El presente trabajo pretende investigar las interacciones entre policías y Outsiders en flagrantes de drogas y las negociaciones de mercancía política, su evolución y enmascaramientos, destacando cómo tales dinámicas moldean la aplicación de la ley y las percepciones de justicia en la ciudad de Río de Janeiro. Además de que la etiquetación de los individuos vistos como externos es una construcción política, el trabajo también profundiza en el concepto de “sujeción criminal”, que abarca tanto los procesos de criminalización preventiva de los tipos sociales potencialmente criminales como los de subjetivación de las etiquetas que se les asignan (Grillo, 2008, p. 146), es decir, la creación de clasificaciones subjetivas de quién es “bandido” y quién no lo es. Así se moldean los conflictos urbanos y las diferentes abordajes según los marcadores sociales de los individuos y los lugares de flagrante, exponiendo las manifestaciones de violencia urbana y sociabilidad violenta, incluso en el Sistema de Justicia con el fundamento de la subjetividad de la Ley de Drogas.

This paper aims to investigate the interactions between police officers and outsiders in drug trafficking and political commodity negotiations, their evolution, and masking, highlighting how such dynamics shape law enforcement and perceptions of justice in Rio de Janeiro. In addition to the labeling of individuals seen as Outsiders being a political construction, the paper also delves into the concept of “criminal subjection”, which encompasses both the processes of preventive criminalization of potentially criminal social types and the subjectivization of the labels attributed to them (Grillo, 2008, p. 146), causing subjective classifications of who is a “bandido” and who is not. Thus, urban conflicts and different approaches are shaped according to the social markers of individuals and locations of the act, exposing the manifestations of urban violence and violent sociability.

O presente trabalho pretende investigar as interações entre policiais e outsiders em flagrantes de drogas e as negociações de mercadoria política, sua evolução e mascaramentos, destacando como tais dinâmicas moldam as aplicações da lei e as percepções de justiça na cidade do Rio de Janeiro. Além da rotulação nos indivíduos vistos como Outsiders ser uma construção política, o trabalho também se aprofunda no conceito de “sujeição criminal”, que abrange tanto os processos de criminalização preventivo dos tipos sociais potencialmente criminosos, quanto os de subjetivação dos rótulos que lhe são atribuídos (Grillo, 2008, p. 146), isto é, fazendo que classificações subjetivas de quem é “bandido” e quem não é, nasçam. Moldando assim os conflitos urbanos e abordagens diferentes de acordo com os marcadores sociais de indivíduos e locais de flagrante, expondo as manifestações de violência urbana e sociabilidade violenta, inclusive no Sistema de Justiça com o alicerce da subjetividade da Lei de Drogas.

Abstract This investigation uses the method of decision analysis to analyze the positioning of the Sergipe Court of Justice, between 2020 and 2022, about the refusal of companies that offer transportation service via app to effect or cancel to remain in their registry with drivers who respond to criminal proceedings without final and unappealable decisions. The analysis of the decisions is based on some strategic theoretical frameworks, as based on the concepts of sacrificial citizenship and the economization of law, neoliberalism as a rationality and a deep process, and capitalism as surveillance. As a result, it was identified that the TJSE prioritized the contractual autonomy, the freedom to guide objective safety criteria, the misalignment of drivers with the Term and Conditions for use over the principles of the presumption of innocence and the social function of the contract. To problematize this scenario, the article also questions about the (un)protection of workers' personal data by app, the lack of transparency in the use of new technologies to collect data regarding ongoing criminal cases as a way to reiterate old social or labor exclusions. Finally, it concludes on the approximation of the grounds handled by the Sergipe Court of Justice with the new economic demands of neoliberal management, such as the reduction of the constitutional pact in favor of corporate autonomy, both on the disposability of subjects and on the irregular capture of their personal data. 202 2022 frameworks law process surveillance result autonomy criteria contract scenario unprotection un protection workers exclusions Finally management 20 2

Resumo Esta investigação utiliza o método de análises de decisões para examinar o posicionamento do Tribunal de Justiça de Sergipe, entre 2020 e 2022, sobre a recusa das empresas que oferecem o serviço de transporte via aplicativo de efetivar ou de permanecer em seu cadastro com motoristas que respondem a processos criminais sem decisões transitadas em julgado. A análise das decisões parte de alguns marcos teóricos estratégicos, como o conceito de cidadania sacrificial e da economicização do direito, do neoliberalismo enquanto uma racionalidade e um processo profundo, do capitalismo como vigilância. Como resultado, identificou-se que o TJSE priorizou a autonomia contratual, a liberdade para pautar critérios objetivos de segurança, o desalinhamento dos motoristas com o Termo e as Condições para uso em detrimento dos princípios da presunção de inocência e da função social do contrato. Para problematizar este cenário o artigo ainda questiona sobre a (des)proteção dos dados pessoais dos trabalhadores por aplicativo, a falta de transparência na utilização de novas tecnologias para coletar dados referentes a processos criminais em andamento como forma de reiterar velhas exclusões sociais ou laborais. Por fim, conclui-se sobre a aproximação dos fundamentos manejados pelo Tribunal de Justiça de Sergipe com as novas exigências econômicas da gestão neoliberal, tal como a redução do pacto constitucional em benefício da autonomia empresarial, tanto sobre a descartabilidade dos sujeitos, como sobre a captação irregular de seus dados pessoais. 202 2022 julgado estratégicos direito profundo vigilância resultado identificouse identificou se contratual segurança contrato desproteção des proteção laborais fim concluise conclui neoliberal empresarial sujeitos 20 2

Resumen La delincuencia empresarial moviliza simultáneamente la represión penal como la represión administrativa, ambos instrumentos confluyen en la estabilización de las expectativas normativas de manera autónoma y diferenciada, sin embargo, la perspectiva tradicional de la relación entre estas dos materias ha fallado relativamente en ofrecer una clara diferenciación. El objetivo de este artículo se circunscribirá entonces a brindar una distinción funcionalista de ambos subsistemas jurídicos, en lo que concierne al ámbito económico. La metodología aplicada consistirá en una relectura de la sanción penal y la sanción administrativa a través del funcionalismo-sistémico que posee la capacidad de plantear una vía alternativa original para este impase doctrinal. Este estudio tomará como ilustración el comportamiento de insider trading en materia bursátil. Se concluye que dos distinciones funcionales son identificables entre sanción administrativa y sanción penal, la primera concerniente en la naturaleza de las expectativas normativas que tienen como objetivo estabilizar cada una y, en segundo lugar, el contenido comunicativo de cada sanción en el marco de la teoría de los medios de comunicación simbólicamente generalizados.

Abstract Corporate crime simultaneously triggers both criminal repression and administrative repression. Both mechanisms converge in stabilizing normative expectations autonomously and differentially. However, the traditional perspective on the relationship between these two subjects has relatively failed to provide a clear differentiation. Therefore, the functionalist-systemic perspective could propose an original alternative approach to this doctrinal impasse. The purpose of this article will then be limited to providing a functionalist distinction between the two legal subsystems as regards the economic sphere. The methodology applied will consist of a rereading of the criminal sanction and the administrative sanction through the functionalism-system that possesses an ability to propose an original alternative way for this doctrinal impasse. This study using insider trading behavior in the stock market as an illustration. It is concluded that two functional distinctions are identifiable between administrative sanction and criminal sanction, the first concerning the nature of the normative expectations that aim to stabilize each and second, the communicative content of each sanction within the framework of symbolically generalized media theory.

Abstract This article explores the legal consequences of the application of the ‘failed state’ concept, from the perspective of international law and Ecuadorian jurisprudence. It seeks to determine whether the social protests, the increase in criminal violence, citizen insecurity and the violation of human rights that occurred in Ecuador between 2019 and 2022 are a symptom of this fracture, that is, of a failed state. The resolutions of the United Nations system, the regional system for the protection of human rights and rulings of the Constitutional Court (CC) are referred to. The CC documents would expose whether the CC adopted exceptional security measures in a disproportionate manner or whether it promoted a solid institutionality for the protection of human rights. The authors suggest that different elements point to a crisis on several fronts, yet it does not amount to a failed state. Finally, they recommend the responsible and critical use of this concept, as greater analytical capacity in future research depends on it.

Resumen Este artículo explora las consecuencias jurídicas de la aplicación del concepto de Estado fallido, desde el derecho internacional y la jurisprudencia ecuatoriana. Se busca conocer si las protestas sociales, el aumento de la violencia criminal, la inseguridad ciudadana y la vulneración de los derechos humanos ocurridos en Ecuador entre 2019 y 2022 son un síntoma de esta fractura, es decir, de un Estado fallido. Se acude a las resoluciones del sistema de Naciones Unidas, del sistema regional de protección de los derechos humanos y sentencias de la Corte Constitucional (CC). Los documentos de la CC expondrían si dicho órgano de control adoptó medidas excepcionales de seguridad de manera desproporcionada o si promovió una institucionalidad sólida al amparo de los derechos humanos. Los autores sugieren que distintos elementos apuntan a una crisis en varios frentes, no obstante, no existe un Estado fallido en Ecuador. Por último, recomiendan el uso responsable y crítico de este concepto, ya que de ello depende una mayor capacidad de análisis en futuras investigaciones.

Abstract Anti-formalist constructivism is a legal-educational approach that arises from the combination of different theoretical proposals developed in the global north and accepted in the Latin American reality. Through three fundamental premises for its application, it is expected that criminal procedural law can be taught linking the preconceptions of those who learn, so that from a validation process it is possible to build authentic interpretations with a sense of practical utility. For this, the implementation of performance tests that contain problems without exact answers is proposed, contributing to each student having the possibility of strengthening the development of competences from and for the professional reality of the practice of law. Antiformalist Anti formalist legaleducational legal educational application learn utility this proposed

Resumen El constructivismo antiformalista es un enfoque jurídico-educativo que surge de la conjugación de diferentes propuestas teóricas gestadas en el norte global y acogidas en la realidad latinoamericana. A través de tres premisas fundamentales para su aplicación, se espera que el Derecho Procesal Penal pueda enseñarse vinculando los preconceptos de quienes aprenden, para que a partir de un proceso de validación sea posible construir interpretaciones auténticas con sentido de utilidad práctica. Para ello, se propone la implementación de pruebas de desempeño que contengan problemas sin respuestas exactas, aportando a que cada estudiante tenga la posibilidad de fortalecer el desarrollo de competencias desde y para la realidad profesional del ejercicio del Derecho. jurídicoeducativo jurídico educativo latinoamericana aplicación aprenden práctica ello exactas

Abstract With the introduction of the Criminal Non-Prosecution Agreement in the criminal procedural law by L. 13.964, of 2019, the criminal consensual justice system now has yet another important institute. Although initially provided for in CNMP Resolution n. 181, of 2017, its legal provision permanently removed the criticisms directed at its implementation through an infralegal act. In addition to exploring the legal nature of the ANPP, the possibility of its application in various crimes, its relationship with the constitutional right to silence, as well as the need for the Investigated to know the evidence produced against him to better evaluate the proposed agreement, the study analyzes the extrajudicial confession as an essential requirement for its celebration and approval by the Judiciary, including the exposition of the understandings of the Federal Supreme Court and the Superior Court of Justice that are formed on the subject. In the end, in view of the researched precedents, we seek to answer the following questions: do the STF and the STJ require certain requirements to validate the extrajudicial confession? Do you understand that judicial appreciation is relevant? NonProsecution Non Prosecution L 13964 13 964 13.964 2019 institute n 181 2017 act ANPP crimes silence agreement Judiciary subject end precedents questions relevant 1396 1 96 13.96 201 18 139 9 13.9 20 13. 2

Resumo Com a introdução do Acordo de Não Persecução Penal na lei processual penal pela Lei nº 13.964, de 2019, o sistema de justiça consensual criminal passou a contar com mais um importante instituto. Embora previsto inicialmente na Resolução CNMP nº 181, de 2017, a sua previsão legal afastou de vez as críticas direcionadas à sua implementação por meio de ato infralegal. Além de explorar a natureza jurídica do ANPP, a possibilidade de sua aplicação em variados crimes, a sua relação com o direito constitucional ao silêncio, bem como a necessidade de o Investigado conhecer as provas produzidas contra ele para melhor avaliar o acordo proposto, o estudo analisa a confissão extrajudicial como requisito essencial para a sua celebração e homologação pelo Judiciário, inclusive com a exposição dos entendimentos do Supremo Tribunal Federal e do Superior Tribunal de Justiça que se formam sobre o tema, para ao final, à vista dos precedentes pesquisados, buscar responder às seguintes indagações: o STF e o STJ exigem determinados requisitos para validar a confissão extrajudicial? Entendem ser relevante a sua apreciação pelo Judiciário? 13964 13 964 13.964 2019 instituto 181 2017 infralegal ANPP crimes silêncio proposto Judiciário tema final pesquisados indagações 1396 1 96 13.96 201 18 139 9 13.9 20 13. 2

Resumen El objetivo general del artículo fue analizar sistemáticamente mediante la revisión de literatura el impacto de la vulneración del derecho a contradicción en el proceso de colaboración eficaz que recurre al empleo de la prueba pericial. La metodología utilizada fue cualitativa, de tipo básico y con diseño de revisión sistemática, por ello contó con una muestra de 6 artículos relacionados con la temática del estudio. Respecto a los resultados, se determinó que la prueba pericial aporta cogniciones de otras materias cuya relación con el Derecho acrecienta la posibilidad de comprender la situación y resolver un juicio de la manera más integral posible, para lo cual también debe cerciorarse el principio de contradicción. Por otra parte, la indagación se limitó al no realizar comparaciones constitucionales con otros sistemas legales para concebir las diferencias constantes que implican concepciones a tener en consideración; sin embargo, el valor del estudio recayó en el reconocimiento del impacto que la vulneración del derecho mencionado implica para las sociedades y los individuos según su responsabilidad y las imputaciones por las cuales deben responder. Finalmente, se concluyó que el principio de contradicción es crucial para un juicio íntegro y debe reforzarse cuando se reciba evidencia desde otras ramas del conocimiento.

Abstract The general objective of the article was to systematically analyze through literature review the impact of the violation of the right to contradiction in the process of effective collaboration that resorts to the use of expert evidence. The methodology used was qualitative, basic and with a systematic review design, so it had a sample of 6 articles related to the subject of the study. Regarding the results, it was determined that the expert evidence provides cognitions of other matters whose relationship with the Law increases the possibility of understanding the situation and resolving a trial in the most comprehensive way possible, for which the principle of contradiction must also be ascertained. On the other side, the inquiry was limited by not making constitutional comparisons with other legal systems to conceive the constant differences that imply conceptions to be taken into consideration; however, the value of the study lay in the recognition of the impact that the violation of the aforementioned right implies for companies and individuals according to their responsibility and the imputations for which they must respond. Finally, it was concluded that the adversarial principle is crucial for an integral judgment and should be reinforced when evidence is received from other branches of knowledge.

Abstract The objective was to analyze the implications associated with the enactment of Law No. 31592, enacted on October 26, 2022, which introduces significant modifications to the Criminal Procedure Code regarding the condemnation of acquitted. For these purposes, it was analyzed whether the norm complied with national and international standards regarding judicial conformity, as well as examining its viability and effectiveness of challenges to the sentences of acquitted persons. A mixed methodological approach was adopted over an extended period, to include the analysis of judicial resolutions issued between the period 2010 - 2022. Through an analysis, it was concluded that the principle of double conformity should be applied exclusively to the convicted person, highlighting that challenges related to acquittal sentences should be the responsibility of a Criminal or Mixed Chamber belonging to a Judicial District, instead of being the responsibility of the Supreme Court. Consequently, the modification introduced by this Law is highly harmful due to the possible difficulties that it could cause in the operation of the appeal processes, as well as its potential to weaken the principle of double compliance, which constitutes a fundamental pillar in the judicial system. No 31592 26 2022 purposes persons 201 person District Court Consequently processes compliance system 3159 2 202 20 315 31 3

Resumen El objetivo fue analizar las implicancias asociadas a la promulgación de la Ley N° 31592, promulgada el 26 de octubre de 2022, que introduce modificaciones significativas en el Código Procesal Penal respecto a la condena del absuelto. Para estos efectos, se analizó si dicha norma se ajustaba a los estándares nacionales e internacionales en lo referente a la conformidad judicial, así como examinar su viabilidad y efectividad de las impugnaciones de las condenas de absueltos. Se adoptó un enfoque metodológico mixto durante un período prolongado, abarcando el análisis de resoluciones judiciales emitidas entre el periodo 2010 - 2022. Mediante un minucioso análisis, se arribó a la conclusión de que el principio del doble conforme debe aplicarse exclusivamente al condenado, resaltando que las impugnaciones relacionadas con las condenas de absolución deben ser competencia de una Sala Penal o Mixta perteneciente a un Distrito Judicial, en lugar de ser atribución de la Corte Suprema. En consecuencia, la modificación introducida por esta Ley es altamente perjudicial en virtud de las posibles dificultades que podría ocasionar en la operatividad de los procesos de apelación, así como su potencial para debilitar el principio del doble conforme, que constituye un pilar fundamental en el sistema judicial. N 31592 2 2022 absuelto efectos judicial absueltos prolongado 201 condenado Judicial Suprema consecuencia apelación 3159 202 20 315 31 3

Abstract This paper will discuss the problems of the impeachment process in Indonesia. This issue focus on Articles 7A and 7B of the 1945 Indonesian Constitution. The two articles regulate the reasons for the impeachment process for the President and/or Vice President. This paper highlights two points. First is the impeachment process in Indonesia. Second, regarding the issue of the impeachment process being carried out, whether it can be a reason to abolish the prosecutor’s authority in prosecuting in the case of ne bis in idem or not. This research uses conceptual and historical approaches to analyze the problems discussed. From this study, the authors found that there are still problems in the legal aspect of evidence in the impeachment process, which still opens the possibility of the person being tried in another judicial system. Another finding is that the impeachment process and criminal/civil justice generally have different objects so that a person can be tried again. However, it needs to be strictly regulated in regulations related to the process and post-impeachment so that it no longer creates many interpretations in its implementation. Indonesia A B 194 Constitution andor points Second out prosecutors prosecutor s not discussed study system criminalcivil criminal civil again However postimpeachment post implementation 19 1

Resumo Este artigo discutirá os problemas do processo de impeachment na Indonésia. O foco desta questão refere-se aos Artigos 7A e 7B da Constituição Indonésia de 1945. Os dois artigos regulam as razões do processo de impeachment do Presidente e/ou Vice-Presidente. Este artigo destaca dois pontos. O primeiro é o processo de impeachment na Indonésia. Em segundo lugar, quanto à questão do processo de impeachment em andamento, se pode ou não ser motivo para abolir a competência do Ministério Público em processar no caso de ne bis in idem. Esta pesquisa utiliza a abordagem conceitual e histórica para analisar os problemas discutidos. A partir desse estudo, os autores constataram que ainda há problemas no aspecto jurídico da prova no processo de impeachment, o que ainda abre a possibilidade de a pessoa ser julgada em outro sistema judicial. Outra constatação é que o processo de impeachment e a justiça criminal/civil geralmente têm objetos diferentes para que uma pessoa possa ser julgada novamente. No entanto, ele precisa ser rigorosamente regulamentado por normas relacionadas ao processo e pós-impeachment para que não crie muitas interpretações em sua implementação. referese refere B 1945 eou VicePresidente. VicePresidente Vice Presidente. Vice-Presidente pontos lugar andamento idem discutidos estudo judicial criminalcivil criminal civil novamente entanto pósimpeachment pós implementação 194 19 1

Abstract At the intersection between telematic secrecy and criminal and administrative procedural law, the Brazilian Federal Supreme Court built a prevailing argument to rule out questions of legality of certain evidence or means of obtaining evidence: the Federal Constitution protects “communications of data and not data itself “ - to mean that it only protects communications in flow, not stored (static) and, today also, that it only protects communications content and not other records and data. Through a review of literature and case law, this article aims to demonstrate how this argument emerged, how it is applied inconsistently and how it overrides relevant questions about privacy in the digital age. It maintains that the STF needs to rescue a substantive thesis on privacy and reaffirm the State’s burden to justify the use of force and that judges should look at the context and our social practices when deliberating on such issues. law flow static (static also emerged age States State s issues

Resumo Na intersecção entre sigilo telemático e direito processual penal e administrativo, o Supremo Tribunal Federal construiu um argumento prevalente para afastar questões de licitude de certa prova ou meio de obtenção de prova: a Constituição Federal protege “comunicações de dados e não dados em si” - para significar que só protege comunicações em fluxo, e não armazenadas (estáticas) e, hoje também, que só protege conteúdo de comunicações e não outros registros e dados. Por meio de revisão de literatura e de jurisprudência, esse artigo pretende demonstrar como esse argumento surgiu, como é aplicado de forma inconsistente e como anula questões relevantes sobre privacidade na era digital. Sustenta que o STF precisa resgatar uma tese substantiva sobre privacidade e o ônus de fundamentação do Estado no uso da força e que juízes devem olhar para o contexto e nossas práticas sociais ao deliberar sobre tais questões. administrativo si fluxo estáticas (estáticas também jurisprudência surgiu digital

Resumo Introdução: As situações de violência no âmbito conjugal resultam numa diversidade de consequências e danos físicos, psicológicos, relacionais e nos casos mais graves, poderão conduzir à incapacitação, temporária ou permanente, da vítima ou, mesmo, à sua morte. A Lei Maria da Penha, dispõe a respeito da criação de mecanismos para coibir a violência doméstica e familiar contra mulher; trata também da Convenção sobre a Eliminação de Todas as Formas de Discriminação contra as Mulheres e da Convenção Interamericana para Prevenir, Punir e Erradicar a Violência contra a Mulher. Dispõe ainda a respeito da criação dos Juizados de Violência Doméstica e Familiar contra Mulher e promove alteração no Código Penal e na lei de Execução Penal a respeito da punição da violência contra a mulher. Objetivo: Identificar e compreender os fatores que influenciam a tomada de decisão da vítima em denunciar atos de violência doméstica. Especificamente pretende-se verificar o conhecimento dos recursos disponíveis à vítima de violência doméstica, bem como analisar se tais recursos influenciam na decisão da vítima denunciar o agressor. Método: Foi feita uma pesquisa qualitativa básica, com a participação de 12 mulheres que se identificaram como vítimas de violência doméstica. Foi utilizada como técnica de colheita a entrevista semiestruturada e para o tratamento dos dados, foi feita análise categorial. Resultados: Das entrevistadas, quatro mulheres não denunciaram o agressor, uma destas saiu de casa e preferiu não denunciar. As que denunciaram, o fizeram por diferentes motivos, como traição, agressão na presença de filhos, medo de perder os filhos, entre outros. Conclusões. Os fatores apontados estão relacionados com a dependência financeira e emocional e por descrédito na justiça.

Abstract Introduction: Situations of domestic violence result in a variety of consequences and physical, psychological and relational damage and, in the most serious cases, may lead to temporary or permanent incapacitation of the victim or even death. The Maria da Penha Law provides for the creation of mechanisms to curb domestic and family violence against women; it also deals with the Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination against Women and the Inter-American Convention to Prevent, Punish and Eradicate Violence against Women. It also provides for the creation of Courts for Domestic and Family Violence against Women and promotes changes to the Penal Code and the Criminal Execution law regarding the punishment of violence against women. Objective: Identify and understand the factors that influence the victim's decision-making in reporting acts of domestic violence. Specifically, the aim is to verify knowledge of the resources available to victims of domestic violence, as well as to analyze whether such resources influence the victim's decision to report the aggressor. Method: Basic qualitative research was carried out, with the participation of 12 women who identified themselves as victims of domestic violence. A semi-structured interview was used as a collection technique and categorical analysis was carried out to process the data. Results: Of those interviewed, four women did not report the aggressor, one of these left homes and preferred not to report it. Those who reported it did so for different reasons, such as betrayal, aggression in the presence of children, fear of losing their children, among others. Conclusions. The factors highlighted are related to financial and emotional dependence and discredit in justice.

Abstract: The concept of dangerousness refers to the predisposition to commit crime on the part of subjects who have not committed crimes or have not reoffended, a predisposition that is not evaluated through their infractions or previous actions (not even in possible cases of recidivism), but through their lifestyle and physical-psychic characteristics. The theory of dangerousness was therefore supported by doctrinal currents (the positivist school of law, organic and social determinism, degenerationism, mental hygiene), studies of the bad life in large cities and prejudices and fears involving social class or ethnic groups. It also offered the possibility of identifying a criminal before they commit a crime and, under the logic of social defense, applying sanctions or measures to prevent it (measures proposed or accepted included sterilization or banishment, even imprisonment or therapeutic internment). Catalogs of the dangerous, the scope of the concept and the measures accepted or contemplated for the dangerous (whether they had never committed crimes or already completed their sentences) varied according to the time and place. This article studies the Mexican case from 1890 to 1960, the period in which this theory had its greatest theor etical and institutional presence. It incorporates judicial and criminological studies, their influence on legislation and legislative projects and, to a lesser extent, judicial sentences and police practices. It therefore makes use of a variety of approaches to a practically unstudied issue that has connections to social and cultural history, as well as to the history of criminal law and its application.

Resumen: El concepto de peligrosidad se refiere a la predisposición a delinquir por parte de sujetos que no han delinquido o que no han reincidido, predisposición que no se valora por sus infracciones o actos previos (ni siquiera en el caso de los posibles reincidentes), sino con base en formas de vida y características físico-psíquicas. Por ende, la teoría de la peligrosidad se nutre de corrientes doctrinales (escuela positivista de derecho, determinismo orgánico y social, degeneracionismo, higiene mental), estudios sobre la mala vida en las grandes ciudades, así como prejuicios y temores vinculados con clase social u origen étnico. Asimismo, abre la posibilidad de identificar a un delincuente antes de que delinca y, bajo la lógica de la defensa social, de aplicar sanciones o medidas para impedirlo (se propuso o adoptó, desde esterilización o relegación, hasta reclusión o internamiento curativo). Los catálogos de peligrosos, los alcances del concepto y las medidas aceptadas o contempladas para peligrosos sin delito o posdelictuales, cambian según la época y el lugar. En este artículo estudio el caso mexicano, entre 1890 y 1960, etapa en la cual la teoría tuvo mayor presencia teórica e institucional. Tomo en cuenta estudios de juristas y criminólogos, su influencia en la legislación y proyectos legislativos y, en menor medida, sentencias judiciales y prácticas policiales. Por ende, abordo desde diferentes enfoques un tema que no ha sido prácticamente estudiado y que se vincula con la historia social y cultural, así como con la historia del derecho penal y su aplicación.

On 6 September 1966, the prime minister of South Africa, Dr HF Verwoerd was killed by Mr Tsafendas, a Portuguese national of Greek descent, in parliament by stabbing him in the chest. Mr Tsafendas was a messenger in parliament. At the enquiry trial of Mr Tsafendas, he was found unfit to stand trial on the ground that he suffered from schizophrenia. The psychiatric evidence during the enquiry trial was reviewed and discussed under the following headings: Diagnosis of schizophrenia; Consideration of cultural factors in forensic psychiatric settings; Delusional infestation v. extreme overvalued beliefs; Simulation of psychosis; Ethical considerations in criminal capacity and trial competency assessments. Lessons from the Mr Tsafendas enquiry trial for forensic psychiatrists where a defendant previously diagnosed with schizophrenia commits a prominent political murder, are summarised. It is emphasised that the personhood of an accused referred for forensic observation should be respected and protected, instead of focusing exclusively on a specific diagnosis.

Resumen: Durante el siglo XVIII se empezaron a definir los parámetros de la moderna codificación penal y del sistema judicial y penológico. El replanteamiento global de la economía, la organización social, las formas de convivencia y, en general, las diversas facetas de la vida del hombre, propio de esta centuria, no podían no abarcar la legislación criminal. Dicha rama normativa era una herramienta clave para reafirmar la autoridad del Estado, proteger el orden social que él mismo había establecido, disciplinar socialmente a los individuos como también sus prácticas de comportamientos. Al mismo tiempo, las élites ilustradas tenían muy claro que el replanteamiento de la normativa criminal habría favorecido el amplio proceso de regulación e instrucción social, que, por afectar todos los ámbitos de la vida, habría permitido contrarrestar todas aquellas prácticas y costumbres que se contraponían a su discurso y visión sistémica. Así lo demuestra la tipificación como delito penal del incendio involuntario: si durante la época medieval y moderna el incendio ocasionado por imprudencia o negligencia, es decir, sin dolo, se consideró únicamente un cuasidelito civil, y como tal obligaba el responsable únicamente a la indemnización de los daños, con la codificación penal decimonónica terminó por ser elevado a delito penal. Este artículo se propone reconstruir las etapas principales de esta transición, y explicar los motivos sociales y culturales que la impulsaron. Resumen penológico economía general hombre centuria Estado establecido comportamientos tiempo sistémica involuntario negligencia decir dolo civil daños transición impulsaron

Abstract: During the 18th century, the parameters of modern penal codification and the judicial and penological system began to be defined. The global rethinking of the economy, social organization, forms of coexistence, and, in general, the various aspects of human life characteristic of this century, inevitably involved criminal legislation. This normative branch was a key tool for reaffirming the authority of the State, protecting its social order, and socially disciplining individuals and their behavioural practices. At the same time, the enlightened elites were well aware that the rethinking of criminal regulations would have favoured the extensive process of social regulation and discipline, which, by affecting all areas of life, would have allowed counteracting those practices and customs that contradicted their discourse and systemic vision. This is demonstrated by the typification of involuntary fire as a criminal offense: if during the medieval and modern era, fire caused by imprudence or negligence, in other words, without intent, was considered merely a cuasidelito, and the responsible party was only required to provide compensation for damages, with 19th-century penal codification, it being elevated to a criminal offense. This article aims to reconstruct the main stages of this transition and explain the social and cultural reasons that pushed it. Abstract th century defined economy organization coexistence general legislation State order time discipline which vision offense era negligence words intent cuasidelito damages 19thcentury thcentury 19th