ABSTRACT Corn is a crop of great importance and with a growing demand, but it requires a large amount of inputs. Therefore, cover crops preceding the corn crop are being evaluated in order to reduce the need for the use of chemical fertilizers. The objective of the present study was to evaluate the effect of different combinations and proportions of cover crop seeds on the productivity of silage and corn grains. The treatments implemented were: T1 - fallow; T2- Black oats-100%; T3- Vetch-100%; T4- 90% vetch + 10% black oats; T5- 75% Vetch + 25% Black oats and T6- 50% Vetch + 50% Black oats, in a randomized block experimental design with three replications. In all treatments, the green and dry mass of the cover crops were evaluated, in addition to the silage and grain productivity of the corn cultivated in the sequence. As a result, it was observed that T2 (100% oat) presented the highest amount of green and dry mass with values of 31,366 kg ha-11 and 5,420 kg ha-1, respectively. Regarding corn silage productivity, the predecessor treatments with vetch (T3 - 100%) and the combination of 90% vetch + 10% black oat (T4) and 75% vetch + 25% black oat (T5), presented the best results, with productivity of 62,775 kg ha-1; 62,451 kg ha-1; and 61,751 kg ha-1, respectively. These treatments also resulted in higher corn grain productivity, with values of 13,860 kg ha-1; 13,720 kg ha-1; and 13,650 kg ha-1, respectively. Therefore, single oats as a cover crop showed the best production of green and dry mass, but did not increase the productivity of silage and corn grains. However, the cultivation of single vetch (100%) or in intercropping (90% and 75%) with black oats resulted in greater productivity of silage and corn grains.

RESUMO O milho é uma cultura de grande importância e com demanda crescente, mas que precisa de grande quantidade de insumos. Por isso, plantas de cobertura antecedendo a cultura estão sendo avaliadas a fim de reduzir a necessidade de uso de adubos químicos. O objetivo do presente estudo foi avaliar o efeito de diferentes combinações e proporções de sementes de plantas de cobertura na produtividade de silagem e grãos de milho. Os tratamentos implantados foram: T1- pousio; T2- Aveia preta-100%; T3- Ervilhaca-100%; T4- 90% ervilhaca + 10% Aveia preta; T5- 75% Ervilhaca + 25% Aveia preta e T6- 50% Ervilhaca + 50% Aveia preta, em delineamento experimental de blocos ao acaso com três repetições. Em todos os tratamentos foram avaliadas a massa verde e seca das plantas de cobertura, além da produtividade de silagem e grãos do milho cultivado na sequência. Como resultados, observou-se que o T2 (100% aveia) apresentou a maior quantidade de massa verde e seca com valores de 31.366 kg ha-1 e 5.420 kg ha-1, respectivamente. Com relação a produtividade de milho silagem, os tratamentos antecessores com ervilhaca (T3-100%) e a combinação de 90% ervilhaca + 10% aveia preta (T4) e de 75% ervilhaca + 25% aveia preta (T5), apresentaram os melhores resultados, com produtividade de 62.775 kg ha-1; 62.451 kg ha-1; e 61.751 kg ha-1, respectivamente. Esses tratamentos também resultaram em maior produtividade de grãos de milho, com valores de 13.860 kg ha-1; 13.720 kg ha-1; e 13.650 kg ha-1, respectivamente. Portanto, a aveia solteira como planta de cobertura apresentou a melhor produção de massa verde e seca, porém não incrementou na produtividade de silagem e de grãos de milho. No entanto, o cultivo da ervilhaca solteira (100%) ou em consórcio (90% e 75%) com aveia preta resultou em maior produtividade de silagem e grãos de milho.

Abstract Introduction. Corn (Zea mays) is widely used in animal feed, either as grain, green fodder or silage. Objective. To evaluate the yield and nutritional quality of 6 Costa Rican corn varieties selected for grain production. Materials and methods. The study was conducted at 4 experimental sites (Aguas Zarcas, Turrialba, San Luis de Monteverde and Guápiles) between September and December 2018. At each site, a randomized complete block design with 4 replications and 8 treatments (6 varieties and 2 corn hybrids). Plant height was evaluated, Dry Mass (DM) production, chemical composition and in vitro DM digestibility at forage harvest were evaluated. Results. Plant height and DM production were affected by treatments. Yields of the Costa Rican DM varieties EJN2, Upiav-G6, Los Diamantes 8843 and JSáenz (12.7-14 t.ha-1) were similar to the forage hybrid CLTHY002 (13.5 t.ha-1). Only DM and CP content varied in the treatments. Conclusions. The Costa Rican corn varieties EJN2, Los Diamantes 8843, JSáenz and Upiav-G6, have potential to be used as a forage source for animal feeding because they achieved yields and nutritive values like those obtained with the hybrids selected by Centro Internacional de Mejoramiento de Maíz y Trigo (CIMMYT) for forage production.

Resumen Introducción. El cultivo de maíz (Zea mays) es ampliamente utilizado en la alimentación animal, tanto en forma de grano, como forraje verde o ensilaje. Objetivo. Evaluar la producción y calidad nutritiva de 6 variedades de maíces costarricenses seleccionados para la producción de grano. Materiales y métodos. El estudio se realizó en 4 sitios experimentales (Aguas Zarcas, Turrialba, San Luis de Monteverde y Guápiles) entre setiembre y diciembre del 2018. En cada sitio, se trabajó con un diseño de bloques completos al azar con 4 repeticiones y 8 tratamientos (6 variedades y 2 híbridos de maíces). Se evaluó la altura de la planta, la producción de materia seca (MS), la composición química y la digestibilidad in vitro de la MS a la cosecha de los forrajes. Resultados. La altura de la planta y la producción de MS fueron afectadas por los tratamientos. Los rendimientos de MS de las variedades costarricenses EJN2, Upiav-G6, Los Diamantes 8843 y JSáenz (12,7-14 t.ha-1) fueron semejantes al híbrido forrajero CLTHY002 (13,5 t.ha-1). Solamente el contenido de MS y PC varío entre los tratamientos. Conclusión. Las variedades de maíces costarricenses EJN2, Los Diamantes 8843, JSáenz y Upiav-G6, tienen potencial para ser utilizadas como fuente forrajera para la alimentación de rumiantes, ya que alcanzaron rendimientos y valores nutritivos semejantes a los obtenidos con los híbridos seleccionados por el Centro Internacional de Mejoramiento de Maíz y Trigo (CIMMYT) para la producción de forrajes.

Abstract The objective was to evaluate the dry matter (DM) accumulation by component, yield, and nutritional composition of forage of four corn hybrids harvested at 121, 128, 135 and 142 d after sowing. In each harvest, five plants were randomly taken and separated into their components (stem, leaves, grain, cob, bracts, and tassel) and DM was determined; chemical composition and in-situ digestibility were analyzed in a composite sample of a whole plant. The accumulation of grain in the total DM increased from 35.8 to 43.9 % from 121 to 142 d to harvest, respectively, and diluted the other components, especially the proportion of stem and leaves, which decreased inversely proportional to the accumulation of grain. Total DM content differed between hybrids, from 3.8 and up to 8.3 percentage units on the same days to harvest. Nonetheless, the hybrid did not affect DM yield or grain production, increasing by 2.1 and 1.4 t ha-1 between harvests, respectively. NDF content decreased and starch increased (both linearly), affecting net energy for lactation, which increased from 1.49 to 1.56 Mcal kg-1 from 121 to 142 d to harvest, respectively. The interaction between days to harvest and hybrid affected starch content, which was 5.2 units higher in a hybrid with similar NFC and NDF content than its counterparts. DM, NDF and starch digestibilities were affected by the hybrid, but not by the days to harvest.

Resumen El objetivo fue evaluar la acumulación de materia seca (MS) por componente, rendimiento y composición nutricional del forraje de cuatro híbridos de maíz cosechados a 121, 128, 135 y 142 días después de la siembra. En cada cosecha, se tomaron al azar cinco plantas y se separaron en sus componentes (tallo, hojas, grano, olote, brácteas y espiga) y se determinó la MS; en una muestra compuesta de planta completa se analizó la composición química y digestibilidad in situ. La acumulación de grano en la MS total se incrementó de 35.8 a 43.9 % de los 121 a 142 días a cosecha, respectivamente, y diluyó a los demás componentes, sobre todo la proporción de tallo y de hojas, que decrecieron inversamente proporcional a la acumulación de grano. El contenido de MS total difirió entre híbridos de 3.8 y hasta 8.3 unidades porcentuales a mismos días a cosecha. Sin embargo, el híbrido no afectó el rendimiento de MS ni la producción de grano incrementándose 2.1 y 1.4 t ha-1 entre cosecha, respectivamente. El contenido de FDN disminuyó y el almidón se incrementó (ambos linealmente), afectando la energía neta de lactancia que aumentó de 1.49 a 1.56 Mcal kg-1 de los 121 a 142 días a cosecha, respectivamente. La interacción entre días a cosecha e híbrido afectó el contenido de almidón, el cual fue 5.2 unidades superior en un híbrido con similar contenido de CNF y FDN que sus contrapartes. Las digestibilidades de la MS, de la FDN y del almidón fueron afectadas por el híbrido, pero no por los días a cosecha.

RESUMEN Un cultivo de maíz destinado a la confección de silaje de planta entera, se cosechó a dos alturas de corte (AC), 30 cm (AC30) y 55 cm (AC55) desde el suelo, y con dos aperturas de los rodillos (AR) del acondicionador de granos, 1 mm (AR1) y 3 mm (AR3). Se estimó la cantidad de materia seca por unidad de superficie (MS) del remanente y su porcentaje de materia seca (%MS) para las diferentes AC. Para los tratamientos AC*AR, definidos en un diseño bifactorial, se evaluó el índice de procesado del grano (IPG) del material a ensilar, y composición química y degradación ruminal in situ del almidón (DegA) de silajes confeccionados en microsilos. En AC55 el remanente tuvo mayor MS y una tendencia a presentar mayor %MS, y el material de los microsilos tuvo mayor %MS en relación a AC30. En la composición química de los microsilos, solo el contenido de fibra detergente neutro y de lignina en detergente ácido mostraron diferencias, los menores valores los presentó la combinación de AC55-AR3. Para IPG y para DegA, los tratamientos no fueron diferentes. El valor de IPG refleja un bajo nivel de procesamiento en las condiciones de campo en las que se trabajó.

ABSTRACT Maize was harvested for whole plant silage at two cutting heights (CH) above the ground, 30cm (CH30) and 55 cm (CH55), and with two grain conditioner roller openings (RO), 1mm (RO1) and 3 mm (RO3). The amount of dry matter of the remaining material (DM) and its dry matter percentage (%DM) at both CH was determined. In a bifactorial design, the CH*OR treatments were analyzed for their kernel processing scores (KPS) on the harvested material, and chemical composition and in situ ruminal degradation of starch (DegS) in micro-silage. Plots harvested at CH55 had a larger DM and showed a tendency to present higher %DM and higher %DM in the ensiled material compared to CH30. In the micro-silage, there were some differences in the contents of neutral detergent fiber and of lignin in acid detergent, for both variables the lowest value was presented by the combination CH55-RO3. Both the KPS of the ensiled material and DegS were similar among all treatments. The KPS value indicates minimal processing under the field conditions.

Abstract The present study aimed to evaluate the effect of different levels of whole soy lecithin on the apparent digestibility of the diet, ingestive behavior, productive performance, and carcass characteristics of feedlot-finished beef cattle. This was a completely randomized experimental design involving three treatments: Control diet; Diet with whole soy lecithin (10 g animal-1 day-1); and Diet with whole soy lecithin (20 g animal-1 day-1), with five replications. The diets were formulated and constituted of 33% corn silage and 67% concentrate, on a dry matter basis. Thirty non-castrated ½ Angus × ½ Nellore steers, with an average age of 14 months and average initial body weight of 432 kg, were used in the experiment. The dietary inclusion of whole soy lecithin improved the digestibility of ether extract and neutral detergent fiber but did not influence ingestive behavior. Supplementation with 10 g animal-1 day-1 of whole soy lecithin resulted in higher average weight gain (1.707 kg day-1) followed by non-supplemented animals (1.645 kg day-1) and those supplemented with whole soy lecithin at 20 g animal-1 day-1 (1.587 kg day-1). Carcass fatness was not altered with the supplementation of whole soy lecithin. The supply of whole soy lecithin improved the use of the ether extract and fiber fraction of the diet and resulted in the highest average weight gain. The level of 10 g animal-1 day-1 provided the best responses. behavior performance feedlotfinished feedlot finished cattle treatments (1 animal1 animal 1 animal- day1 day (2 day1, , replications 33 67 concentrate basis noncastrated non castrated steers 43 experiment day- 1.707 1707 707 (1.70 nonsupplemented 1.645 1645 645 (1.64 2 1.587 1587 587 (1.58 day1. . responses ( 3 6 4 1.70 170 70 (1.7 1.64 164 64 (1.6 1.58 158 58 (1.5 1.7 17 7 (1. 1.6 16 1.5 15 5 1.

Resumo O presente estudo teve por objetivo avaliar o efeito de diferentes doses de lecitina integral de soja na digestibilidade aparente da dieta, comportamento ingestivo, desempenho produtivo, e nas características de carcaça de bovinos de corte terminados em confinamento. O delineamento experimental foi inteiramente casualizado, constituído de três tratamentos, sendo: Ração controle; Ração com lecitina integral de soja (10 g animal dia-1); e Ração com lecitina integral de soja (20 g animal dia-1), com cinco repetições. As rações, em base na matéria seca, foram formuladas e constituídas por 33% de silagem milho e 67% de concentrado. Foram utilizados 30 novilhos não castrados, ½ sangue Angus Nelore, com idade média de 14 meses e peso vivo médio inicial de 432,3 kg. A digesibilidade do extrato etéreo e da fibra em detergente neutro foi melhorada com a inclusão de lecitina integral de soja, já o comportamento ingestivo não foi alterado. A suplementação com 10 g animal dia-1 de lecitina integral de soja proporcionou maior média para ganho de peso (1,707 kg dia-1) seguido dos animais não suplementados (1,645 kg dia-1) e suplementados com lecitina integral de soja na dose de 20 g animal dia-1 (1,587 kg dia-1). Em relção ao acabamento das carcaças, este não foi alterado com a suplementação de lecitina integral de soja. O uso de lecitina integral de soja melhorou o aproveitamento da fração etérea e fibrosa da ração, e garantiu a maior média para ganho de peso, sendo a dose de 10 g animal dia-1 com melhores respostas. dieta produtivo confinamento casualizado tratamentos controle (1 dia1 dia 1 (2 dia1, , repetições rações seca 33 67 concentrado 3 castrados Nelore 4323 432 432, dia- 1,707 1707 707 (1,70 1,645 1645 645 (1,64 2 1,587 1587 587 (1,58 dia1. . carcaças ração respostas ( 6 43 1,70 170 70 (1,7 1,64 164 64 (1,6 1,58 158 58 (1,5 4 1,7 17 7 (1, 1,6 16 1,5 15 5 1,

ABSTRACT This study was conducted to identify the key volatile compounds that characterize whether silage has deteriorated and to investigate the intrinsic link between the key compounds and silage odor. First, silages with different aerobic exposure durations were sampled, and sensory evaluation integrating aerobic stability monitoring was used to distinguish whether the silage had deteriorated. Subsequently, headspace solid-phase microextraction gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (HS-SPME-GC-MS) was utilized to determine the relative content of the compounds. Using the relative content of the compounds in each silage as input, relative odor activity value (ROAV) calculations and orthogonal partial least squares discriminant analysis (OPLS-DA) were performed to determine the odor contribution of the compounds and the compounds with significant differences in relative content (based on variable importance for the projection, VIP) between the deteriorated and non-deteriorated silages. Next, the key compounds were identified by combining the conditions of average ROAV (aROAV) ≥ 1 and VIP > 1. Finally, the OPLS algorithm was used to analyze the intrinsic link of key compounds with the silage odor. The results showed that three out of 63 compounds—4-ethyl phenol, eugenol, and ethyl linoleate—were key compounds to characterize whether the silages deteriorated or not. In addition, ortho-guaiacol, 4-ethyl guaiacol, and 2-methoxy-4-vinyl phenol were the specific key compounds for deteriorated silage. Eugenol and ethyl linoleate were correlated with fruity, sour, and spicy odors. In addition, guaiacol, 4-ethylphenol, 4-ethyl guaiacol and 2-methoxy-4-vinyl phenol contributed to roasted, musty, and putrid odors. First sampled Subsequently solidphase solid phase chromatographymass chromatography mass HSSPMEGCMS HS SPME GC MS (HS-SPME-GC-MS input (ROAV OPLSDA DA (OPLS-DA based projection nondeteriorated non Next aROAV (aROAV Finally 6 compounds4ethyl compoundsethyl 4 eugenol linoleatewere not addition orthoguaiacol, orthoguaiacol ortho ortho-guaiacol 4ethyl 2methoxy4vinyl methoxyvinyl 2 methoxy vinyl fruity sour odors 4ethylphenol, 4ethylphenol ethylphenol ethylphenol, 4-ethylphenol roasted musty

ABSTRACT Corn silage is susceptible to losses through aerobic spoilage. Therefore, this study aimed to evaluate increasing sweet orange essential oil levels in chemical composition, in vitro degradability, losses, fermentation parameters, microbial count, and the aerobic stability of corn silage. The experiment was carried out in a completely randomized design with four treatment levels: Control (CON), ensiling corn without sweet orange essential oil; 200 mg kg–1,400 mg kg–1, and 600 mg kg–1 of ensiling mass with four replicates per treatment. Sweet orange essential oil affected both the dry matter (p = 0.035) and the organic matter (p = 0.021), presenting quadratic behavior. Sweet orange essential oil did not affect (p ≥ 0.05) in vitro dry matter degradability, in vitro neutral detergent fiber degradability, or gross energy. Sweet orange essential oil had a quadratic effect (p = 0.022) on the acetic acid concentration in corn silage. There was a tendency (p = 0.097) for sweet orange essential oil to reduce the ammoniacal nitrogen linearly. The levels of sweet orange essential oil did not influence losses by gases or effluents (p ≥ 0.05). We observed no effect of sweet orange essential oil on Lactic acid-producing bacteria populations or fungi (p ≥ 0.05). Furthermore, increasing sweet orange essential oil levels decreased temperature (p = 0.02) over time but did not influence pH (p = 0.404). Sweet orange essential oil does not affect in vitro degradability, fermentation parameters, nor microbial count in corn silage. However, the 600 mg of ensiling mass increases corn silage’s acetic acid concentration and aerobic stability. spoilage Therefore composition degradability parameters CON, CON , (CON) 20 kg1400 kg 1 400 kg–1,40 kg1 60 kg– p 0.035 0035 0 035 0.021, 0021 0.021 021 0.021) behavior 0.05 005 05 energy 0.022 0022 022 0.097 0097 097 linearly 0.05. . acidproducing producing Furthermore 0.02 002 02 0.404. 0404 0.404 404 0.404) However silages s (CON 2 kg140 40 kg–1,4 6 0.03 003 03 0.0 00 0.09 009 09 040 0.40 kg14 4 0. 04 0.4

ABSTRACT The objective was to investigate the effect of wild lactic acid bacteria (LAB) strains on the fungal and chemical composition of whole-plant corn silage. Three treatments were evaluated: CON-without inoculation, LB-inoculated with Lentilactobacillus buchneri (CCMA 1366), and LF-inoculated with L. farraginis (CCMA 1362). The silages were stored for 29, 103, and 193 d. The highest acetic acid (19.7 g/kg DM) and 1,2-propanediol (6.3 g/kg DM) concentrations were found in the LF, the highest aerobic stability was observed in this silage after 29 d (158.3 h). The yeast population was below the detection level at 29 d in the LF and 103 and 193 d in all silages. Seven genera of filamentous fungi (FF) were identified before ensiling; none of these were found after ensiling. At 29 d, Monascus pilosus was identified in the LB after aerobic exposure but did not produce citrinin. At 103 and 193 d, there was Aspergillus fumigatus predominance. A. flavus was identified at 103 d in the CON and LB; none produced B1, B2, G1, or G2 toxins. LAB strains modified the silages’ chemical and FF composition, and LF increased aerobic stability and reduced FF’s yeast population and diversity. (LAB wholeplant whole plant evaluated CONwithout without inoculation LBinoculated inoculated CCMA 1366, 1366 , 1366) LFinoculated L 1362. 1362 . 1362) 19 19.7 197 7 (19. gkg g kg DM 1,2propanediol 12propanediol propanediol 1,2 1 2 6.3 63 6 3 (6. 158.3 1583 158 (158. h. h h) 10 (FF ensiling citrinin predominance A B1 B B2 G1 G toxins FFs s diversity 136 19. (19 2propanediol 12 1, 6. (6 158. 15 (158 13 (1 ( (15

RESUMO O objetivo foi investigar o efeito de cepas selvagens de bactérias do ácido lático (BAL) sobre a composição fúngica e química da silagem de planta inteira de milho. Três tratamentos foram avaliados: CON - sem inoculação, LB - inoculado com Lentilactobacillus buchneri (CCMA 1366) e LF - inoculado com L. farraginis (CCMA 1362). As silagens foram armazenadas por 29, 103 e 193 dias. As maiores concentrações de ácido acético (19,7g/kg MS) e 1,2-propanodiol (6,3g/kg MS) foram encontradas na silagem LF, e a maior estabilidade aeróbia foi observada nessa silagem após 29 dias (158,3h). A população de leveduras ficou abaixo do nível de detecção aos 29 dias na silagem LF e aos 103 e 193 dias em todas as silagens. Sete gêneros de fungos filamentosos (FF) foram identificados antes da ensilagem; nenhum deles foi encontrado após a ensilagem. Aos 29 dias, Monascus pilosus foi identificado na silagem LB após exposição aeróbia, mas não produziu citrinina. Aos 103 e 193 dias, houve predominância de Aspergillus fumigatus. A. flavus foi identificado aos 103 dias nas silagens CON e LB; nenhum produziu toxinas B1, B2, G1 ou G2. As cepas de BAL modificaram a composição química, e de FF das silagens; LF aumentou a estabilidade aeróbia e reduziu a população e a diversidade de leveduras FF. (BAL milho avaliados inoculação CCMA 1366 L 1362. 1362 . 1362) 10 19 19,7g/kg 197gkg gkg 7g kg g MS 1,2propanodiol 12propanodiol propanodiol 1,2 1 2 6,3g/kg 63gkg 6 3g 158,3h. 1583h h 158,3h 158 3h (158,3h) (FF ensilagem citrinina fumigatus B1 B B2 G G2 136 2propanodiol 12 1, 15 (158,3h 13

ABSTRACT In this study, the possibilities of using Cubic Spline functions and some yield-density models in the estimation of live weights of Kıvırcık lambs fed with different silage types were investigated. In the experiment, 40 male Kıvırcık lambs aged 2.5-3 months were used and the animals were fattened for 56 days. To assess the predictive performance of the fitted models, model fit statistics such as the coefficient of determination (R2), adjusted R2, mean square error (MSE), and Akaike Information Criterion (AIC) were determined. The Cubic Spline model was discovered to be the best model for quantifying Kıvırcık lambs live weight, with the highest R2 and adjusted R2 values, as well as the lowest MSE and AIC values. Cubic Spline functions were applied as live weight estimation model in lambs fed with silage containing 5 different ratios of corn and sunflower (100% sunflower silage, 75% sunflower + 25% corn silage, 50% sunflower + 50% corn silage, 25% sunflower + 75% corn silage, 100% corn silage). As a result, Cubic Spline functions have been found to be effective in estimating the live weight of fattened lambs. study yielddensity yield density investigated experiment 4 2.53 253 2.5 3 2 2.5- days R , (R2) MSE, (MSE) (AIC determined values 100 (100 75 25 50 silage. . silage) result 53 2. (R2 (MSE 10 (10 7 (R 1 (1 (

RESUMO Neste estudo, foram investigadas as possibilidades de usar funções de spline cúbica e alguns modelos de densidade de produção na estimativa de pesos vivos de cordeiros Kıvırcık alimentados com diferentes tipos de silagem. No experimento, foram usados 40 cordeiros Kıvırcık machos com 2,5 a 3 meses de idade e os animais foram engordados por 56 dias. Para avaliar o desempenho preditivo dos modelos ajustados, foram determinadas as estatísticas de ajuste do modelo, como o coeficiente de determinação (R2), o R2 ajustado, o erro quadrático médio (MSE) e o critério de informação de Akaike (AIC). O modelo de spline cúbica foi considerado o melhor modelo para quantificar o peso vivo de cordeiros Kıvırcık, com os valores mais altos de R2 e R2 ajustado, bem como os valores mais baixos de MSE e AIC. As funções de spline cúbica foram aplicadas como modelo de estimativa de peso vivo em cordeiros alimentados com silagem contendo 5 proporções diferentes de milho e girassol (100% de silagem de girassol, 75% de girassol + 25% de silagem de milho, 50% de girassol + 50% de silagem de milho, 25% de girassol + 75% de silagem de milho, 100% de silagem de milho). Como resultado, verificou-se que as funções de spline cúbica são eficazes na estimativa do peso vivo de cordeiros engordados. estudo experimento 4 25 2 2, dias ajustados R2, R , (R2) ajustado (MSE AIC . (AIC) 100 (100 75 50 milho. milho) resultado verificouse verificou se (R2 (AIC 10 (10 7 (R 1 (1 (

ABSTRACT The positive performance of different cultivars in relation to a water deficit is directly correlated with an increase in biomass production, with repercussions for ensuring system sustainability. The objective of this study was to evaluate the production and nutritional value of four millet genotypes in comparison with that of corn and sorghum under two water supply conditions (simulated water deficit and normal conditions). This experiment was conducted using a completely randomized design (CRD), with six cultivars, two irrigation levels, and four replicates, totaling 48 experimental units. At the end of 12 weeks after sowing, biometric and bromatological evaluations were conducted. Based on these results, pearl millet ADR300, ADR500, BRS1501, and ADRf6010 showed promise and are interesting alternatives to be explored by silage producers in more critical water deficit periods. Among millets, ADRf6010 performed similarly to corn and sorghum, which are commonly used in Brazil as forage, indicating that it is the best alternative for silage formation. sustainability simulated conditions. . conditions) CRD, CRD , (CRD) levels replicates 4 units 1 sowing results ADR300 ADR ADR500 BRS1501 BRS ADRf ADRf601 periods millets forage formation (CRD ADR30 ADR50 BRS150 ADRf60 ADR3 ADR5 BRS15 ADRf6 BRS1

RESUMO O desempenho positivo de diferentes cultivares ao déficit hídrico está diretamente correlacionado com o aumento da produção de biomassa, com reflexos na garantia da sustentabilidade do sistema. Objetivou-se com esse estudo avaliar a produção e valor nutritivo de quatro cultivares de milheto em comparação com o milho e sorgo, sob duas condições de fornecimento de água (simulando uma condição de déficit hídrico e uma condição normal). O delineamento experimental foi inteiramente ao acaso (DIC), com 6 cultivares, 2 níveis de irrigação e 4 repetições, totalizando 48 unidades experimentais. Ao final de 12 semanas após a semeadura, foram realizadas as avaliações biométricas e bromatológicas. Com base nos resultados, os milhetos ADR300, ADR500, BRS1501 e ADRf6010 se apresentaram promissores e são alternativas interessantes a serem exploradas por produtores para silagem em períodos mais críticos ao déficit hídrico. Dentre os milhetos, o ADRf6010 apresentou desempenho semelhante quando comparado com o milho e sorgo, comumente utilizados no Brasil como forragem, indicando ser a melhor alternativa para a formação de silagem. biomassa sistema Objetivouse Objetivou sorgo simulando normal. normal . normal) DIC, DIC , (DIC) repetições experimentais 1 semeadura bromatológicas resultados ADR300 ADR ADR500 BRS BRS150 ADRf ADRf601 forragem (DIC ADR30 ADR50 BRS15 ADRf60 ADR3 ADR5 BRS1 ADRf6

ABSTRACT The aim of this study was to evaluate the yield, the morphometric characteristics, and the nutritional value of corn with use of foliar fungicide associated with inoculant on ensiling on the chemical-fermentative characteristics of silage. The applications of fungicide pyraclostrobin + fluxpyroxade were carried out in vegetative-eight and tasseling stage, and the evaluations of plants occurred simultaneously at harvest (dough grain stage), during which application was made with inoculant consisting of strains of Lactobacillus buchneri and L. casei for silage production. The use of fungicide decreased the percentage of leaf area affected by Diplodia macrospora Earle, Cercospora zeae-maydis and Phaeosphaeria maydis. At harvest, corn showed fewer dry leaves and higher yields of fresh (66,368vs. 62,015kg·ha-1) and dry biomass (20,964 vs. 19,485kg·ha-1) with fungicide. The fungicide also reduced the LDA content from 5.99% to 5.16%, which generated greater ISDMD for whole plant (43.14 and 62.57%, for 24 and 48 hours, respectively). The association of fungicide with inoculant promoted higher concentration of acetic acid than when each was used alone, and the dry matter losses of silage with inoculant were higher than control silage (8.88vs. 12.78%, respectively). Fungicide and inoculant used in combination provided silages with lower fibrous content. yield chemicalfermentative chemical fermentative vegetativeeight vegetative eight stage dough , stage) L production Earle zeaemaydis zeae maydis 66,368vs. 66368vs vs 66 368vs (66,368vs 62,015kg·ha1 62015kgha1 kgha 62,015kg·ha 1 62 015kg ha kg 62,015kg·ha-1 20,964 20964 20 964 (20,96 19,485kg·ha1 19485kgha1 19,485kg·ha 19 485kg 19,485kg·ha-1 599 5 99 5.99 516 16 5.16% 43.14 4314 43 14 (43.1 6257 57 62.57% 2 4 hours respectively. respectively . respectively) alone 8.88vs. 888vs 8 88vs (8.88vs 1278 12 78 12.78% 66,368vs 6 ha1 62015kgha 62,015kg·ha- 20,96 2096 96 (20,9 19485kgha 19,485kg·ha- 59 9 5.9 51 5.16 43.1 431 (43. 625 62.57 8.88vs 127 7 12.78 20,9 209 (20, 5. 5.1 43. (43 62.5 12.7 20, (20 (4 62. 12. (2 (

RESUMO O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar a produtividade, as características morfométricas e o valor nutricional do milho, com uso de fungicida foliar associado a inoculante na ensilagem, sobre as características químico-fermentativas da silagem. As aplicações do fungicida piraclostrobina + fluxpiroxade foram realizadas nos estádios vegetativo-oito e pendoamento, e as avaliações das plantas ocorreram simultaneamente na colheita (fase de grãos pastosos), quando foi aplicado o inoculante composto por cepas de Lactobacillus buchneri e L. casei para a produção de silagem. O uso de fungicida diminuiu a porcentagem de área foliar afetada por Diplodia macrospora Earle, Cercospora zeae-maydis e Phaeosphaeria maydis. Na colheita, o milho apresentou menor número de folhas secas e maior produtividade de biomassa fresca (66.368 vs. 62.015kg·ha-1) e seca (20.964 vs. 19.485kg·ha-1) com fungicida. O fungicida reduziu teor de LDA de 5,99% para 5,16%, gerando maior ISDMD para planta inteira (43,14 e 62,57%, para 24 e 48 horas, respectivamente). A associação do fungicida com inoculante promoveu maior concentração de ácido acético do que quando cada um foi utilizado isoladamente, e as perdas de matéria seca da silagem com inoculante foram maiores que as da silagem controle (8,88 vs. 12,78%, respectivamente). Fungicida e inoculante utilizados associados proporcionaram silagens com menor teor fibroso. ensilagem químicofermentativas químico fermentativas vegetativooito vegetativo oito pendoamento fase pastosos, pastosos , pastosos) L Earle zeaemaydis zeae maydis 66.368 66368 66 368 (66.36 vs 62.015kg·ha1 62015kgha1 kgha 62.015kg·ha 1 62 015kg ha kg 62.015kg·ha-1 20.964 20964 20 964 (20.96 19.485kg·ha1 19485kgha1 19.485kg·ha 19 485kg 19.485kg·ha-1 599 5 99 5,99 516 16 5,16% 43,14 4314 43 14 (43,1 6257 57 62,57% 2 4 horas respectivamente. respectivamente . respectivamente) isoladamente 8,88 888 8 88 (8,8 1278 12 78 12,78% fibroso 66.36 6636 6 36 (66.3 ha1 62015kgha 62.015kg·ha- 20.96 2096 96 (20.9 19485kgha 19.485kg·ha- 59 9 5,9 51 5,16 43,1 431 (43, 625 62,57 8,8 (8, 127 7 12,78 66.3 663 3 (66. 20.9 209 (20. 5, 5,1 43, (43 62,5 8, (8 12,7 66. (66 20. (20 (4 62, ( 12, (6 (2

Abstract The accurate determination of individual dry matter intake (DMI) is an important parameter for evaluating the nutritional value of a diet and allows for an adequate supply of food according to the nutritional requirements of each animal. When it is not possible to measure this parameter using a direct method, the DMI can be estimated based on faecal production markers and the in vitro digestibility of dry matter (IVDMD) of the diet. The objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of the external marker titanium dioxide (TiO2) and enriched and modified hydroxyphenylpropane (LIPE®) on DMI. Four multiparous Holstein × Gyr cows with an average of 60 days in milk and 488 kg of body weight were used. The animals were housed in a free stall barn and fed diets based on sugarcane silage supplemented with concentrate composed of ground corn, cottonseed meal and 0%, 5%, 10% and 15% whole cottonseed on a dry matter (DM) basis. A 4 x 4 Latin square design was adopted. The DMI was determined by the ratio between the faecal production estimated by the markers and the IVDMD of the diet, with faeces collected by rectal grabbing twice a day for a period of seven days. There was no difference (P>0.05) in the DMI estimated by the external markers TiO2 and LIPE® (10.3 vs. 12.1; 11.1 vs. 12.5; 10.2 vs. 12.9; and 12.7 vs. 10.9 kg/cow/day in relation to the measured DMI for diets with 0%, 5%, 10% and 15% inclusion of whole cottonseed, respectively). The external markers LIPE® and TiO2 proved to be suitable for estimating cow DMI. Regardless of the diet offered, both external markers can be used to replace the external marker chromic oxide, as the DMI estimated by them did not differ from the DMI measured in the trough. (DMI animal method (IVDMD TiO (TiO2 LIPE (LIPE® 6 48 corn 0 0% 5 5% 10 15 DM (DM basis adopted P>0.05 P005 P 05 (P>0.05 10.3 103 3 (10. vs 12.1 121 12 1 111 11 11. 12.5 125 102 2 10. 12.9 129 9 127 7 12. 109 kgcowday respectively. respectively . respectively) offered oxide trough (TiO (LIPE P>0.0 P00 (P>0.0 (10 P>0. P0 (P>0. (1 P>0 (P>0 ( P> (P> (P

Resumo A determinação acurada do consumo individual é um parâmetro importante para avaliação do valor nutritivo da dieta e permite o fornecimento adequado de alimentos, conforme as exigências nutricionais de cada animal. Quando há impossibilidade da sua mensuração pelo método direto, o consumo pode ser calculado a partir da produção fecal estimada por indicadores e pela digestibilidade in vitro da matéria seca (DIVMS) da dieta. Foi objetivo deste estudo avaliar os indicadores externos dióxido de titânio (TiO2) e hidroxifenilpropano enriquecido e modificado (LIPE®) nas estimativas de consumo de matéria seca (MS). Foram utilizadas quatro vacas multíparas Holandês × Gir com média de 60 dias em lactação e 488 kg de peso corporal. Os animais foram alojados em estábulo tipo free stall e alimentados com dietas à base de silagem de cana-de-açúcar suplementada com concentrado composto de milho moído, farelo de algodão e 0%, 5%, 10% e 15% de caroço de algodão (base da MS). Adotou-se delineamento quadrado latino 4 x 4. O consumo foi determinado pela razão entre a produção fecal estimada pelos indicadores e pela DIVMS da dieta, sendo as fezes coletadas diretamente na ampola retal, duas vezes por dia, por um período de sete dias. Não houve diferença (P>0,05) nos consumos de MS estimados pelos indicadores TiO2 e LIPE® (10,3 vs. 12,1; 11,1 vs. 12,5; 10,2 vs. 12,9; e 12,7 vs. 10,9 kg/vaca/dia em relação ao consumo mensurado, para as dietas com 0%, 5%, 10% e 15% de inclusão do caroço de algodão, respectivamente). Os indicadores externos LIPE® e TiO2 mostraram-se adequados para estimar o consumo de MS das vacas. Independente da dieta oferecida, ambos mostraram que podem ser utilizados em substituição ao indicador externo óxido crômico, pois, as estimativas de consumo estimadas por eles não diferiram do consumo mensurado no cocho. alimentos animal direto (DIVMS TiO (TiO2 LIPE (LIPE® MS. . (MS) 6 48 corporal canadeaçúcar cana açúcar moído 0 0% 5 5% 10 15 MS) Adotouse Adotou se retal dia P>0,05 P005 P 05 (P>0,05 10,3 103 3 (10, vs 12,1 121 12 1 111 11 11, 12,5 125 102 2 10, 12,9 129 9 127 7 12, 109 kgvacadia vaca respectivamente. respectivamente respectivamente) mostraramse oferecida crômico pois cocho (TiO (LIPE (MS P>0,0 P00 (P>0,0 (10 P>0, P0 (P>0, (1 P>0 (P>0 ( P> (P> (P

Abstract 23. An outbreak of respiratory distress was observed in Holstein cows immediately after consuming a new batch of corn-silage, presumably due to the presence of pneumotoxic gases. Signs were observed in 10% of the cows, and characterized as tachypnea, orthopneic position, cough and notable anxiety a few minutes after offering the silage. No deaths were recorded. Mild leucocytosis was observed in the hemogram. Nutritional analysis and nitrate determination of the corn-silage revealed usual values. Nitrous oxide and methane concentration were evaluated by gas chromatography and nitrogen oxides concentration directly with a portable device, resulting in acceptable values. Although high concentrations of toxic gases could not be evidenced in the air sampled on farm, the clinical signs observed coincide with those reported in cases of exposure to gases formed during corn silage processes. A greater emphasis is required in the evaluation of the corn to be ensiled, given the possible existence of factors that can generate the accumulation of potentially toxic gases for cattle that affect negatively their health and productivity.

Resumen. 27. Se describe un brote de enfermedad respiratoria en vacas Holando Argentino, inmediatamente luego del consumo de un nuevo silaje de planta entera de maíz, presuntamente con presencia de gases neumotóxicos. Se observaron signos en el 10% de las vacas, caracterizados como taquipnea, posición ortopnéica, episodios de tos y ansiedad, unos minutos luego del ofrecimiento del silaje. No se registraron muertes. En el hemograma se observó leucocitosis leve. El análisis de calidad nutricional del alimento y la concentración de nitratos en el silaje de maíz resultó con los valores habituales. Se evaluó la concentración de óxido nitroso y metano en una muestra de silaje de maíz recolectada herméticamente por cromatografía gaseosa, así como la concentración de óxidos de nitrógeno in situ con un instrumento portátil, resultando en valores aceptables. Aunque no se pudieron evidenciar concentraciones de gases elevadas en el aire del silaje muestreado en el tambo, los signos clínicos observados coinciden con los casos reportados de exposición a gases que se forman durante la fermentación del ensilado. Se debería tener en cuenta la evaluación del maíz a ser ensilado, dadas las posibilidades de que se genere la acumulación de gases potencialmente tóxicos para el ganado, que puedan afectar negativamente su salud y productividad.

RESUMEN El maíz se utiliza masivamente para producir alimentos para el hombre y los animales domésticos con granos de varias entidades taxonómicas o razas. Para los rumiantes domésticos también se utiliza la planta entera como forraje. En Argentina se utiliza el grano forrajero y el silaje de planta entera para el ganado vacuno de carne y leche. El objetivo de este trabajo fue desarrollar la historia y las perspectivas del maíz para grano y ensilaje, centrados en la selección y el mejoramiento genético. El maíz forrajero en sus dos variantes (grano forrajero y planta entera como silaje) tuvo distinta importancia a través del tiempo. Remarcamos la importancia del mejoramiento genético específico del maíz para silaje de planta entera para alcanzar un potencial de rendimiento y valor nutritivo superior a la de los híbridos graníferos. Se analizaron las cuatro estructuras genéticas poblacionales utilizadas en el tiempo como cultivares, que determinaron la evolución del proceso tecnológico de selección y mejoramiento genético. Con las investigaciones efectuadas, las empresas semilleras incorporaron nuestros protocolos a sus programas de desarrollo y de mejoramiento genético. La contribución de la selección y del mejoramiento genético en Argentina fue efectiva para transformar la planta de maíz en alimento para rumiantes y esto se incrementará con la obtención de híbridos específicos para silaje.

ABSTRACT Corn is used to massively produce food for humans and domestic animals with grains of various taxonomic entities or races. For domestic ruminants, the whole plant is also used as forage. In Argentina, both corn grain and whole-plant silage are used for beef and dairy cattle production. This paper aimed to develop the history and perspectives of corn grown for grain and silage, focusing on plant breeding. The importance of corn fodder in its two variants (grain and whole-plant silage) has varied over time. We emphasize herein the importance of the specific genetic breeding of corn used for whole-plant silage to achieve higher yield potential and nutritional value than grain hybrids. The four population genetic structures used over time as cultivars, which determined the evolution of the technological process of selection and breeding, were analyzed. Based on the research carried out, seed companies have incorporated our protocols into their development and breeding programs. The contribution of selection and breeding in Argentina was effective in transforming the corn plant into ruminant feed, and this will increase with the development of specific silage hybrids.

ABSTRACT The objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of diets composed of corn grain silage rehydrated with water and acid whey on the productive performance and feed preference of weaned piglets. We evaluated 120 piglets weaned in the pre-initial phase I for productive performance, and diarrhea, depression, and thinness states using the following diets: control ration with dry corn grain (CR); and corn grain silage rehydrated with water (CGSR+W); water and inoculant (CGSR+WI); and acid whey (CGSR+AW). To determine feed preference, 20 weaned piglets received reference (CR) and test (CGSR+AW) diets in two phases, restricted and free-choice. Analysis of variance, chi-square test, and t-test were applied at 5% of significance. There were no differences (p>0.05) in growth performance among piglets fed the four experimental diets. Severe thinness and depression were recorded among piglets fed CGSR+W and CR (p<0.05). In the restricted phase, consumption of CGSR+AW resulted in higher daily feed intake (DFI) (p<0.05), while piglets in the free-choice phase showed a higher DFI and spent more time consuming CR, with a 56.39% preference (p<0.05). Rehydrated corn grain silage promoted feed acceptability and performance of piglets in the first weeks post-weaning. 12 preinitial pre initial diarrhea CGSRW CGSR W (CGSR+W) CGSR+WI CGSRWI WI (CGSR+WI) CGSR+AW. CGSRAW . AW 2 (CR (CGSR+AW phases freechoice. freechoice free choice. choice variance chisquare chi square ttest t 5 significance p>0.05 p005 p 0 05 (p>0.05 p<0.05. p<0.05 (p<0.05) (DFI p<0.05, , 5639 56 39 56.39 postweaning. postweaning post weaning. weaning post-weaning 1 (CGSR+W (CGSR+WI p>0.0 p00 (p>0.0 p<0.0 (p<0.05 563 3 56.3 p>0. p0 (p>0. p<0. (p<0.0 56. p>0 (p>0 p<0 (p<0. p> (p> p< (p<0 (p (p<

RESUMO O objetivo do presente estudo foi avaliar os efeitos de dietas compostas de silagem de grão de milho reidratado com água e soro de leite no desempenho produtivo e preferência alimentar de leitões desmamados. Foram avaliados 120 leitões desmamados durante a fase pré-inicial I para o desempenho de crescimento, escores de diarreia, depressão e magreza submetidos às dietas: grão de milho seco (CR); silagem de grão de milho reidratado com água (CGSR+W); água e inoculante (CGSR+WI); soro de leite (CGSR+AW). Para avaliar a preferência alimentar, 20 leitões desmamados receberam dieta referência (CR) e dieta teste (CGSR+AW) em duas fases, restrita e livre escolha. Foi aplicado análise de variância, teste de qui-quadrado e t-test à 5% de significância. Não houve diferenças (p>0,05) no desempenho de crescimento entre os leitões alimentados com as quatro dietas experimentais. Leitões alimentados com CGSR+W e CR foram severamente magros e apresentaram escore de depressão (p<0,05). Na fase restrita o CDR foi maior para CGSR+AW (p<0.05), enquanto na fase de livre escolha os leitões mostraram maior CDR e passaram maior tempo consumindo a CR, com preferência de 56,39% (p<0.05). A CGSR promoveu melhor aceitabilidade e desempenho dos leitões nas primeiras semanas pós-desmame. 12 préinicial pré inicial diarreia CGSRW W (CGSR+W) CGSR+WI CGSRWI WI (CGSR+WI) CGSR+AW. CGSRAW . AW 2 (CR (CGSR+AW fases variância quiquadrado qui quadrado ttest t test 5 significância p>0,05 p005 p 0 05 (p>0,05 experimentais p<0,05. p<0,05 (p<0,05) p<0.05, p<0.05 , (p<0.05) 5639 56 39 56,39 p<0.05. pósdesmame. pósdesmame pós desmame. desmame pós-desmame 1 (CGSR+W (CGSR+WI p>0,0 p00 (p>0,0 p<0,0 (p<0,05 p<0.0 (p<0.05 563 3 56,3 p>0, p0 (p>0, p<0, (p<0,0 p<0. (p<0.0 56, p>0 (p>0 p<0 (p<0, (p<0. p> (p> p< (p<0 (p (p<