RESUMO: A fisiologia das plantas muda ao longo do dia porque os fotoassimilados podem aumentar a concentração de carboidratos solúveis em água à tarde em comparação com a manhã. Este estudo teve como objetivo avaliar o efeito do horário de colheita na composição morfológica da silagem de milho de planta inteira, tamanho de partícula, perfil de fermentação, composição química, degradação in vitro e estimativa da produção de leite. Um ensaio agronômico de dois anos foi realizado em delineamento inteiramente casualizado, e um silo experimental foi produzido por cada parcela (n = 16). A colheita da tarde aumentou (P < 0,01) o teor de matéria seca em relação à colheita da manhã. A época de colheita não afetou (P ≥ 0,32) a proporção de grãos, colmos e folhas do milho e o tamanho das partículas da silagem. Entretanto, a colheita da manhã aumentou (P = 0,01) a recuperação de matéria seca e não teve efeito (P ≥ 0,10) no pH da silagem e nas concentrações de ácido láctico e acético em comparação à colheita da tarde. Além disso, a colheita da tarde, em vez da colheita da manhã, aumentou (P ≤ 0,05) o amido da silagem, os carboidratos solúveis em água, a lignina detergente ácida e o teor de extrato etéreo e a degradação in vitro da matéria seca. Controversamente, os tratamentos não mostraram efeito (P ≥ 0,14) na concentração de energia da silagem, no conteúdo energético estimado e na produção de leite. Assim, a colheita da manhã produz mais matéria seca da silagem, mas a colheita da tarde melhora o valor nutricional da silagem de milho sem impacto na produção estimada de leite. RESUMO inteira partícula fermentação química leite casualizado n 16. 16 . 16) P 0,01 001 0 01 0,32 032 32 grãos Entretanto 0,10 010 10 disso 0,05 005 05 Controversamente 0,14 014 14 Assim 1 0,0 00 0,3 03 3 0,1 0,

ABSTRACT: Plants’ physiology changes through the day because photoassimilates can increase water-soluble carbohydrate concentration in the afternoon compared to the morning. This study evaluated the harvest time effect on whole-plant corn silage morphological composition, particle size, fermentation profile, chemical composition, in vitro degradation, and estimated milk yield. A two-year agronomic assay was performed in a completely random design, and one experimental silo was produced by each parcel (n = 16). The afternoon harvest increased (P < 0.01) dry matter content compared to the morning harvest. Harvest time did not affect (P ≥ 0.32) corn grain, stalk, leaf proportion, and silage particle size. However, the morning harvest increased dry matter recovery (P = 0.01) and had no effect (P ≥ 0.10) on silage pH and concentrations of lactic and acetic acid compared to the afternoon harvest. In addition, afternoon harvest instead of morning harvest increased (P ≤ 0.05) silage starch, water-soluble carbohydrates, acid detergent lignin, and ether extract content and dry matter in vitro degradation. Controversially, treatments showed no effect (P ≥ 0.14) on silage energy concentration, estimated energy content, and milk yield. Thus, the morning harvest produces more silage dry matter, but the afternoon harvest improves corn silage’s nutritional value with no impact on estimated milk yield. ABSTRACT Plants watersoluble water soluble wholeplant whole plant composition size profile degradation yield twoyear two year design n 16. 16 . 16) P 0.01 001 0 01 0.32 032 32 grain stalk proportion However 0.10 010 10 addition 0.05 005 05 starch carbohydrates lignin Controversially 0.14 014 14 Thus silages s 1 0.0 00 0.3 03 3 0.1 0.

ABSTRACT Climatic conditions cause variation in the availability and nutritional quality of forages; therefore, the use of corn (Zea mays L.) silage has been proposed. However, this crop has a low protein concentration, so the combination with legumes can improve this characteristic. The objective of this study was to evaluate the nutritive value of silage in different proportions of soybean (Glycine max (L.) Merr.) and corn forage grown in a subtropical region. In Tamaulipas, Mexico, six treatments were evaluated: Soybean 100% (S100), corn 100% (C100), and soybean-corn proportions (80%-20%: S80C20; 60%-40%: S60C40; 40%-60%: S40C60, and 20%-80%: S20C80). The variables that were evaluated were: Density, pH, crude protein (CP), neutral detergent fiber (NDF), acid detergent fiber (ADF), lignin, non-fibrous carbohydrates (NFC), starch, crude fat, net energy for lactation (NEL), net energy for weight gain (NEG), and metabolizable energy (ME) and mineral content. Data were analyzed as a completely randomized design with three replicates per treatment. Treatment S100 showed the highest values (p < 0.05) in CP, ADF, crude fat, NEL, and NEG. The C100 had the highest values (p < 0.05) in starch and NFC, and the lowest pH value (p < 0.05). Meanwhile, the S40C60, S60C40, S20C80 combinations showed the highest values (p < 0.05) of TDN, ENL, and ENG. In the case of the combinations, the one with the best values was S40C60. In this regard, the mean values were: CP 143 g kg-1; NEL 1.43 Mcal kg-1; and pH 3.9. According to these values, it is classified as a silage of good nutritional quality, and we recommend its use in subtropical climates.

Abstract Introduction. Corn (Zea mays) is widely used in animal feed, either as grain, green fodder or silage. Objective. To evaluate the yield and nutritional quality of 6 Costa Rican corn varieties selected for grain production. Materials and methods. The study was conducted at 4 experimental sites (Aguas Zarcas, Turrialba, San Luis de Monteverde and Guápiles) between September and December 2018. At each site, a randomized complete block design with 4 replications and 8 treatments (6 varieties and 2 corn hybrids). Plant height was evaluated, Dry Mass (DM) production, chemical composition and in vitro DM digestibility at forage harvest were evaluated. Results. Plant height and DM production were affected by treatments. Yields of the Costa Rican DM varieties EJN2, Upiav-G6, Los Diamantes 8843 and JSáenz (12.7-14 t.ha-1) were similar to the forage hybrid CLTHY002 (13.5 t.ha-1). Only DM and CP content varied in the treatments. Conclusions. The Costa Rican corn varieties EJN2, Los Diamantes 8843, JSáenz and Upiav-G6, have potential to be used as a forage source for animal feeding because they achieved yields and nutritive values like those obtained with the hybrids selected by Centro Internacional de Mejoramiento de Maíz y Trigo (CIMMYT) for forage production.

Resumen Introducción. El cultivo de maíz (Zea mays) es ampliamente utilizado en la alimentación animal, tanto en forma de grano, como forraje verde o ensilaje. Objetivo. Evaluar la producción y calidad nutritiva de 6 variedades de maíces costarricenses seleccionados para la producción de grano. Materiales y métodos. El estudio se realizó en 4 sitios experimentales (Aguas Zarcas, Turrialba, San Luis de Monteverde y Guápiles) entre setiembre y diciembre del 2018. En cada sitio, se trabajó con un diseño de bloques completos al azar con 4 repeticiones y 8 tratamientos (6 variedades y 2 híbridos de maíces). Se evaluó la altura de la planta, la producción de materia seca (MS), la composición química y la digestibilidad in vitro de la MS a la cosecha de los forrajes. Resultados. La altura de la planta y la producción de MS fueron afectadas por los tratamientos. Los rendimientos de MS de las variedades costarricenses EJN2, Upiav-G6, Los Diamantes 8843 y JSáenz (12,7-14 t.ha-1) fueron semejantes al híbrido forrajero CLTHY002 (13,5 t.ha-1). Solamente el contenido de MS y PC varío entre los tratamientos. Conclusión. Las variedades de maíces costarricenses EJN2, Los Diamantes 8843, JSáenz y Upiav-G6, tienen potencial para ser utilizadas como fuente forrajera para la alimentación de rumiantes, ya que alcanzaron rendimientos y valores nutritivos semejantes a los obtenidos con los híbridos seleccionados por el Centro Internacional de Mejoramiento de Maíz y Trigo (CIMMYT) para la producción de forrajes.

RESUMEN Un cultivo de maíz destinado a la confección de silaje de planta entera, se cosechó a dos alturas de corte (AC), 30 cm (AC30) y 55 cm (AC55) desde el suelo, y con dos aperturas de los rodillos (AR) del acondicionador de granos, 1 mm (AR1) y 3 mm (AR3). Se estimó la cantidad de materia seca por unidad de superficie (MS) del remanente y su porcentaje de materia seca (%MS) para las diferentes AC. Para los tratamientos AC*AR, definidos en un diseño bifactorial, se evaluó el índice de procesado del grano (IPG) del material a ensilar, y composición química y degradación ruminal in situ del almidón (DegA) de silajes confeccionados en microsilos. En AC55 el remanente tuvo mayor MS y una tendencia a presentar mayor %MS, y el material de los microsilos tuvo mayor %MS en relación a AC30. En la composición química de los microsilos, solo el contenido de fibra detergente neutro y de lignina en detergente ácido mostraron diferencias, los menores valores los presentó la combinación de AC55-AR3. Para IPG y para DegA, los tratamientos no fueron diferentes. El valor de IPG refleja un bajo nivel de procesamiento en las condiciones de campo en las que se trabajó.

ABSTRACT Maize was harvested for whole plant silage at two cutting heights (CH) above the ground, 30cm (CH30) and 55 cm (CH55), and with two grain conditioner roller openings (RO), 1mm (RO1) and 3 mm (RO3). The amount of dry matter of the remaining material (DM) and its dry matter percentage (%DM) at both CH was determined. In a bifactorial design, the CH*OR treatments were analyzed for their kernel processing scores (KPS) on the harvested material, and chemical composition and in situ ruminal degradation of starch (DegS) in micro-silage. Plots harvested at CH55 had a larger DM and showed a tendency to present higher %DM and higher %DM in the ensiled material compared to CH30. In the micro-silage, there were some differences in the contents of neutral detergent fiber and of lignin in acid detergent, for both variables the lowest value was presented by the combination CH55-RO3. Both the KPS of the ensiled material and DegS were similar among all treatments. The KPS value indicates minimal processing under the field conditions.

Abstract The objective was to evaluate the dry matter (DM) accumulation by component, yield, and nutritional composition of forage of four corn hybrids harvested at 121, 128, 135 and 142 d after sowing. In each harvest, five plants were randomly taken and separated into their components (stem, leaves, grain, cob, bracts, and tassel) and DM was determined; chemical composition and in-situ digestibility were analyzed in a composite sample of a whole plant. The accumulation of grain in the total DM increased from 35.8 to 43.9 % from 121 to 142 d to harvest, respectively, and diluted the other components, especially the proportion of stem and leaves, which decreased inversely proportional to the accumulation of grain. Total DM content differed between hybrids, from 3.8 and up to 8.3 percentage units on the same days to harvest. Nonetheless, the hybrid did not affect DM yield or grain production, increasing by 2.1 and 1.4 t ha-1 between harvests, respectively. NDF content decreased and starch increased (both linearly), affecting net energy for lactation, which increased from 1.49 to 1.56 Mcal kg-1 from 121 to 142 d to harvest, respectively. The interaction between days to harvest and hybrid affected starch content, which was 5.2 units higher in a hybrid with similar NFC and NDF content than its counterparts. DM, NDF and starch digestibilities were affected by the hybrid, but not by the days to harvest.

Resumen El objetivo fue evaluar la acumulación de materia seca (MS) por componente, rendimiento y composición nutricional del forraje de cuatro híbridos de maíz cosechados a 121, 128, 135 y 142 días después de la siembra. En cada cosecha, se tomaron al azar cinco plantas y se separaron en sus componentes (tallo, hojas, grano, olote, brácteas y espiga) y se determinó la MS; en una muestra compuesta de planta completa se analizó la composición química y digestibilidad in situ. La acumulación de grano en la MS total se incrementó de 35.8 a 43.9 % de los 121 a 142 días a cosecha, respectivamente, y diluyó a los demás componentes, sobre todo la proporción de tallo y de hojas, que decrecieron inversamente proporcional a la acumulación de grano. El contenido de MS total difirió entre híbridos de 3.8 y hasta 8.3 unidades porcentuales a mismos días a cosecha. Sin embargo, el híbrido no afectó el rendimiento de MS ni la producción de grano incrementándose 2.1 y 1.4 t ha-1 entre cosecha, respectivamente. El contenido de FDN disminuyó y el almidón se incrementó (ambos linealmente), afectando la energía neta de lactancia que aumentó de 1.49 a 1.56 Mcal kg-1 de los 121 a 142 días a cosecha, respectivamente. La interacción entre días a cosecha e híbrido afectó el contenido de almidón, el cual fue 5.2 unidades superior en un híbrido con similar contenido de CNF y FDN que sus contrapartes. Las digestibilidades de la MS, de la FDN y del almidón fueron afectadas por el híbrido, pero no por los días a cosecha.

ABSTRACT Corn is a crop of great importance and with a growing demand, but it requires a large amount of inputs. Therefore, cover crops preceding the corn crop are being evaluated in order to reduce the need for the use of chemical fertilizers. The objective of the present study was to evaluate the effect of different combinations and proportions of cover crop seeds on the productivity of silage and corn grains. The treatments implemented were: T1 - fallow; T2- Black oats-100%; T3- Vetch-100%; T4- 90% vetch + 10% black oats; T5- 75% Vetch + 25% Black oats and T6- 50% Vetch + 50% Black oats, in a randomized block experimental design with three replications. In all treatments, the green and dry mass of the cover crops were evaluated, in addition to the silage and grain productivity of the corn cultivated in the sequence. As a result, it was observed that T2 (100% oat) presented the highest amount of green and dry mass with values of 31,366 kg ha-11 and 5,420 kg ha-1, respectively. Regarding corn silage productivity, the predecessor treatments with vetch (T3 - 100%) and the combination of 90% vetch + 10% black oat (T4) and 75% vetch + 25% black oat (T5), presented the best results, with productivity of 62,775 kg ha-1; 62,451 kg ha-1; and 61,751 kg ha-1, respectively. These treatments also resulted in higher corn grain productivity, with values of 13,860 kg ha-1; 13,720 kg ha-1; and 13,650 kg ha-1, respectively. Therefore, single oats as a cover crop showed the best production of green and dry mass, but did not increase the productivity of silage and corn grains. However, the cultivation of single vetch (100%) or in intercropping (90% and 75%) with black oats resulted in greater productivity of silage and corn grains.

RESUMO O milho é uma cultura de grande importância e com demanda crescente, mas que precisa de grande quantidade de insumos. Por isso, plantas de cobertura antecedendo a cultura estão sendo avaliadas a fim de reduzir a necessidade de uso de adubos químicos. O objetivo do presente estudo foi avaliar o efeito de diferentes combinações e proporções de sementes de plantas de cobertura na produtividade de silagem e grãos de milho. Os tratamentos implantados foram: T1- pousio; T2- Aveia preta-100%; T3- Ervilhaca-100%; T4- 90% ervilhaca + 10% Aveia preta; T5- 75% Ervilhaca + 25% Aveia preta e T6- 50% Ervilhaca + 50% Aveia preta, em delineamento experimental de blocos ao acaso com três repetições. Em todos os tratamentos foram avaliadas a massa verde e seca das plantas de cobertura, além da produtividade de silagem e grãos do milho cultivado na sequência. Como resultados, observou-se que o T2 (100% aveia) apresentou a maior quantidade de massa verde e seca com valores de 31.366 kg ha-1 e 5.420 kg ha-1, respectivamente. Com relação a produtividade de milho silagem, os tratamentos antecessores com ervilhaca (T3-100%) e a combinação de 90% ervilhaca + 10% aveia preta (T4) e de 75% ervilhaca + 25% aveia preta (T5), apresentaram os melhores resultados, com produtividade de 62.775 kg ha-1; 62.451 kg ha-1; e 61.751 kg ha-1, respectivamente. Esses tratamentos também resultaram em maior produtividade de grãos de milho, com valores de 13.860 kg ha-1; 13.720 kg ha-1; e 13.650 kg ha-1, respectivamente. Portanto, a aveia solteira como planta de cobertura apresentou a melhor produção de massa verde e seca, porém não incrementou na produtividade de silagem e de grãos de milho. No entanto, o cultivo da ervilhaca solteira (100%) ou em consórcio (90% e 75%) com aveia preta resultou em maior produtividade de silagem e grãos de milho.

ABSTRACT This study was conducted to identify the key volatile compounds that characterize whether silage has deteriorated and to investigate the intrinsic link between the key compounds and silage odor. First, silages with different aerobic exposure durations were sampled, and sensory evaluation integrating aerobic stability monitoring was used to distinguish whether the silage had deteriorated. Subsequently, headspace solid-phase microextraction gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (HS-SPME-GC-MS) was utilized to determine the relative content of the compounds. Using the relative content of the compounds in each silage as input, relative odor activity value (ROAV) calculations and orthogonal partial least squares discriminant analysis (OPLS-DA) were performed to determine the odor contribution of the compounds and the compounds with significant differences in relative content (based on variable importance for the projection, VIP) between the deteriorated and non-deteriorated silages. Next, the key compounds were identified by combining the conditions of average ROAV (aROAV) ≥ 1 and VIP > 1. Finally, the OPLS algorithm was used to analyze the intrinsic link of key compounds with the silage odor. The results showed that three out of 63 compounds—4-ethyl phenol, eugenol, and ethyl linoleate—were key compounds to characterize whether the silages deteriorated or not. In addition, ortho-guaiacol, 4-ethyl guaiacol, and 2-methoxy-4-vinyl phenol were the specific key compounds for deteriorated silage. Eugenol and ethyl linoleate were correlated with fruity, sour, and spicy odors. In addition, guaiacol, 4-ethylphenol, 4-ethyl guaiacol and 2-methoxy-4-vinyl phenol contributed to roasted, musty, and putrid odors. First sampled Subsequently solidphase solid phase chromatographymass chromatography mass HSSPMEGCMS HS SPME GC MS (HS-SPME-GC-MS input (ROAV OPLSDA DA (OPLS-DA based projection nondeteriorated non Next aROAV (aROAV Finally 6 compounds4ethyl compoundsethyl 4 eugenol linoleatewere not addition orthoguaiacol, orthoguaiacol ortho ortho-guaiacol 4ethyl 2methoxy4vinyl methoxyvinyl 2 methoxy vinyl fruity sour odors 4ethylphenol, 4ethylphenol ethylphenol ethylphenol, 4-ethylphenol roasted musty

ABSTRACT In this study, the possibilities of using Cubic Spline functions and some yield-density models in the estimation of live weights of Kıvırcık lambs fed with different silage types were investigated. In the experiment, 40 male Kıvırcık lambs aged 2.5-3 months were used and the animals were fattened for 56 days. To assess the predictive performance of the fitted models, model fit statistics such as the coefficient of determination (R2), adjusted R2, mean square error (MSE), and Akaike Information Criterion (AIC) were determined. The Cubic Spline model was discovered to be the best model for quantifying Kıvırcık lambs live weight, with the highest R2 and adjusted R2 values, as well as the lowest MSE and AIC values. Cubic Spline functions were applied as live weight estimation model in lambs fed with silage containing 5 different ratios of corn and sunflower (100% sunflower silage, 75% sunflower + 25% corn silage, 50% sunflower + 50% corn silage, 25% sunflower + 75% corn silage, 100% corn silage). As a result, Cubic Spline functions have been found to be effective in estimating the live weight of fattened lambs. study yielddensity yield density investigated experiment 4 2.53 253 2.5 3 2 2.5- days R , (R2) MSE, (MSE) (AIC determined values 100 (100 75 25 50 silage. . silage) result 53 2. (R2 (MSE 10 (10 7 (R 1 (1 (

RESUMO Neste estudo, foram investigadas as possibilidades de usar funções de spline cúbica e alguns modelos de densidade de produção na estimativa de pesos vivos de cordeiros Kıvırcık alimentados com diferentes tipos de silagem. No experimento, foram usados 40 cordeiros Kıvırcık machos com 2,5 a 3 meses de idade e os animais foram engordados por 56 dias. Para avaliar o desempenho preditivo dos modelos ajustados, foram determinadas as estatísticas de ajuste do modelo, como o coeficiente de determinação (R2), o R2 ajustado, o erro quadrático médio (MSE) e o critério de informação de Akaike (AIC). O modelo de spline cúbica foi considerado o melhor modelo para quantificar o peso vivo de cordeiros Kıvırcık, com os valores mais altos de R2 e R2 ajustado, bem como os valores mais baixos de MSE e AIC. As funções de spline cúbica foram aplicadas como modelo de estimativa de peso vivo em cordeiros alimentados com silagem contendo 5 proporções diferentes de milho e girassol (100% de silagem de girassol, 75% de girassol + 25% de silagem de milho, 50% de girassol + 50% de silagem de milho, 25% de girassol + 75% de silagem de milho, 100% de silagem de milho). Como resultado, verificou-se que as funções de spline cúbica são eficazes na estimativa do peso vivo de cordeiros engordados. estudo experimento 4 25 2 2, dias ajustados R2, R , (R2) ajustado (MSE AIC . (AIC) 100 (100 75 50 milho. milho) resultado verificouse verificou se (R2 (AIC 10 (10 7 (R 1 (1 (

ABSTRACT The objective was to investigate the effect of wild lactic acid bacteria (LAB) strains on the fungal and chemical composition of whole-plant corn silage. Three treatments were evaluated: CON-without inoculation, LB-inoculated with Lentilactobacillus buchneri (CCMA 1366), and LF-inoculated with L. farraginis (CCMA 1362). The silages were stored for 29, 103, and 193 d. The highest acetic acid (19.7 g/kg DM) and 1,2-propanediol (6.3 g/kg DM) concentrations were found in the LF, the highest aerobic stability was observed in this silage after 29 d (158.3 h). The yeast population was below the detection level at 29 d in the LF and 103 and 193 d in all silages. Seven genera of filamentous fungi (FF) were identified before ensiling; none of these were found after ensiling. At 29 d, Monascus pilosus was identified in the LB after aerobic exposure but did not produce citrinin. At 103 and 193 d, there was Aspergillus fumigatus predominance. A. flavus was identified at 103 d in the CON and LB; none produced B1, B2, G1, or G2 toxins. LAB strains modified the silages’ chemical and FF composition, and LF increased aerobic stability and reduced FF’s yeast population and diversity. (LAB wholeplant whole plant evaluated CONwithout without inoculation LBinoculated inoculated CCMA 1366, 1366 , 1366) LFinoculated L 1362. 1362 . 1362) 19 19.7 197 7 (19. gkg g kg DM 1,2propanediol 12propanediol propanediol 1,2 1 2 6.3 63 6 3 (6. 158.3 1583 158 (158. h. h h) 10 (FF ensiling citrinin predominance A B1 B B2 G1 G toxins FFs s diversity 136 19. (19 2propanediol 12 1, 6. (6 158. 15 (158 13 (1 ( (15

RESUMO O objetivo foi investigar o efeito de cepas selvagens de bactérias do ácido lático (BAL) sobre a composição fúngica e química da silagem de planta inteira de milho. Três tratamentos foram avaliados: CON - sem inoculação, LB - inoculado com Lentilactobacillus buchneri (CCMA 1366) e LF - inoculado com L. farraginis (CCMA 1362). As silagens foram armazenadas por 29, 103 e 193 dias. As maiores concentrações de ácido acético (19,7g/kg MS) e 1,2-propanodiol (6,3g/kg MS) foram encontradas na silagem LF, e a maior estabilidade aeróbia foi observada nessa silagem após 29 dias (158,3h). A população de leveduras ficou abaixo do nível de detecção aos 29 dias na silagem LF e aos 103 e 193 dias em todas as silagens. Sete gêneros de fungos filamentosos (FF) foram identificados antes da ensilagem; nenhum deles foi encontrado após a ensilagem. Aos 29 dias, Monascus pilosus foi identificado na silagem LB após exposição aeróbia, mas não produziu citrinina. Aos 103 e 193 dias, houve predominância de Aspergillus fumigatus. A. flavus foi identificado aos 103 dias nas silagens CON e LB; nenhum produziu toxinas B1, B2, G1 ou G2. As cepas de BAL modificaram a composição química, e de FF das silagens; LF aumentou a estabilidade aeróbia e reduziu a população e a diversidade de leveduras FF. (BAL milho avaliados inoculação CCMA 1366 L 1362. 1362 . 1362) 10 19 19,7g/kg 197gkg gkg 7g kg g MS 1,2propanodiol 12propanodiol propanodiol 1,2 1 2 6,3g/kg 63gkg 6 3g 158,3h. 1583h h 158,3h 158 3h (158,3h) (FF ensilagem citrinina fumigatus B1 B B2 G G2 136 2propanodiol 12 1, 15 (158,3h 13

Abstract The present study aimed to evaluate the effect of different levels of whole soy lecithin on the apparent digestibility of the diet, ingestive behavior, productive performance, and carcass characteristics of feedlot-finished beef cattle. This was a completely randomized experimental design involving three treatments: Control diet; Diet with whole soy lecithin (10 g animal-1 day-1); and Diet with whole soy lecithin (20 g animal-1 day-1), with five replications. The diets were formulated and constituted of 33% corn silage and 67% concentrate, on a dry matter basis. Thirty non-castrated ½ Angus × ½ Nellore steers, with an average age of 14 months and average initial body weight of 432 kg, were used in the experiment. The dietary inclusion of whole soy lecithin improved the digestibility of ether extract and neutral detergent fiber but did not influence ingestive behavior. Supplementation with 10 g animal-1 day-1 of whole soy lecithin resulted in higher average weight gain (1.707 kg day-1) followed by non-supplemented animals (1.645 kg day-1) and those supplemented with whole soy lecithin at 20 g animal-1 day-1 (1.587 kg day-1). Carcass fatness was not altered with the supplementation of whole soy lecithin. The supply of whole soy lecithin improved the use of the ether extract and fiber fraction of the diet and resulted in the highest average weight gain. The level of 10 g animal-1 day-1 provided the best responses. behavior performance feedlotfinished feedlot finished cattle treatments (1 animal1 animal 1 animal- day1 day (2 day1, , replications 33 67 concentrate basis noncastrated non castrated steers 43 experiment day- 1.707 1707 707 (1.70 nonsupplemented 1.645 1645 645 (1.64 2 1.587 1587 587 (1.58 day1. . responses ( 3 6 4 1.70 170 70 (1.7 1.64 164 64 (1.6 1.58 158 58 (1.5 1.7 17 7 (1. 1.6 16 1.5 15 5 1.

Resumo O presente estudo teve por objetivo avaliar o efeito de diferentes doses de lecitina integral de soja na digestibilidade aparente da dieta, comportamento ingestivo, desempenho produtivo, e nas características de carcaça de bovinos de corte terminados em confinamento. O delineamento experimental foi inteiramente casualizado, constituído de três tratamentos, sendo: Ração controle; Ração com lecitina integral de soja (10 g animal dia-1); e Ração com lecitina integral de soja (20 g animal dia-1), com cinco repetições. As rações, em base na matéria seca, foram formuladas e constituídas por 33% de silagem milho e 67% de concentrado. Foram utilizados 30 novilhos não castrados, ½ sangue Angus Nelore, com idade média de 14 meses e peso vivo médio inicial de 432,3 kg. A digesibilidade do extrato etéreo e da fibra em detergente neutro foi melhorada com a inclusão de lecitina integral de soja, já o comportamento ingestivo não foi alterado. A suplementação com 10 g animal dia-1 de lecitina integral de soja proporcionou maior média para ganho de peso (1,707 kg dia-1) seguido dos animais não suplementados (1,645 kg dia-1) e suplementados com lecitina integral de soja na dose de 20 g animal dia-1 (1,587 kg dia-1). Em relção ao acabamento das carcaças, este não foi alterado com a suplementação de lecitina integral de soja. O uso de lecitina integral de soja melhorou o aproveitamento da fração etérea e fibrosa da ração, e garantiu a maior média para ganho de peso, sendo a dose de 10 g animal dia-1 com melhores respostas. dieta produtivo confinamento casualizado tratamentos controle (1 dia1 dia 1 (2 dia1, , repetições rações seca 33 67 concentrado 3 castrados Nelore 4323 432 432, dia- 1,707 1707 707 (1,70 1,645 1645 645 (1,64 2 1,587 1587 587 (1,58 dia1. . carcaças ração respostas ( 6 43 1,70 170 70 (1,7 1,64 164 64 (1,6 1,58 158 58 (1,5 4 1,7 17 7 (1, 1,6 16 1,5 15 5 1,

ABSTRACT The positive performance of different cultivars in relation to a water deficit is directly correlated with an increase in biomass production, with repercussions for ensuring system sustainability. The objective of this study was to evaluate the production and nutritional value of four millet genotypes in comparison with that of corn and sorghum under two water supply conditions (simulated water deficit and normal conditions). This experiment was conducted using a completely randomized design (CRD), with six cultivars, two irrigation levels, and four replicates, totaling 48 experimental units. At the end of 12 weeks after sowing, biometric and bromatological evaluations were conducted. Based on these results, pearl millet ADR300, ADR500, BRS1501, and ADRf6010 showed promise and are interesting alternatives to be explored by silage producers in more critical water deficit periods. Among millets, ADRf6010 performed similarly to corn and sorghum, which are commonly used in Brazil as forage, indicating that it is the best alternative for silage formation. sustainability simulated conditions. . conditions) CRD, CRD , (CRD) levels replicates 4 units 1 sowing results ADR300 ADR ADR500 BRS1501 BRS ADRf ADRf601 periods millets forage formation (CRD ADR30 ADR50 BRS150 ADRf60 ADR3 ADR5 BRS15 ADRf6 BRS1

RESUMO O desempenho positivo de diferentes cultivares ao déficit hídrico está diretamente correlacionado com o aumento da produção de biomassa, com reflexos na garantia da sustentabilidade do sistema. Objetivou-se com esse estudo avaliar a produção e valor nutritivo de quatro cultivares de milheto em comparação com o milho e sorgo, sob duas condições de fornecimento de água (simulando uma condição de déficit hídrico e uma condição normal). O delineamento experimental foi inteiramente ao acaso (DIC), com 6 cultivares, 2 níveis de irrigação e 4 repetições, totalizando 48 unidades experimentais. Ao final de 12 semanas após a semeadura, foram realizadas as avaliações biométricas e bromatológicas. Com base nos resultados, os milhetos ADR300, ADR500, BRS1501 e ADRf6010 se apresentaram promissores e são alternativas interessantes a serem exploradas por produtores para silagem em períodos mais críticos ao déficit hídrico. Dentre os milhetos, o ADRf6010 apresentou desempenho semelhante quando comparado com o milho e sorgo, comumente utilizados no Brasil como forragem, indicando ser a melhor alternativa para a formação de silagem. biomassa sistema Objetivouse Objetivou sorgo simulando normal. normal . normal) DIC, DIC , (DIC) repetições experimentais 1 semeadura bromatológicas resultados ADR300 ADR ADR500 BRS BRS150 ADRf ADRf601 forragem (DIC ADR30 ADR50 BRS15 ADRf60 ADR3 ADR5 BRS1 ADRf6

RESUMO O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar a produção e o valor nutritivo da forragem de oito híbridos de milho para silagem: P3565 PWU (Pioneer®), CERES 310, CERES 312, CERES 405, CERES 412 (Nova Ceres Sementes®), 2A521 PW, 2B533 PW e FS620 PWU (Forseed®), com quatro repetições cada. As plantas foram colhidas em estádio fenológico de grão farináceo (R4). O híbrido CERES 312 apresentou maior produção de fitomassa seca, sem diferir estatisticamente do CERES 310 (30.919 e 27.662kg ha-1, respectivamente), e também maior produção de grãos (14.365 kg ha-1). A participação de colmo e folhas do híbrido CERES 405 foi superior aos demais híbridos (22,3% e 20,2%). O híbrido CERES 405 apresentou maior teor de PB (8,38%), sem diferir dos híbridos CERES 310, CERES 312 e 2B533 PW. O híbrido 2B533 PW apresentou menor teor de LDA (2,94%). Os híbridos P3565 PWU e 2B533 PWU apresentaram maiores valores de NEl (1,511 e 1,499 Mcal kg de MS-1, respectivamente), e o híbrido CERES 312 apresentou menor valor (1,412 Mcal kg de MS-1). As diferenças nas participações estruturais da planta foram inconsistentes aos nutrientes obtidos, o que prova que as avaliações estruturais e nutricionais de híbridos de milho devem ser feitas de forma complementar. silagem P P356 Pioneer®, Pioneer Pioneer® , (Pioneer®) 41 Nova Sementes®, Sementes Sementes® Sementes®) 2A52 B 2B53 FS FS62 Forseed®, Forseed Forseed® (Forseed®) cada R4. R4 R . (R4) 31 seca 30.919 30919 30 919 (30.91 27662kg 27 662kg ha1, ha1 ha 1, 1 ha-1 respectivamente, respectivamente respectivamente) 14.365 14365 14 365 (14.36 ha1. ha-1) 40 22,3% 223 22 3 (22,3 20,2%. 202 20,2% 20 2 20,2%) 8,38%, 838 8,38% 8 38 (8,38%) 2,94%. 294 2,94% 94 (2,94%) 1,511 1511 511 (1,51 1499 499 1,49 MS1, MS1 MS MS-1 1,412 1412 (1,41 MS1. MS-1) obtidos complementar P35 (Pioneer® 4 2A5 2B5 FS6 (Forseed® (R4 30.91 3091 91 (30.9 ha- 14.36 1436 36 (14.3 22,3 (22, 20,2 83 8,38 (8,38% 29 2,94 9 (2,94% 1,51 151 51 (1,5 149 49 1,4 MS- 1,41 141 (1,4 P3 (Pioneer 2A 2B (Forseed (R 30.9 309 (30. 14.3 143 (14. 22, (22 20, 8,3 (8,38 2,9 (2,94 1,5 15 5 (1, 30. (30 14. (14 (2 8, (8,3 2, (2,9 (1 (3 ( (8, (2, (8

ABSTRACT The aim of this study was to evaluate the forage yield and nutritional value of eight corn hybrids for silage production: P3565 PWU (Pioneer®), CERES 310, CERES 312, CERES 405, CERES 412 (Nova Ceres Sementes®), 2A521 PW, 2B533 PW and FS620 PWU (Forseed®), with 4 repetitions each. The plants were harvested at the dough grain phenological stage (R4). Hybrid CERES 312 showed higher dry biomass production, however, with no significant difference from CERES 310 (30,919 and 27,662kg ha-1, respectively), and higher grain yield (14,365 kg ha-1). The participation of stem and leaves of hybrid CERES 405 was higher than the other hybrids (22.3% and 20.2%). Hybrid CERES 405 presented higher CP content (8.38%) however, it did not differ from CERES 310, CERES 312 and 2B533 PW. The 2B533 PW hybrid had lower LDA content (2.94%). Hybrids P3565 PWU and 2B533 PWU presented higher values of NEl (1.511 and 1.499 Mcal kg DM-1, respectively) and the hybrid CERES 312 presented lower value (1.412 Mcal kg DM-1). Differences in the participation of plant components were inconsistent on the nutrients obtained, proving that structural and nutritional evaluations of corn hybrids should be complementary. production P P356 Pioneer®, Pioneer Pioneer® , (Pioneer®) 41 Nova Sementes®, Sementes Sementes® Sementes®) A 2A52 B 2B53 FS FS62 Forseed®, Forseed Forseed® (Forseed®) each R4. R4 R . (R4) 31 however 30,919 30919 30 919 (30,91 27662kg 27 662kg ha1, ha1 ha 1, 1 ha-1 respectively, respectively 14,365 14365 14 365 (14,36 ha1. ha-1) 40 22.3% 223 22 3 (22.3 20.2%. 202 20.2% 20 2 20.2%) 8.38% 838 8 38 (8.38% 2.94%. 294 2.94% 94 (2.94%) 1.511 1511 511 (1.51 1499 499 1.49 DM1, DM1 DM DM-1 1.412 1412 (1.41 DM1. DM-1) obtained complementary P35 (Pioneer® 2A5 2B5 FS6 (Forseed® (R4 30,91 3091 91 (30,9 ha- 14,36 1436 36 (14,3 22.3 (22. 20.2 8.38 83 (8.38 29 2.94 9 (2.94% 1.51 151 51 (1.5 149 49 1.4 DM- 1.41 141 (1.4 P3 (Pioneer 2A 2B (Forseed (R 30,9 309 (30, 14,3 143 (14, 22. (22 20. 8.3 (8.3 2.9 (2.94 1.5 15 5 (1. 1. 30, (30 14, (14 (2 8. (8. 2. (2.9 (1 (3 ( (8 (2.

ABSTRACT The combination of management practices affects weed populations and biodiversity. The objective was to evaluate the infesting weed community in the implementation of a corn silage (Zea mays L.) /pearl millet (Pennisetum glaucum L)/corn silage succession system subjected to early potassium fertilization in the winter crop. The experiment began in October 2019 under fallow area. In the 2019/20 summer season, corn silage was grown in a complete area. In the 2020 fall/winter season, the plots consisted of pearl millet, six doses of potassium fertilization (0, 30, 60, 90, 120 and 150 kg ha-1) and one fallow. In the 2020/21 summer season, the treatments consisted of corn silage and six doses of K2O, complementing the treatment applied in the previous harvest (120, 90, 60, 30, 0 kg ha-1) and one with recommended fertilization. Phytosociological evaluations of weeds were performed using a 0.25 m2 square. The density and number of species increased in the first year. Early fertilization at doses of 90, 120 and 150 kg ha-1 of K2O increased the dry weight of weeds before planting and at V4 stage of the corn silage cultivated in sequence; however, were lower than those for plots fallowed in the winter. biodiversity Zea L. L Pennisetum L/corn Lcorn /corn crop 201 area 201920 20 2019/2 season 202 fallwinter fall 0, (0 30 60 90 12 15 ha1 ha 1 202021 21 2020/2 KO K O 120, (120 025 25 0.2 m square year ha- V sequence however 20192 2 2019/ ( 3 6 9 20202 2020/ (12 02 0. (1

ABSTRACT This study aimed to evaluate the effects of two maturity stages of whole-plant corn at harvest (32.1 or 42.5% dry matter (DM)) and a commercial microbial inoculant composed of L. buchneri and L. plantarum at concentration of 110,000 CFU/g of fresh forage (1.1 × 105 CFU/g FF) on fermentation losses, aerobic stability, chemical composition, and digestibility of starch and neutral detergent fiber (NDF). A factorial and randomized design was used (two DM contents, both with or without inoculant), with five replicates per treatment. Dry matter at harvest affected most variables, except lignin, NDF digestibility, ethanol, and lactic and acetic acids. Drier silages differed in total DM losses (−1.7%) and lactic acid bacteria (LAB) population (+1.2 log CFU/g). The use of the inoculant affected the levels of ether extract (+0.27% DM), starch (+2.9% DM), and lignin (−0.17% DM). The LAB (+1.6 log CFU/g) and yeast (−2.82% log CFU/g) populations were also influenced, as well as aerobic stability at six days. The inoculant × DM interaction was observed in the water-soluble carbohydrates content, being higher in silages with 32.1% DM and in those not inoculated for both DM. Crude protein was also higher in these silages, whether inoculated or not. Wetter silages were more prone to gas losses when inoculated (+2.5% DM) and lost more effluent when not inoculated (+4.82 kg/t FF). However, total DM losses during aerobic stability were on average 10.58% DM lower in these silages, with inoculation being preferred (6.72% DM vs 11.60% DM (control)). Under these conditions, harvesting corn for silage at 42.5% DM is indicated to obtain a more energetic silage, as noted both in the increased starch content and the reduced losses associated with fermentation. wholeplant whole plant 32.1 321 32 1 (32. 425 42 5 42.5 (DM) L 110000 110 000 110,00 CFUg CFU g 1.1 11 (1. 10 FF composition NDF. . (NDF) contents inoculant, , inoculant) treatment variables ethanol acids −1.7% 17 7 (−1.7% (LAB +1.2 12 2 (+1. CFU/g. +0.27% 027 0 27 (+0.27 DM, +2.9% 29 9 (+2.9 −0.17% 017 (−0.17 +1.6 16 6 −2.82% 282 82 (−2.82 influenced days watersoluble water soluble +2.5% 25 (+2.5 +4.82 482 4 (+4.8 kgt kg t FF. However 1058 58 10.58 6.72% 672 72 (6.72 1160 60 11.60 control. control (control)) conditions 32. 3 (32 42. (DM 11000 00 110,0 1. (1 (NDF −1.7 (−1.7 +1. (+1 +0.27 02 (+0.2 +2.9 (+2. −0.17 01 (−0.1 −2.82 28 8 (−2.8 +2.5 +4.8 48 (+4. 10.5 6.72 67 (6.7 116 11.6 (control) (3 1100 110, ( −1. (−1. +1 (+ +0.2 (+0. +2. (+2 −0.1 (−0. −2.8 (−2. +4. (+4 10. 6.7 (6. 11. (control −1 (−1 + +0. (+0 +2 −0. (−0 −2. (−2 +4 6. (6 − (− +0 −0 −2

RESUMO O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar a produtividade, as características morfométricas e o valor nutricional do milho, com uso de fungicida foliar associado a inoculante na ensilagem, sobre as características químico-fermentativas da silagem. As aplicações do fungicida piraclostrobina + fluxpiroxade foram realizadas nos estádios vegetativo-oito e pendoamento, e as avaliações das plantas ocorreram simultaneamente na colheita (fase de grãos pastosos), quando foi aplicado o inoculante composto por cepas de Lactobacillus buchneri e L. casei para a produção de silagem. O uso de fungicida diminuiu a porcentagem de área foliar afetada por Diplodia macrospora Earle, Cercospora zeae-maydis e Phaeosphaeria maydis. Na colheita, o milho apresentou menor número de folhas secas e maior produtividade de biomassa fresca (66.368 vs. 62.015kg·ha-1) e seca (20.964 vs. 19.485kg·ha-1) com fungicida. O fungicida reduziu teor de LDA de 5,99% para 5,16%, gerando maior ISDMD para planta inteira (43,14 e 62,57%, para 24 e 48 horas, respectivamente). A associação do fungicida com inoculante promoveu maior concentração de ácido acético do que quando cada um foi utilizado isoladamente, e as perdas de matéria seca da silagem com inoculante foram maiores que as da silagem controle (8,88 vs. 12,78%, respectivamente). Fungicida e inoculante utilizados associados proporcionaram silagens com menor teor fibroso. ensilagem químicofermentativas químico fermentativas vegetativooito vegetativo oito pendoamento fase pastosos, pastosos , pastosos) L Earle zeaemaydis zeae maydis 66.368 66368 66 368 (66.36 vs 62.015kg·ha1 62015kgha1 kgha 62.015kg·ha 1 62 015kg ha kg 62.015kg·ha-1 20.964 20964 20 964 (20.96 19.485kg·ha1 19485kgha1 19.485kg·ha 19 485kg 19.485kg·ha-1 599 5 99 5,99 516 16 5,16% 43,14 4314 43 14 (43,1 6257 57 62,57% 2 4 horas respectivamente. respectivamente . respectivamente) isoladamente 8,88 888 8 88 (8,8 1278 12 78 12,78% fibroso 66.36 6636 6 36 (66.3 ha1 62015kgha 62.015kg·ha- 20.96 2096 96 (20.9 19485kgha 19.485kg·ha- 59 9 5,9 51 5,16 43,1 431 (43, 625 62,57 8,8 (8, 127 7 12,78 66.3 663 3 (66. 20.9 209 (20. 5, 5,1 43, (43 62,5 8, (8 12,7 66. (66 20. (20 (4 62, ( 12, (6 (2

ABSTRACT The aim of this study was to evaluate the yield, the morphometric characteristics, and the nutritional value of corn with use of foliar fungicide associated with inoculant on ensiling on the chemical-fermentative characteristics of silage. The applications of fungicide pyraclostrobin + fluxpyroxade were carried out in vegetative-eight and tasseling stage, and the evaluations of plants occurred simultaneously at harvest (dough grain stage), during which application was made with inoculant consisting of strains of Lactobacillus buchneri and L. casei for silage production. The use of fungicide decreased the percentage of leaf area affected by Diplodia macrospora Earle, Cercospora zeae-maydis and Phaeosphaeria maydis. At harvest, corn showed fewer dry leaves and higher yields of fresh (66,368vs. 62,015kg·ha-1) and dry biomass (20,964 vs. 19,485kg·ha-1) with fungicide. The fungicide also reduced the LDA content from 5.99% to 5.16%, which generated greater ISDMD for whole plant (43.14 and 62.57%, for 24 and 48 hours, respectively). The association of fungicide with inoculant promoted higher concentration of acetic acid than when each was used alone, and the dry matter losses of silage with inoculant were higher than control silage (8.88vs. 12.78%, respectively). Fungicide and inoculant used in combination provided silages with lower fibrous content. yield chemicalfermentative chemical fermentative vegetativeeight vegetative eight stage dough , stage) L production Earle zeaemaydis zeae maydis 66,368vs. 66368vs vs 66 368vs (66,368vs 62,015kg·ha1 62015kgha1 kgha 62,015kg·ha 1 62 015kg ha kg 62,015kg·ha-1 20,964 20964 20 964 (20,96 19,485kg·ha1 19485kgha1 19,485kg·ha 19 485kg 19,485kg·ha-1 599 5 99 5.99 516 16 5.16% 43.14 4314 43 14 (43.1 6257 57 62.57% 2 4 hours respectively. respectively . respectively) alone 8.88vs. 888vs 8 88vs (8.88vs 1278 12 78 12.78% 66,368vs 6 ha1 62015kgha 62,015kg·ha- 20,96 2096 96 (20,9 19485kgha 19,485kg·ha- 59 9 5.9 51 5.16 43.1 431 (43. 625 62.57 8.88vs 127 7 12.78 20,9 209 (20, 5. 5.1 43. (43 62.5 12.7 20, (20 (4 62. 12. (2 (