Resumo Este estudo tem como objetivo identificar as diferenças entre as ações de marketing verde e de tendência ao greenwashing, bem como suas implicações para as práticas de desenvolvimento socioambiental das empresas, com base em dados do Banco do Brasil S.A. e Natura & Co. Utilizou-se uma pesquisa qualitativa, descritiva e estudo de caso múltiplo, realizado com análise de documentos, como relatórios anuais, além de outras informações disponíveis aos consumidores pelas duas empresas em seus sites. A análise documental foi orientada pela check-list construída a partir da revisão teórica. A pesquisa evidenciou que as duas organizações analisadas seguem princípios éticos na publicização de suas ações no âmbito da sustentabilidade, nas dimensões ambiental e social, configurando desta forma o modelo de marketing verde, preconizado na literatura científica, distanciando-se da tipificação de greenwashing. Tanto o Banco do Brasil como a Natura & Co. demonstram, por meio de relatórios disponibilizados em seus sites, a realização de ações e apoio a projetos, tanto sociais, como ambientais, que, ao serem objeto de comunicação ao mercado e stakeholders, evidenciam características de veracidade, com indicação de fontes e documentos que comprovam a efetiva execução de ações citadas. Destarte, é possível inferir que se trata de marketing verde e não greenwashing.

Abstract This study aims to identify the differences between green marketing initiatives and greenwashing, as well as their implications for companies’ social and environmental development practices. It relies on data from Banco do Brasil S.A. and Natura & Co. A qualitative, descriptive and multiple case study was employed, involving an analysis of documents such as annual reports and other publicly available information on the companies’ websites. The documentary analysis was guided by the checklist developed from the theoretical review. The research findings indicate that both organisations analysed adhere to ethical principles when communicating their sustainability efforts in environmental and social dimensions, thus aligning with the green marketing model advocated in scientific literature and distancing them from the representation of greenwashing. Banco do Brasil and Natura & Co., as evidenced in reports available on their websites, demonstrate genuine actions and support projects in both social and environmental domains. Communication with the market and stakeholders includes verifiable details, sources, and documents, establishing credibility and affirming that the reported actions were indeed implemented. Consequently, it is possible to infer that the practices observed align with green marketing rather than greenwashing.

Resumen: Actualmente, el conocimiento empírico, basado en la observación y verificación de los hechos, se considera como el máximo criterio de validez en la ciencia. Esto implicó desmeritar a otros tipos de conocimiento que no recurren a la evidencia empírica, de modo que estos se estimaron como especulativos o vulgares. Esta actitud dogmática modificó radicalmente la actividad investigativa, al generar desconfianza en las disciplinas que no siguen el método científico, lo que perjudicó particularmente a las ciencias sociales. Ante estas limitaciones, el presente trabajo abogó por la necesidad de abordar el conocimiento desde una perspectiva más amplia y holística, la cual favorezca el acercamiento de los hallazgos de las ciencias sociales en la construcción de una ciencia mayormente asertiva. En este sentido, se discutieron algunas de las concepciones modernas de la teoría del conocimiento con el fin de orientar al lector hacia la perspectiva cientificista para explicar posteriormente cómo esto perdió paulatinamente credibilidad en las esferas gnoseológicas. En segundo plano, y con base en el pensamiento de autores como el filósofo Karl Popper o el historiador Thomas Kuhn, se buscó advertir cómo estas posturas resultan siempre inconclusas o reduccionistas en su afán por comprender la realidad. Finalmente, se propuso la teoría de la causalidad aristotélica como marco epistemológico para las ciencias políticas con el objeto de evitar la reducción del conocimiento a conceptos preestablecidos y enriquecer así los horizontes humanos.

Abstract: Nowadays, empirical knowledge - based on observation and verification of facts - is considered the highest criterion of validation in science. This has led to the overshadowing of other types of knowledge that are not based on empirical evidence, considering them as speculative or vulgar. This dogmatic attitude has radically modified the research activity, generating distrust in disciplines that do not follow the scientific method, particularly harming the social science. Given these limitations, this work advocates the need to approach knowledge from a broader and more holistic perspective, which favors the approach of the findings of the social science to the construction of a more assertive science. In this sense, we will comment on some of the modern conceptions of the theory of knowledge, trying to guide the reader towards the scientistic perspective and then explain how it has gradually lost credibility in epistemological spheres. In the background and based on the thinking of authors such as the philosopher Karl Popper or the historian Thomas Khun, we will seek to notice how these positions are always inconclusive or reductionist in their desire to understand reality. Finally, we will propose the Aristotelian theory of causality as an epistemological framework for Political Science, to avoid the reduction of knowledge to pre-established concepts and thus enrich human horizons.

RESUMEN La prestación de un servicio de calidad en hoteles de tres estrellas no solo incide en la reputación y credibilidad del establecimiento, sino que también asegura ingresos económicos sostenidos. Este estudio, centrado en el contexto ecuatoriano, se propone analizar, implementar y evaluar herramientas eficaces para medir y mejorar la experiencia del cliente. Los resultados subrayan la necesidad de un manual específico y estrategias continuas de capacitación para el personal, al enfocarse en áreas de mejora como la comunicación y la eficiencia en la atención. La demografía de clientes, principalmente entre 18 y 45 años con educación superior, ofrece oportunidades para adaptar estrategias y generar ingresos sostenibles. La implementación de medidas personalizadas no solo eleva la satisfacción del cliente, sino que también fortalece la competitividad del sector hotelero de tres estrellas en Ecuador.

ABSTRACT The provision of quality service in three-star hotels not only affects the reputation and credibility of the establishment, but also ensures sustained economic income. This study, focused on the Ecuadorian context, aims to analyze, implement, and evaluate effective tools to measure and improve customer experience. The results highlight the need for a specific manual and continuous training strategies for staff, focusing on areas of improvement such as communication and efficiency in care. The customer demographic, primarily between 18 and 45 years old with higher education, offers opportunities to adapt strategies and generate sustainable income. The implementation of personalized measures not only increases customer satisfaction, but also strengthens the competitiveness of the three-star hotel sector in Ecuador.

Abstract The objective of this research is to understand the impact generated by fake news on the political perception and critical thinking of citizens who receive information through social networks during the Social Outbreak in Chile, and to assess the value of new independent fact checking media created during the same period. The methodology employs a mixed approach with an exploratory scope, involving the creation of an assessment tool used to evaluate 95 subjects from the Biobío Region, Chile who assessed and categorized a news item as true or false. The primary findings reveal that participants perceive sharing fake news as a perilous action, and they hold the belief that fake news has the potential to alter political and social ideologies. In conclusion, assessing subjects' strategies for identifying fake news allows for the development of evaluation tools that promote data verification and enhance media literacy. This becomes crucial as the criteria for verification among active social network users are often low, indicating a level of credibility in published content without thorough scrutiny of data sources or acknowledgment of the risks associated with disseminating potentially false information.

Resumen El objetivo de esta investigación es conocer el impacto que generan las noticias falsas en la percepción política y el pensamiento crítico de ciudadanos que se informan a través de redes sociales durante el estallido social en Chile y el valor de los nuevos medios independientes de fact checking creados durante el mismo periodo. La metodología es mixta con alcance exploratorio, pues se creó un instrumento que permitió evaluar el conocimiento de 95 sujetos de la Región del Biobío, Chile que leían y clasificaban una noticia como verdadera o falsa. Los principales hallazgos del estudio develan que los participantes consideran que compartir noticias falsas es una acción peligrosa, y, además, creen que estas podrían cambiar el pensamiento político y social. Para concluir, evaluar los procedimientos que utiliza la muestra en relación con sus estrategias para reconocer noticias falsas permite crear instrumentos de evaluación que favorezcan el chequeo de datos y fomentar la alfabetización mediática, pues los criterios de verificación por parte de usuarios activos en redes sociales son bajos, lo que demuestra cierta credibilidad en lo que se publica sin cuestionar las fuentes de donde provienen los datos ni asumir los riesgos de difundir información que puede ser falsa.

Abstract Objectives: This experimental study focused on the intra- and inter-rater reproducibility of vertical bone level (VBL) measurements at strategic mini-implants (MI) using digital panoramic radiographs (PR). Study design: VBLs of 152 MIs for removable partial denture stabilization at 50 randomly chosen PRs from a clinical trial were digitally evaluated by three ratters. Rater deviations exceeding 0.5 mm were re-examined. The intra-class correlation coefficient (ICC) was applied to estimate reliability. The smallest detectable change (SDC) was interrelated to the minimal clinically important change of 0.2 mm. Results: The first measurement round revealed intra- and inter-rater ICCs of > 0.8. However, 28 sites (9 %) were unreadable, and 97 sites (32 %) revealed differences between observers of ≥ 0.5 mm. Following a consensus session and re-training, an additional 8 sites were excluded and all remaining VBL differences were ≤ 0.5 mm. Thus, the SDCs with 95 % credibility were improved from 0.73 to 0.31 mm in the intra-rater and from 1.52 to 0.34 mm in the interrater statistics. Given a 50 % credibility for this special setting, both the intra- and inter-rater SDCs were 0.11 mm. Conclusions: Digital PR can be reliably utilized to determine VBLs around MIs under conditions of at least two trained observers, mutual calibration sessions, and exclusion of unquantifiable radiographs. German Clinical Trials Register ID:DRKS00007589, www.germanctr.de

Abstract Focusing on the impact that risk communication issued by public health organizations brings to changing societal behaviors, this research aimed to analyze the key messages that the World Health Organization (WHO) has defined to promote the COVID-19 vaccination program. In order to achieve this goal, a qualitative study methodology was used to analyze the content published on the WHO’s Facebook and Instagram pages from April 1 to August 31, 2021. In total, 62 publications were analyzed. The results showed that the WHO used four key communication messages to promote the importance of vaccination in society: ensuring the credibility and transparency of the information transmitted; certifying the safety and efficacy of the vaccine; appealing to a sense of collective responsibility; and associating the vaccine with the solution to end the pandemic were the chosen communication axes. The conclusions of this study show that, although fair access to the vaccine is still a reality in the making, the fact that almost 70% of the world’s population has been vaccinated suggests that the messages sent by the WHO in the context of risk communication may have contributed to building a positive image of the vaccination program.

Resumo Centrando-se no impacto que a comunicação de risco emitida pelas organizações de saúde pública tem na mudança dos comportamentos da sociedade, esta investigação pretende analisar as mensagens-chave que a Organização Mundial de Saúde (OMS) definiu para promover o programa de vacinação contra a covid-19. Para cumprir este objetivo, enveredou-se por uma metodologia de estudo qualitativa, que privilegiou o uso da análise do conteúdo publicado nas páginas de Facebook e de Instagram da OMS, no período de 1 de abril a 31 de agosto de 2021. No total, foram analisadas 62 publicações. Os resultados mostraram que a OMS utilizou quatro eixo de comunicação para promover a importância da vacinação na sociedade: garantir a credibilidade e a transparência da informação transmitida; certificar a segurança e a eficácia da vacina; apelar ao sentido de responsabilidade coletiva; e associar a vacina à solução para pôr fim à pandemia. As conclusões do estudo mostram que, embora a equidade no acesso à vacina ainda seja uma realidade em construção, os quase 70% da população mundial vacinada sugerem que as mensagens enviadas pela OMS no contexto de comunicação de risco podem ter contribuído para a construção de uma imagem positiva do programa de vacinação.

Infidelity is a common phenomenon in modern society and a major factor in marital dissolution across the globe. A qualitative research approach was used in this study to develop an in-depth understanding of the experiences and impact of infidelity amongst young married couples. The participants were purposively selected from a population of young married couples who had experienced infidelity in their marriage and lived within the municipal borders of Lepelle-Nkumpi, in Limpopo province, using the snowball technique. Tesch's eight steps were used to analyse the data. To ensure the trustworthiness of the findings, the researchers assessed the qualitative data for credibility, transferability, dependability, and conformability. The findings highlight that young married couples experiencing marital infidelity require direction from social workers to understand the process of recovery from any type of infidelity to bring about improvement and change in their marriage.

RESUMO Objetivo. Apresentar um panorama da situação do calendário de vacinação infantil nas Américas, definir a estrutura do programa e identificar estratégias de implementação atualizadas para melhorar a cobertura vacinal depois da pandemia de COVID-19. Métodos. Um grupo de especialistas em pediatria, epidemiologia, vacinas e saúde pública e global discutiu a situação atual do calendário de vacinação infantil nas Américas, descrevendo a estrutura dos programas e identificando novas estratégias de implementação que poderiam melhorar a cobertura vacinal no contexto pós-pandemia, na sequência dos desafios impostos pela COVID-19 durante mais de dois anos. Resultados. Atualmente, as Américas enfrentam um grande risco de ressurgimento de doenças já controladas ou eliminadas. Desse modo, é importante identificar novas estratégias para conscientizar os cidadãos sobre os riscos decorrentes da queda das taxas de vacinação, sobretudo em crianças. Conclusões. É necessário adotar novas estratégias, aliadas a uma forte mobilização da população e promoção da causa pelos cidadãos, a fim de impedir que os grupos antivacinas fortaleçam sua presença na região e coloquem em risco a credibilidade do Programa Ampliado de Imunização.

RESUMEN Objetivo. Presentar un panorama general de la situación del calendario de vacunación infantil en la Región de las Américas, describir la estructura de los programas y encontrar estrategias actualizadas para su ejecución a fin de mejorar la cobertura de vacunación después de la pandemia de COVID-19. Métodos. Un grupo de expertos en pediatría, epidemiología, vacunas y salud pública y mundial analizó la situación actual del calendario de vacunación infantil en la Región de las Américas, mediante la descripción de la estructura de los programas y la búsqueda de nuevas estrategias de ejecución capaces de mejorar la cobertura de vacunación en el contexto posterior a la pandemia de COVID-19, una vez superados los desafíos planteados por esta durante más de dos años. Resultados. En este momento, en la Región de las Américas hay un riesgo alto de reaparición de enfermedades previamente controladas o eliminadas. En consecuencia, es importante contar con nuevas estrategias para la educación de salud de la ciudadanía sobre los riesgos asociados a las tasas bajas de vacunación, especialmente en la población infantil. Conclusiones. Es necesario contar con nuevas estrategias, acompañadas de una fuerte movilización de la población y una promoción por parte de la ciudadanía, para evitar que los grupos que generan mensajes antivacunas aumenten su presencia en la Región y pongan en peligro la credibilidad del Programa Ampliado de Inmunización.

ABSTRACT Objective. To provide an overview of the status of the childhood vaccination schedule in the Americas, outline program structures, and identify updated implementation strategies to improve vaccination coverage following the COVID-19 pandemic. Methods. A group of experts in pediatrics, epidemiology, vaccines, and global and public health discussed the current status of the childhood vaccination schedule in the Americas, describing the program structure and identifying new implementation strategies that have the potential to improve vaccination coverage in the post-pandemic context, after the challenges COVID-19 presented for more than two years. Results. The Americas currently face a high risk of resurgence of diseases that were previously controlled or eliminated. Therefore, it is important to find new strategies to educate citizens on the risks associated with lower vaccination rates, especially in children. Conclusions. New strategies along with strong mobilization of the population and advocacy by citizens are necessary to prevent antivaccination groups from gaining a stronger presence in the region and jeopardizing the credibility of the Expanded Program on Immunization.

Resumen La cuestión de las fake news y la consiguiente era de la posverdad se han convertido en objeto no solo de obligatorias discusiones críticas, sino también de la búsqueda de prácticas de desenmascaramiento. Esto no es casual, pues, al afectar principalmente la política, la difusión de noticias falsas a través de las redes sociales perjudica el ejercicio de la ciudadanía y la democracia. En los últimos años, para salvaguardar la credibilidad periodística, muchos han optado por sustituir la frase noticias falsas por desinformación. La justificación de este intercambio radica en que, si es noticia, no puede ser falsa, ya que lo que caracteriza la noticia es su fidelidad a los hechos. Este artículo tiene como objetivo discutir, desde el punto de vista de la semiótica de C. S. Peirce, las ambigüedades semánticas tanto del concepto de información como de su antónimo desinformación y, en consecuencia, argumentar si es aconsejable sustituir el término fake news por desinformación.

Abstract The issue of fake news and the consequent post-truth era have become objects not only of mandatory critical discussions but also of the search for unmasking practices. This is not accidental, because, as it mainly affects politics, the dissemination of fake news through social networks brings harm to the exercise of citizenship and democracy. In recent years, to safeguard journalistic credibility, many have chosen to replace the word term ‘fake news’ with ‘disinformation’. The justification for this exchange rests on the fact that if it is news, it cannot be false, as what characterizes news is its fidelity to the facts. This article aims to discuss, from the point of view of C. S. Peirce's semiotics, the semantic ambiguities of both the concept of ‘information’ and its antonym ‘disinformation’ and consequently argue whether replacing the term ‘fake news’ with ‘disinformation’ is advisable.

Resumo A questão das fake news e a consequente era da pós-verdade tornaram-se objetos não só de discussões críticas obrigatórias quanto também da busca de práticas de desmascaramento. Isso não é casual, pois, por afetar sobretudo a política, a disseminação das notícias falsas pelas redes sociais traz prejuízos para o exercício da cidadania e para a democracia. Nos últimos anos, para salvaguardar a credibilidade jornalística, muitos optaram pela troca da palavra ‘fake news’ por ‘desinformação’. A justificativa para essa troca repousa no fato de que se são notícias, não podem ser falsas, pois o que caracteriza as notícias é sua fidelidade aos fatos. Este artigo tem por objetivo discutir, sob o ponto de vista da semiótica de C. S. Peirce, as ambiguidades semânticas tanto do conceito de informação quanto do seu antônimo desinformação e consequentemente argumentar se a troca do termo fake news por desinformação é aconselhável.

PURPOSE: This article evaluates the impact of the de jure independence of the South African Reserve Bank (SARB) on the credibility and discipline of domestic monetary policy. Credibility captures the extent to which economic agents trust the SARB to pursue its price stability mandate and is measured by the relationship between the SARB's independence and domestic inflation. Discipline relates to the effect of independence on money growth rates, where independence is associated with a more disciplined central bank and moderate money growth rates. METHODOLOGY: A simple autoregressive distributed lag (ARDL) econometric specification and Granger causality tests are employed. Following the extant empirical literature, existing indexes of central bank independence (CBI) are regressed on annual rates of inflation and money growth. FINDINGS: A statistically significant negative relationship is established between both i) CBI and inflation and ii) CBI and money growth for the South African economy. This suggests that the SARB's legal independence plays an important role in containing inflation (credibility) and limiting excessive money growth (discipline). CONTRIBUTION: This article fills a gap in the extant literature by being the first attempt at formalising the empirical link between de jure CBI, inflation, and the rate of money growth in the South African economy.

Abstract This paper builds a theoretical model that seeks to explore the disinflationary and distributional effects of economic growth. With no margin to fix the nominal exchange rate, and with a lack of credibility of the monetary authority, growth can be an alternative to disinflation if it is supported by productivity increases. Under not so particular conditions, associated with the value of employment-output and imports-output elasticities, not only is it not necessary to give up growth to reduce inflation, but it also allows reducing unit production costs through productivity increases. However, this growth-based strategy brings with it greater income inequality, and if wages are very sensitive to output growth it could be counterproductive to disinflation.

Resumen En este trabajo desarrollamos un modelo teórico que explora los efectos desinflacionarios y distributivos del crecimiento económico. Sin margen para fijar el tipo de cambio nominal y con falta de credibilidad de la autoridad monetaria, el crecimiento puede ser una alternativa para la desinflación si se sostiene con incrementos de la productividad. En condiciones no tan particulares, asociadas al valor que toman las elasticidades empleo-producto e importaciones-producto, no sólo no es necesario resignar crecimiento para reducir la inflación, sino que este permite reducir los costos unitarios de producción por incrementos de productividad. No obstante, esta estrategia basada en el crecimiento trae consigo una mayor desigualdad de ingresos, y si los salarios son muy sensibles al crecimiento del producto podrían ser contraproducentes para la desinflación.

SIGNIFICANCE: Universities and their academics are faced with increasing pressure to contribute to knowledge. These pressures produce conditions for shortcuts and, worse, the production of unreliable research that has little value. This is the world of the fake, where universities are corrupted and their integrity undermined. We argue that the scholarly book that reflects deep thinking and major commitments of time, energy and resource is a counterweight to the temptations offered by short, quick and often shallow outputs processed in predatory journals and often rewarded by national and university publication incentives.

Abstract This article addresses the quality of journalism from a strategic perspective (Paladini, 2005), according to which quality is an organisational effort that integrates external conditions and demands with internal actions, from planning to final product delivery. In order to implement this perspective, it will be necessary to think about quality in journalism beyond the concept mainly focussed on product evaluation towards a concept based on the development of quality management systems (QMS). The QMS is a set of integrated actions that aligns assessment with editorial management guidelines, production processes and products. The implementation of this proposal requires investment in innovation in two complementary movements to develop: (a) a QMS for journalistic organisations, which contains assessment methods with metrics for outcomes and editorial management models, processes and products that incorporate the assessment methods and their metrics; and (b) computerised systems capable of enabling the implementation of the QMS using the technological resources available, in terms of structured journalism, exploiting the potential of digital journalism in databases. The strategic approach to quality in journalism is not attainable with the know-how currently available in the sector. Investment in applied research and experimental development in journalism is crucial to fostering editorial and technological innovation to produce the transformation required to craft a new journalistic intelligence that bolsters credibility with quantifiable editorial quality data and ensures the sector’s long-term sustainability.

Resumo O presente artigo aborda o tema da qualidade em jornalismo a partir de uma perspectiva estratégica (Paladini, 2005), segundo a qual a qualidade é um esforço organizacional que considera condições e demandas do cenário externo articuladas com as ações internas, desde o planejamento até à entrega do produto final. Para implementar essa perspectiva, será necessário pensar a qualidade em jornalismo para além da concepção majoritariamente focada na avaliação do produto, para a concepção baseada no desenvolvimento de sistemas de gestão da qualidade (SGQ). O SGQ é um conjunto de ações integradas, que alinha a avaliação a diretrizes da gestão editorial, processos de produção e produtos. A implementação dessa proposta requer o investimento em inovação, em dois movimentos complementares, para desenvolver: (a) um SGQ para organizações jornalísticas, que contenha métodos de avaliação com métricas para mensuração de resultados e modelos de gestão editorial, processos e produtos que incorporem os métodos de avaliação e suas métricas; e (b) sistemas informatizados capazes de permitirem a operacionalização do SGQ, através dos recursos tecnológicos disponíveis nos termos do jornalismo estruturado, que explora as potencialidades inscritas no jornalismo digital em base de dados. A abordagem estratégica da qualidade em jornalismo não se viabiliza com o know-how disponível hoje no setor. O investimento em pesquisa aplicada e no desenvolvimento experimental em jornalismo será fundamental para gerar inovação editorial e tecnológica, a fim de operar a transformação requerida para a construção de uma nova inteligência jornalística, capaz de elevar a credibilidade, com dados de qualidade editorial monitoráveis e demonstráveis, e garantir a sustentabilidade do setor, no longo prazo.

Resumen Introducción: En un Estado democrático, las personas que desempeñan cargos públicos tienen el deber de informar, justificar y responsabilizarse pública y periódicamente acerca de la toma de decisiones, el uso de los fondos públicos asignados y los resultados obtenidos. Rendir cuentas es fundamental para la credibilidad y legitimidad de las instituciones públicas, sin embargo, en Costa aún se trata de una práctica incipiente. Objetivo: El objetivo de este artículo es analizar las etapas del ciclo de política pública del modelo de rendición de cuentas del Ministerio Público y determinar las limitaciones y avances logrados en relación con el fin para el cual se propuso. Método: La técnica empleada para la sistematización es el análisis documental de materiales diversos elaborados por la institución. Se diseñó una matriz de variables que examina las distintas fases del ciclo de las políticas públicas, a partir de preguntas orientadoras. Para contestar las preguntas se clasificó la información en amplias categorías y se contrastó para obtener las ideas relevantes y visualizar los principales resultados obtenidos con el modelo de rendición de cuentas en el periodo comprendido entre los años 2018-2021. Resultados: Entre los principales hallazgos se determinó que el modelo logró establecer un estándar en cuanto a la definición de un concepto y estructura de contenidos. Asimismo, se identificaron aspectos poco desarrollados, tales como el soporte administrativo y profesional para las Fiscalías. Conclusiones: El modelo analizado es parte de una política pública de transparencia que ha permitido abrir espacios de participación ciudadana previamente inexistentes en la institución y, por lo tanto, representa el primer paso hacia una justicia abierta.

Abstract Introduction: In a democratic state, persons holding public office have the duty to report, justify and be publicly and periodically accountable for the use of allocated funds and the results obtained. Accountability is essential for the credibility and legitimacy of public institutions, however, in Costa it is still an incipient practice. Objective: The aim of this article is to analyze the stages of the public policy cycle concerning to the Public Prosecutor's Office accountability model and to determine the limitations and progress achieved in relation to its purpose. Method: The technique used for the systematization is the documentary analysis of materials prepared by the Public Ministry. A matrix of variables was designed that examines the different phases of the public policy cycle, based on guiding questions. To answer the questions, the information was classified into large categories and contrasted to obtain the relevant ideas and visualize the main results obtained with the accountability model in the period between the years 2018-2021. Results: Among the main findings, it was determined that the model was able to establish a standard in terms of the definition of a concept and structure of contents. Moreover, poorly developed areas were identified, such as administrative and professional support for the Prosecutor's Offices. Conclusions: The model analyzed is part of a public transparency policy that has enabled spaces for citizen participation that did not exist before in the institution; therefore, it represents the first step towards an open justice system.

ABSTRACT This article addresses the problem of plagiarism in scientific production and highlights its negative impact on the integrity and credibility of academic research. There is a lack of consensus and clarity in the definition and understanding of plagiarism, which makes it difficult to identify and effectively address it. This can generate discrepancies in the way plagiarism is judged and sanctioned, which affects the integrity and credibility of scientific publishing. Furthermore, scientific journals often lack resources and clear guidelines to adequately and consistently address plagiarism. The objectives of the study were: 1) to identify the main perspectives on plagiarism that can be presented in scientific publishing and 2) to establish a guide that allows scientific journals to act against these unethical attitudes. To obtain results, methods were used at the theoretical and empirical levels, fundamentally the classic documentary analysis. The typologies that most affect scientific journals were identified and a guide was established on which publications can rely to minimize this attitude. It was concluded that scientific journals must take a firm and decisive stance when detecting plagiarism in an article. To effectively address plagiarism it is essential to rigorously verify and confirm the allegations, communicate directly with the responsible author, and undertake a thorough investigation to assess the extent of the plagiarism.

RESUMEN El presente artículo aborda el problema del plagio en la producción científica y destaca su impacto negativo en la integridad y credibilidad de la investigación académica. Existe una falta de consenso y claridad en la definición y comprensión del plagio, lo que dificulta su identificación y abordaje efectivo. Esto puede generar discrepancias en la forma en que se juzga y se sanciona el plagio, lo que afecta la integridad y credibilidad de la edición científica. Además, las revistas científicas a menudo carecen de recursos y pautas claras para abordar el plagio de manera adecuada y consistente. Se plantearon como objetivos del estudio: 1) identificar las principales perspectivas sobre plagio que pueden presentarse en la edición científica y 2) establecer una guía que permita a las revistas científicas accionar ante estas actitudes antiéticas. Para la obtención de resultados se emplearon métodos en los niveles teórico y empírico, fundamentalmente el análisis documental clásico. Se identificaron las tipologías que más afectan a las revistas científicas y se estableció una guía en las que las publicaciones pueden apoyarse para minimizar esta actitud. Se concluyó que las revistas científicas deben tomar una postura firme y decidida ante la detección de plagio en un artículo. Para abordar el plagio de manera efectiva es esencial verificar y confirmar de manera rigurosa las acusaciones, comunicarse directamente con el autor responsable y emprender una investigación exhaustiva para evaluar la extensión del plagio.