Abstract Undernutrition occurs when there is poor intake or assimilation of energy and nutrients. If undernutrition is established within the first years of life, the health consequences are devastating. Early treatment of undernutrition is critical to reduce these consequences and milk plays an important role in this treatment. Cow's milk is an excellent food due to the content and quality of its macro- and micronutrients. This has led to a steady increase in research and the use of milk in treating undernutrition since the beginning of the 20th century. In Chile, child undernutrition was practically eradicated between the decades of 1960 and 1980 due to the successful application of maternal and child public policies, within which the product Leche Purita was fundamental. However, the history of milk as part of nutritional policies in Chile began much earlier. Commemorating fifty years since the introduction of Leche Purita, we aim to summarize the historical importance of milk in Chile's nutritional policies. We emphasize Leche Purita's role in eradicating child undernutrition and reducing anemia among children.

Resumen La desnutrición ocurre cuando hay una ingesta o asimilación deficiente de la energía y los nutrientes. Si esta se produce dentro de los primeros años de vida, las consecuencias para la salud son devastadoras. El tratamiento temprano de la desnutrición es clave para reducir estas consecuencias y en este proceso la leche tiene una participación destacada. La leche es un excelente alimento debido al contenido y calidad de sus macro- y micronutrientes, lo que ha llevado a que la investigación y el uso de la leche en el tratamiento de la desnutrición hayan aumentado sostenidamente desde comienzos del siglo XX. En Chile, la desnutrición infantil fue prácticamente erradicada entre los años 1960 y 1980 debido a la aplicación exitosa de una serie de políticas públicas materno-infantiles, dentro de las cuales la Leche Purita fue fundamental. Sin embargo, la historia de la leche como parte de las políticas nutricionales en Chile comenzó mucho antes. Conmemorando los cincuenta años desde el nacimiento de Leche Purita, el objetivo de este trabajo es realizar un breve repaso acerca de la importancia histórica de la leche en las políticas nutricionales en Chile, enfatizando la contribución realizada por la Leche Purita a la erradicación de la desnutrición infantil y a la disminución de la anemia en niños.

Abstract The aim of this study was to characterize in the retail outlets the marketing strategies used in food and non-alcoholic beverages aimed at children, adolescents, and their parents or guardians (shoppers) which influence the purchase of products of high energy content and low nutritional value in Costa Rica. Data collection was carried out in 2018 with an observation guide applied at the retail outlets (RO) (n: 12) and a questionnaire aimed at parents or guardians (shoppers) (n: 72) of the child and adolescent population. The study found that the marketing strategy most frequently used in the entry, cash and exit area the retail outlets was price reduction (79,0, 87.5 and 88,0%, respectively).There is a frequent and varied use of marketing strategies in retail outlets for calorie-dense food products with an excess of critical nutrients that are relevant in public health due to their association with obesity and non-communicable diseases.

Resumen El objetivo del presente estudio fue caracterizar en los puntos de venta de Costa Rica las estrategias de mercadeo utilizadas en alimentos y bebidas no alcohólicas dirigidas a la población infantil, adolescente y a sus padres o tutores (compradores), que influyen en la compra de productos de alto contenido energético y bajo valor nutricional. La recolección de datos se realizó en el 2018 mediante una guía de observación aplicada al punto de venta (n:12) y un cuestionario dirigido a los padres o tutores (n: 72) de la población infantil y adolescente. Se encontró que la estrategia de mercadeo utilizada con mayor frecuencia en el área de entrada, caja y salida del punto de venta fue la reducción de precios (79,0; 87,5 y 88,0%, respectivamente). En los puntos de venta existe un empleo frecuente y variado de estrategias de mercadeo de productos alimenticios densamente calóricos y con un exceso de nutrientes críticos que son relevantes en salud pública por su asociación con la obesidad y enfermedades no transmisibles.

Abstract In this research, we utilized multivariate analysis to evaluate the efficient removal of nitrogen and phosphorus from synthetic aquaculture water using the electrocoagulation process. The elimination of nitrogen and phosphorus is a critical issue in various wastewater treatment plants and aquaculture systems, especially in instances of intensive or super-intensive cultivation. To avert the buildup of pollutants in the water, be it within internal recirculation systems or bodies of water receiving effluents from rearing tanks, it is imperative to employ treatment methodologies designed to effectively eliminate nitrogen and phosphorus nutrients. These nutrients have the potential to induce eutrophication in aquatic ecosystems. However, conventional biological treatment technologies can be ineffective, as they often only remove one pollutant or the other. Furthermore, the individual operations for these systems are complex and require substantial space. Electrocoagulation is a compact and promising technology for treating aquaculture water and effluents for raw nutrient removal. In this context, our findings showcase the simultaneous removal of both nitrogen and phosphorus through the electrocoagulation method. The best treatment was verified for the highest electrical current density (74 A. m-2), the shortest distance between electrodes (4 cm), and the lowest electrolysis time (50 min). In these conditions, the efficiency removal in ammonia nitrogen and total phosphorus were 30.5% and 100% respectively. research process superintensive super cultivation tanks ecosystems However ineffective other Furthermore space context method 74 (7 A m2, m2 m 2 , m-2) 4 ( cm, cm cm) 50 (5 min. min . min) conditions 305 30 5 30.5 100 respectively 7 m-2 3 30. 10 m- 1

Resumo Neste estudo, empregamos a análise multivariada para avaliar a eficiência da remoção de nitrogênio e fósforo da água sintética de aquicultura por meio do processo de eletrocoagulação. A preocupação com a remoção desses elementos é crucial na aquicultura, independentemente do sistema de cultivo ser extensivo, intensivo ou superintensivo, uma vez que esses nutrientes podem propiciar o crescimento excessivo de algas e o desenvolvimento de microrganismos que degradam a matéria orgânica, resultando em eutrofização. Esse fenômeno, por sua vez, aumenta a demanda bioquímica de oxigênio, modifica o pH, libera toxinas e, potencialmente, causa a morte de peixes. As abordagens convencionais de tratamento biológico, muitas vezes, revelam-se ineficazes, focando apenas na remoção de um tipo específico de poluente. Além disso, esses sistemas demandam operações individuais complexas e ocupam considerável espaço. Por outro lado, a eletrocoagulação se destaca como uma tecnologia compacta e promissora para o tratamento de água na aquicultura, visando a remoção eficaz de nutrientes brutos. Os resultados obtidos indicam uma notável remoção simultânea de nitrogênio e fósforo por meio da eletrocoagulação. O tratamento mais eficaz foi observado com a maior densidade de corrente elétrica (74 A.m-2), a menor distância entre os eletrodos (4 cm) e o menor tempo de eletrólise (50 min). Nessas condições, as eficiências na remoção de nitrogênio amoniacal e fósforo total alcançaram respectivamente 30,5% e 100%. estudo extensivo superintensivo orgânica eutrofização fenômeno oxigênio pH potencialmente peixes biológico vezes revelamse revelam ineficazes poluente disso espaço lado brutos 74 (7 A.m2, Am2 Am A.m 2 , m A.m-2) 4 ( cm 50 (5 min. min . min) condições 305 30 5 30,5 100 100% 7 m2 A.m2 A.m-2 3 30, 10 A.m- 1

ABSTRACT The sweet potato yield in Brazil remains significantly below the crop potential, primarily due to either the absence or inadequate application of fertilizers. This study aimed to assess the sweet potato yield, soil potassium availability, nutrient uptake in shoots, storage roots and whole plant, as well as the correlation between nutrients, with increasing rates (0, 50, 100, 200 and 350 kg ha−1) of K2O, in Humic Cambisol. After harvesting, the total and marketable yield of storage roots, soil available K levels, and nutrient contents in shoots, storage roots and whole plant were assessed. The maximum efficiency was achieved at 229 kg ha−1 of K2O, while the economically optimum rate was observed at 171 kg ha−1 of K2O. The sweet potato’s response to the potassium fertilizer application in Humic Cambisol tends to diminish if the available K content exceeds 146 mg dm−13. The use of KCl as a K source may induce a reduced sulfur absorption, probably due to the antagonistic effect between Cl−1 and SO42−. potential fertilizers availability shoots nutrients 0, 0 (0 50 100 20 35 ha1 ha 1 K2O KO O harvesting levels assessed 22 ha− 17 potatos s 14 dm13 dm 13 dm−13 absorption Cl1 Cl Cl− SO42 SO SO42− ( 5 10 2 3 dm1 dm−1 SO4 dm−

RESUMO O rendimento de batata-doce no Brasil está bem abaixo do potencial da cultura, sendo uma das razões a ausência ou adubação inadequada. Objetivou-se avaliar o rendimento de batata-doce, disponibilidade de potássio no solo, absorção de nutrientes pela parte aérea, raiz tuberosa e planta inteira, e a correlação entre nutrientes, em função de doses crescentes (0, 50, 100, 200 e 350 kg ha−1) de K2O, em Cambissolo Húmico. Após a colheita, foram avaliados o rendimento total e comercial das raízes tuberosas, o teor de K disponível no solo e os teores de nutrientes na parte aérea, raízes tuberosas e planta inteira. A máxima eficiência foi obtida com a dose de 229 kg ha−1 de K2O, e a máxima eficiência econômica com a dose de 171 kg ha−1 de K2O. A resposta da batata-doce à aplicação de adubação potássica em Cambissolo Húmico tende a diminuir se o teor de K disponível for superior a 146 mg dm−13. O uso de KCl como fonte de K pode induzir menor absorção de enxofre, provavelmente em função do efeito antagônico entre o Cl−1 e o SO42−. batatadoce batata doce cultura inadequada Objetivouse Objetivou batatadoce, doce, aérea inteira 0, 0 (0 50 100 20 35 ha1 ha 1 K2O KO colheita 22 ha− 17 14 dm13 dm 13 dm−13 enxofre Cl1 Cl Cl− SO42 SO SO42− ( 5 10 2 3 dm1 dm−1 SO4 dm−

ABSTRACT Introduction: Breastfeeding is a protective factor against childhood obesity; however, its association with the intake of critical nutrients in the development of obesity is unknown. Objective: To analyze the association between the duration of breastfeeding with the intake of total sugar, added sugar and total fat in the diet of children aged 5 to 8 years. Methods: A cross-temporal correlational study was carried out in 62 boys and girls from 5 to 8 years old and their tutors. Sugar and fat intake was obtained through two 24 h recalls, analyzed with Food Processor® software. The duration of breastfeeding was evaluated by asking the tutors and the association with fat and sugar intake was determined with the Spearman correlation coefficient. Results: The average age of the boys and girls was 6.4 ± 0.9 years and that of the tutors was 34.2 ± 7.2 years. 43.5% received exclusive breastfeeding and the average duration was 18.1 ± 12.7 months. High daily consumption of sugars was observed (90.7 ± 37.4 g), the average total fat consumption was 48.9 ± 22.4 g. No correlation was evident between the duration of lactation and the intake of sugars and total fat. Conclusions: The duration of breastfeeding was not associated with the intake of total sugar, added sugar, and dietary fat, critical nutrients for the development of childhood obesity.

RESUMEN Introducción: La lactancia materna es un factor protector contra la obesidad infantil, sin embargo, se desconoce su asociación con la ingesta de nutrientes críticos en el desarrollo de la obesidad. Objetivo: Analizar la asociación entre la duración de la lactancia con la ingesta de azúcar total, azúcar añadida y grasa total de la dieta de escolares de 5 a 8 años. Métodos: Estudio correlacional de temporalidad transversal. Participaron un total de 62 niños y niñas de 5 a 8 años y sus tutores. La ingesta de azúcares y grasa se obtuvo mediante dos recordatorios de 24 h, analizados con el software Food Processor®. La duración de la lactancia se evaluó mediante preguntas a los tutores y su asociación con la ingesta de grasa y azúcares se determinó con el coeficiente de correlación de Spearman. Resultados: La edad promedio de los niños y niñas fue de 6,4 ± 0,9 años y de los tutores 34,2 ± 7,2 años. El 43,5 % recibió lactancia exclusiva y la duración promedio fue de 18,1 ± 12,7 meses. Se observó un elevado consumo diario de azúcares (90,7 ± 37,4 g), el promedio de consumo de grasa total fue de 48,9 ± 22,4 g. No se evidenció correlación entre la duración de la lactancia y la ingesta de azúcares y grasa total. Conclusiones: La duración de la lactancia materna no se asoció con la ingesta de azúcar total, añadida y grasas de la dieta, nutrientes críticos para el desarrollo de la obesidad infantil.

Abstract Selection and genetic progress have led to the modification of the female profile, and prolificacy has become the main trait. Consequently, fetal development was affected by the increased number of piglets, resulting in higher uterine competition for nutrients and space. This study aimed to analyze the effects of glutamine and vitamin A supplementation on embryonic and fetal survival and their influence on the reproductive and productive performance of females. We selected 71 females from Large White X Landrace X Meishan X Jianjing crosses from different orders of parturition for uniform distribution between treatments, divided into two groups. Glutamine and vitamin A supplementation during periods considered critical for gestation was effective in terms of placental color, resulting in darker placentas, which could mean higher vascularization. The inclusion of glutamine and vitamin A influenced less variability in stillborn per litter and intra-litter birth weight of liveborn piglets. The treatment did not influence the mean birth weight of piglets but supplementation reduced the percentage of light piglets (≤ 1000 g) in high and low prolificacy females. profile trait Consequently space 7 treatments groups color placentas vascularization intralitter intra ≤ ( 100 g 10 1

Resumo Com a seleção e progresso genético, o perfil das fêmeas foi modificado e a prolificidade tornou-se a principal característica. Como consequência, o desenvolvimento fetal foi afetado pelo aumento do número de leitões, o que resultou em maior competição uterina por nutrientes e espaço. O objetivo deste estudo foi analisar os efeitos da suplementação de glutamina e vitamina A na sobrevivência embrionária e fetal e sua influência no desempenho reprodutivo e produtivo de fêmeas. Foram selecionadas 71 fêmeas, oriundas dos cruzamentos Large White X Landrace X Meishan X Jianjing, de diferentes ordens de parto (OP) para a distribuição uniforme entre os tratamentos divididos em dois grupos. A suplementação de glutamina e vitamina A em períodos considerados críticos para a gestação mostrou-se efetiva neste estudo, em termos de coloração placentária, resultando em placentas mais escuras, o que poderia significar maior vascularização. A inclusão de glutamina e vitamina A influenciou em menos variabilidade em Natimortos por Leitegada (NL) e no Peso ao Nascer intra-leitegada dos Leitões Nascidos Vivos (PNLNV). Embora o tratamento não tenha influenciado o Peso Médio ao Nascer dos Leitões (PMNL), a suplementação reduziu a porcentagem de leitões leves (≤ 1000 g) em fêmeas de alta e baixa prolificidade. genético tornouse tornou se característica consequência espaço 7 Jianjing OP (OP grupos mostrouse mostrou placentária escuras vascularização NL (NL intraleitegada intra leitegada PNLNV. PNLNV . (PNLNV) PMNL, PMNL , (PMNL) ≤ ( 100 g (PNLNV (PMNL 10 1

ABSTRACT OBJECTIVE To analyze the consumption of critical nutrients and other sweeteners, according to the degree of food processing in the population of Antioquia. METHODS Cross-Sectional Study. The dietary intake of 4,382 participants of the Perfil Alimentario y Nutricional de Antioquia 2019 (Antioquia Food and Nutrition Profile 2019) was evaluated. Processed foods (PF) and ultra-processed products (UPP) reported by 24-hour recall were classified according to the Nova system. The Nutrient Profile Model (NPM) of the Pan American Health Organization (PAHO) was used. The amount of PF and UPP consumed with excess of critical nutrients related to chronic diseases (CD) was measured. The difference in average intake, the prevalence of excess intake, and the likelihood of inadequacy between groups with and without excess dietary content were assessed. RESULTS Nearly 50% of the PF and UPP consumed had excess in at least one critical nutrient. The population consumed daily one or more products with excess in free sugar (73.3%), total fat (75.2%), saturated fat (77.0%), sodium (83.9%), and/or sweeteners (36.8%). Those who consumed products with excessive amounts had a higher intake of total fat (> 5.8%); saturated fat (> 3.8%); and sodium (> 698.7 mg) in adults and adolescents, in children 5–10 years (> 659.2 mg), and in children under 5 years (> 498 mg). Those who consumed products with excessive amounts presented the greatest possibilities of dietary inadequacy. CONCLUSION The population of Antioquia that consumes PF and UPP with excessive amounts of free sugars, total fat, saturated fat, sodium, and/or sweeteners presents an unbalanced diet. Reducing the consumption of these products and returning to a natural and/or minimally processed diet may be an effective strategy to achieve the nutrient intake recommendations prioritized by PAHO in the population of Antioquia.

RESUMEN OBJETIVO Analizar el consumo de nutrientes críticos y otros edulcorantes, según el grado de procesamiento de los alimentos en la población Antioqueña. MÉTODOS En este estudio transversal, se evaluó el consumo alimentario de 4,382 participantes del Perfil Alimentario y Nutricional de Antioquia 2019. Los alimentos procesados (AP) y productos ultraprocesados (PUP) informados por recordatorio de 24 horas se clasificaron según sistema Nova. Se usó el Modelo de Perfil de Nutrientes (MPN) de la Organización Panamericana de la Salud (OPS). Se midió la cantidad de AP y PUP consumidos con exceso en nutrientes críticos, relacionados con las enfermedades crónicas (EC). Se evaluó la diferencia en el consumo promedio, la prevalencia del consumo excesivo, y las posibilidades de inadecuación entre los grupos que tenían una dieta con y sin contenido excesivo. RESULTADOS Cerca del 50% de los AP y PUP consumidos presentaba exceso en al menos un nutriente crítico. La población consumió diariamente uno o más productos con exceso en azúcar libre (73.3%), grasa total (75.2%), grasa saturada (77.0%), sodio (83.9%) y/o edulcorantes (36.8%). Quienes consumían productos con cantidades excesivas tenían una mayor ingesta de grasas totales (> 5.8%); grasas saturadas (> 3.8%); y sodio (> 698.7 mg) en adultos y adolescentes, en niños de 5–10 años (> 659.2 mg), y en menores de 5 años (> 498 mg). Quienes consumieron productos con cantidades excesivas presentaron las mayores posibilidades de inadecuación en la dieta. CONCLUSIÓN La población antioqueña que consume AP y PUP con cantidades excesivas de azúcares libres, grasas totales, grasas saturadas, sodio y/o edulcorantes, presenta una dieta desbalanceada. Reducir el consumo de estos productos y volver a una dieta natural y/o mínimamente procesada puede ser una estrategia efectiva para alcanzar las recomendaciones de ingesta de nutrientes priorizados por OPS en la población antioqueña.

Abstract Introduction: knowledge about the availability of regional raw materials, together with socio-technological and educational strategies, are useful for an optimal supply of nutrients in the diet. The objective of this study was to identify local raw materials and by-products from the central Chaco region that could be useful to cover nutritional deficiencies during the complementary feeding stage. Materials and method: for this purpose, an instrument was designed to survey the productive referents about the type and destination of agricultural activity, geographical location, description of production, availability, technological processes, and production capacity/volume, among others. The products were analysed according to their contribution of critical nutrients for children aged 6 to 24 months (calcium, iron, vitamins A, D, and E) using chemical composition tables and a bibliographic search. The technical data sheet designed had 4 sections and 29 items: General Data (8 items), Agriculture, Livestock, and By-products (7 each). Results: 50 local producers supplied the department of Comandante Fernández. It was observed that the main activity in the region was agriculture, representing 32%; of these, 78% of the production corresponded to vegetables and 22% to seasonal fruits. This was followed by mixed activities at 26% and the production of by-products at 22% (63 different types). To a lesser extent, livestock and other activities accounted for 12% and 8%, respectively. Possible nutrient sources were identified such as pumpkins and sweet potatoes (vitamin A), chard and angola pumpkin (vitamin E), egg yolk, beef and blood sausage (iron), cheese, ricotta, arugula and chard (calcium), egg (vitamin D). Conclusion: it is concluded that the region has a variety of local products as primary sources of critical nutrients for direct consumption and technological development of possible formulations.

Resumen Introducción: el conocimiento acerca de la disponibilidad de materias primas regionales, junto con estrategias socio-tecnológicas y educativas, resultan útiles para un aporte óptimo de nutrientes en la dieta. El objetivo del estudio fue identificar las materias primas y subproductos locales de la región centro chaqueña, que podrían resultar útiles para cubrir deficiencias nutricionales durante la etapa de alimentación complementaria. Materiales y método: se diseñó un instrumento para encuestar a los referentes productivos acerca del tipo y destino de la actividad agropecuaria, ubicación geográfica, descripción de la producción, disponibilidad, procesos tecnológicos, capacidad/volumen de producción, entre otros. Se analizaron los productos en función de su aporte en nutrientes críticos para niños de 6 a 24 meses (calcio, hierro, vitaminas A, D y E) mediante tablas de composición química y búsqueda bibliográfica. La ficha técnica diseñada contó con 4 secciones y 29 ítems: datos generales (8 ítems), agricultura, ganadería y subproductos (7 cada una). Resultados: se trabajó con 50 productores locales que abastecían el departamento Comandante Fernández. Se observó que la principal actividad en la región fue la agricultura, representando un 32%; de éstos, el 78% de la producción correspondió a vegetales y el 22% a frutas de estación. Le siguieron las actividades mixtas en un 26% y la elaboración de subproductos en un 22% (63 tipos diferentes). En menor proporción, se encontró la actividad ganadera y otras actividades representando un 12% y 8%, respectivamente. Se identificaron como posibles alimentos fuentes de nutrientes al zapallo y batata (vitamina A), acelga y zapallo angola (vitamina E), yema de huevo, carne vacuna y morcilla (hierro), quesos, ricota, rúcula y acelga (calcio), huevo (vitamina D). Conclusiones: se concluye que la región cuenta con variedad de productos locales como fuentes primarias de nutrientes críticos para el consumo directo y desarrollo tecnológico de posibles formulaciones.

Abstract Morandeira, N. S.; M. P. Gayol & D. S. Ceballos. 2023. Nutrient limitation in the Lower Paraná River floodplain: leaf nitrogen and phosphorus analyses in macrophytes. Darwiniana, nueva serie 11(1): 155-166. Nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P) are the most limiting nutrients in natural freshwater wetlands. Flooded marshes dominate in the freshwater wetlands of the Lower Paraná River floodplain (Argentina). The leaf N and P concentration and the N:P ratios were assessed as a first approach to evaluate the nature of nutrient limitation. A total of 96 sites and 131 dominant plant populations (belonging to 50 herbaceous macrophyte species) were sampled in medium hydrometric level conditions. The interspecific variability of leaf nutrients was higher than the intraspecific variability. Foliar N ranged from 0.5% to 5.3%, while foliar P ranged from 0.1% to 0.5%. Leaf N:P was 9.3 ± 4.3 (mean ± standard deviation), suggesting N-limitation for most of the plant populations -under the assumption of the validity of the critical N:P thresholds previously proposed (N:P < 10 for N limitation, N:P > 20 for P limitation). Neither the leaf nutrients nor the N:P were affected by the flooding frequency, hydrometric water level, or wetland landscape unit/subunit location. The species identity accounted for most of the leaf nutrient and N:P variability, followed by the sampling date for P and N:P levels. This study provides a baseline on the nature of nutrient limitation, mainly by N, in plants of the Lower Paraná River floodplain. Future surveys or experiments could address the variations of leaf nutrients and nutrient limitation in contrasting hydrological conditions.

Resumen Morandeira, N. S.; M. P. Gayol & D. S. Ceballos. 2023. Limitación por nutrientes en la planicie de inundación del Bajo Río Paraná: análisis de nitrógeno y fósforo foliares en macrófitas. Darwiniana, nueva serie 11(1): 155-166. El nitrógeno (N) y el fósforo (P) son los nutrientes más limitantes en humedales naturales de aguas dulces. En la planicie de inundación del Bajo Río Paraná (Argentina) predomina la vegetación herbácea inundable. Como primer abordaje para conocer la naturaleza de la limitación por nutrientes, se evaluaron las concentraciones de N y P foliar y los cocientes N:P. En condiciones hidrométricas medias, se relevaron 96 sitios y 131 poblaciones dominantes pertenecientes a 50 especies de macrófitas. La variabilidad interespecífica de los nutrientes foliares fue mayor que la variabilidad intraespecífica. El N foliar varió entre 0,5% y 5,3%, mientras que el P foliar varió entre 0,1% y 0,5%. El N:P fue de 9,3 ± 4,3 (media ± desvío estándar). La mayor parte de las poblaciones estarían limitadas por N, bajo el supuesto de que los umbrales críticos de N:P propuestos en estudios previos son válidos en estos ecosistemas (N:P < 10 para limitación por N; N:P > 20 para limitación por P). Ni los nutrientes foliares ni el N:P fueron afectados por la frecuencia de inundación histórica, el nivel hidrométrico en la fecha de muestreo o la localización del sitio en una dada unidad/subunidad de paisaje de humedal. La mayor variabilidad en los niveles de nutrientes foliares fue explicada por la identidad de las especies, seguida de la fecha de muestreo para P y N:P. El presente estudio representa una línea de base sobre la naturaleza de la limitación por nutrientes, principalmente por N, en humedales del Bajo Río Paraná. En futuros relevamientos o experimentos, sería de interés analizar cómo varían los nutrientes foliares y la limitación por nutrientes en condiciones hidrológicas contrastantes.

ABSTRACT The objective was to describe the characteristics and nutritional profile of processed foods and beverages advertised during child protection hours (6 am to 10 pm, according to Peruvian regulations) on the two channels with the largest audience on Peruvian television. In this cross-sectional study, 448 hours of television content on 14 random days from 6:00 am to 10:00 pm between January and February 2021 were recorded and 2061 advertisements for processed foods and beverages were identified. The time frame with the most publicity for these foods was between 2:00 pm. and 6:00 pm. (33,9%). The most advertised categories were beverages (41,7%) and confectionery (17,8%). 46,9% of foods exceeded at least one of the technical parameters evaluated in the first stage of the Peruvian law (total sugar, saturated fat, or sodium) and 88,4% would do so in the second stage. The majority of advertised foods and beverages were processed, and most of these exceed critical nutrient parameters.

RESUMEN El objetivo fue describir las características y el perfil nutricional de los alimentos y bebidas procesados publicitados durante el horario de protección al menor (6 am a 10 pm, según la regulación peruana) los dos canales de mayor audiencia de la televisión peruana. En este estudio transversal se grabaron 448 horas de contenido televisivo de 14 días aleatorios de 6:00 am a 10:00 pm, entre enero y febrero del 2021, donde se identificaron 2061 anuncios de alimentos y bebidas procesados. Entre 2:00 pm y 6:00 pm (33,9%) hubo mayor publicidad de alimentos. Las categorías más publicitadas fueron bebidas (41,7%) y confitería (17,8%). El 46,9% de alimentos superó al menos uno de los parámetros técnicos (azúcar total, grasas saturadas o sodio) de la primera etapa de la ley peruana y el 88,4% lo haría en la segunda etapa. La mayoría de alimentos y bebidas publicitados fueron procesados y superaban los parámetros de nutrientes críticos.

Abstract Introduction: the risk and/or prognosis of COVID-19, caused by the SARS-CoV-2 virus, have been related to chronic diseases such as obesity, diabetes mellitus, and cardiovascular diseases, with poor-quality diet being a predisposing factor for these diseases. Objective: to synthesize the scientific evidence on the effect of diet on the risk of SARS-CoV-2 infection and severe COVID-19. Methods: a systematic review was carried out following the PRISMA guidelines. The bibliographic search was made in the databases Web of Science, Scopus and Medline (through the PubMed search engine). Risk of bias analysis was performed using the Newcastle-Ottawa and Joanna Briggs Institute Critical Appraisal Checklist for Analytical Cross-Sectional Studies scales. Results: 14 studies were included. Good adherence to the Mediterranean diet was associated with a decreased risk of SARS-CoV-2 infection (OR = 0.44; 95 % CI, 0.22-0.88, for high versus low adherence, and significant ORs of 0.88 and 0.95 in studies that analyzed adherence quantitatively) but not with the severity of COVID-19. A plant-based diet also had a protective association against both COVID-19 infection and severity. Specifically, a high consumption of vegetables, legumes and cereals, and a low intake of dairy products and red meat showed a protective effect against infection and/or COVID-19 severity, depending on the study. Vitamin and probiotic supplements also lowered the risk of infection. Conclusion: the available evidence suggests that a healthy diet, based on a Mediterranean or plant-based diet, with moderate consumption of dairy and red meat, exerts a protective effect against COVID-19.

Resumen Introducción: el riesgo y/o el pronóstico de la COVID-19, causado por el virus SARS-CoV-2, se han relacionado con enfermedades crónicas como obesidad, diabetes mellitus y enfermedades cardiovasculares, siendo la dieta de mala calidad un factor predisponente para estas enfermedades. Objetivo: sintetizar la evidencia científica sobre el efecto de la dieta en el riesgo de infección por SARS-CoV-2 y de COVID-19 grave. Métodos: revisión sistemática realizada siguiendo las guías PRISMA. La búsqueda bibliográfica se hizo en las bases de datos Web of Science, Scopus y Medline (a través del buscador PubMed). El análisis del riesgo de sesgo se realizó mediante las escalas Newcastle-Ottawa y Joanna Briggs Institute Critical Appraisal Checklist for Analytical Cross-Sectional Studies. Resultados: se incluyeron 14 estudios. Una buena adherencia a la dieta mediterránea se asoció con una disminución del riesgo de infección por SARS-CoV-2 (razón de momios RM = 0,44; IC 95 %: 0,22-0,88, para adherencia alta versus baja, y RM significativas de 0,88 y 0,95 en los estudios que analizaron la adherencia de forma cuantitativa) pero no con la gravedad de la COVID-19. Una dieta basada en plantas presentó una asociación protectora frente a la infección y la enfermedad grave. Concretamente, un alto consumo de verdura, legumbres y cereales, y una baja ingesta de lácteos y carnes rojas mostraron un efecto protector frente a la infección y/o la COVID-19 grave, según el estudio. Los suplementos vitamínicos y probióticos también disminuyeron el riesgo de infección. Conclusión: la evidencia disponible sugiere que una dieta saludable, basada en un patrón de dieta mediterránea o en alimentos vegetales, con consumo de lácteos y carnes rojas moderado, ejerce un efecto protector frente a la COVID-19.

Abstract Waste generated from agribusiness, such as swine production, can be used in agricultural soil; however, certain technical criteria should be followed. The objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of different depths of irrigation with swine wastewater (SW), associated with the soil management system, on soil chemical attributes after two corn crop cycles. The experiments were conducted in the field, in an arrangement with two soil management systems (conventional tillage system – CTS and no-tillage system – NTS) and five depths of irrigation with SW (50%, 75%, 100%, 125% and 150% of evapotranspiration from the crop – ETc). Soil samples were collected at depths of 0–0.1 and 0.1–0.2 m to determine the pH, Ca, Mg, K, Na, Al, P, Fe, Cu and Zn at the end of each crop cycle. Soil nutrient contents increased with the application of SW irrigation in the two crop cycles and in the depths of 0–0.1 and 0.1–0.2 m, mainly with an increase of irrigation depths. No effect of the management systems was observed for the majority of the nutrients evaluated. The content of the heavy metals Cu and Zn remained below the critical limits established by the Brazilian Regulations. agribusiness production however followed SW, , (SW) field conventional notillage no NTS 50%, 50 (50% 75 75% 100 100% 125 150 ETc. ETc . ETc) 001 0 1 0–0. 0102 2 0.1–0. pH Ca Mg K Na Al P Fe cycle evaluated Regulations (SW 50% 5 (50 7 10 12 15 00 0–0 010 0.1–0 (5 0– 01 0.1– ( 0.1 0.

RESUMO Objetivo: Avaliar rótulos de alimentos direcionados ao público infantil e identificar a presença concomitante de alegações e de altos teores de nutrientes críticos e/ou presença de adoçantes. Como objetivo secundário, listar os diferentes tipos de alegações e verificar quais estratégias de marketing são mais utilizadas. Métodos: Foram coletados 409 produtos provenientes das oito categorias de alimentos mais populares entre crianças brasileiras (bebidas à base de frutas, bebidas lácteas, biscoitos recheados, bolos, cereais matinais, gelatinas, salgadinhos de milho e iogurtes). Foram calculados os teores de nutrientes críticos (açúcares, gorduras totais, saturadas e trans e sódio) e presença/ausência de adoçante, considerando-se os parâmetros da Organização Pan-Americana de Saúde (OPAS). Em seguida, verificamos a presença e os tipos de alegações nesses produtos. Resultados: No total, 265 (64,7%) rótulos apresentaram alegações. Em três das oito categorias (cereais matinais, bebidas lácteas e iogurtes), todos os produtos com alegações (50, 34 e 34 produtos, respectivamente) continham um ou mais nutrientes em concentrações prejudiciais (nutrientes críticos acima do preconizado pela OPAS e/ou presença de edulcorantes). Nas demais categorias, apenas um produto (de 63 biscoitos recheados e 26 cereais matinais com alegação) e três (de 22 bolos e 28 gelatinas com alegação) não apresentavam nutrientes em concentração crítica. A presença de alegações, como “rico” ou “fonte” de micronutriente, foi predominante em sete dos oito grupos de alimentos. Conclusões: Observou-se alta presença de alegações, de diferentes tipos, em alimentos destinados a crianças, que, em sua maioria, também possuem excesso de pelo menos um nutriente crítico, de acordo com a OPAS.

ABSTRACT Objective: This study aimed to evaluate food labels targeted at children and identify the concomitant presence of claims and high levels of critical nutrients and/or the presence of sweeteners. As a secondary objective, it aimed to list different types of claims and check which marketing strategies are most used. Methods: We collected 409 products, from 8 popular food groups targeted at children, in Brazilian market (i.e., fruit drinks, dairy drinks, sandwich cookies, cakes, breakfast cereals, jellies, corn snacks, and yogurts). The contents of critical nutrients (e.g., sugar, total fat, saturated fat, and trans-fat, and sodium) and presence/absence of sweetener were calculated, considering Pan American Health Organization (PAHO) parameters. Then, we verified the presence and types of claims in these products. Results: Overall, 265 (64.7%) labels presented claims. In three of the eight categories (i.e., breakfast cereals, dairy drinks, and yogurt), all products with claims (50, 34, and 34 products, respectively) had one or more nutrients in harmful concentrations (critical nutrients above PAHO’s nutritional profile and/or presence of sweeteners). In the other categories, only one product (of 63 sandwich cookies and 26 breakfast cereals with claims) and three products (of 22 cakes and 28 jellies with claims) had no nutrient in critical concentration. The presence of claims, like “rich/source” of micronutrient, was predominant in seven of the eight food groups. Conclusion: In the present study, there was a high presence of claims, of different types, in foods targeted at children, which, for the most part, also have excess of at least one critical nutrient, according to PAHO.

ABSTRACT Tillage is an important management tool for tackling and promoting water conservation and improving crop yield. As one of the important nutrients in plant growth, K is involved in important processes such as osmoregulation, photosynthesis and metabolite transport, and plays a particularly critical role in improving crop yield and quality. In the long-term positioning platform of the tillage method, a 2-yr field experiment was conducted in 2019-2020 in maize (Zea mays L.) Three tillage methods: conventional tillage (CT), subsoil tillage (ST), and no-tillage (NT) and two planting densities 6×104 (D1) and 9×104 plants ha-1 (D2) were set up in the experiment. The results showed that yield and K translocation efficiency (KTE) were significantly higher in NT than in CT at D1 (by 4.7% and 12.2%) and D2 (by 14.0% and 13.9%), respectively. At maturity stage in 2019, population DM accumulation after silking (DMA) was significantly higher in NT (by 11.0% and 16.9%) than in CT at D1 and D2. Correlation analysis revealed that yield was significantly positive correlated with ears (r = 0.57***) and DMA (r = 0.64***). Potassium translocation and K harvest index were positively correlated with KTE. Under spring drought year, the long-term no-tillage had a significant yield increase, mainly through the increase in 1000-kernel weight. The increase in K efficiency was mainly through the influence of DM accumulation and distribution, and K accumulation in grain.

RESUMO A cana-de-açúcar é uma das culturas agrícolas mais importantes no Brasil e a presença de plantas daninhas nas áreas de produção podem interferir no crescimento, desenvolvimento e acúmulo de nutrientes da cultura, podendo estar relacionado à densidade e área de influência que a comunidade infestante se encontra na lavoura. Neste sentido, o objetivo do trabalho foi avaliar os efeitos da densidade e da distância de capimcolchão (Digitaria horizontalis Willd) no desenvolvimento de mudas pré-brotadas (MPB) de cana-de-açúcar da variedade IAC SP 95-5000. O experimento foi realizado em casa-de-vegetação, no delineamento inteiramente casualizado com quatro repetições. Após o florescimento das plantas daninhas, aos 84 dias, foram avaliadas a altura, área foliar, biomassa seca da parte aérea e análise nutricional do tecido foliar das MPBs. As plantas de capim-colchão não exerceram interferência nos parâmetros biométricos e nutricionais quando se encontravam aos 18 e 24 cm de distância em relação à cultura. A distância de 6 cm entre cultura e plantas daninhas, independente da densidade de plantio e a densidade de 80 plantas m-2 de capim-colchão para todas as distâncias, foram consideradas críticas para a cultura, uma vez que promoveram reduções significativas na altura, área foliar e biomassa seca da parte aérea das MPBs. O capim-colchão apresentou-se como potencial competidor por N, P, K, Mn, Fe e Zn com as MPBs nas condições de 2, 6 e 12 cm quando se encontravam em 40 e 80 plantas m-2.

ABSTRACT Sugarcane is one of the main agricultural crops in Brazil and the presence of weeds in production areas can affect growth, development and accumulation of nutrients of the crop, which may relate to the density and area of influence of the weeds in the field. Therefore, this study aimed to evaluate the effects of the density and distance of crabgrass (Digitaria horizontalis Willd) on the development of pre-sprouted seedlings (PSS) of sugarcane of the variety IAC SP 95-5000. We conducted the experiment in a greenhouse in a randomized design with four repetitions. We evaluated height, leaf area, aerial dry biomass, and nutritional analysis of leaf tissue of the PSS after the weeds flowered at 84 days. The crabgrass did not interfere in the biometric and nutritional parameters when they were 18 and 24 cm away from the crop. Regardless of the planting density and the density of 80 plants m-2 of crabgrass for all distances, we considered the distance of six cm between the crop and the weeds critical for the crop, since they significantly reduced height, leaf area, and aerial dry biomass of the PSS. The crabgrass was a potential competitor for N, P, K, Mn, Fe, and Zn with the PSS in the conditions of 2, 6, and 12 cm when they were in 40 and 80 plants m-2.