar el desempeño de sus estudiantes. En el caso de la cirugía es necesario adquirir habilidades manuales que reflejen el pensamiento crítico y la capacidad de tomar decisiones en situaciones complejas, de manera rápida y eficaz. Así, la inteligencia artificial (IA) es una nueva herramienta que puede mejorar el desempeño de los estudiantes de grado y posgrado, así como repercutir en mejores desenlaces clínicos. El papel que debe desempeñar la enseñanza tradicional y el futuro de la enseñanza quirúrgica son cuestiones para resolver.

The political and social environments in which learners with disabilities live often cause more limitation on the individual abilities of these learners than the disability itself (Capri et al., 2018:2). Likewise, mathematical thinking for learners who are severely mentally disabled is often limited to concretisation or memorisation, which tends to undermine mathematical number sense. This study was undertaken against the background of a lack of methodological guidelines for the teaching of mathematics in the new adapted curriculum for learners who are severely intellectually disabled. Context-rich mathematics tasks for the development of mathematical thinking in learners who are severely intellectually disabled were used during the study. A qualitative research approach was followed in which empirical data were generated through three action research cycles. Data were collected through in-depth discussions, field notes, a literature review and learner work. Vygotsky's (1978:6) sociocultural theory was used as a theoretical framework because it highlights the importance of social interactions and mediated learning. The Reality, Abstraction, Mathematics and Reflection (RAMR) framework of Cooper and Carter (2016:177) is used as a didactic framework for a practical approach to mathematics education in the study. According to the data from in-depth discussions with five educators, learners with intellectual disability are perceived to have limited number sense knowledge. These educators also indicated that their choice of learning tasks only included number facts, arithmetic fluency, memorisation, and teaching with concrete apparatus. Data from the in-depth discussions with two mathematics subject advisors working in special education pointed out educators'limited didactical knowledge for teaching mathematics to learners who are severely intellectually disabled. Based on these data, a teaching intervention was designed and implemented for six months. The purpose was to investigate the effect on participation and learning of changing the researcher's practice to focus on mathematical reasoning in context rich tasks. The lived experiences of the ten learners who were involved in the teaching intervention were included as a background to mathematics problems to design context-rich tasks. The guidelines from the research entail that real-life contexts in which mathematical problem types are embedded are conducive to learning experiences that are rich in discussion for learners who are severely intellectually disabled. Such an approach has the potential to make mathematics more meaningful to learners who are severely intellectually disabled, improve their mastery of contexts, and develop critical thinking. Findings from the action research process can be adapted to similar mathematics teaching practices.

Die politiese en sosiale omgewings waarin leerders met gestremdhede leef, veroorsaak dikwels meer beperking van die individuele vermoëns van dié leerders as die gestremdheid self (Capri et al., 2018:2). Eweneens word wiskundige denke vir leerders wat verstandelik erg gestremd is dikwels tot konkretisering en memorisering beperk, wat neig om begrip te ondermyn. Hierdie studie is onderneem teen die agtergrond van 'n tekort aan metodologiese riglyne vir die onderrig van wiskunde in die nuwe aangepaste kurrikulum vir leerders wat verstandelik erg gestremd is. Konteksryke wiskundetake ter ontwikkeling van wiskundige denke by leerders wat verstandelik erg gestremd is, is tydens die studie gebruik. 'n Kwalitatiewe navorsingsbenadering is gevolg waarin empiriese data gegenereer is deur middel van drie aksienavorsingsiklusse. Data is deur semi-gestruktureerde fokusgroep-onderhoude, veldnotas, 'n literatuuroorsig en leerderwerk ingesamel. Die literatuuroorsig is onderneem om 'n onderrig- en teoretiese raamwerk vir die studie te skep. Vygotsky (1978:6) se sosiokulturele teorie is as teoretiese raamwerk gebruik omdat dit die belangrikheid van sosiale interaksies en bemiddelde leer uitlig. Die Realiteit, Abstraksie, Wiskunde en Refleksie (RAWR)-onderrigraamwerk van Cooper en Carter (2016:177) word as didaktiese raamwerk vir 'n praktiese aanslag tot wiskundeonderrig in die studie aangewend. Volgens die data van die fokusgroeponderhoud met vyf opvoeders, beskik leerders met intellektuele gestremdheid oor beperkte getalbegripkennis. Dié opvoeders het ook aangedui dat hul keuse van leertake slegs getalfeite, rekenvlotheid, memorisering en onderrig met konkrete apparaat insluit. Data uit die fokusgroeponderhoud met twee wiskundespesialiste wat in spesiale onderwys werksaam is, het opvoeders in die navorsingskool se beperkte didaktiese kennis vir wiskundeonderrig aan leerders wat verstandelik erg gestremd is, uitgewys. Gebaseer op hierdie data is 'n onderrigingreep ontwerp en vir ses maande geïmplementeer. Die tien leerders wat by die onderrigingreep betrek is, se geleefde ervaringe is as agtergrond by wiskundeprobleme ingesluit om konteksryke take te ontwerp. Die riglyne wat uit die navorsing spruit, het tot gevolg dat lewensegte kontekste waarin wiskundige probleemtipes ingebed is, nuttig gebruik kan word in gespreksryke leerervarings vir leerders wat verstandelik erg gestremd is. Só 'n benadering het die potensiaal om wiskunde vir leerders wat verstandelik erg gestremd is meer betekenisvol te maak, hulle beheersing van kontekste te verbeter, en kritiese denke te ontwikkel. Bevindinge uit die aksienavorsingsproses kan aangepas word vir soortgelyke wiskundeonderrigpraktyke.

Abstract This essay questions, with regard to medicine, the idea of progress as technological development by focusing on people rather than things. It analyzes how the predominance of such an idea of progress converts today’s societies to techno-fetishism that degrades community life and medical practice, contributing to the medicalization of social life. It is argued that the realization of technological potentialities depends on their forms of use; that the main motive of technological development is unlimited profit and that priority developments are those that enhance the social control that maintains the status quo. The intelligence as an intelligence quotient is criticized by proposing it as an attribute of the human being as a whole, manifested in the ways of thinking and proceeding of people in their circumstances, where affectivity and critical thinking are essential for their development; it is emphasized that its antecedent is the harmonic concert of planetary life that contrasts with the prevailing human disharmony. It is proposed that artificial intelligence is the most recent creation of techno-fetishism that deposits vital attributes in technology and that its forms of use will accentuate the degradation of human and planetary life. Another idea of medical progress is proposed, based on forms of organization conducive to the development of inquisitive, critical and collaborative skills that promote permanent improvement, whose distant horizon is dignifying progress: spiritual, intellectual, moral and convivial sublimation of collectivities in harmony with the planetary ecosystem.

Resumen Este ensayo cuestiona, a propósito de la medicina, la idea de progreso como desarrollo tecnológico al centrarlo en las personas y no en las cosas. Se analiza cómo el predominio de tal idea de progreso convierte a las sociedades actuales al tecno-fetichismo que degrada la vida comunitaria y la práctica médica contribuyendo a la medicalización de la vida social. Se argumenta que la realización de las potencialidades tecnológicas depende de sus formas de uso, que el móvil principal del desarrollo tecnológico es el lucro sin límites, y que los desarrollos prioritarios son los que potencian el control social que mantiene el statu quo. Se critica la idea de inteligencia como cociente intelectual al proponerla como atributo del ser humano como un todo, manifiesto en las formas pensar y proceder de las personas en sus circunstancias, donde la afectividad y el pensamiento crítico son imprescindibles para su desarrollo. Se destaca que su antecedente es el concierto armónico de la vida planetaria contrastante con la disarmonía humana imperante. Se plantea que la inteligencia artificial es la más reciente hechura del tecno-fetichismo que deposita en la tecnología atributos vitales, y que sus formas de uso acentuarán la degradación de la vida humana y planetaria. Se propone otra idea de progreso médico basado en formas de organización propicias para el desarrollo de aptitudes inquisitivas, críticas y colaborativas que impulsen la superación permanente, cuyo horizonte lejano es el progreso dignificante: sublimación espiritual, intelectual, moral y convivencial de las colectividades en armonía con el ecosistema planetario.

Resumen Este ensayo cuestiona, a propósito de la medicina, la idea de progreso como desarrollo tecnológico al centrarlo en las personas no en las cosas. Se analiza cómo el predominio de tal idea de progreso convierte a las sociedades actuales al tecno-fetichismo que degrada la vida comunitaria y la práctica médica contribuyendo a la medicalización de la vida social. Se argumenta: que la realización de las potencialidades tecnológicas depende de sus formas de uso; que el móvil principal del desarrollo tecnológico es el lucro sin límites y que los desarrollos prioritarios son los que potencian el control social que mantiene el statu quo. Se critica la idea de inteligencia como cociente intelectual al proponerla como atributo del ser humano como un todo, manifiesto en las formas pensar y proceder de las personas en sus circunstancias, donde la afectividad y el pensamiento crítico son imprescindibles para su desarrollo. Se destaca que su antecedente es el concierto armónico de la vida planetaria contrastante con la disarmonía humana imperante. Se plantea que la inteligencia artificial es la más reciente hechura del tecno-fetichismo que deposita en la tecnología atributos vitales y que sus formas de uso acentuarán la degradación de la vida humana y planetaria. Se propone otra idea de progreso médico basado en formas de organización propicias para el desarrollo de aptitudes inquisitivas, críticas y colaborativas que impulsen la superación permanente, cuyo horizonte lejano es el progreso dignificante: sublimación espiritual, intelectual, moral y convivencial de las colectividades en armonía con el ecosistema planetario.

Abstract This essay challenges the idea of progress as technological development in relation to medicine by focusing on people rather than things. It analyzes how the prevalence of such an idea of progress leads contemporary societies to a technofetishism that degrades community life and medical practice, contributing to the medicalization of social life. It is argued that the realization of technological potentialities depends on their forms of use, that the main motive of technological development is unlimited profit, and the priority developments are those that enhance social control which maintains the status quo. Intelligence as an intelligence quotient is criticized by proposing it as an attribute of the human being as a whole, manifested in the ways of thinking and acting of human beings in their circumstances, where affectivity and critical thinking are essential for their development; it is emphasized that its antecedent is the harmonic concert of planetary life, which contrasts with the prevailing human disharmony. It is proposed that artificial intelligence is the latest creation of technofetishism, which deposits vital attributes in technology, and that its use will accentuate the degradation of human and planetary life. Another idea of medical progress is proposed, based on forms of organization that is conducive to the development of inquisitive, critical, and collaborative skills that promote permanent improvement, whose distant horizon is dignified progress: the spiritual, intellectual, moral, and convivial sublimation of collectivities in harmony with the planetary ecosystem.