Resumen Tras los atentados terroristas del 9/11, se han implementado reformas a las leyes migratorias de Estados Unidos, lo que ha provocado deportaciones masivas de millones de mexicanos. En este artículo se busca identificar los riesgos y dificultades que particularmente enfrentan los expandilleros que han sido deportados a México tras llevar una conducta delictiva y vivir en las prisiones de Estados Unidos, y que actualmente buscan rehacer su vida en Guadalajara. Para ello, se llevó a cabo una serie de 35 encuestas, de las que se derivaron 31 casos que fueron objeto de estudio de este proyecto. El análisis de los resultados de las encuestas permitió comprender las principales dificultades que enfrentan los homies deportados para encontrar trabajo, reintegrarse a su familia y mantenerse alejados de las drogas y el alcohol.

ABSTRACT After the terrorist attacks of 9/11, reforms to U.S immigration laws have been implemented. This has resulted in massive deportations of millions of Mexicans. This article seeks to identify the risks and difficulties faced by former gang members deported to Mexico after engaging in criminal behavior and living in U.S prisons. And who are currently seeking to rebuild their lives in Guadalajara. For this purpose, a series of 35 surveys was carried out, from which 31 cases were derived that were the object of study of this project. The analysis of the survey results allowed to understand the main difficulties that deported homies face in finding work, reintegrating with their families, and staying away from drugs and alcohol.

Resumen La delincuencia empresarial moviliza simultáneamente la represión penal como la represión administrativa, ambos instrumentos confluyen en la estabilización de las expectativas normativas de manera autónoma y diferenciada, sin embargo, la perspectiva tradicional de la relación entre estas dos materias ha fallado relativamente en ofrecer una clara diferenciación. El objetivo de este artículo se circunscribirá entonces a brindar una distinción funcionalista de ambos subsistemas jurídicos, en lo que concierne al ámbito económico. La metodología aplicada consistirá en una relectura de la sanción penal y la sanción administrativa a través del funcionalismo-sistémico que posee la capacidad de plantear una vía alternativa original para este impase doctrinal. Este estudio tomará como ilustración el comportamiento de insider trading en materia bursátil. Se concluye que dos distinciones funcionales son identificables entre sanción administrativa y sanción penal, la primera concerniente en la naturaleza de las expectativas normativas que tienen como objetivo estabilizar cada una y, en segundo lugar, el contenido comunicativo de cada sanción en el marco de la teoría de los medios de comunicación simbólicamente generalizados.

Abstract Corporate crime simultaneously triggers both criminal repression and administrative repression. Both mechanisms converge in stabilizing normative expectations autonomously and differentially. However, the traditional perspective on the relationship between these two subjects has relatively failed to provide a clear differentiation. Therefore, the functionalist-systemic perspective could propose an original alternative approach to this doctrinal impasse. The purpose of this article will then be limited to providing a functionalist distinction between the two legal subsystems as regards the economic sphere. The methodology applied will consist of a rereading of the criminal sanction and the administrative sanction through the functionalism-system that possesses an ability to propose an original alternative way for this doctrinal impasse. This study using insider trading behavior in the stock market as an illustration. It is concluded that two functional distinctions are identifiable between administrative sanction and criminal sanction, the first concerning the nature of the normative expectations that aim to stabilize each and second, the communicative content of each sanction within the framework of symbolically generalized media theory.

Abstract: Following the economic complexity methodology introduced by Hausmann et al. (2013), this study establishes an order of crime evolution in Mexico. This ordering is based on the complexity of crimes, as determined by the capabilities required to commit them. According to the study, the least complex crimes in Mexico include robbery in collective public transport, robbery in individual transport, counterfeiting, and auto parts theft. On the other hand, the crimes characterized by the highest complexity involve organized crime, intentional and unintentional homicide, and the trafficking of minors. Furthermore, the analysis reveals that femicide and rape exhibit the most significant centrality or influence within the criminal network. According to the model, crimes associated with violence against women are those that most increase the probability of committing another crime. Therefore, targeted prevention efforts aimed at reducing femicide and rape may substantially impact overall levels of criminality in Mexico. This study also highlights the importance of addressing violence against women in designing crime prevention policies in Mexico. Moreover, the methodology adopted in this study can be reinterpreted as a spectral clustering algorithm and thus also contributes to the literature on machine learning applications in public policy design.

Resumen: Bajo la metodología de complejidad económica propuesta por Hausmann et al. (2013), esta investigación estableció un ordenamiento de la evolución del crimen en México. Este ordenamiento se basa en la complejidad de los delitos, determinada por las capacidades requeridas para cometerlos. De acuerdo con esta investigación, los delitos con menor complejidad en México incluyen el robo en transporte público colectivo, robo en transporte individual, falsificación y robo de autopartes. Por otro lado, los delitos con mayor complejidad están relacionados con el crimen organizado, el homicidio intencional e involuntario y el tráfico de menores. Además, el análisis reveló que el feminicidio y la violación exhiben la centralidad o influencia más significativa dentro de la red criminal. Según el modelo, los delitos asociados con la violencia contra las mujeres son los que más aumentan la probabilidad de cometer otro delito. Por lo tanto, los esfuerzos de prevención dirigidos a reducir el feminicidio y la violación pueden tener un impacto sustancial en los niveles generales de criminalidad en México. Este estudio también destaca la importancia de abordar la violencia contra las mujeres en el diseño de políticas de prevención del delito en México. Además, la metodología adoptada en este estudio puede ser reinterpretada como un algoritmo de agrupamiento espectral y, por lo tanto, también contribuye a la literatura sobre aplicaciones de aprendizaje automático en el diseño de políticas públicas.

Abstract Frequently, aggressiveness and violence are used as synonymous. However, these are two complex and different phenomena that scientists and philosophers have studied. In this paper, we make a difference between aggressiveness and violence. Aggressiveness must be considered utilitarian behavior that harms or destroys objects or subjects. Aggressiveness is a primitive way to conduct, and here, we discuss anatomic and functional encephalic systems. This involuntary and instinctive behavior is triggered when the animal is required to hunt a press, defend its territory when young, or compete for a mate for reproductive purposes. The aggressiveness will be violence when it pursues a social, political, economic, or criminal goal. A violent or aggressive act is not distinguished by the outcome but by intentionality. Indeed, a violent action could have the same material consequences as an aggressive act with a different goal. Aggression-violence is a biological phenomenon and the result of culture, societal life, political relations, and current moral conditions. We often tend to simplify the phenomena, and we have discussed aggressiveness-violence, but there are also other phenomena, such as empathy and mirror behavior. Empathy, compassion, and affection should be studied alongside the aggressive-violent process.

RESUMEN El consumo de alcohol y las conductas antisociales-delictivas constituyen un problema relevante a nivel social y de salud pública. El objetivo de la investigación que dio origen al presente artículo científico fue conocer la relación entre el consumo de alcohol y la conducta antisocial-delictiva en adolescentes. Se utilizó un enfoque cuantitativo, no experimental, descriptivo-correlacional, de corte transversal. Participaron 271 adolescentes (50.6 % masculino y 49.4 % femenino), entre 12 a 19 años, mediante un muestreo no probabilístico por conveniencia con criterios de inclusión. Los instrumentos utilizados fueron el Cuestionario para identificación de trastornos debidos al consumo de alcohol (AUDIT) y el Cuestionario de conductas antisociales-delictivas (A-D). El análisis mostró un consumo bajo de alcohol o abstinencia (95.2 %) y baja presencia de conductas antisociales (89.3 %) y delictivas (88.93 %). No se presentaron diferencias por sexo en las variables de estudios (p > .05). Se confirmó una relación baja positiva entre el consumo de alcohol y la conducta antisocial (r = .206; p < .05), al igual que el consumo de alcohol y la conducta delictiva (r = .199; p < .05), es decir, a medida que aumenta o disminuye el consumo de alcohol, también lo hace la conducta antisocial-delictiva.

ABSTRACT Alcohol consumption and antisocial-criminal behavior a relevant social and public health problem. The objective of the research that gave rise to this scientific article was to determine the relationship between alcohol consumption and antisocial-criminal behavior in adolescents. A quantitative, non-experimental, descriptive-correlational, cross-sectional approach was used. The study included 271 adolescents (50.6% male and 49.4% female), aged between 12 and 19 years, using a non-probabilistic convenience sampling with inclusion criteria. The instruments used were the Alcohol Use Disorders Identification Questionnaire (AUDIT) and the Antisocial-Criminal Behavior Questionnaire (A-D). The analysis showed low alcohol consumption or abstinence (95.2%) and low presence of antisocial (89.3%) and criminal (88.93%) behaviors. There were no differences by sex in the study variables (p > .05). A low positive relationship was confirmed between alcohol consumption and antisocial behavior (r = .206; p < .05), as well as alcohol consumption and criminal behavior (r = .199; p < .05), that is, as alcohol consumption increases or decreases, antisocial-criminal behavior also.

The presence of immigrants in South Africa has led citizens to believe that migrants are responsible for increased crime rates in the country. This belief is a harmful stereotype that has no basis in reality, as most of the crimes are not committed by the migrants. This study explores the impact of socio-economic factors on crime rates by international migrants in South Africa from 2012 to 2017. Specifically, it focuses on examining the likelihood and association between two key variables: migrants with no formal education and crime, and unemployed migrants and crime. Through chi-square tests and multinomial regression, the study investigated whether these socioeconomic factors drove criminal behavior among the international migrant population. This study obtained data from secondary sources. The study's findings revealed that unemployment has an impact on migrants and crime rates in South Africa. The relationship showed a weak association, attributed to insufficient supporting evidence due to the low statistical power of educational status. The relationship proved to not have a strong association, lacking supporting evidence due to low statistical power on educational status. The level of education among migrants did not play a substantial role in influencing criminal behavior within the South African context. Other factors, such as social networks, cultural integration, and individual characteristics, might have a more prominent influence on criminal activities among migrants. However, addressing unemployment issues among international migrants in South Africa to mitigate the risk of criminal involvement is crucial. Policymakers and stakeholders should focus on developing effective strategies to promote employment opportunities, skills development, and social integration among migrant communities. By addressing these socio-economic factors, it may be possible to reduce crime rates and create a more inclusive society for both migrants and the host population in South Africa.

RESUMEN La literatura teórica indica que el gasto en seguridad pública es importante para disuadir el comportamiento delictivo. Sin embargo, la mayoría de los estudios empíricos destinados a cuantificar la influencia del gasto en seguridad pública sobre la delincuencia no han podido establecer una relación estadísticamente significativa entre estas variables. En respuesta a esto, introdujimos un indicador novedoso que mide la asignación de los gastos de seguridad pública en cada región. Al probarlo para delitos de homicidio, robo y hurto de vehículos a través del estimador gmm-sys, encontramos evidencia estadística de que su ocurrencia influye en la conducta delictiva. Creemos que su inclusión aporta evidencia valiosa a la literatura económica, arrojando luz sobre el debate en torno a la eficiencia en la asignación de recursos del gasto en seguridad.

ABSTRACT Theoretical literature indicates that public security spending matters to deter criminal behavior. Nevertheless, most empirical studies aiming to quantify the influence of public security spending on crime have largely been unable to establish a statistically significant relationship between these variables. In response to this, we introduced a novel proxy that measures the rationing of public security expenditures in each region. When testing it for crimes of homicide, robbery, and theft of vehicles through the gmm-sys estimator, we found statistical evidence that its occurrence influences criminal behavior. We believe its inception contributes valuable evidence to the economic literature, shedding light on the debate surrounding the allocative efficiency of security spending resources.

Abstract: This article aims to describe, analyze, and interpret the representation of the prison space in the stories that allude to the theme of prison and that are part of the book Escalas (1923), by César Vallejo. After a record of the discursive allusions made to the prison space in stories such as “Muro noroeste”, “Muro antártico”, “Muro este”, “Muro dobleancho”, “Alféizar” and “Liberación”, it can be realized that there are two clearly characterized models of prison: one, which manages the space to crush the experience of the prisoner to the point of incapacitating him; and another, which also manages the prison space, but to make the prisoner a worker, a subject of production. These two ways of representing the prison space propose a critique of how the question of imprisonment is approached. The narrator questions the privileging of only punitive measures since those who are imprisoned are not all guilty or criminals. His critique offers clues to think about the prisoner with presuppositions that consider his sensitive, creative, and productive dimension.

Resumen: El artículo propone describir, analizar e interpretar la representación del espacio carcelario en los relatos que aluden al tema de la prisión y que forman parte del libro Escalas (1923), de César Vallejo. Tras un registro de las alusiones discursivas que se hacen del espacio carcelario en relatos como “Muro noroeste”, “Muro antártico”, “Muro este”, “Muro dobleancho”, “Alféizar” y “Liberación”, se puede dar cuenta de que existen dos modelos de prisión claramente caracterizados: uno, que administra el espacio para triturar la experiencia del reo al punto de incapacitarlo; y otro, que también gestiona el espacio carcelario, pero para hacer del reo un trabajador, un sujeto de producción. Estos dos modos de representar el espacio carcelario proponen una crítica a cómo se encara la cuestión del encarcelamiento. El narrador cuestiona que se privilegien solo medidas punitivas, ya que quienes están recluidos no son todos culpables o criminales. Su crítica ofrece indicios para pensar en el reo con presupuestos que atiendan su dimensión sensible, creativa y productiva.

Abstract The principles of bioethics are characterized by a particular singularity that allows for a range of rights and obligations in the doctor-patient relationship, permitting or not the disclosure of personal information, notably when it is the decision of the latter. The problem addressed in this research concerns the possibility of the doctor relativizing the sharing of the confidentiality of the information obtained from their patient. This is a qualitative and exploratory research, based mainly on the deductive method. Through bibliographic, documentary and jurisprudential review, we present the concept, extent, and exceptions to the duty of medical confidentiality and its relation to bioethics, with a focus on legal and deontological norms and their reflections on various social facts, occurring in Portugal and Brazil. However, we will limit our approach to the connection between medicine and law, in light of a recent court decision that led to the dismissal of a criminal case initiated after the doctor reported a patient's abortion to the police, who sought medical attention after ingesting an abortifacient drug. We will describe aspects related to the doctor-patient commitment and its implications in cases where the ethical behavior of the medical professional is deviant.

Resumo Os princípios da bioética são revestidos de particular singularidade que possibilitam uma gama de direitos e obrigações à relação médico-paciente, permitindo ou não a revelação de informações pessoais, notadamente quando esta for a decisão deste último. O problema da presente pesquisa versa sobre a possibilidade de o médico relativizar o compartilhamento do sigilo das informações obtidas de seu paciente. Trata-se de pesquisa qualitativa e exploratória, que se utiliza do método dedutivo para fazer uma revisão bibliográfica, documental e de recortes da jurisprudência, apresentando o conceito, extensão e exceção ao dever de guarda do sigilo médico e sua relação diante da bioética, com os olhos voltados para as normas legais e deontológicas e seus reflexos em diversos fatos sociais, ocorridos em Portugal e no Brasil. Entretanto, delimitaremos a abordagem à conexão da medicina com o direito, diante de recente decisão judicial que arquivou um processo criminal instaurado após a comunicação do médico à autoridade policial de um aborto praticado por sua paciente, que procurou atendimento após ingerir medicamento abortivo. Serão descritos aspectos ligados ao compromisso médico-paciente e suas implicações no caso de o comportamento ético do profissional médico se manifestar desviante.

Alcohol consumption and antisocial-criminal behavior a relevant social and public health problem.&nbsp; The objective of the research that gave rise to this scientific article was to determine the relationship between alcohol consumption and antisocial-criminal behavior in adolescents. A quantitative, non-experimental, descriptive-correlational, cross-sectional approach was used. The study included 271 adolescents (50.6% male and 49.4% female), aged between 12 and 19 years, using a non-probabilistic convenience sampling with inclusion criteria. The instruments used were the Alcohol Use Disorders Identification Questionnaire (AUDIT) and the Antisocial-Criminal Behavior Questionnaire (A-D). The analysis showed low alcohol consumption or abstinence (95.2%) and low presence of antisocial (89.3%) and criminal (88.93%) behaviors. There were no differences by sex in the study variables (p &gt; .05). A low positive relationship was confirmed between alcohol consumption and antisocial behavior (r = .206; p &lt; .05), as well as alcohol consumption and criminal behavior (r = .199; p &lt; .05), that is, as alcohol consumption increases or decreases, antisocial-criminal behavior also.

El consumo de alcohol y las conductas antisociales-delictivas constituyen un problema relevante a nivel social y de salud pública. El objetivo de la investigación que dio origen al presente artículo científico fue conocer la relación entre el consumo de alcohol y la conducta antisocial-delictiva en adolescentes. Se utilizó un enfoque cuantitativo, no experimental, descriptivo-correlacional, de corte transversal. Participaron 271 adolescentes (50.6 % masculino y 49.4 % femenino), entre 12 a 19 años, mediante un muestreo no probabilístico por conveniencia con criterios de inclusión. Los instrumentos utilizados fueron el Cuestionario para identificación de trastornos debidos al consumo de alcohol (AUDIT) y el Cuestionario de conductas antisociales-delictivas (A-D). El análisis mostró un consumo bajo de alcohol o abstinencia (95.2 %) y baja presencia de conductas antisociales (89.3 %) y delictivas (88.93 %). No se presentaron diferencias por sexo en las variables de estudios (p &gt; .05). Se confirmó una relación baja positiva entre el consumo de alcohol y la conducta antisocial (r = .206; p &lt; .05), al igual que el consumo de alcohol y la conducta delictiva (r = .199; p &lt; .05), es decir, a medida que aumenta o disminuye el consumo de alcohol, también lo hace la conducta antisocial-delictiva.

O consumo de álcool e o comportamento anti-social-criminoso constituem um problema relevante a nível social e de saúde pública. O objetivo da pesquisa que deu origem a este artigo científico foi conhecer a relação entre o consumo de álcool e o comportamento antissocial-criminoso em adolescentes. Foi utilizada uma abordagem quantitativa, não experimental, descritiva-correlacional e transversal. Participaram 271 adolescentes (50,6% homens e 49,4% mulheres), entre 12 e 19 anos, por meio de amostragem não probabilística por conveniência com critérios de inclusão. Os instrumentos utilizados foram o Questionário para Identificação de Transtornos Devido ao Consumo de Álcool (AUDIT) e o Questionário de Comportamento Antissocial-Criminoso (A-D). A análise mostrou baixo consumo ou abstinência de álcool (95,2%) e baixa presença de comportamento antissocial (89,3%) e criminoso (88,93%). Não houve diferenças por sexo nas variáveis ​​do estudo (p &gt; 0,05). Foi confirmada uma relação positiva baixa entre consumo de álcool e comportamento antissocial (r = 0,206; p &lt; 0,05), bem como consumo de álcool e comportamento criminoso (r = 0,199; p &lt; 0,05), ou seja, como o consumo de álcool aumenta ou diminui, o mesmo acontece com o comportamento criminoso anti-social.

Resumen: El trabajo presenta una defensa de la teoría del cohecho pasivo como deslealtad del funcionario público. Previamente, se examinan dos puntos de vista diferentes sobre el problema, desarrollados en el ámbito continental europeo; en comparación con estas propuestas, la teoría de la deslealtad no solo permite comprender acabadamente la razón por la cual el cohecho pasivo constituye un comportamiento especialmente desvalioso, sino también proporcionar parámetros para diferenciarlo de otros delitos que pueden cometer los funcionarios públicos. Por último, se analizan las consecuencias de la política criminal que se derivan de la teoría defendida, en particular los lineamientos que debería seguir la legislación penal sobre el cohecho.

Abstract: This work puts forth a defense of the theory that passive bribery constitutes a breach of loyalty by a public official. To begin with, we examine two distinct viewpoints on the issue, developed within the context of continental Europe. In comparison to these proposals, the theory of disloyalty not only comprehensively elucidates why passive bribery represents an especially reprehensible behavior but also provides parameters for distinguishing it from other offenses that public officials may commit. Finally, we delve into the implications of the criminal policy that stem from the advocated theory, particularly the guidelines that should guide penal legislation regarding passive bribery.

Resumo: Este trabalho apresenta uma defesa da teoria do suborno passivo como deslealdade do funcionário público. Previamente, são examinadas duas opiniões diferentes sobre o problema, desenvolvidas no continente europeu; em comparação com essas propostas, a teoria da deslealdade não só fornece uma compreensão completa da razão pela qual o suborno passivo é um comportamento particularmente repreensível, mas também fornece parâmetros para o diferenciar de outros crimes que os funcionários públicos possam cometer. Por último, são analisadas as consequências da política criminal que deriva da teoria defendida, em particular as diretrizes que a legislação criminal sobre suborno deve seguir.

Abstract The criminalization of indigenous leaders occurs in many countries where these populations live. The practice, recurrently used by national States, serves to inhibit or prevent indigenous peoples from demonstrating and protesting in favor of their rights. On the initiative of the Articulação dos Povos Indígenas do Brasil (APIB) and Indigenous Peoples Rights International (IPRI), the authors carried out a study on the criminalization of indigenous leaders in Brazil in 2020 and identified important formal aspects of this criminalization. Among them is the mistaken use of the categories “integrated indian” and “acculturated indian”. The present article proposes to deepen this aspect, by updating the discussions of its use in the configuration on the culpability of indigenous peoples in the current Brazilian criminal justice system, and by investigating in greater detail and intensity the meaning and application these categories by the judiciary. Unveiling a judicial behavior centered on jurisprudential analysis, we seek to highlight the judicial mentality that perpetuates the indiscriminate and discriminatory use of these categories as a maneuver to hyperpunitivism against indigenous people. As for the methodology, of a quanti-qualitative nature, the research uses a bibliographic review, a survey of jurisprudence and case studies, not excluding the material collected in interviews with indigenous leaders. live practice States rights APIB (APIB IPRI, IPRI , (IPRI) 202 integrated indian acculturated indian. . aspect system judiciary analysis people methodology quantiqualitative quanti qualitative nature review studies (IPRI 20 2

Resumo A criminalização de lideranças indígenas é uma realidade onde há presença destas populações. A prática, recorrentemente utilizada pelos Estados nacionais, serve para inibir ou impedir povos indígenas de se manifestarem e protestarem em prol de seus direitos. No ano de 2020, por iniciativa da Articulação dos Povos Indígenas do Brasil (APIB) e do Indigenous Peoples Rights International (IPRI), as autoras realizaram um estudo sobre a criminalização de lideranças indígenas no Brasil e identificaram importantes aspectos formais desta criminalização, entre eles a manipulação equivocada das categorias “índio integrado” e “índio aculturado”. O presente artigo se propõe a realizar um aprofundamento deste aspecto, tanto atualizando as discussões do seu uso na configuração da culpabilidade dos indígenas no atual sistema penal brasileiro, quanto investigando com maior detalhamento e intensidade o significado e aplicação da categoria “índio integrado” pelo poder judiciário. Ao se desvelar um comportamento judicial centrado na análise jurisprudencial, busca-se evidenciar a mentalidade judicante que perpetua o uso indiscriminado e discriminatório dessas categorias como uma manobra ao hiperpunitivismo de indígenas. Quanto à metodologia, de viés quanti-qualitativo, a pesquisa se utiliza de revisão bibliográfica, do levantamento de jurisprudências e estudos de casos, não se excetuando o material coletado outrora em entrevistas com lideranças indígenas. populações prática nacionais direitos 2020 APIB (APIB IPRI, IPRI , (IPRI) índio integrado aculturado. aculturado . aculturado” aspecto brasileiro judiciário jurisprudencial buscase busca metodologia quantiqualitativo, quantiqualitativo quanti qualitativo, qualitativo quanti-qualitativo bibliográfica casos 202 (IPRI 20 2

Abstract: The Constitution and the Code of Criminal Procedure, as well as international treaties ratified by Chile, oblige the state to offer free legal assistance to those who require it, which is especially relevant in the criminal sphere. On the riots or social unrest that occurred in Chile in the last quarter of 2019 and early 2020, the Public Criminal Defense Office adopted a set of measures to offer legal defense to those who were detained or indicted by the criminal prosecution bodies. This research compares crime behavior in the country between 2017 and 2021 and identifies the social unrest crimes. These are a group of crimes whose frequency increased considerably during the turbulent months: 1) burglary, 2) public disorder, 3) disturbances to public order, and 4) attacks and threats against authorities. The volume and specificities of the social unrest crimes challenged the entire justice sector and, in doing so, made it possible to generate beliefs about the legitimacy of the criminal justice system. In contexts of social unrest, the generation of such beliefs seems especially important, because they can increase perceptions of injustice, enhancing the motivations that give rise to such unrest. Therefore, the operational reactions deployed in the Public Criminal Defense Office to ensure timely criminal defense services are explained. Good practices of the Public Criminal Defense Office that could be strengthened institutionally and normatively so that the justice sector is better prepared to face complex or unusual criminological phenomena, such as those that occurred during the social outburst, are also highlighted.

Resumen: La Constitución y el Código Procesal Penal, además de los tratados internacionales ratificados por Chile, obligan al Estado a ofrecer asistencia jurídica gratuita a quienes lo requieran, lo cual es especialmente relevante en el ámbito penal. Con ocasión de la revuelta o el estallido social ocurrido en Chile entre el último trimestre de 2019 y comienzos de 2020, la Defensoría Penal Pública adoptó un conjunto de medidas para ofrecer defensa jurídica a quienes eran detenidos o formalizados por los órganos de persecución penal. En esta investigación se compara el comportamiento delictual en el país entre los años 2017 y 2021, y se identifican los delitos del estallido social. Se trata de un conjunto de delitos cuyas frecuencias aumentaron considerablemente en los meses convulsionados: a) robos en lugar no habitado, b) desórdenes públicos, c) alteraciones al orden público, y d) atentados y amenazas contra la autoridad. El volumen y las especificidades de los delitos del estallido social pusieron a prueba a todo el sector justicia y, al hacerlo, posibilitaron la generación de creencias sobre la legitimidad del sistema de justicia penal. En contextos de disturbios sociales, el surgimiento de dichas creencias parece especialmente importante porque puede incrementar la percepción de injusticia, potenciando el malestar social que da origen a dichos disturbios. Por ello, se explican las reacciones operativas desplegadas en la Defensoría para asegurar servicios oportunos de defensa penal. También se destacan aquellas buenas prácticas de la Defensoría que podrían robustecerse institucional y normativamente para que el sector justicia esté mejor preparado para enfrentar fenómenos criminológicos complejos o no habituales, como los ocurridos durante el estallido social.

Resumen Con el objetivo de estudiar el recurrente uso de la cárcel como un medio de prevención del delito o de cualquier otra conducta humana en sociedad, se realiza una revisión de esta y de sus métodos o técnicas de captación y enclaustramiento de personas a propósito de la prevención o rehabilitación del criminal. Se recurre a una revisión documental de experiencias desarrolladas a nivel regional, que permite entender la intención perseguida y el internamiento penitenciario, así como las evaluaciones existentes. También se revisa documentación estadística y políticas públicas en materia de uso de la cárcel como una instancia de prevención especial del crimen. Es una investigación descriptiva y racionalizadora del uso de la sanción de privación de libertad y del alojamiento de personas en sitios de encierro total. Como hallazgo principal, muy pocos países en de América Latina y el Caribe contemplan en sus planes de trabajo a la población que tiene en sitios de aislamiento, en la atención a sus problemas de socialización y de criminalidad. En Costa Rica, desde hace algunos años se les ha prestado atención a estas personas que, por múltiples circunstancias, terminan siendo habitantes de los denominados espacios carcelarios de «máxima seguridad». A manera de conclusión, la atención profesional y la implementación de un plan de intervención se hace necesario ante el aislamiento o la segregación total. Esta alternativa de atención facilitaría, en el futuro próximo, la integración al medio carcelario compartido y a la sociedad como destino final de estas personas.

Abstract With the aim of studying the recurrent use of prison as a means of preventing crime or any other human behavior in society, a review of this and its methods or techniques of recruitment and confinement of people regarding prevention or rehabilitation of the criminal is carried out. A documentary review of experiences developed at the regional level is used, which allows to understand the intention pursued and the prison internment, as well as the existing evaluations. Statistical documentation and public policies on the use of jail as a special crime prevention instance are also reviewed. It is a descriptive and rationalizing investigation of the use of the sanction of deprivation of liberty and the accommodation of people in places of total confinement. As a main finding, very few countries in Latin America and the Caribbean contemplate in their work plans the population that is in isolation sites, in attention to their socialization and criminality problems. In Costa Rica, for some years attention has been paid to these people who, due to multiple circumstances, end up being inhabitants of the so-called “maximum security'' prison spaces. In conclusion, professional attention and the implementation of an intervention plan are necessary in the face of isolation or total segregation. This care alternative would facilitate, in the near future, the integration into the shared prison environment and into society as the final destination of these people.

Résumé Dans le but d'étudier le récurrent usage de la prison comme moyen de prévention du délit ou de toute d'autre comportement/conduite humain(e) dans la société, on a effectué une révision de la prison et de ses méthodes ou techniques de capture et d'enfermement de personnes en vue de la prévention ou de la réhabilitation du criminel. Pour se faire, on a fait une révision documentaire des expériences développées à niveau régional afin de comprendre l'intention et la détention pénitentiaire ainsi que des évaluations qui existent. On a aussi examiné les statistiques et les politiques publiques au sujet de l'utilisation de la prison comme instance de prévention spéciale du crime. Il s'agit d'une recherche descriptive et qui analyse l'utilisation de la sanction de privation de liberté et de l'isolement carcéral des personnes. Concernant, la principale découverte, on peut dire que très peu des pays d'Amérique et des Caraïbes envisagent dans leurs plans de travail la population en isolement et l'attention à leurs problèmes de socialisation et de criminalité. Au Costa Rica, depuis quelques années le système est en train de faire attention à ces personnes qui, du fait de multiples circonstances se trouvent dans ces espaces dans les prisons désignées « sécurité maximale ». En guise de conclusion, on peut mentionner que l'attention professionnelle et la mise en place d'un plan d'intervention est nécessaire dans l'isolement total. Cette alternative d'attention faciliterait, dans le futur proche, l'intégration de ces personnes à l'espace pénitentiaire partagé et à la société en tant que destination finale.

Resumen: El presente artículo contiene una propuesta criminológica que, fundamentada interdisciplinariamente, pretende la comprensión del comportamiento criminal, tomando como punto de partida la literatura y la psicología. Para ello se acude a la obra Crimen y castigo de Fiódor Dostoievski, dado que esta permite ejemplificar las intencionalidades psicológicas que subyacen a la comisión de un tipo de delito doloso. Para llevar a cabo dichas relaciones interdisciplinares se asumen diversas posturas teóricas, que inician con la Poética de Aristóteles, al igual que teorías psicológicas como las planteadas por el psicoanálisis, el enfoque cognitivo conductual y la psicología social cognitiva. Con base en dichos aportes se busca la construcción de una corriente criminológica que, desde una nueva visión, se constituya en punto de partida para la comprensión del comportamiento criminal.

Abstract: This article contains a criminological proposal that, on an interdisciplinary basis, aims for the comprehension of criminal behavior by taking literature and psychology as starting points. For this purpose, the article turns to the novel Crime and punishment by Fiódor Dostoievski since it allows to exemplify the psychological intentions that underlie the execution of a felony. In order to accomplish such interdisciplinary relationships, various theoretical stances are taken, which begin with Poetics by Aristotle and go through psychological theories such as the ones formulated by psychoanalysis, the cognitive behavioral approach, and cognitive social psychology. Based on these contributions, the purpose is to construct a new criminological trend that, from a new perspective, turns into a starting point for the understanding of criminal behavior