We report the electrochemical potential of conductive filaments produced with recycled polylactic acid (rPLA) alongside a mixture of graphite (Gpt) and/or carbon black (CB) and castor oil to create an electrode ready-to-use. Additively-manufactured electrodes (AMEs) were compared with commercial-conductive filament composed of PLA and CB. The Gpt-CB-rPLA and CB-rPLA sensors showed lower charge-transfer resistance (Rct) and a greater heterogenous rate constant, k0, (Rct= 1040 ± 50 Ω and 1810 ± 30 Ω and k0= 6.91 (± 0.58) × 103 and 5.31 (± 0.40) × 103 cm s-1, respectively) compared to the sensor from the commercial filament (Rct = 9620 ± 280 Ω and k0 = 3.62 (± 0.38) ×10-3 cm s-1). The electrochemical response of [Fe(CN6)]3-/4- displayed a peak-to-peak separation of 180 ± 8 mV (Gpt-CB-rPLA) and 240 ± 6 mV (CB-rPLA) compared to commercial AME (740 ±10 mV), without any surface treatment. The filaments were used to create a 2,4,6-trinitrotoluene (TNT) detection platform with linear range of 5-20 and 5-100 µmol L-1 for Gpt-CB-rPLA and CB-rPLA, respectively. The collector-detector device was applied for the analysis of a blast simulation. Finally, it is worth noting that the results obtained are without electrode treatment/activation, indicating that the rough surface of the additively manufactured electrode is an additional feature of the device for collecting explosive residues, simply by rubbing the additively manufactured platform on different surfaces in crime scenarios. rPLA (rPLA Gpt (Gpt andor or CB (CB readytouse. readytouse ready use. use ready-to-use Additivelymanufactured Additively AMEs (AMEs commercialconductive GptCBrPLA CBrPLA chargetransfer charge transfer Rct constant k Rct= 104 5 181 3 691 91 6.9 ( 0.58 058 0 58 10 531 31 5.3 0.40 040 40 s1, s1 s 1, 1 s-1 respectively 962 28 362 62 3.6 0.38 038 38 ×103 ×10 ×10- s1. . s-1) FeCN63/4 FeCN634 FeCN Fe CN6 /4 4 CN [Fe(CN6)]3-/4 peaktopeak peak 18 (Gpt-CB-rPLA 24 (CB-rPLA 740 (74 ±1 mV, , mV) treatment 2,4,6trinitrotoluene 246trinitrotoluene trinitrotoluene 2,4,6 2 TNT (TNT 520 20 5-2 5100 100 5-10 L1 L L- CBrPLA, rPLA, collectordetector collector detector simulation Finally treatmentactivation activation treatment/activation residues scenarios 69 9 6. 0.5 05 53 5. 0.4 04 s- 96 36 3. 0.3 03 ×1 FeCN63 FeCN63/ / [Fe(CN6)]3-/ 74 (7 6trinitrotoluene 246 2,4, 52 5- 510 5-1 0. FeCN6 [Fe(CN6)]3- 7 2,4 51 [Fe(CN6)]3 2, [Fe(CN6)] [Fe(CN6) [Fe(CN6 [Fe(CN

Serial numbers are marks present on several day-to-day objects, created by manufacturers for purposes such as quality control, product tracking and to prevent counterfeiting. In the case of firearms, these characters can be obliterated or damaged by natural processes or intentionally by criminals to prevent positive identification of stolen property. One non-destructive method employed by crime laboratories for the restoration of obliterated characters is the magnetic particle method. The present work aims to study the synthesis and application of waste-made magnetic nanoparticles in the recovery of adulterated markings. A set of analytical-grade materials and metallic waste magnetic nanoparticles were synthesized for comparison purposes. Chemical characterization tests by X-ray fluorescence, morphological tests by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and magnetization tests by vibrating sample magnetometer (VSM) were performed. The efficacy of the synthesized nanoparticles was tested on 1020 steel plates previously engraved and adulterated by sanding. Both homemade magnetic nanoparticles demonstrated superior performance compared to commercial magnetic particles. The application of homemade magnetic particles, especially using waste as the source of production, decreases the cost of the material and is environmentally friendly. The development of this material makes magnetic serial number restoration a better option for widespread use in forensic procedures. daytoday day objects control counterfeiting firearms property nondestructive non destructive wastemade made markings analyticalgrade analytical grade Xray X ray fluorescence SEM, SEM , (SEM) VSM (VSM performed 102 sanding particles production friendly procedures (SEM 10 1

Abstract Introduction: The study describes the way in which a group of people justified drug trafficking activities on the northern border of México, based on the theory of neutralization. Objective: the objective of the study is to describe the way in which a group of people justified their activities related to drug trafficking on the northern border of Mexico. Methodology: Using qualitative methodology, through semi-structured interviews with 9 men and 2 women deprived of liberty for drug trafficking in Sonora, México, the various neutralization techniques that they considered in their process of entering these activities were explored. Conclusions: The results show that denial of responsibility and discrediting justice bodies are the most commonly used justifications. It is concluded that neutralization is a contribution to the understanding of social control, crime incidence and recidivism.

Resumo Introdução: O estudo descreve a forma como um grupo de pessoas justificou as atividades do tráfico de drogas na fronteira norte do México, com base na teoria da neutralização. Objetivo: o objetivo do estudo é descrever a forma como um grupo de pessoas justificou suas atividades relacionadas ao tráfico de drogas na fronteira norte do México. Metodologia: Utilizando metodologia qualitativa, por meio de entrevistas semiestruturadas com 9 homens e 2 mulheres privados de liberdade por tráfico de drogas em Sonora, México, foram exploradas as diversas técnicas de neutralização que eles consideraram em seu processo de ingresso nessas atividades. Conclusões: Os resultados mostram que a negação de responsabilidade e o descrédito dos órgãos de justiça são as justificações mais utilizadas. Conclui-se que a neutralização é uma contribuição para a compreensão do controle social, da incidência da criminalidade e da reincidência.

Resumen Introducción: el estudio describe la manera en que un grupo de personas justificaron actividades de tráfico de drogas en la frontera norte de México, partiendo de la teoría de la neutralización. Objetivo: el objetivo del estudio es describir la manera en que un grupo de personas justificaron sus actividades relacionadas con el tráfico de drogas en la frontera norte de México. Metodología: usando metodología cualitativa, mediante entrevista semiestructurada a 9 hombres y 2 mujeres privados de la libertad por tráfico de drogas en Sonora, México, se exploraron las diversas técnicas de neutralización que consideraron en su proceso de ingreso a dichas actividades. Conclusiones: los resultados muestran que la negación de la responsabilidad y desacreditar los órganos de justicia, son justificaciones de mayor uso. Se concluye que la neutralización aporta al entendimiento del control social, la incidencia y reincidencia delictiva.

Abstract Introduction: The City of Rosario has faced an increase in violence and crime related to organized crime, especially drug trafficking, in recent years. In response to this situation, the Ministry of National Security implemented an intervention model in 2020 that involved the creation of a ministerial delegation and an increase in the presence of federal security forces, as part of a plan aimed at dismantling and defunding criminal organizations. Objective: In this regard, this paper aims to analyze the state capacities of this delegation to address the issue based on two main dimensions: political and administrative capacities. Methodology: The case analysis is exploratory and descriptive, with a qualitative approach. Conclusions: A detailed analysis of both samples shows that the Ministry's capacities have been low and have not generally met the previously set objectives.

Resumo Introdução: A Cidade de Rosario enfrentou nos últimos anos um aumento da violência e da delinquência vinculada ao crime organizado, especialmente ao narcotráfico. Diante dessa situação, o Ministério da Segurança da Nação implementou, em 2020, um modelo de intervenção que implicou a criação de uma delegação ministerial e um aumento na presença de forças federais de segurança, no âmbito de um plano que visava desarticular e desfinanciar as organizações criminosas. Objetivo: Nesse sentido, este trabalho propõe-se a analisar as capacidades estatais dessa repartição para o enfrentamento da problemática a partir de duas dimensões principais: as capacidades políticas e as administrativas. Metodologia: A análise do caso é do tipo exploratório e descritivo, com um enfoque qualitativo. Conclusões: Uma análise detalhada de ambas as amostras mostra que as capacidades do Ministério têm sido baixas e não cumpriram de maneira geral os objetivos previamente estabelecidos.

Resumen Introducción: la ciudad de Rosario ha enfrentado en los últimos años un incremento de la violencia y la delincuencia vinculada a la criminalidad organizada, en especial, al narcotráfico. Ante esta situación el Ministerio de Seguridad de la Nación implementó en el año 2020 un modelo de intervención que implicó la creación de una delegación ministerial y un aumento en la presencia de fuerzas federales de seguridad, en el marco de un plan que tenía por objeto desarticular y desfinanciar las organizaciones criminales. Objetivo: en este sentido este trabajo se propone analizar las capacidades estatales de dicha repartición para el abordaje de la problemática a partir de dos dimensiones principales, las capacidades políticas y las administrativas. Metodología: el análisis del caso es del tipo exploratorio y descriptivo, con un enfoque cualitativo. Conclusiones: un análisis detallado de ambas, muestra que las capacidades del Ministerio han sido bajas y no han cumplido de manera general los objetivos que se habían fijado previamente.

Abstract Introduction: Although drug trafficking has been a historical practice in the Paraguayan Chaco, social dynamics have changed in recent years, generating a hybrid social order in which drug traffickers have gained power, indigenous groups have been left unprotected and at the mercy of traffickers, and politics has disengaged from the community and freed up areas to facilitate and protect the illegal business. Objective: Against this backdrop, the article describes social perceptions of drug trafficking and politics in indigenous communities in the Department of Alto Paraguay. Methodology: The research is based on a qualitative multi-method approach that includes documentation, ethnography and key informant interviews. Conclusions: The paper demonstrates how the delegitimization of formal politics and legality create areas of risk not only for the expansion and social tolerance of criminality, but also for the legitimization of illegality as a means to achieve a (more) dignified life. In this sense, the article questions that the literature on criminal governance and narcopolitics has focused more on adjectives than on nouns. It is the previous inefficiency of governance and politics that creates the conditions for the emergence of unwanted adjectives (such as criminal or narco). The challenge is not so much to fight crime as to promote revalorized governance and policy.

Resumo Introdução: Embora o narcotráfico seja uma prática histórica no Chaco paraguaio, a dinâmica social mudou nos últimos anos, gerando uma ordem social híbrida na qual os narcotraficantes ganharam poder, os grupos indígenas ficaram desprotegidos e à mercê dos traficantes, e a política se desvinculou da comunidade e liberou áreas para facilitar e proteger o negócio ilegal. Objetivo: Diante desse cenário, o artigo descreve as percepções sociais da narcopolítica e da política em comunidades indígenas no Departamento de Alto Paraguai. Metodologia: a pesquisa se baseia em uma abordagem qualitativa multimétodos que envolve documentação, etnografia e entrevistas com informantes-chave. Conclusões: O artigo demonstra como a deslegitimação da política formal e da legalidade cria áreas de risco não apenas para a expansão e a tolerância social da criminalidade, mas também para a legitimação da ilegalidade como um meio de alcançar uma vida (mais) digna. Nesse sentido, o artigo questiona o fato de a literatura sobre governança criminal e narcopolítica ter se concentrado mais em adjetivos do que em substantivos. É a ineficiência anterior da governança e da política que cria as condições para o surgimento de adjetivos indesejados (como criminoso ou narcopolítico). O desafio não é tanto combater o crime, mas promover uma governança e uma política revalorizadas.

Resumen Introducción: aunque el narcotráfico ha sido una práctica histórica en el Chaco Paraguayo, las dinámicas sociales cambiaron en los últimos años, generando un orden social híbrido en el que los rectores del narco habrían ganado poder, los grupos indígenas habrían quedado desprotegidos y a merced de los traficantes, y la política se habría desentendido de la comunidad y liberaría zonas para facilitar y proteger el negocio ilegal. Objetivo: ante este contexto, el artículo describe las percepciones sociales sobre el narco y la política en comunidades indígenas del Departamento de Alto Paraguay. Metodología: la investigación se basa en un enfoque cualitativo multi-método que incluye documentación, etnografía y entrevistas a informantes clave. Conclusiones: el trabajo demuestra cómo la deslegitimación de la política formal y de la legalidad crean áreas de riesgo no sólo para la expansión y tolerancia social de la criminalidad, sino también para la legitimación de la ilegalidad como medio para conseguir una vida (más) digna. En este sentido, el artículo cuestiona que la literatura sobre gobernanza criminal y narcopolítica se ha centrado más en los adjetivos que en los sustantivos. La ineficiencia previa de la gobernanza y la política es la que crea las condiciones para la emergencia de los adjetivos indeseados (como criminal o narco). El desafío no es tanto combatir el crimen como promover una gobernanza y una política revalorizada.

ABSTRACT: This essay analyzes the film Ratas, Ratones, Rateros (1999), by Ecuadorian director Sebastián Cordero, as a reflection of the social problems that affect contemporary Ecuador. Through a textual analysis of the work, it is examined how the main characters, two cousins who are dedicated to theft and crime, represent the Creole liveliness, social resentment and corruption that are some of the characteristic features of Ecuadorian society. Likewise, the film is contextualized with the political and economic scenario of the country at the end of the nineties, marked by the banking crisis, dollarization and government instability. The conclusion to be reached is that Ecuadorian cinema, more than a nationalist art, functions as a mirror of daily reality; as a reflection of the identity and social problems of Ecuadorians.

RESUMEN: En este trabajo se analiza la película Ratas, Ratones, Rateros (1999), del director ecuatoriano Sebastián Cordero, como un reflejo de las problemáticas sociales que afectan al Ecuador contemporáneo. A través de un análisis textual de la obra, se examina cómo los personajes principales, dos primos que se dedican al robo y la delincuencia, representan la viveza criolla, el resentimiento social y la corrupción, que son algunos de los rasgos característicos de la sociedad ecuatoriana. Asimismo, se contextualiza la película con el escenario político y económico del país a finales de los noventa, marcado por la crisis bancaria, la dolarización y la inestabilidad gubernamental. La conclusión a la se llegará es que el cine ecuatoriano, más que un arte nacionalista, funciona como un espejo de la realidad cotidiana; como un reflejo de la identidad y de los problemas sociales de los ecuatorianos.

RESUMEN La presencia de agrupaciones del crimen organizado transnacional junto a otros aspectos en el contexto penitenciario y las condiciones de infraestructura y de dotación de los centros de rehabilitación social que se conjugan con la sobrepoblación que ocasiona el hacinamiento, se ubican como las principales causas de la crisis del sector penitenciario que ha traído como consecuencia situaciones de extrema violencia. La investigación realizada se enmarca en el estudio de la crisis carcelaria como un problema global, y tiene como objetivo realizar un análisis de la crisis penitenciaria en el Ecuador y la intervención de la cooperación internacional como un mecanismo para coadyuvar en asuntos de seguridad interna, especialmente mediante el apoyo a la lucha contra el crimen transnacional organizado, el cual se ha infiltrado en los centros de privación de la libertad. Mediante el empleo del método de análisis documental, se ha procurado el estudio de la situación carcelaria, la incidencia del crimen organizado y la necesidad de plantear soluciones en la esfera de la cooperación internacional; particularmente se describen los aspectos más relevantes del Programa de Asistencia contra el Crimen Transnacional Organizado Europa Latinoamérica (EL PAcCTO) procurando mostrar las posibles soluciones a la crisis descrita. Como conclusión, se muestra la relación existente entre distintos flagelos como la corrupción y la vulneración de los derechos humanos como aspectos que deberán ser atendidos.

ABSTRACT The presence of transnational organized crime groups, along with other aspects in the prison context, and the conditions of infrastructure and equipment of social rehabilitation centers, which combine with overcrowding, causing overcrowding, are the main causes of the crisis in the prison sector, which has resulted in situations of extreme violence. The research carried out is framed in the study of the prison crisis as a global problem, with the objective of carrying out an analysis of the prison crisis in Ecuador and the intervention of international cooperation as a mechanism to contribute to matters of internal security, especially by supporting the fight against transnational organized crime, which has infiltrated the centres of deprivation of liberty. Using the documentary analysis method, the study of the prison situation and the incidence of organized crime and the need to propose solutions in the field of international cooperation have been attempted, particularly the most relevant aspects of the Assistance Program against Transnational Organized Crime Europe Latin America (EL PAcCTO) are described, trying to show the possible solutions to the crisis described. In conclusion, the relationship between different scourges such as corruption and the violation of human rights is shown as aspects that must be addressed.

SUMMARY: Since the facial bone remains are mostly damaged or fractured in the crime scenes, the occipital bone (OB) is a possible skull bone to be used for sex determination in forensic sciences. The high accuracy of the use of the OB for sex estimation has been reported in many populations. This recent study attempted to modify and apply the 12 parameters on OB for such determination in the Northeastern Thai skulls. Discriminant function analyses and descriptive statistics were performed. The results showed that all parameters including the hormion-basion length, bi-lower part of temporo-occipital suture breadth, bi-asterios breadth, opisthion-lambda length, foramen magnum breadth, foramen magnum length, right-lower part of temporo-occipital suture to opisthion length, left-lower part of temporo-occipital suture to opisthion length, right-asterion to basion length, left-asterion to basion length, right-asterion to lambda length, and left- asterion to lambda length of males were significantly higher than those of females (P<0.01). Interestingly, the discriminant equation analyzed from univariable showed that the temporo-occipital suture breadth (TOB) has the highest accuracy rate (75.4 %) among 12 parameters. For multivariable analysis via stepwise method, the hormion-basion length (HBL), temporo-occipital suture breadth (TOB), and left asterion to basion length (Lt. ABL) provided the highest rate of accuracy (78.8 %). In conclusion, this study suggested that TOB, HBL, and Lt. ABL are potential parameters to be used for sex determination on dry occipital bone remains of the Northeastern Thai population.

RESUMEN: Dado que los restos de huesos faciales en la escena del crimen en su mayoría resultan dañados o fracturados, el hueso occipital (HO) es un posible hueso del cráneo que se puede utilizar para la determinación del sexo en las ciencias forenses. En muchas poblaciones se ha informado de la alta precisión del uso del HO para la estimación del sexo. Este estudio reciente intentó modificar y aplicar los 12 parámetros en HO para dicha determinación en los cráneos del nordeste de Tailandia. Se realizaron análisis de funciones discriminantes y estadística descriptiva. Los resultados mostraron que todos los parámetros, incluido la longitud hormion-basion, la parte bi-inferior de la sutura temporo-occipital, la anchura bi-asterion, la longitud del opisthion-lambda, la anchura del foramen magnum, la longitud del foramen magnum, la parte inferior derecha temporo-occipital, longitud de la sutura al opistion, la parte inferior izquierda de la sutura témporo-occipital a la longitud del opistion, la longitud del asterion derecho al basion, la longitud del asterion izquierdo al basion, la longitud del asterion derecho al lambda y la longitud del asterion izquierdo a lambda, de los hombres fueron significativamente mayores que los de las mujeres (P<0,01). Curiosamente, la ecuación discriminante univariable analizada mostró que la amplitud de la sutura temporooccipital (STO) tiene la tasa de precisión más alta (75,4 %) entre 12 parámetros. Para el análisis multivariable mediante el método paso a paso, la longitud del hormion-basion (LHB), la amplitud de la sutura témporo-occipital (TOB) y la longitud del asterion izquierdo al basion (Lt. ABL) proporcionaron la mayor tasa de precisión (78,8 %). En conclusión, este estudio sugirió que TOB, LHB y Lt. ABL son parámetros potenciales que se pueden utilizar para determinar el sexo en restos de hueso occipital seco de la población del noreste de Tailandia.

Abstract: In 1939, Marília, a thirty-year-old Brazilian housewife, residing in São Paulo, killed her lover, Armando, with an axe and gunshots. She turned herself in to the police and was admitted by her brother-in-law to the Pinel Sanatorium, a psychiatric institution catering to the city's more affluent social groups. The sources for this research include clinical documents-such as a medical report, lab tests, prescriptions, and a letter written by Marília-as well as newspaper articles from São Paulo that reported on the crime. Drawing on theoretical and methodological frameworks from the socio-cultural history of emotions, the history of women and gender, and the history of madness and psychiatry, this article identifies the emotions that surface in the different documents recounting Marília's story. Our primary objective is to analyze these emotions, not to explore their specific meanings, but to understand what they produce. I aim to comprehend how the collection of these emotions, as articulated across the various narratives I examine, operates through shared meanings to construct both an event and a subject: Marília. The different narratives about her life, including her own, and the crime she committed, highlight two central emotions: sadness and anger. This analysis demonstrates that these emotions operate within an emotional framework that defines places, possibilities, and limitations for women, grounded in the perception of their interconnected bodies and minds, social markers of difference, and expert discourses. It also reveals that emotional resistances are persistent.

Resumen: En 1939, Marília, una brasileña de treinta años, casada, ama de casa y residente en São Paulo, mató a su amante, Armando, a hachazos y disparos. Se presentó a la policía y fue ingresada por su cuñado en el Sanatório Pinel, una institución psiquiátrica para los grupos sociales más pudientes de la ciudad. Las fuentes de la investigación fueron documentos clínicos -incluidos un informe médico, pruebas de laboratorio, recetas y una carta escrita por ella- y noticias de los periódicos de São Paulo que informaron sobre el crimen. Utilizando marcos teóricos y metodológicos de la historia sociocultural de las emociones, de la historia de las mujeres y del género, y de la historia de la locura y de la psiquiatría, me propongo en este artículo reconocer qué emociones emergen en los diferentes documentos que nos presentan la historia de Marília. El objetivo principal es problematizarlas, no para discutir sus significados específicos, sino para comprender lo que producen. Busco entender cómo el conjunto de tales emociones, enunciadas en los diferentes relatos que contrasto, actúan a través de significados compartidos, en el sentido de construir un acontecimiento y un sujeto, Marília. Las diferentes narrativas sobre la vida, incluida la suya propia, y el crimen cometido por ella destacan dos emociones como centrales: la tristeza y la ira. Esto demostró que estas operan dentro de un dispositivo emocional que establece lugares, posibilidades y límites para las mujeres a partir de la percepción de sus cuerpos y mentes interconectados, los marcadores sociales de la diferencia y los discursos de los saberes expertos, y que las resistencias emocionales son constantes.

Resumo: Em 1939, Marília, uma mulher de 30 anos, brasileira, casada, dona de casa, residente em São Paulo, matou seu amante, Armando, com machadadas e tiros. Apresentou-se à polícia e foi internada por seu cunhado no Sanatório Pinel, instituição psiquiátrica voltada aos grupos sociais mais abastados da cidade. As fontes de pesquisa foram o documento clínico - que inclui relatório médico, exames laboratoriais, receituário, uma carta escrita por ela - e notícias de jornais paulistas que repercutiram o crime. Com referenciais teórico-metodológicos da história sociocultural das emoções, da história das mulheres e dos gêneros, e da história da loucura e da psiquiatria, proponho, neste artigo, reconhecer que emoções emergiram nos diferentes documentos que nos apresentam a história de Marília. O objetivo principal foi problematizá-las, não no sentido de discutir seus significados específicos, mas sim de entender o que elas produziram. Busquei compreender como o rol delas, enunciado nas diferentes narrativas que contraponho, atuaram por meio de significados compartilhados, no sentido de construir um acontecimento e um sujeito, Marília. As diferentes narrativas sobre a vida e o crime de Marília, inclusive a dela mesma, destacaram como centrais duas emoções: a tristeza e a ira. Isso mostrou que estas operam no interior de um dispositivo emocional que estabelece lugares, possibilidades e limites para as mulheres a partir da percepção de seus corpos e mentes interconectados, dos marcadores sociais da diferença e dos discursos dos saberes expertos, além disso, que as resistências emocionais são constantes.

ABSTRACT This research aims to analyze the impact of the urban landscape on street crime, and therefore citizen security, in Mexico City’s Álvaro Obregón district. We focus on the objective aspect of security using a quantitative methodology with four analytical dimensions: geospatial, sociodemographic, urban structure, and typology of the neighborhood. The results show that the heterogeneous manifestation of physical-environmental components and social and economic dynamics create socio-spatial patterns associated with an increase in street crime and a decrease in safety in public spaces. In conclusion, the holistic exploration of the four aspects of an urban landscape allows us to visualize its particularities according to specific times and places, which in turn can be the basis for interweaving and sustaining situational prevention and environmental design by local government planners.

RESUMEN El objetivo de esta investigación es analizar el impacto que tiene el escenario urbano en el delito callejero, por ende, en la seguridad ciudadana, en la demarcación Álvaro Obregón, Ciudad de México. La vertiente objetiva de la seguridad se aborda con la metodología cuantitativa a partir de cuatro dimensiones de análisis: geoespacial, sociodemográfica, estructura urbana y tipología del lugar. Los resultados muestran que la manifestación heterogénea de los componentes físico-ambientales y las dinámicas sociales y económicas originan patrones socioespaciales que, en cierta medida, hacen repuntar el delito callejero y la falta de seguridad del espacio público. En conclusión, la exploración integral de los componentes del delito callejero y la seguridad urbana permite visualizar sus particularidades de acuerdo a momentos y lugares concretos, cuya caracterización puede ser el sustento para entretejer y apuntalar la prevención situacional y el diseño ambiental a escala de la planeación urbana.

Pakhanate-state of state waar pakhanate-tendense voorkom, is histories 'n bekende verskynsel. Klassieke voorbeelde van state waar pakhanate-tendense voorgekom het, was Rusland en Japan. Tans word talle state, waaronder Venezuela, Sirië, Montenegro en Mexiko as pakhanate geïdentifiseer, of prominente tendense word in hierdie verband daar waargeneem. Teen die agtergrond van uitgebreide endemiese korrupsie, staatskaping en gepaardgaande ondersoeke kan met reg gevra word of Suid-Afrika behoort tot die kategorie van state wat losweg as pakhanate beskryf kan word? Hierdie artikel konseptualiseer en kontekstualiseer die konsep en beoordeel die Suid-Afrikaanse konteks daarvan aan die hand van geïdentifiseerde kriteria.

Pakhanate states or states reflecting tendencies of pakhanate, are a historically well-known phenomenon. These states are also referred to as Mafia states. Classic examples of states where tendencies of pakhanate occurred, were Russia and Japan. Currently many states are identified as pakhanate states, examples of which are Venezuela, Columbia, Kosovo, Syria, Bulgaria, Montenegro, Myanmar, Transnistria and Mexico, as prominent pakhanate tendencies are being observed there. Pakhanate states (or related tendencies) can be identified because of a lack of clear differentiation between the political and criminal elite in a particular state and their related decisions. This, according to Naim (2012:1), is referred to as "a fusing of government and criminal groups" in a world that is experiencing "a revolution of crime". Pakhanate tendencies, although unique within their own context, are developing throughout the world against the backdrop of a combination offactors, including a history of crime and the existence of established criminal syndicates; states that experienced fundamental change and where low levels of political institutionalisation and power vacuums occur; existing historical trends of patrimonialism and neo-patrimonial tendencies within states; non-democratic tendencies in general, and sometimes an environment where neo-liberal values and a free trade environment provide the space for criminally orientated organisations to grow and establish their authority. Access to sophisticated technology, for example weapons, communication logistics and infrastructure, seems to be of critical importance in the development and growth of pakhanate tendencies. By making use of theoretical principles emphasising the Weberian "strong state" and "constitutional government" and related underlying principles and norms, this article critically assesses pakhanate states and related tendencies. Criteria related to the so-called Weberian strong state have been identified and qualified with normative criteria (democratic in nature), emphasising aspects such as constitutionalism, the public good, and the notion of responsible government and sound principles related to good governance. In a world that is currently experiencing fundamental change, weakening states, escalating conflicts and war, the prominence of non-state actors operating in an environment of freedom, and limited control, with access to modern and sophisticated technology, pakhanate tendencies seem to be on the increase. Against the background of extensive endemic corruption, state capture and concomitant investigations, it can be asked with good cause if South Africa belongs to this category of states. Several authors and writers such as Africa, Vegter and others have reflected on Mafia tendencies within the South African state and society. These perspectives are related to several recent works discussing endemic corruption and state capture within the South African context. This is related to the investigation of the Zondo Commission and its report linking influential politicians and the ruling ANC to endemic corruption and state capture. To support this perspective, the Global Organised Crime Index (2023) positions South Africa at number 7 within the category referred to as "mafia states". This is just below the Democratic Republic of the Congo (DRC) and Nigeria. This article conceptualises and contextualises the concept pakhanate state (or related tendencies) and evaluates the South African context with reference to theoretical criteria identified in the discussion. Focus points of the article include: • characteristics and functions of the traditional nation state; • normative criteria referring to the concept of a strong and constitutional state; • a conceptualisation and operationalisation of the pakhanate phenomenon; • the identification of the pakhanate phenomenon as a worldwide tendency; • application and assessment of the application of the pakhanate phenomenon within the Sout African context; and • concluding perspectives. From a methodological perspective, this study is qualitative and deductive in nature, with an application with reference to identified case studies - particularly South African. An assessment of the South African context will be made by using the criteria associated with pakhanate states and the related phenomena.

Abstract Every year, thousands of students enter higher education, often facing personal and academic This study consists of the first national mapping of hate crimes with homophobic and/or transphobic motivations against sexual and gender diversity in Portugal. The objective of this article focuses on analyzing the process of monitoring and stratifying hate crimes with homophobic and/or transphobic motivations by the Portuguese State, verifying their specificities as a result of the current legal framework and the phenomena of underreporting, revictimization and impunity for these crimes. cases. This investigation carried out the mapping and identification of 33 Criminal Investigations, belonging to 20 districts of the Public Ministry between 2015 and 2020. After the identification of the Unique Crime Process Identifier Number - NUIPC by the Judiciary Police and authorization to consult the procedural documents to the Departments of Investigation and Criminal Action - DIAPs of the MP, the data collection process was carried out in 29 Criminal Inquiries. The present investigation consists of a descriptive study of mixed methods, carried out through document analysis through content analysis, with regard to data processing. The data collection instrument was supported by case reporting documents, notably: reporting records, news records and emails with records of criminal complaints. The complaints analyzed highlight the need to review the Brazilian legal framework in relation to hate crimes with homophobic and transphobic motivations, considering the “invisibility” of these records for official statistics and the absence of specific fields that collaborate in the process of identifying the motivation of these cases, as well as the difficulty in recognizing this violence by the competent authorities as hate crimes against Sexual Orientation Gender Identity Gender Expressions and Sexual Characteristics - OIEC of its victims, contexts that strengthen the process of invisibility of this data in Portugal, supporting the false statement that: “Everything is fine here!” when we consider the reality of this violence perpetrated daily in the country.

Resumo Este estudo consiste no primeiro mapeamento nacional de crimes de ódio com motivações homofóbicas e/ou transfóbicas contra a diversidade sexual e de género em Portugal. O Objetivo deste artigo centra-se na análise do processo de monitorização e estratificação dos crimes de ódio com motivações homofóbicas e/ou transfóbicas pelo Estado português, verificando suas especificidades em decorrência do enquadramento jurídico atual e dos fenómenos da subnotificação, revitimização e da impunidade destes casos. A referida investigação realizou o mapeamento e identificação de 33 Inquéritos Criminais, pertencentes à 20 comarcas do Ministério Público entre 2015 e 2020. Após a identificação do Número Único de Identificador de Processo Crime - NUIPC pela Polícia Judiciária e autorização para consulta das peças processuais aos Departamentos de Investigação e Ação Penal - DIAPs do MP, o processo de levantamento de dados foi realizado em 29 Inquéritos Criminais. A presente investigação, consiste em um estudo discritivo de métodos mistos, realizado através de análise documental por meio da análise de conteúdo, no que concerne ao tratamento de dados. O instrumento de levantamento de dados foi sustentado por documentos de denúncias de casos, designadamente: autos de denúncias, autos de notícias e e-mails com registos de queixas-crimes. As denúncias analisadas destacam a necessidade da revisão do enquadramento jurídico português em relação aos crimes de ódio com motivações homofóbicas e transfóbicas considerando a “invisibilidade” destes registos para estatísticas oficiais e a ausência de campos específicos que colaborem no processo de identificação da motivação destes casos, bem como a dificuldade do reconhecimento desta violência pelas autoridades competentes enquanto crimes de ódio contra a Orientação Sexual Identidade de género Expressões de género e Características Sexuais - OIEC de suas vítimas, contextos estes que fortalecem o processo de invisibilidade destes dados em Portugal sustentando a falsa afirmação de que: “Por aqui está tudo bem!” ao considerarmos a realidade desta violência perpetrada cotidianamente no país.

Resumen El objetivo del trabajo es exhibir la tendencia en la utilización de mujeres en la comisión de delitos económicos, con particular referencia al delito de evasión fiscal en la República Argentina. Para ello, metodológicamente, se recurre a la doctrina que ha analizado el problema, que aún es escasa, y principalmente a la jurisprudencia reciente de los Tribunales de dicho país. En los últimos años, los tribunales especializados en materia tributaria, penal tributaria y contenciosa tributaria destacan uno de los patrones socioculturales más perniciosos que existe, el uso de mujeres para delictivos en sentencias que se proponen ver los hechos con perspectiva de género. En general, estas maniobras se cometen con mujeres vulnerables y de bajos recursos, aunque también se advierte en mujeres sin esa condición, familiares -madres, esposas e hijas- de los autores materiales de los diferentes delitos. A modo de conclusión, en el trabajo se destaca que el fenómeno conocido como feminización de la pobreza lleva a mujeres a ser parte de maniobras delictivas que otros cometen en las que son utilizadas como accionistas o como presidentas de empresas creadas al único efecto de delinquir.

Resumo O objetivo do trabalho é exibir a tendência de utilização de mulheres na comissão de delitos econômicos, com referência particular ao delito de evasão fiscal na República Argentina. Para isso, metodologicamente, recorre-se à doutrina que analisou o problema, que ainda é escassa, e principalmente à jurisprudência recente dos Tribunais de dicho país. Com efeito, nos últimos anos os tribunais especializados em matéria tributária, tanto tributários penais como tributários de conteúdo, em sentenças que se propuseram uma visão dos hechos com perspectiva de gênero se destacam especialmente um dos patronos socioculturais mais perniciosos que existem que são o uso de mulheres com multas delitivas. Geralmente, se ele for levado a cabo com mulheres vulneráveis e de baixos recursos, mas também se aconselhará a mulheres sem suas condições, em geral familiares - mães, esposas e hijas - dos verdadeiros autores materiais dos diferentes delitos. Para concluir, no trabalho se destaca que o fenômeno conhecido como feminização da pobreza leva as mulheres a ser parte de maniobras delictivas que outras ocorrem nas que são utilizadas como acionistas ou como presidentes de empresas criadas como único efeito de delinquência.

Abstract The objective of this paper is to show the trend in the use of women in the commission of economic crimes, with particular reference to tax evasion in Argentina. To this end, methodologically, we resort to the doctrine that has analysed the problem, which is still scarce, and mainly to the recent jurisprudence of the Courts of that country. In fact, in recent years, the courts specialized in tax matters, both tax criminal and tax litigation, in judgments that have proposed a vision of the facts with a gender perspective, especially highlight one of the most pernicious socio-cultural patterns that exists, which is the use of women for criminal purposes. Generally, it is carried out with vulnerable and low-income women, although it is also observed in women without this condition, generally relatives - mothers, wives and daughters - of the real perpetrators of the different crimes.By way of conclusion, the paper highlights that the phenomenon known as the feminization of poverty leads women to be part of criminal maneuvers that other actors commit in which they are used as shareholders or as presidents of companies created for the sole purpose of committing crimes typical of economic crime.

Resumen La inteligencia artificial (IA) es una tecnología que ha revolucionado numerosos campos, incluyendo el proceso penal. En la actualidad, se están desarrollando sistemas de IA capaces de analizar grandes cantidades de datos, lo que puede ayudar a los tribunales a tomar decisiones más informadas y precisas. El presente artículo tiene como objetivo analizar el papel de la inteligencia artificial como herramienta de mejora y optimización de los procesos penales en Ecuador. A través de una metodología de revisión bibliográfica se recabó toda la información tendiente a entender el uso de la IA en el proceso penal para aumentar la eficiencia y eficacia del proceso penal, así como la identificación de patrones en grandes conjuntos de datos. Como resultado de la presente investigación, se pudieron evidenciar, entre otros, sistemas basados en IA para estudiar a los sospechosos más probables y a los patrones de delito para prevenir futuros delitos. Se evidenció que el uso de la IA en el proceso penal también plantea preocupaciones en cuanto a la privacidad y la seguridad de los datos, así como preguntas sobre cómo la IA afectaría la toma de decisiones judiciales, ya que algunos temen que los algoritmos de IA sean sesgados o discriminatorios.

Abstract Artificial intelligence (AI) is a technology that has revolutionized numerous fields, including criminal proceedings. AI systems capable of analyzing large amounts of data are currently being developed, which can help courts make more informed and accurate decisions. This article aims to analyze the role of artificial intelligence as a tool for improving and optimizing criminal processes in Ecuador. Through a bibliographic review methodology, all the information aimed at understanding the use of AI in the criminal process was collected to increase the efficiency and effectiveness of the criminal process, as well as the identification of patterns in large data sets. As a result of this investigation, it was possible to demonstrate, among others, AI-based systems to study the most likely suspects and crime patterns to prevent future crimes. It is evident that the use of AI in criminal proceedings also raises concerns regarding privacy and data security, as well as questions about how AI would affect judicial decision-making, as some fear that AI algorithms are biased or discriminatory.

Resumen El presente trabajo tiene como objetivo analizar los desafíos de los delitos informáticos y sus respuestas legales en Ecuador. Para ello el estudio se basó en el método cualitativo con un análisis descriptivo de la bibliografía recopilada, para lo cual se realizó una revisión documental de libros; artículos de revista y la legislación ecuatoriana, sobre los diferentes sucesos acaecidos de delitos informáticos que se comenten en el Ecuador, con un énfasis en los ciberataques; y en cómo se encuentran tipificados los delitos informáticos en las leyes. En conclusión, se establece que el Ecuador no posee una estructura legislativa que respalde la seguridad de la información de los ciudadanos, así mismo, existe falencias en relación a la tipificación del delito informático, así como, el reconocimiento de las diferentes actividades que propenden a este delito y la inexistente promoción de protocolos seguros ante la vulnerabilidad de los usuarios.

Abstract The objective of this work is to analyze the challenges of computer crimes and their legal responses in Ecuador. For this, the study was based on the qualitative method with a descriptive analysis of the collected bibliography, for which a documentary review of books was carried out; magazine articles and Ecuadorian legislation, on the different incidents of computer crimes that are discussed in Ecuador, with an emphasis on cyberattacks; and how computer crimes are classified in the laws. In conclusion, it is established that Ecuador does not have a legislative structure that supports the security of citizens' information, likewise, there are shortcomings in relation to the classification of computer crime, as well as the recognition of the different activities that tend to this crime and the non-existent promotion of safe protocols due to the vulnerability of users.