ABSTRACT: Plants’ physiology changes through the day because photoassimilates can increase water-soluble carbohydrate concentration in the afternoon compared to the morning. This study evaluated the harvest time effect on whole-plant corn silage morphological composition, particle size, fermentation profile, chemical composition, in vitro degradation, and estimated milk yield. A two-year agronomic assay was performed in a completely random design, and one experimental silo was produced by each parcel (n = 16). The afternoon harvest increased (P < 0.01) dry matter content compared to the morning harvest. Harvest time did not affect (P ≥ 0.32) corn grain, stalk, leaf proportion, and silage particle size. However, the morning harvest increased dry matter recovery (P = 0.01) and had no effect (P ≥ 0.10) on silage pH and concentrations of lactic and acetic acid compared to the afternoon harvest. In addition, afternoon harvest instead of morning harvest increased (P ≤ 0.05) silage starch, water-soluble carbohydrates, acid detergent lignin, and ether extract content and dry matter in vitro degradation. Controversially, treatments showed no effect (P ≥ 0.14) on silage energy concentration, estimated energy content, and milk yield. Thus, the morning harvest produces more silage dry matter, but the afternoon harvest improves corn silage’s nutritional value with no impact on estimated milk yield. ABSTRACT Plants watersoluble water soluble wholeplant whole plant composition size profile degradation yield twoyear two year design n 16. 16 . 16) P 0.01 001 0 01 0.32 032 32 grain stalk proportion However 0.10 010 10 addition 0.05 005 05 starch carbohydrates lignin Controversially 0.14 014 14 Thus silages s 1 0.0 00 0.3 03 3 0.1 0.

RESUMO: A fisiologia das plantas muda ao longo do dia porque os fotoassimilados podem aumentar a concentração de carboidratos solúveis em água à tarde em comparação com a manhã. Este estudo teve como objetivo avaliar o efeito do horário de colheita na composição morfológica da silagem de milho de planta inteira, tamanho de partícula, perfil de fermentação, composição química, degradação in vitro e estimativa da produção de leite. Um ensaio agronômico de dois anos foi realizado em delineamento inteiramente casualizado, e um silo experimental foi produzido por cada parcela (n = 16). A colheita da tarde aumentou (P < 0,01) o teor de matéria seca em relação à colheita da manhã. A época de colheita não afetou (P ≥ 0,32) a proporção de grãos, colmos e folhas do milho e o tamanho das partículas da silagem. Entretanto, a colheita da manhã aumentou (P = 0,01) a recuperação de matéria seca e não teve efeito (P ≥ 0,10) no pH da silagem e nas concentrações de ácido láctico e acético em comparação à colheita da tarde. Além disso, a colheita da tarde, em vez da colheita da manhã, aumentou (P ≤ 0,05) o amido da silagem, os carboidratos solúveis em água, a lignina detergente ácida e o teor de extrato etéreo e a degradação in vitro da matéria seca. Controversamente, os tratamentos não mostraram efeito (P ≥ 0,14) na concentração de energia da silagem, no conteúdo energético estimado e na produção de leite. Assim, a colheita da manhã produz mais matéria seca da silagem, mas a colheita da tarde melhora o valor nutricional da silagem de milho sem impacto na produção estimada de leite. RESUMO inteira partícula fermentação química leite casualizado n 16. 16 . 16) P 0,01 001 0 01 0,32 032 32 grãos Entretanto 0,10 010 10 disso 0,05 005 05 Controversamente 0,14 014 14 Assim 1 0,0 00 0,3 03 3 0,1 0,

Abstract Introduction. Corn (Zea mays) is widely used in animal feed, either as grain, green fodder or silage. Objective. To evaluate the yield and nutritional quality of 6 Costa Rican corn varieties selected for grain production. Materials and methods. The study was conducted at 4 experimental sites (Aguas Zarcas, Turrialba, San Luis de Monteverde and Guápiles) between September and December 2018. At each site, a randomized complete block design with 4 replications and 8 treatments (6 varieties and 2 corn hybrids). Plant height was evaluated, Dry Mass (DM) production, chemical composition and in vitro DM digestibility at forage harvest were evaluated. Results. Plant height and DM production were affected by treatments. Yields of the Costa Rican DM varieties EJN2, Upiav-G6, Los Diamantes 8843 and JSáenz (12.7-14 t.ha-1) were similar to the forage hybrid CLTHY002 (13.5 t.ha-1). Only DM and CP content varied in the treatments. Conclusions. The Costa Rican corn varieties EJN2, Los Diamantes 8843, JSáenz and Upiav-G6, have potential to be used as a forage source for animal feeding because they achieved yields and nutritive values like those obtained with the hybrids selected by Centro Internacional de Mejoramiento de Maíz y Trigo (CIMMYT) for forage production.

Resumen Introducción. El cultivo de maíz (Zea mays) es ampliamente utilizado en la alimentación animal, tanto en forma de grano, como forraje verde o ensilaje. Objetivo. Evaluar la producción y calidad nutritiva de 6 variedades de maíces costarricenses seleccionados para la producción de grano. Materiales y métodos. El estudio se realizó en 4 sitios experimentales (Aguas Zarcas, Turrialba, San Luis de Monteverde y Guápiles) entre setiembre y diciembre del 2018. En cada sitio, se trabajó con un diseño de bloques completos al azar con 4 repeticiones y 8 tratamientos (6 variedades y 2 híbridos de maíces). Se evaluó la altura de la planta, la producción de materia seca (MS), la composición química y la digestibilidad in vitro de la MS a la cosecha de los forrajes. Resultados. La altura de la planta y la producción de MS fueron afectadas por los tratamientos. Los rendimientos de MS de las variedades costarricenses EJN2, Upiav-G6, Los Diamantes 8843 y JSáenz (12,7-14 t.ha-1) fueron semejantes al híbrido forrajero CLTHY002 (13,5 t.ha-1). Solamente el contenido de MS y PC varío entre los tratamientos. Conclusión. Las variedades de maíces costarricenses EJN2, Los Diamantes 8843, JSáenz y Upiav-G6, tienen potencial para ser utilizadas como fuente forrajera para la alimentación de rumiantes, ya que alcanzaron rendimientos y valores nutritivos semejantes a los obtenidos con los híbridos seleccionados por el Centro Internacional de Mejoramiento de Maíz y Trigo (CIMMYT) para la producción de forrajes.

Abstract: Corn drying reduces the moisture content present in the grain to levels that allow safe storage. This process requires a large amount of energy, which is why, if not applied correctly, it can affect the quality of the product to be dried, in addition to representing important costs in the operation of the drying plants. The objective of this research is to analyze the corn drying systems used in Canton Quevedo, Province of Los Ríos. In order to achieve the objective, field visits were made to the area under study, considering factors related to the technology used and the corn harvesting period, as well as, characteristics of the coastal region of Ecuador. It was determined that stationary or fixed bed drying is the drying system widely used for corn drying, which uses subsidized liquefied petroleum gas as fuel for its operation. The moisture content of the corn received at the drying plants is above 30% in the two harvesting periods of the product, a situation that has an impact on processing times and product quality. The fuel demand for drying an average mass of product of 60.2 tons, between the first harvest period, March - June, and the second period, September - November, presents a difference of 300.77 kg of LPG in relation to the first harvest, being the moisture content a key factor to take into account.

Resumen: El secado del maíz permite reducir el contenido de humedad presente en el grano a niveles que permitan un almacenamiento seguro. El objetivo de esta investigación permite analizar los sistemas de secado de maíz empleados en el Cantón Quevedo, Provincia de Los Ríos. Para alcanzar nuestro objetivo se realizaron visitas de campo en la zona objeto de estudio, por lo que se consideraron factores relacionados con la tecnología empleada y período de cosecha de maíz, características de la región costera del Ecuador. Se determinó que el secado estacionario o de lecho fijo es el sistema de secado ampliamente empleado para el secado de maíz, el cual emplea como combustible el gas licuado de petróleo subsidiado para su funcionamiento. La humedad de recibo de maíz en las plantas de secado presenta niveles de humedad por encima del 30 %, en los dos periodos de cosecha del producto, situación que repercute en los tiempos de proceso y en la calidad del producto. La demanda de combustible para secar una masa promedio de producto, 60,2 Ton, entre el primer período de cosecha que va de Marzo - Junio, y el segundo período, Septiembre - Noviembre, presenta una diferencia de 300,77 Kg de GLP con relación a la primera cosecha, siendo la humedad de recibo un factor clave a tomar en cuenta.

Abstract The objective was to evaluate the dry matter (DM) accumulation by component, yield, and nutritional composition of forage of four corn hybrids harvested at 121, 128, 135 and 142 d after sowing. In each harvest, five plants were randomly taken and separated into their components (stem, leaves, grain, cob, bracts, and tassel) and DM was determined; chemical composition and in-situ digestibility were analyzed in a composite sample of a whole plant. The accumulation of grain in the total DM increased from 35.8 to 43.9 % from 121 to 142 d to harvest, respectively, and diluted the other components, especially the proportion of stem and leaves, which decreased inversely proportional to the accumulation of grain. Total DM content differed between hybrids, from 3.8 and up to 8.3 percentage units on the same days to harvest. Nonetheless, the hybrid did not affect DM yield or grain production, increasing by 2.1 and 1.4 t ha-1 between harvests, respectively. NDF content decreased and starch increased (both linearly), affecting net energy for lactation, which increased from 1.49 to 1.56 Mcal kg-1 from 121 to 142 d to harvest, respectively. The interaction between days to harvest and hybrid affected starch content, which was 5.2 units higher in a hybrid with similar NFC and NDF content than its counterparts. DM, NDF and starch digestibilities were affected by the hybrid, but not by the days to harvest.

Resumen El objetivo fue evaluar la acumulación de materia seca (MS) por componente, rendimiento y composición nutricional del forraje de cuatro híbridos de maíz cosechados a 121, 128, 135 y 142 días después de la siembra. En cada cosecha, se tomaron al azar cinco plantas y se separaron en sus componentes (tallo, hojas, grano, olote, brácteas y espiga) y se determinó la MS; en una muestra compuesta de planta completa se analizó la composición química y digestibilidad in situ. La acumulación de grano en la MS total se incrementó de 35.8 a 43.9 % de los 121 a 142 días a cosecha, respectivamente, y diluyó a los demás componentes, sobre todo la proporción de tallo y de hojas, que decrecieron inversamente proporcional a la acumulación de grano. El contenido de MS total difirió entre híbridos de 3.8 y hasta 8.3 unidades porcentuales a mismos días a cosecha. Sin embargo, el híbrido no afectó el rendimiento de MS ni la producción de grano incrementándose 2.1 y 1.4 t ha-1 entre cosecha, respectivamente. El contenido de FDN disminuyó y el almidón se incrementó (ambos linealmente), afectando la energía neta de lactancia que aumentó de 1.49 a 1.56 Mcal kg-1 de los 121 a 142 días a cosecha, respectivamente. La interacción entre días a cosecha e híbrido afectó el contenido de almidón, el cual fue 5.2 unidades superior en un híbrido con similar contenido de CNF y FDN que sus contrapartes. Las digestibilidades de la MS, de la FDN y del almidón fueron afectadas por el híbrido, pero no por los días a cosecha.

Abstract The term teosinte applies to a group of species and subspecies of the genus Zea, including the wild ancestor of maize. In 2014, its presence was reported in corn fields in Aragon and Catalonia, where it can cause significant reductions in the harvest. Different control measures have been put in place to contain its advance, including the exceptional authorization of the cultivation of corn tolerant to the herbicide cycloxydim (acetyl CoA carboxylase enzyme inhibitor) in infested areas. The relationship between maize and teosinte allows hybridization and the possibility of gene flow from maize to the wild plant. Introgression of herbicide resistance genes from maize to teosinte has recently been reported in France where cycloxydim-tolerant maize is authorized for cultivation. In this study, the hybridization rate between a cycloxydim tolerant maize cultivar and teosinte introduced in Spain was determined during three years and the phenology during the vegetative and reproductive phase of hybrids and parents was monitored. For this purpose, free-flowering crosses between teosinte as female parent and maize as male parent were carried out under outside uncontrolled environmental conditions. Hybrid identification was carried out by spraying with cycloxydim (200 g. m.a. ha-1). Despite the flowering overlap between teosinte and maize, hybrids were obtained in only one of the three years at a rate of 3.4%.

Resumen El término teosinte se aplica a un grupo de especies y subespecies del género Zea, entre las que se encuentra el ancestro silvestre del maíz. En 2014 se notificó su presencia en campos de maíz de Aragón y Cataluña, donde ocasiona reducciones importantes en la cosecha. Se han puesto en marcha diferentes medidas de control para contener su avance, entre ellas la autorización excepcional del cultivo de maíz tolerante al herbicida cicloxidim (inhibidor del enzima acetil CoA carboxilasa) en las zonas infestadas. La relación entre el maíz y el teosinte permite su hibridación y la posibilidad de un flujo de genes del maíz a la planta silvestre. La introgresión de genes de resistencia a herbicidas del maíz a teosinte ha sido recientemente citada en Francia donde está autorizado el cultivo de maíz tolerante a cicloxidim. En este estudio se ha determinado durante dos años la tasa de hibridación entre un cultivar de maíz tolerante a cicloxidim y el teosinte introducido en España y se ha realizado un seguimiento de la fenología vegetativa y reproductiva de híbridos y parentales durante un año. Para ello, se han llevado a cabo cruzamientos de floración libre entre teosinte como parental femenino y maíz como parental masculino en el exterior en condiciones ambientales no controladas. La identificación de los híbridos se realizó mediante pulverización con cicloxidim (200 g. m.a. ha-1). A pesar del solapamiento de la floración entre el teosinte y el maíz, únicamente se obtuvieron híbridos en uno de los años en un porcentaje del 3,4%.

Abstract The cotton or solenopsis mealybug, Phenacoccus solenopsis (Tinsley, 1898) (Hemiptera: Pseudococcidae), infests various host plants in Egypt. A study was conducted to observe the incidence of mealybugs and the possible influences of meteorological variables and plant age on the insect population of maize (single-hybrid 168 yellow maize cultivar) plants in Esna district, Luxor governorate, Egypt, in two consecutive seasons (2021 and 2022). P. solenopsis infested maize plants from the 3rd week of June to harvest, and had three peaks of seasonal incidence/season namely; in the 1st week of June in the 3rd/4th week of July, and the 2nd week of August. Similarly, there were three peaks in the percent of infestations per season. In the first season, the average population density of P. solenopsis per sample was 174.04 ± 16.93 individuals, and in the second season, 156.72 ± 14.28 individuals. The most favorable climate for P. solenopsis population increase and infestation occurred in August in the first season and in September in the second season, while June was less suitable in both growing seasons (as estimated by weekly surveys). The combined effects of weather conditions and plant age are significantly related to the estimates of P. solenopsis populations, with an explained variance (E.V.) of 93.18 and 93.86%, respectively, in the two seasons. In addition, their influences explained differences in infestation percentages of 93.30 and 95.54%, respectively, in the two seasons. Maize plant age was the most effective factor in determining changes in P. solenopsis population densities in each season. The mean daily minimum temperature in the first season and mean daily dew point in the second season were the most important factors affecting the percent changes in infestation. However, in both seasons, the mean daily maximum temperature was the least effective variable in population and infestation variation. This study paves the way for monitoring and early detection of mealybugs in maize; as well as the optimal climatic conditions for its development. mealybug Tinsley, Tinsley (Tinsley 1898 Hemiptera (Hemiptera Pseudococcidae, Pseudococcidae , Pseudococcidae) Egypt singlehybrid single hybrid 16 cultivar district governorate 2021 (202 2022. 2022 . 2022) P rd harvest incidenceseason namely st 3rd4th rdth 4th th July nd Similarly 17404 174 04 174.0 1693 93 16.9 individuals 15672 156 72 156.7 1428 14 28 14.2 surveys. surveys surveys) populations E.V. EV E V (E.V. 9318 18 93.1 9386 86 93.86% respectively addition 9330 30 93.3 9554 95 54 95.54% However variation development 189 1 202 (20 1740 17 0 174. 169 9 16. 1567 15 7 156. 142 2 14. E.V (E.V 931 93. 938 8 93.86 933 3 955 5 95.54 20 (2 93.8 95.5 ( 95.

Resumo A cochonilha do algodão ou solenopsis, Phenacoccus solenopsis (Tinsley, 1898) (Hemiptera: Pseudococcidae), infesta várias plantas hospedeiras no Egito. Um estudo foi conduzido para observar a incidência de cochonilhas e as possíveis influências de variáveis meteorológicas e da idade da planta na população de insetos de plantas de milho (cultivar de milho amarelo 168 híbrido único) no distrito de Esna, província de Luxor, Egito, em duas temporadas consecutivas (2021 e 2022). P. solenopsis infestou plantas de milho desde a terceira semana de junho até a colheita, e teve três picos de incidência/estação sazonal, a saber: na primeira semana de junho, nas terceira e quarta semanas de julho e na segunda semana de agosto. Da mesma forma, ocorreram três picos na percentagem de infestações por estação. Na primeira temporada, a densidade populacional média de P. solenopsis por amostra foi de 174,04 ± 16,93 indivíduos, e na segunda temporada, 156,72 ± 14,28 indivíduos. O clima mais favorável ao aumento populacional e à infestação de P. solenopsis ocorreu em agosto na primeira época e em setembro na segunda época, enquanto junho foi menos adequado em ambas as épocas de cultivo (conforme estimado por inquéritos semanais). Os efeitos combinados das condições climáticas e da idade das plantas estão significativamente relacionados com as estimativas das populações de P. solenopsis, com variância explicada (E.V.) de 93,18 e 93,86%, respectivamente, nas duas estações. Além disso, suas influências explicaram diferenças nos percentuais de infestação de 93,30 e 95,54%, respectivamente, nas duas épocas. A idade da planta de milho foi o fator mais eficaz na determinação das mudanças nas densidades populacionais de P. solenopsis em cada estação. A temperatura mínima diária média na primeira época e o ponto de orvalho médio diário na segunda época foram os fatores mais importantes que afetaram as alterações percentuais na infestação. Porém, em ambas as estações, a temperatura máxima média diária foi a variável menos eficaz na variação populacional e de infestação. Este estudo abre caminho para o monitoramento e a detecção precoce de cochonilhas no milho, bem como as condições climáticas ideais para o seu desenvolvimento. Tinsley, Tinsley (Tinsley 1898 Hemiptera (Hemiptera Pseudococcidae, Pseudococcidae , Pseudococcidae) Egito cultivar 16 único Esna Luxor 2021 (202 2022. 2022 . 2022) P colheita incidênciaestação estação sazonal saber forma temporada 17404 174 04 174,0 1693 93 16,9 indivíduos 15672 156 72 156,7 1428 14 28 14,2 conforme semanais. semanais semanais) E.V. EV E V (E.V. 9318 18 93,1 9386 86 93,86% respectivamente estações disso 9330 30 93,3 9554 95 54 95,54% Porém desenvolvimento 189 1 202 (20 1740 17 0 174, 169 9 16, 1567 15 7 156, 142 2 14, E.V (E.V 931 93, 938 8 93,86 933 3 955 5 95,54 20 (2 93,8 95,5 ( 95,

ABSTRACT The use of corn hybrids adapted to the soil and climate conditions of the cultivation region under adequate optimum plant density is a determining factor for the maximization of grain yield. In this sense, the objective was to evaluate the productivity of corn hybrids under two sowing densities during the 2020/21 crop season in the medium-high Uruguay region of the state of Rio Grande do Sul. The corn hybrids AS1555 PRO3, B2401 PWU, B2418 VYHR, B2612 PWU, BG7061 YHR, DKB235 PRO3, NS45 VIP3, NS73 VIP3, NS80 VIP3, P2501, P3016 VYHR, P3565 PWU and 30F53 VYHR were submitted to densities of 66,667 and 88,889 plants ha-1, in a randomized block design with ten replications. Corn hybrids showed superior grain yield when subjected to the density of 88,889 plants ha-1 in the medium-high Uruguay region of Rio Grande do Sul, surpassing in most cases the state and national average yield of harvest 2020/21. Most of the corn hybrids used present potential for cultivation at higher sowing density than their respective recommendations. Considering the superior productivity of hybrids NS80 VIP3, B2401 PWU and NS73 VIP3, their cultivation under conditions similar to those of the study is recommended. sense 202021 2020 21 2020/2 mediumhigh medium high Sul AS AS155 PRO3 PRO B B240 B241 B261 BG BG706 YHR DKB DKB23 NS NS4 VIP3 VIP NS7 NS8 P2501 P P301 P356 F 30F5 66667 66 667 66,66 88889 88 889 88,88 ha1, ha1 ha 1, 1 replications ha- recommendations recommended 20202 202 2 2020/ AS15 B24 B26 BG70 DKB2 P250 P30 P35 30F 6666 6 66,6 8888 8 88,8 20 AS1 B2 BG7 P25 P3 666 66, 888 88, P2

ABSTRACT The combination of management practices affects weed populations and biodiversity. The objective was to evaluate the infesting weed community in the implementation of a corn silage (Zea mays L.) /pearl millet (Pennisetum glaucum L)/corn silage succession system subjected to early potassium fertilization in the winter crop. The experiment began in October 2019 under fallow area. In the 2019/20 summer season, corn silage was grown in a complete area. In the 2020 fall/winter season, the plots consisted of pearl millet, six doses of potassium fertilization (0, 30, 60, 90, 120 and 150 kg ha-1) and one fallow. In the 2020/21 summer season, the treatments consisted of corn silage and six doses of K2O, complementing the treatment applied in the previous harvest (120, 90, 60, 30, 0 kg ha-1) and one with recommended fertilization. Phytosociological evaluations of weeds were performed using a 0.25 m2 square. The density and number of species increased in the first year. Early fertilization at doses of 90, 120 and 150 kg ha-1 of K2O increased the dry weight of weeds before planting and at V4 stage of the corn silage cultivated in sequence; however, were lower than those for plots fallowed in the winter. biodiversity Zea L. L Pennisetum L/corn Lcorn /corn crop 201 area 201920 20 2019/2 season 202 fallwinter fall 0, (0 30 60 90 12 15 ha1 ha 1 202021 21 2020/2 KO K O 120, (120 025 25 0.2 m square year ha- V sequence however 20192 2 2019/ ( 3 6 9 20202 2020/ (12 02 0. (1

ABSTRACT This study aimed to evaluate the effects of two maturity stages of whole-plant corn at harvest (32.1 or 42.5% dry matter (DM)) and a commercial microbial inoculant composed of L. buchneri and L. plantarum at concentration of 110,000 CFU/g of fresh forage (1.1 × 105 CFU/g FF) on fermentation losses, aerobic stability, chemical composition, and digestibility of starch and neutral detergent fiber (NDF). A factorial and randomized design was used (two DM contents, both with or without inoculant), with five replicates per treatment. Dry matter at harvest affected most variables, except lignin, NDF digestibility, ethanol, and lactic and acetic acids. Drier silages differed in total DM losses (−1.7%) and lactic acid bacteria (LAB) population (+1.2 log CFU/g). The use of the inoculant affected the levels of ether extract (+0.27% DM), starch (+2.9% DM), and lignin (−0.17% DM). The LAB (+1.6 log CFU/g) and yeast (−2.82% log CFU/g) populations were also influenced, as well as aerobic stability at six days. The inoculant × DM interaction was observed in the water-soluble carbohydrates content, being higher in silages with 32.1% DM and in those not inoculated for both DM. Crude protein was also higher in these silages, whether inoculated or not. Wetter silages were more prone to gas losses when inoculated (+2.5% DM) and lost more effluent when not inoculated (+4.82 kg/t FF). However, total DM losses during aerobic stability were on average 10.58% DM lower in these silages, with inoculation being preferred (6.72% DM vs 11.60% DM (control)). Under these conditions, harvesting corn for silage at 42.5% DM is indicated to obtain a more energetic silage, as noted both in the increased starch content and the reduced losses associated with fermentation. wholeplant whole plant 32.1 321 32 1 (32. 425 42 5 42.5 (DM) L 110000 110 000 110,00 CFUg CFU g 1.1 11 (1. 10 FF composition NDF. . (NDF) contents inoculant, , inoculant) treatment variables ethanol acids −1.7% 17 7 (−1.7% (LAB +1.2 12 2 (+1. CFU/g. +0.27% 027 0 27 (+0.27 DM, +2.9% 29 9 (+2.9 −0.17% 017 (−0.17 +1.6 16 6 −2.82% 282 82 (−2.82 influenced days watersoluble water soluble +2.5% 25 (+2.5 +4.82 482 4 (+4.8 kgt kg t FF. However 1058 58 10.58 6.72% 672 72 (6.72 1160 60 11.60 control. control (control)) conditions 32. 3 (32 42. (DM 11000 00 110,0 1. (1 (NDF −1.7 (−1.7 +1. (+1 +0.27 02 (+0.2 +2.9 (+2. −0.17 01 (−0.1 −2.82 28 8 (−2.8 +2.5 +4.8 48 (+4. 10.5 6.72 67 (6.7 116 11.6 (control) (3 1100 110, ( −1. (−1. +1 (+ +0.2 (+0. +2. (+2 −0.1 (−0. −2.8 (−2. +4. (+4 10. 6.7 (6. 11. (control −1 (−1 + +0. (+0 +2 −0. (−0 −2. (−2 +4 6. (6 − (− +0 −0 −2

RESUMO O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar a produtividade, as características morfométricas e o valor nutricional do milho, com uso de fungicida foliar associado a inoculante na ensilagem, sobre as características químico-fermentativas da silagem. As aplicações do fungicida piraclostrobina + fluxpiroxade foram realizadas nos estádios vegetativo-oito e pendoamento, e as avaliações das plantas ocorreram simultaneamente na colheita (fase de grãos pastosos), quando foi aplicado o inoculante composto por cepas de Lactobacillus buchneri e L. casei para a produção de silagem. O uso de fungicida diminuiu a porcentagem de área foliar afetada por Diplodia macrospora Earle, Cercospora zeae-maydis e Phaeosphaeria maydis. Na colheita, o milho apresentou menor número de folhas secas e maior produtividade de biomassa fresca (66.368 vs. 62.015kg·ha-1) e seca (20.964 vs. 19.485kg·ha-1) com fungicida. O fungicida reduziu teor de LDA de 5,99% para 5,16%, gerando maior ISDMD para planta inteira (43,14 e 62,57%, para 24 e 48 horas, respectivamente). A associação do fungicida com inoculante promoveu maior concentração de ácido acético do que quando cada um foi utilizado isoladamente, e as perdas de matéria seca da silagem com inoculante foram maiores que as da silagem controle (8,88 vs. 12,78%, respectivamente). Fungicida e inoculante utilizados associados proporcionaram silagens com menor teor fibroso. ensilagem químicofermentativas químico fermentativas vegetativooito vegetativo oito pendoamento fase pastosos, pastosos , pastosos) L Earle zeaemaydis zeae maydis 66.368 66368 66 368 (66.36 vs 62.015kg·ha1 62015kgha1 kgha 62.015kg·ha 1 62 015kg ha kg 62.015kg·ha-1 20.964 20964 20 964 (20.96 19.485kg·ha1 19485kgha1 19.485kg·ha 19 485kg 19.485kg·ha-1 599 5 99 5,99 516 16 5,16% 43,14 4314 43 14 (43,1 6257 57 62,57% 2 4 horas respectivamente. respectivamente . respectivamente) isoladamente 8,88 888 8 88 (8,8 1278 12 78 12,78% fibroso 66.36 6636 6 36 (66.3 ha1 62015kgha 62.015kg·ha- 20.96 2096 96 (20.9 19485kgha 19.485kg·ha- 59 9 5,9 51 5,16 43,1 431 (43, 625 62,57 8,8 (8, 127 7 12,78 66.3 663 3 (66. 20.9 209 (20. 5, 5,1 43, (43 62,5 8, (8 12,7 66. (66 20. (20 (4 62, ( 12, (6 (2

ABSTRACT The aim of this study was to evaluate the yield, the morphometric characteristics, and the nutritional value of corn with use of foliar fungicide associated with inoculant on ensiling on the chemical-fermentative characteristics of silage. The applications of fungicide pyraclostrobin + fluxpyroxade were carried out in vegetative-eight and tasseling stage, and the evaluations of plants occurred simultaneously at harvest (dough grain stage), during which application was made with inoculant consisting of strains of Lactobacillus buchneri and L. casei for silage production. The use of fungicide decreased the percentage of leaf area affected by Diplodia macrospora Earle, Cercospora zeae-maydis and Phaeosphaeria maydis. At harvest, corn showed fewer dry leaves and higher yields of fresh (66,368vs. 62,015kg·ha-1) and dry biomass (20,964 vs. 19,485kg·ha-1) with fungicide. The fungicide also reduced the LDA content from 5.99% to 5.16%, which generated greater ISDMD for whole plant (43.14 and 62.57%, for 24 and 48 hours, respectively). The association of fungicide with inoculant promoted higher concentration of acetic acid than when each was used alone, and the dry matter losses of silage with inoculant were higher than control silage (8.88vs. 12.78%, respectively). Fungicide and inoculant used in combination provided silages with lower fibrous content. yield chemicalfermentative chemical fermentative vegetativeeight vegetative eight stage dough , stage) L production Earle zeaemaydis zeae maydis 66,368vs. 66368vs vs 66 368vs (66,368vs 62,015kg·ha1 62015kgha1 kgha 62,015kg·ha 1 62 015kg ha kg 62,015kg·ha-1 20,964 20964 20 964 (20,96 19,485kg·ha1 19485kgha1 19,485kg·ha 19 485kg 19,485kg·ha-1 599 5 99 5.99 516 16 5.16% 43.14 4314 43 14 (43.1 6257 57 62.57% 2 4 hours respectively. respectively . respectively) alone 8.88vs. 888vs 8 88vs (8.88vs 1278 12 78 12.78% 66,368vs 6 ha1 62015kgha 62,015kg·ha- 20,96 2096 96 (20,9 19485kgha 19,485kg·ha- 59 9 5.9 51 5.16 43.1 431 (43. 625 62.57 8.88vs 127 7 12.78 20,9 209 (20, 5. 5.1 43. (43 62.5 12.7 20, (20 (4 62. 12. (2 (

Abstract Jaltomata (Jaltomata procumbes (Cav.) J.L. Gentry) is a Mexican native species that grows tolerated, mainly in corn fields. The present work aimed to determine harvest fruit quality and postharvest behavior of jaltomata berries harvested in October and November 2019. Also, at postharvest we observed the effect of the application of an edible coating before berries were storaged at 4 °C or 20 °C. At harvest, the November berries presented five units more of luminosity and, then, depending on storage treatment, they had 2 d or 3 d longer shelf life than that observed in October berries. Refrigeration at 4 °C increased 2 d the period of storage, without provoking chilling injury; those berries collected in November and stored at 4 °C had a shelf period of 7 d.

Resumen El jaltomate (Jaltomata procumbes (Cav.) J.L. Gentry) es una especie nativa de México que crece tolerada, principalmente en milpas de maíz. El objetivo del presente trabajo fue determinar aspectos de la calidad de cosecha y comportamiento postcosecha de frutos de jaltomate cosechados en octubre y noviembre de 2019. En la postcosecha se aplicó una cobertura comestible previo al almacenamiento a 4 °C o 20 °C. A la cosecha, los frutos de noviembre presentaron cinco unidades de luminosidad más y, posteriormente, dependiendo del tratamiento, presentaron de 2 d a 3 d más de vida postcosecha, en comparación con los frutos de octubre. La refrigeración a 4 °C incrementó 2 d el periodo de almacenamiento, sin generar daños por frío; los frutos de noviembre refrigerados a 4 °C alcanzaron 7 d de almacenamiento.

ABSTRACT Chickpea has recently gained prominence in agriculture, being an excellent option for crop rotation in areas cultivated with soybean or corn. Seeds must have good physiological quality, mainly during storage, to ensure crop success. Seeds undergo metabolic reactions that impair their performance when stored improperly. In this context, a study was carried out to evaluate the physiological variables of the chickpea cultivar BRS Aleppo in different types of packaging and storage environments. The analyses were performed with seeds evaluating water content, germination, first count, and accelerated aging, according to established standards. Therefore, the physiological quality of chickpea seeds can be preserved through controlled storage in hermetic packaging, thus ensuring their viability and vigor over time. agriculture corn success improperly context environments content germination count aging standards Therefore time

Summary: Crop yield estimation based on spectral indices is crucial for decision-making in agricultural activities; however, questions regarding their usefulness persist. The aims of our research were: 1) to relate the radiative properties of forage corn (FC) and biomass production using LANDSAT-8 and SENTINEL-2 images; and 2) to select the best-performing vegetation index (VI) to model FC yield under similar conditions. The study was conducted along the PV-2019 cycle with morphological measurements at different FC growth stages and with destructive random sampling at 72 dds to determine biomass magnitude in the laboratory. Biomass data were then related to reflectance values and VI’s from LANDSAT-8 and SENTINEL-2 to estimate yield through multiple linear regression. Eight VI’s (NDVI, TVI, TTVI, RDVI, RVI, RATIO, SAVI, MSAVI2) were evaluated through cross-evaluations based on key statistics. The results of multiple regression analysis indicated that the best model (R2 = 0.66) was obtained with SENTINEL-2 image data from bands 3 (α3 = 0.54-0.57 µm) and 8 (α8= 0.78-0.90 µm) with highly significant βi estimators (P < 0.05). Moreover, RDVI showed the best performance due to a good spatial relationship between raster digital values and green biomass yield produced with an association of 75.41%, the statistical indicators were R2= 0.75 and CME =17. Yield at 72 dds was predicted both with Multiple Regression Models and VI’s in a range of 10.7 - 57.01 Mg ha-1. In conclusion, SENTINEL-2 outperformed LANDSAT-8 as a free tool for crop assessment and biomass estimation due to its better spatial and temporal resolution.

Resumen: La estimación de cosecha basada en índices espectrales conforma un elemento de decisión importante para quienes participan en la actividad agrícola; sin embargo, muchas interrogantes sobre su utilidad aún persisten. Los objetivos de esta investigación fueron: 1) relacionar propiedades radiativas del maíz forrajero (MF) y producción de biomasa mediante imágenes LANDSAT-8 y SENTINEL-2; y 2) seleccionar el índice de vegetación (IV) con mejor desempeño que permita modelar el rendimiento del MF para condiciones similares. El estudio se realizó en el ciclo PV-2019 con mediciones morfológicas en distintas etapas de crecimiento del MF y mediante muestreos aleatorios destructivos a los 72 dds para determinar magnitud de biomasa en laboratorio; los datos de biomasa se relacionaron con valores de reflectancia e IV de LANDAT-8 y SENTINEL-2 para estimar rendimiento mediante regresión lineal múltiple; ocho IV (NDVI, TVI TTVI, RDVI, RVI, RATIO, SAVI, MSAVI2) se evaluaron mediante evaluaciones cruzadas con base en estadísticos clave. Los resultados del análisis de regresión múltiple indicaron que el mejor modelo (R2 = 0.66) se obtuvo con datos de imágenes SENTINEL-2 a partir de las bandas 3 (α3 = 0.54-0.57 µm) y 8 (α8= 0.78-0.90 µm) con estimadores βi muy significativos (P < 0.05); RDVI presentó el mejor desempeño debido a una buena relación espacial entre los valores digitales ráster y la producción de biomasa verde producida con una asociación del 75.41%; en tanto que los indicadores estadísticos fueron R2= 0.75 y CME=17; con ambos recursos (Modelos de Regresión Múltiple e IV) se pronosticó el rendimiento a los 72 dds en un rango de 10.7 - 57.01 Mg ha-1. La conclusión es que SENTINEL-2 superó a LANDSAT-8 como herramienta libre para la evaluación de cultivos y estimación de biomasa debido a una mejor resolución espacial y temporal.

Abstract Corn is the main grain in the Mexican diet and one of the most important grains worldwide. However, due to its high demand, strategies are required to obtain high yields during its cultivation. In order solve this problem, the effect of high planting densities of the hybrid maize AZ-60 was evaluated. A randomized block design was used in plots to compare maize planting densities in a drip irrigation system and height, stem diameter, fruit values and yield estimation, were evaluated. Three planting densities were selected for the treatments(T): T1) density of 150,000 seeds per hectare; T2) density of 120,000 seeds per hectare; T3) density of 90,000 seeds per hectare. During the harvest period, it was determined that variables such as plant height and stem diameter did not show significant differences. However, it was observed that fruit variables such as number of rows, grains per row and grain weight, the highest values were presented in plant density of 90,000 seeds per hectare. As a result, when estimating the grain yield, differences (p<0.05) were observed between the treatments, the highest being observed in T3 with 7.55 tons per hectare; meanwhile, treatments T2 and T1 were estimated at 5.50 and 5.27 tons per hectare, respectively. It was concluded that the differences observed can be attributed to the increase in intraspecific competition for resources at higher planting densities.

Resumen El maíz es el principal grano en la dieta mexicana y uno de los granos más importantes a nivel mundial. Sin embargo, debido a su alta demanda, se requieren de estrategias para obtener altos rendimientos en su cultivo. Para ayudar a resolver este problema, se evaluó el efecto de altas densidades de siembra del maíz híbrido AZ-60. Se empleó un diseño de bloques al azar en parcelas para comparar densidades de siembra de maíz en un sistema de riego por goteo y evaluar altura, diámetro de tallo, valores en el fruto y estimación del rendimiento. Se seleccionaron tres densidades de siembra para los tratamientos(T): T1) densidad de 150,000 semillas por hectárea; T2) densidad de 120,000 semillas por hectárea; T3) densidad de 90,000 semillas por hectárea. Durante el periodo de cosecha se determinó que variables como la altura de planta y diámetro de tallo no mostraron diferencias significativas. Sin embargo, en variables de la mazorca como número de hileras, granos por hilera y peso de grano, se observó que los mayores valores se presentaron en la densidad de siembra de 90,000 semillas por hectárea. Como resultado, al estimar el rendimiento de grano se observaron diferencias (p<0.05) entre los tratamientos, observándose el mayor en T3 con 7.55 toneladas por hectárea; por su parte los tratamientos T2 y T1 se estimaron 5.50 y 5.27 toneladas por hectárea, respectivamente. Se concluyó, que las diferencias observadas pueden ser atribuidas al aumento de la competencia intraespecífica por recursos a mayores densidades de siembra.

Resumen Introducción. La madurez fisiológica es la acumulación del máximo contenido de materia seca; inciden la línea de leche y la capa negra en la semilla de maíz, como factores morfológicos del grado de maduración. La línea de leche se relaciona con la solidificación del almidón, y la capa negra con el cese de la translocación de sustancias solubles de la planta hacia el grano. El contenido de humedad está relacionado con la madurez fisiológica y a la oportunidad de cosecha asociada con la máxima calidad. Objetivo. Determinar la madurez fisiológica de las semillas por medio de marcadores morfológicos y el contenido de humedad, y su relación con la calidad fisiológica. Materiales y métodos. El estudio se llevó a cabo en el Colegio de Postgraduados, Campus Montecillo en los meses de septiembre y octubre del 2021. Se realizaron muestreos semanales en mazorcas del cultivar experimental (Amarillo x V-54) F6, se tomaron semillas correspondientes a las áreas ápice, media y baja de la mazorca. En función del contenido de humedad se determinó la línea de leche, la capa negra, y la relación de estos factores con la calidad fisiológica (germinación y vigor, envejecimiento acelerado y prueba de frío). Resultados. El contenido de humedad de semillas maduras fue inferior al reportado en la literatura (35 %), también, se logró corroborar a nivel visual la madurez fisiológica por medio de la línea de leche y la capa negra; la germinación se incrementó conforme se avanzó en los muestreos con el menor contenido de humedad y, respecto al vigor, se detectó una mejor repuesta en el envejecimiento acelerado. Conclusiones. En la medida que el contenido de humedad disminuyó, la germinación incrementó. Los marcadores morfológicos permitieron determinar el tiempo en que la semilla de maíz alcanzó la madurez fisiológica, y con ello la máxima calidad.

Abstract Introduction. Physiological maturity is the accumulation of the maximum dry matter content, the milk line and the black layer affect the corn seed, as morphological factors of the degree of maturation. The milk line is related to the solidification of starch, and the black layer with the cessation of the translocation of soluble substances from the plant to the grain. The moisture content is related to the physiological maturity and the harvest opportunity associated with the maximum quality of the product. Objective. Determine seeds physiological maturity, through morphological markers and moisture content, and its physiological quality relationship. Materials and methods. The study was carried out at Colegio de Postgraduados, Campus Montecillo during the months of September-October, 2021. By weekly sampling cobs of experimental cv. (Amarillo × V-54A) F6 genotype, seeds from the apex were taken, middle section and basis. In function by its moisture content, the milk line, black layer, and the relationship of these factor with physiological quality (germination and vigor- accelerated aging and cold tests) were determined. Results. Moisture content was below than referred in literature (35 %), also, physiological maturity was defined visually by milk line and black layer; on the other hand, as sampling were done, there was an increase in seed germination with the less moisture content; what vigor refers, a better response was detected by accelerated aging test. Conclusions. As the moisture content decreased, germination increased. The morphological markers allowed to determine the time in which the maize seed reached the physiological maturity and with it, the maximum quality.