Abstract: This article deals with how Searle neglects sociology in his social ontology. I analyse this neglecting in terms of the problem of institutions, and their collective recognition. In the first section, I provide a contextualization of Searle’s base external realism, whose aim is to criticize Berger and Luckmann and their constructivist theory. In the second section, I explain how Searle’s concepts of “collective intentionality,” “constitutive rules”, and “cooperation” are interlinked. In the third section, I argue that the collective recognition of institutions is still an open to debate philosophical problem. In the fourth section, I show how “critical mass”, a concept from sociology, allows how Serlean institutions can be elucidated. In the fifth section, I emphasize the sociological importance of contexts C, and how Searle underestimates their crucial role. In the sixth and final section, I offer a paradigmatic example of an institution, money, to show how sociology is and has been decisive in Searle’s social ontology.

Resumen: En este artículo trato con cómo Searle descuida la sociología en su ontología social. En particular, analizo dicho descuido mediante el problema de las instituciones y su reconocimiento colectivo. En la primera sección, contextualizo la aproximación serleana realista de base al estudio de la civilización humana con el objetivo de mostrar los supuestos antirrealistas constructivistas de Berger y Luckmann. En la segunda, explico cómo se vinculan los conceptos de “intencionalidad colectiva”, “reglas constitutivas” y “cooperación”. En la tercera, argumento que el reconocimiento colectivo de las instituciones todavía es un problema filosófico abierto. En la cuarta, muestro de qué forma un concepto sociológico, el de “masa crítica”, permite explicar el reconocimiento de las instituciones serleanas. En la quinta, enfatizo la dinámica sociológica de los contextos C y cómo la teoría serleana subestima su rol fundamental. Finalmente, en la sexta sección, presento el ejemplo paradigmático de una institución, la del dinero, pues esta refrenda cómo la sociología ha aportado y puede seguir aportando a la ontología social serleana.

SIGNIFICANCE: The inclusion of indigenous knowledge into the curricula of natural science courses remains contentious. In this paper I use critical realism to show the relationship between these two forms of knowledge. An engagement with both knowledge structures could afford better pedagogy and assessment. In addition, the engagement with indigenous knowledge allows for the development of 'knower awareness' in the practice of science. Meaningful engagement with indigenous knowledge could therefore enhance science education, whilst making visible the socio-cultural relevance to students.

Resumo A história dos movimentos feministas tem sido marcada pela luta pelos direitos humanos de meninas e mulheres e pela busca por igualdade de oportunidades entre as pessoas dos diferentes gêneros, raças/etnias e classes sociais. Neste artigo, analisamos a (re)configuração dos direitos defendidos pelos movimentos de mulheres em “pós-direitos” a partir de notícias publicadas em duas plataformas digitais para mulheres: Delas (Portugal) e Universa (Brasil). Para isso, adotamos como abordagem metodológica a Análise Crítica do Discurso e suas ligações com os estudos feministas e com o realismo crítico para compreender os mecanismos da engenharia discursiva subjacente ao processo de plataformização dos direitos das mulheres em Delas e em Universa.

Abstract The history of feminist movements has been marked by the fight for the human rights of girls and women and the search for equal opportunities for people of different genders, races/ethnicities and social classes. In this article, we analyse the (re)configuration of rights defended by women's movements into "post-rights" based on news published on two digital platforms for women: Delas (Portugal) and Universa (Brazil). To this end, we adopt Critical Discourse Analysis as a methodological approach, in connection with feminist media studies and critical realism, to understand the mechanisms of discursive engineering underlying the process of platformization of women's rights in Delas and Universa.

Resumen La historia de los movimientos feministas ha estado marcada por la lucha por los derechos humanos de las niñas y mujeres y la búsqueda de la igualdad de oportunidades para personas de diferentes géneros, razas/etnias y clases sociales. En este artículo analizamos la (re)configuración de los derechos defendidos por los movimientos de mujeres en "post-derechos" a partir de noticias publicadas en dos plataformas digitales para mujeres: Delas (Portugal) y Universa (Brasil). Para ello, adoptamos como enfoque metodológico el Análisis Crítico del Discurso y sus vínculos con los estudios de género y el realismo crítico para comprender los mecanismos de ingeniería discursiva que subyacen al proceso de plataformazación de los derechos de las mujeres en Delas y Universa.

Abstract In his article “La verdad y el éxito de la ciencia: A propósito de un artículo de P. Kyle Stanford” (2002), Manuel Comesaña addresses fundamental questions about the nature and success of science, taking P. Kyle Stanford’s article as a reference for his critical analysis. Although the central focus of both works is not specifically on the Copernican Revolution, it is relevant to analyse how both authors use this historical example from astronomy to illustrate their metaphysical commitments. Rigorous analysis of this historiographical episode will provide better foundations for the broader discussion of the realism-anti-realism debate. It is for this reason that we will undertake a critical study and subsequent correction of the way in which both authors set up their accounts to exemplify their positions. What we have come to contribute with our commentary is not a position that attempts to account for the success of the anti-realist proposals that the authors are interested in debating, but rather we intend to shed light on the treatment given to the historical case in order to clarify certain obscure points in the debate.

Resumen En su artículo “La verdad y el éxito de la ciencia: A propósito de un artículo de P. Kyle Stanford” (2002), Manuel Comesaña aborda cuestiones fundamentales sobre la naturaleza y el éxito de la ciencia, tomando como referencia el artículo de P. Kyle Stanford para proceder a su análisis crítico. Aunque el foco central de ambos trabajos no se encuentra específicamente en la revolución copernicana, es relevante analizar cómo ambos autores utilizan este ejemplo histórico proveniente de la astronomía para ilustrar sus compromisos metafísicos. El análisis riguroso de este episodio historiográfico proporcionará mejores fundamentos para la discusión más amplia sobre el debate realismo-antirrealismo. Es por esto que vamos a realizar un estudio crítico con su posterior corrección sobre la manera en que ambos autores configuran su relato para la ejemplificación de sus posturas. Lo que venimos a aportar con nuestro comentario no es una posición que intente dar cuenta del éxito de las propuestas antirrealistas que les interesa debatir a los autores, sino que pretendemos arrojar luz sobre el tratamiento que se le dio al caso histórico de modo de clarificar ciertos puntos oscuros en el debate.

In the context of a need for finding and enabling alternatives to unequal and extractivist perspectives on development, growth, and human well-being, this positioning paper explores possibilities for STEAM (science, technology, engineering, arts, and mathematics) education with an education for sustainable development focus that counters disciplinary alienations particularly between the arts and the STEM (science, technology, engineering and mathematics) disciplines. The paper argues that unnecessary alienations between cultural-emblematic and mathematical-logical epistemes, especially those linked to narrow interpretations and restricted developments in dialogism and dialectics, respectively, are influenced by restricted understandings of epistemological, ontological, and praxiological philosophical drivers in meaning making and responsive action. In response, the paper develops a series of philosophical principles that, it argues, could usefully underpin STEAM education practices. These are a) iterations of epistemological expansion and contraction (in response to monologic meaning making), b) an expansive and deepening ontology (in response to ontological collapse in describing the world), c) critical and judgmental rationality (finding a middle ground between radical relativism and dogma), and d) concrete utopianism (in response to idealism and additive holisticism). The emergence of the four philosophical principles is developed through illustrative examples of a broad range of arts (fine art, performance art, photography, film, poetry, prose, and music).

In this essay, I present preliminary reflections on digital technologies as new forms of health promotion in the contemporary world. First, I introduce the concepts of technology, reality, presence, virtual reality, and extended reality, through critical realism. Second, I discuss the emerging concept of meta-presentity as fundamental for the socio-technical appropriation of digital technologies in the fields of Education and Health. Third, I critically analyze the notion of Distance Education, in contrast to the idea of meta-presential learning spaces, in the context of an innovative model of Higher Education. Fourthly, I briefly discuss Digital Health as a set of knowledge, techniques, and practices capable of overcoming the dualism of "hard " vs. "soft" technologies in health. Finally, I evaluate epistemological issues specific to the field of Collective Health, to redefine telehealth as health care mediated by meta-presentiality. essay world First technology reality presence realism Second metapresentity meta presentity sociotechnical socio technical Third metapresential presential spaces Fourthly knowledge techniques hard vs soft "soft Finally metapresentiality. metapresentiality presentiality. presentiality meta-presentiality

Neste ensaio, apresento reflexões preliminares sobre tecnologias digitais como novas formas de promoção da saúde no mundo contemporâneo. Primeiro, introduzo os conceitos de tecnologia, realidade, presença, realidade virtual e realidade estendida, por meio do realismo crítico. Segundo, discuto o conceito emergente de metapresencialidade como fundamental para apropriação sociotécnica de tecnologias digitais nos campos da Educação e da Saúde. Terceiro, analiso criticamente a noção de Educação a Distância, em contraste com a ideia de espaços metapresenciais de aprendizagem, no contexto de um modelo inovador de Educação Superior. Em quarto lugar, discuto brevemente a Saúde Digital como conjunto de saberes, técnicas e práticas capaz de superar o dualismo “tecnologias duras” vs “tecnologias leves” na saúde. Finalmente, avalio questões epistemológicas próprias do campo da Saúde Coletiva, com vistas a redefinir a telessaúde como cuidado em saúde mediado por metapresencialidade. ensaio contemporâneo Primeiro tecnologia presença estendida crítico Segundo Terceiro Distância aprendizagem Superior lugar saberes duras leves Finalmente Coletiva

En este ensayo presento reflexiones preliminares sobre tecnologías digitales como nuevas formas de promoción de la salud en el mundo contemporáneo. Primero, introduzco los conceptos de tecnología, realidad, presencia, realidad virtual y realidad extendida, a partir del realismo crítico. Segundo, discuto el concepto emergente de metapresencialidad como fundamental para la apropiación sociotécnica de tecnologías digitales en los campos de la educación y de la salud. Tercero, analizo críticamente la noción de Educación a Distancia en contraste con la idea de espacios metapresenciales de aprendizaje, en el contexto de un modelo innovador de educación superior. En cuarto lugar, discuto brevemente la Salud Digital como conjunto de saberes, técnicas y prácticas capaz de superar el dualismo “tecnologías duras” vs “tecnologías blandas” en la salud. Finalmente, evalúo cuestiones epistemológicas propias del campo de la Salud Colectiva, con el objetivo de redefinir la telesalud como cuidado de salud mediado por metapresencialidad. contemporáneo Primero tecnología presencia extendida crítico Segundo Tercero aprendizaje superior lugar saberes duras blandas Finalmente Colectiva

ABSTRACT: This opinion article originates from the critical comments made to the original article authored by Carlos Sérgio Leonardo Junior, published in volume 25 of 2023 of Ensaio journal. A critical discussion of aspects of ontological and epistemological reflections on science discussed by the author in his bibliographic review is proposed. The critical debate initiated in the peer review on the rapprochement made by the author between dialectical materialism and conceptions called realism and conceptions of so-called Western Marxism is deepened. Notes are made that contribute to a better definition of the concepts of dialectical materialism with a view to developing its use in Science Education. It is demonstrated that Bhaskar’s conception of transcendental realism, whose review suggests approximations to dialectical materialism, has more affinities with neo-Kantian metaphysical dualism. The reflections contribute to increasing understanding of the use of dialectical materialism as a theoretical reference in Science Education. ABSTRACT Junior 2 202 journal proposed socalled so deepened Education Bhaskars Bhaskar s neoKantian neo Kantian dualism 20

RESUMO: Este artigo-parecer origina-se dos comentários críticos feitos ao artigo original de autoria de Carlos Sérgio Leonardo Junior, publicado no volume 25 de 2023 da revista Ensaio. É proposta uma discussão crítica de aspectos das reflexões ontológicas e epistemológicas da ciência discutidos pelo autor em sua revisão bibliográfica. É aprofundado o debate crítico iniciado no parecer sobre a aproximação feita pelo autor entre o materialismo dialético e concepções intituladas de realismo e concepções do chamado marxismo ocidental. São feitos apontamentos que contribuem para melhor definição das concepções do materialismo dialético visando desenvolver seu uso na Educação em Ciências. Demonstra-se que a concepção do realismo transcendental de Bhaskar, cuja revisão sugere aproximações ao materialismo dialético, guarda mais afinidades com o dualismo metafísico neokantiano. As reflexões contribuem para elevar a compreensão sobre o uso do materialismo dialético como referencial na Educação em Ciências. RESUMO artigoparecer originase origina se Junior 2 202 Ensaio bibliográfica ocidental Ciências Demonstrase Demonstra Bhaskar neokantiano 20

RESUMEN: Este artículo de opinión tiene origen en los comentarios críticos realizados al artículo original de Carlos Sérgio Leonardo Junior, publicado en el volumen 25 de 2023 de la revista Ensaio. Se propone una discusión crítica de aspectos de las reflexiones ontológicas y epistemológicas sobre la ciencia discutidos por el autor en su revisión bibliográfica. Se profundiza el debate crítico iniciado en el dictamen sobre el acercamiento realizado por el autor entre el materialismo dialéctico y las concepciones denominadas realismo y las concepciones del llamado marxismo occidental. Se realizan apuntes que contribuyen a una mejor definición de los conceptos de materialismo dialéctico con miras a desarrollar su uso en la Educación Científica. Se demuestra que la concepción del realismo trascendental de Bhaskar, cuya revisión sugiere aproximaciones al materialismo dialéctico, tiene más afinidades con el dualismo metafísico neokantiano. Las reflexiones contribuyen a aumentar la comprensión del uso del materialismo dialéctico como referencia en la Educación Científica. RESUMEN Junior 2 202 Ensaio bibliográfica occidental Científica Bhaskar neokantiano 20

Abstract: In general, the analysis of characters of African descent in Machado de Assis has concentrated on protagonists or secondary actors, persons who play a significant role in the plots or themes of his fictional texts. But more peripheral blacks, normally humble slaves and often domestic servants, also deserve scholars' attention. Such characters, who are comparable to the "extras" appearing in cinematic productions, contribute a sense of realism to the settings, almost as if they were pieces of furniture. But in Machado, they also invite the reader to extract them from the background, in order to perceive the unjust attitudes of their owners, and the severe asymmetries of a slaveholding society. Abstract general actors texts blacks servants scholars attention extras "extras productions settings furniture background owners society

Resumo: Em geral, as análises dos personagens afrodescendentes de Machado de Assis têm se concentrado nas referências a protagonistas ou a atores secundários, pessoas que desempenham uma função significativa nos argumentos e na temática dos textos ficcionais. Mas os afro-brasileiros periféricos, normalmente humildes escravos e muitas vezes servidores domésticos, também merecem a atenção dos estudiosos. Tais personagens, que são comparáveis aos "extras" na produção cinematográfica, contribuem com um ar de verossimilhança aos ambientes, quase como se fossem móveis nas salas. Mas, em Machado, também convidam o leitor a extraí-los do segundo plano, para perceber as atitudes injustas dos senhores e as severas assimetrias de uma sociedade escravocrata. Resumo geral secundários ficcionais afrobrasileiros afro brasileiros periféricos domésticos estudiosos extras "extras cinematográfica ambientes salas extraílos extraí los plano escravocrata

Abstract Studies on the interfaces between feminist philosophy of science and International Relations are still scarce in academic publications in Brazil. The paper “On constitution and causality in feminist research in International Relations”, published in the current issue of the journal Cadernos Pagu, inserts in this little addressed theme by proposing the ontological debate based on the notion of causal powers of critical philosophical realism to analyse the articulations between different feminist perspectives in IR. In this text, in line with the aim of this Section Bastidores da produção do conhecimento feminista [Behind the scenes of the production of feminist knowledge] to respond to the growing demand for open science of this section, I discuss the peer review process of the manuscript, in which I participated as a reviewer. Still within the scope of the Philosophy of Science, I reflect on peer review as part of the process of knowledge construction, based on the proposal of a dissident intersectional feminist standpoint epistemology. Brazil On Relations, , Relations” Pagu IR text Behind section manuscript reviewer Science construction epistemology

Resumo Os estudos sobre as interfaces entre a filosofia da ciência feminista e as Relações Internacionais são ainda escassos nas publicações acadêmicas no Brasil. O artigo “Da constituição e causalidade na pesquisa feminista nas Relações Internacionais”, publicado no presente número da revista Cadernos Pagu, se insere nessa temática ainda pouco abordada ao propor o debate ontológico fundado na noção de poderes causais do realismo filosófico crítico para analisar as articulações entre distintas perspectivas feministas nas RI. Neste texto, em consonância com o intuito desta seção, Bastidores da produção do conhecimento feminista, de responder à crescente demanda por ciência aberta, abordo o processo de avaliação por pares do manuscrito, do qual participei como avaliadora. Ainda no âmbito da filosofia da ciência, reflito sobre a avaliação por pares enquanto parte do processo de construção do conhecimento a partir da proposta de uma epistemologia do ponto de vista feminista interseccional dissidente. Brasil Da Internacionais, , Internacionais” Pagu RI texto seção aberta manuscrito avaliadora dissidente

Abstract: Born in Helsinki in 1946, lkka Niiniluoto received a master’s degree in mathematics in 1968 and a doctorate in theoretical philosophy in 1974 from the University of Helsinki. He was Associate Professor of Foundations of Mathematics from 1973 to 1977 and Professor of Theoretical Philosophy from 1977 to 2014. His prolific academic career includes positions as president of important philosophical societies and rector of the University of Helsinki. His main works are Is Science Progressive? (1984), Truthlikeness (1987), Critical Scientific Realism (2002), Truth-Seeking by Abduction (2018) and Beauty, Truth, and Justice (2022). His research explores the interfaces between Philosophy of Science, Epistemology, Logic, Theory of Truth and Axiology of scientific research. In Critical Scientific Realism Niiniluoto addresses the problem of the value of science, refuting a utilitarian instrumentalist conception and defending a socially responsible cognitivism in which science is conceived as a culturally valuable activity in its own right, without the need to satisfy criteria imposed by practical political and economic needs. Abstract 1946 masters master s 196 197 2014 Progressive 1984, 1984 , (1984) 1987, 1987 (1987) 2002, 2002 (2002) TruthSeeking Seeking 2018 (2018 Beauty 2022. 2022 . (2022) Epistemology Logic right needs 194 19 201 198 (1984 (1987 200 (2002 (201 202 (2022 1 20 (198 (200 (20 (202 2 (19 (2 (1 (

Resumo: Nascido em Helsinque, em 1946, Ilkka Niiniluoto fez mestrado em matemática, em 1968, e doutorado em filosofia teórica, em 1974, na Universidade de Helsinque. Foi Professor Associado de Fundamentos de Matemática, entre 1973 e 1977, e Professor de Filosofia Teórica, de 1977 a 2014. Sua prolífica carreira acadêmica inclui posições como presidente de importantes sociedades filosóficas e reitor da Universidade de Helsinque. Tem, como obras principais: Is Science Progressive? (1984), Truthlikeness (1987), Critical Scientific Realism (2002), Truth-Seeking by Abduction (2018) e Beauty, Truth, and Justice (2022). Sua pesquisa explora as interfaces entre Filosofia da Ciência, Epistemologia, Lógica, Teoria da Verdade e Axiologia da pesquisa científica. Em Critical Scientific Realism, Niiniluoto aborda o problema do valor da ciência, refutando uma concepção instrumentalista utilitária e defendendo um cognitivismo socialmente responsável, em que a ciência é concebida como uma atividade culturalmente valiosa por si mesma, sem a necessidade de satisfazer critérios impostos por necessidades práticas de ordem política e econômica. Resumo Helsinque 1946 matemática 1968 teórica 1974 Matemática 197 Teórica 2014 Tem principais Progressive 1984, 1984 , (1984) 1987, 1987 (1987) 2002, 2002 (2002) TruthSeeking Truth Seeking 2018 (2018 Beauty 2022. 2022 . (2022) Ciência Epistemologia Lógica científica responsável mesma econômica 194 196 19 201 198 (1984 (1987 200 (2002 (201 202 (2022 1 20 (198 (200 (20 (202 2 (19 (2 (1 (

Abstract Starting from a realistic perspective of the economic dynamics of capitalist society, after an analysis of the theses of critical realism in science, especially in the works of Roy Bhaskar and Tony Lawson, the argument that within post-Keynesian heterodox thinking there is a return to ontology, which makes it possible to draw a theoretical framework that is more consistent with the reality of the economic environment. To illustrate, we bring to light the contribution of Jan Kregel, which shows a certain approximation with the methodological proposal of critical realism, especially with regard to ideas about changes in trajectory, cumulative causation, subjectivity, uncertainty and economic unpredictability. society science Lawson postKeynesian post Keynesian ontology environment illustrate Kregel trajectory causation subjectivity unpredictability

Resumo Partindo de uma perspectiva realista da dinâmica econômica da sociedade capitalista, apresenta-se, após uma análise das teses do realismo crítico na ciência, especialmente nos trabalhos de Roy Bhaskar e Tony Lawson, o argumento de que dentro do pensamento heterodoxo pós-keynesiano há um retorno à ontologia, o que permite traçar um quadro teórico mais condizente com a realidade do ambiente econômico. Para ilustrar, trazemos à tona a contribuição de Jan Kregel, que evidencia certa aproximação com a proposta metodológica do realismo crítico, especialmente no que se refere às ideas sobre mudanças de trajetória, causação cumulativa, subjetividade, incerteza e a imprevisibilidade econômica. capitalista apresentase, apresentase apresenta se, apresenta-se ciência Lawson póskeynesiano pós keynesiano ontologia econômico ilustrar Kregel trajetória cumulativa subjetividade

Abstract The stated objectives of Nigeria’s foreign policy consistently retain Afrocentric, realistic, and post-colonial aspirations of the country, although their interpretations and implementations inconsistently reflect the patrimonial nature of the state, plurality and identity politics, as well as rational-choice and sentiments of its leadership. Accordingly, foreign policy decisions in Nigeria like many other countries are shaped by multiple factors, including personality, bureaucratic politics, structural issues, and value system of the country. Amidst these is the identity forces of ethnicity, regions, religion, and their interconnectivity, which are central in domestic politics and policy, but underestimated in Nigeria’s foreign policy. This article, therefore, aims to examine the ethno-regional and religious drivers of foreign policy in Nigeria. Relying on secondary sources of data, the article explores these drivers of Nigeria’s foreign policy processes and filters them through the lens of realism, rational-choice, pluralism and critical (Marxist, dependency and Afrocentric) theories. Nigerias s Afrocentric realistic postcolonial post colonial country state rationalchoice rational choice leadership Accordingly factors personality issues ethnicity regions religion interconnectivity therefore ethnoregional ethno regional data realism rationalchoice, choice, Marxist, Marxist (Marxist theories

Abstract In 2022 the South African Department of International Relations and Cooperation (DIRCO) released the National Interest Framework, formally setting out what South Africa’s national interest is. According to DIRCO this aimed at providing an understanding of, and predictability in South Africa’s international relations. As the latest document in guiding foreign policy the framework reflects a continuation in the rhetoric of foreign policy principles; yet for all its effort in identifying the country’s foreign policy priorities, questions remain concerning the interests it reflects. Indeed, although there has been centralisation of decision-making, this has not translated into presenting a singular foreign policy or national interest position. Rather, South Africa’s national interest reflects a negotiated outcome of different positions among the political elites in government and the ruling party (African National Congress). Using Wight’s national interest taxonomy, the article highlights the presence of multiple positions evident in South Africa’s national interest framework before considering what the implications are for the implementation of foreign policy. This draws on a critical review of foreign policy documents, supported by semi-structured interviews with practitioners, academics, think tanks, and NGOs. The article argues that the national interest framework is not a reflection of one, but an amalgamation of what Wight identifies as realist, revolutionist, and rationalist doctrines. This has left the framework a broad document without specific aims in achieving the national interest. It also goes some way towards accounting for the limited application to date of the national interest framework in facilitating an understanding of South Africa’s international relations. 202 (DIRCO Framework Africas Africa s relations principles countrys country priorities Indeed decisionmaking, decisionmaking decision making, making decision-making position Rather Congress. Congress . Congress) Wights taxonomy documents semistructured semi structured practitioners academics tanks NGOs one realist revolutionist doctrines 20 2

Abstract: In the age of scientism, it is not a surprise to revisit Lukács’ realist view of literature. Although some scholars have criticized his holism view, his realist view of literature is exactly what the times need, in terms of its concern for the reality of human life and its criticism of social reality. This general view is useful in realizing the realistic effect of literary criticism based on the criticism of an irrational general view. However, people overlook this point when criticizing his general and ideological view. His “realism” is not the same as the “imitation” of classical realism, nor is it the same as the “reproduction” of critical realism. The creation of art, including literature, is not just a simple adherence to social reality, but a reflection of the overall historical social reality through archetypes. Abstract scientism Lukács need However realism “realism imitation “imitation reproduction “reproduction art archetypes

Resumen: En la era del cientificismo, no es sorprendente revivir la visión realista de Lukács de la literatura. Aunque algunos estudiosos han criticado su visión holística, a juzgar por la preocupación por la realidad de la vida humana y la crítica de la realidad social, su visión realista de la literatura es exactamente lo que los tiempos necesitan. En el contexto del postmodernismo, cuando se critica su visión universal e ideológica del pueblo, se ignora la utilidad de esta visión universal para lograr los efectos realistas de la crítica literaria basada en la visión universal irracional. Su "realismo" no es lo mismo que la "imitación" del realismo clásico, ni la "reproducción" del realismo crítico. La creación artística, incluida la literatura, no es solo una simple adhesión a la realidad social, sino un reflejo de la realidad social histórica general a través de prototipos. Resumen cientificismo holística necesitan postmodernismo pueblo irracional "realismo imitación "imitación clásico reproducción "reproducción crítico artística prototipos

En este ensayo presento reflexiones preliminares sobre tecnologías digitales como nuevas formas de promoción de la salud en el mundo contemporáneo. Primero, introduzco los conceptos de tecnología, realidad, presencia, realidad virtual y realidad extendida, a partir del realismo crítico. Segundo, discuto el concepto emergente de metapresencialidad como fundamental para la apropiación sociotécnica de tecnologías digitales en los campos de la educación y de la salud. Tercero, analizo críticamente la noción de Educación a Distancia en contraste con la idea de espacios metapresenciales de aprendizaje, en el contexto de un modelo innovador de educación superior. En cuarto lugar, discuto brevemente la Salud Digital como conjunto de saberes, técnicas y prácticas capaz de superar el dualismo “tecnologías duras” vs “tecnologías blandas” en la salud. Finalmente, evalúo cuestiones epistemológicas propias del campo de la Salud Colectiva, con el objetivo de redefinir la telesalud como cuidado de salud mediado por metapresencialidad.

In this essay, I present preliminary reflections on digital technologies as new forms of health promotion in the contemporary world. First, I introduce the concepts of technology, reality, presence, virtual reality, and extended reality, through critical realism. Second, I discuss the emerging concept of meta-presentity as fundamental for the socio-technical appropriation of digital technologies in the fields of Education and Health. Third, I critically analyze the notion of Distance Education, in contrast to the idea of meta-presential learning spaces, in the context of an innovative model of Higher Education. Fourthly, I briefly discuss Digital Health as a set of knowledge, techniques, and practices capable of overcoming the dualism of "hard " vs. "soft" technologies in health. Finally, I evaluate epistemological issues specific to the field of Collective Health, to redefine telehealth as health care mediated by meta-presentiality.

Neste ensaio, apresento reflexões preliminares sobre tecnologias digitais como novas formas de promoção da saúde no mundo contemporâneo. Primeiro, introduzo os conceitos de tecnologia, realidade, presença, realidade virtual e realidade estendida, por meio do realismo crítico. Segundo, discuto o conceito emergente de metapresencialidade como fundamental para apropriação sociotécnica de tecnologias digitais nos campos da Educação e da Saúde. Terceiro, analiso criticamente a noção de Educação a Distância, em contraste com a ideia de espaços metapresenciais de aprendizagem, no contexto de um modelo inovador de Educação Superior. Em quarto lugar, discuto brevemente a Saúde Digital como conjunto de saberes, técnicas e práticas capaz de superar o dualismo “tecnologias duras” vs “tecnologias leves” na saúde. Finalmente, avalio questões epistemológicas próprias do campo da Saúde Coletiva, com vistas a redefinir a telessaúde como cuidado em saúde mediado por metapresencialidade.