ABSTRACT: The present study assessed the influence of the preceding crop (crotalaria or corn) on the bromatological, digestibility and microbiological aspects of the EMBRAPA 139 black oat hay (Avena strigosa) cultivar. A randomized block design was used, with subplots divided according to time, whereby the preceding crop (crotalaria or corn) was allocated to the main plot and hay storage times (baling, 30, 60 and 90 days of storage) to the subplots, with five repetitions. Crotalaria as predecessor resulted in lower indigestible fiber and higher protein contents in black oat hay, both in acid detergent, as well as higher pH. Corn as the preceding crop provided better hay digestibility due to lower neutral detergent insoluble protein content and higher in vitro neutral detergent fiber digestibility. The preceding crop did not significantly affect the drying time of forage and the microorganism population. ABSTRACT crotalaria corn bromatological 13 Avena strigosa cultivar used baling, baling (baling 30 6 9 repetitions pH population 1 3

RESUMO: O presente estudo visou avaliar a influência da cultura antecessora (crotalária ou milho) sob o feno de aveia preta (Avena strigosa) cultivar EMBRAPA 139, nos aspectos bromatológicos, de digestibilidade e microbiológicos. O delineamento experimental foi realizado em blocos casualizados, com parcelas subdivididas no tempo, sendo alocados na parcela principal a cultura antecessora (crotalária ou milho), e nas sub parcelas, o período de armazenamento do feno (enfardamento, 30, 60 e 90 dias de armazenamento), com cinco repetições. A presença da crotalária como cultivo antecessor proporcionou ao feno de aveia preta menores teores de proteína indigestível e maiores teores de fibra, ambas em detergente ácido, bem como pH mais elevado. O feno de aveia preta com o milho como cultivo antecessor proporcionou melhores resultados de digestibilidade na forma de feno, pois menores teores de proteína indigestível em detergente neutro e maior digestibilidade in vitro da fibra em detergente neutro. Já para o período de desidratação da forragem e população de microrganismos, o cultivo antecessor não interferiu significativamente. RESUMO Avena strigosa 139 bromatológicos microbiológicos casualizados tempo milho, , enfardamento, enfardamento (enfardamento 30 6 9 armazenamento, armazenamento) repetições ácido elevado microrganismos significativamente 13 3 1

ABSTRACT The positive performance of different cultivars in relation to a water deficit is directly correlated with an increase in biomass production, with repercussions for ensuring system sustainability. The objective of this study was to evaluate the production and nutritional value of four millet genotypes in comparison with that of corn and sorghum under two water supply conditions (simulated water deficit and normal conditions). This experiment was conducted using a completely randomized design (CRD), with six cultivars, two irrigation levels, and four replicates, totaling 48 experimental units. At the end of 12 weeks after sowing, biometric and bromatological evaluations were conducted. Based on these results, pearl millet ADR300, ADR500, BRS1501, and ADRf6010 showed promise and are interesting alternatives to be explored by silage producers in more critical water deficit periods. Among millets, ADRf6010 performed similarly to corn and sorghum, which are commonly used in Brazil as forage, indicating that it is the best alternative for silage formation. sustainability simulated conditions. . conditions) CRD, CRD , (CRD) levels replicates 4 units 1 sowing results ADR300 ADR ADR500 BRS1501 BRS ADRf ADRf601 periods millets forage formation (CRD ADR30 ADR50 BRS150 ADRf60 ADR3 ADR5 BRS15 ADRf6 BRS1

RESUMO O desempenho positivo de diferentes cultivares ao déficit hídrico está diretamente correlacionado com o aumento da produção de biomassa, com reflexos na garantia da sustentabilidade do sistema. Objetivou-se com esse estudo avaliar a produção e valor nutritivo de quatro cultivares de milheto em comparação com o milho e sorgo, sob duas condições de fornecimento de água (simulando uma condição de déficit hídrico e uma condição normal). O delineamento experimental foi inteiramente ao acaso (DIC), com 6 cultivares, 2 níveis de irrigação e 4 repetições, totalizando 48 unidades experimentais. Ao final de 12 semanas após a semeadura, foram realizadas as avaliações biométricas e bromatológicas. Com base nos resultados, os milhetos ADR300, ADR500, BRS1501 e ADRf6010 se apresentaram promissores e são alternativas interessantes a serem exploradas por produtores para silagem em períodos mais críticos ao déficit hídrico. Dentre os milhetos, o ADRf6010 apresentou desempenho semelhante quando comparado com o milho e sorgo, comumente utilizados no Brasil como forragem, indicando ser a melhor alternativa para a formação de silagem. biomassa sistema Objetivouse Objetivou sorgo simulando normal. normal . normal) DIC, DIC , (DIC) repetições experimentais 1 semeadura bromatológicas resultados ADR300 ADR ADR500 BRS BRS150 ADRf ADRf601 forragem (DIC ADR30 ADR50 BRS15 ADRf60 ADR3 ADR5 BRS1 ADRf6

ABSTRACT The aimed of this study to assess the productivity and nutritional characteristics of hydroponic corn forage derived from bico de ouro creole seeds and AL-Bandeirante. Two treatments (T), each representing a corn seed variety, were randomly allocated to beds filled with a wood sawdust substrate: T1 (n=5) - bico de ouro creole seed variety, and T2 (n=5) - AL-Bandeirante hybrid seed variety. On the 13th day, forage was collected to assess seedling biometry, green and dry mass production, and bromatological analyses. The data were subjected to statistical analysis, with a 5% significance level. The creole seed variety yielded higher seedling height (17.53 cm), root length (10.19 cm), stem (5.37 cm), leaf (12.17 cm), and greater production of green mass (7.22 kg/m²) and dry matter (2.05kg/m²) (P<0.05). The AL-Bandeirante corn forage had higher dry matter content (39.18%), mineral matter (2.33%), non-fiber carbohydrate (31.88%), and estimated total digestible nutrients (68.14%) (P<0.05), while the creole corn forage had higher organic matter content (99.45%), ethereal extract (19.53%), neutral detergent fiber (45.56%), and cellulose (15.46%) (P<0.05). Crude protein, acid detergent fiber, and lignin were similar between the treatments (P>0.05). Despite the AL-Bandeirante variety yielding a higher concentration of certain nutrients, its forage productivity was significantly low. Therefore, under the conditions of this study, the use of the creole seed variety is recommended. ALBandeirante. ALBandeirante AL Bandeirante. Bandeirante T, T , (T) substrate n=5 n5 n 5 (n=5 th day biometry analyses analysis level 17.53 1753 17 53 (17.5 cm, cm cm) 10.19 1019 10 19 (10.1 5.37 537 37 (5.3 12.17 1217 12 (12.1 7.22 722 7 22 (7.2 kg/m² kgm² kgm kg m² m 2.05kg/m² 205kgm² 2 05kg (2.05kg/m² P<0.05. P005 P P<0.05 . 0 05 (P<0.05) 39.18%, 3918 39.18% 39 18 (39.18%) 2.33%, 233 2.33% 33 (2.33%) nonfiber non 31.88%, 3188 31.88% 31 88 (31.88%) 68.14% 6814 68 14 (68.14% P<0.05, 99.45%, 9945 99.45% 99 45 (99.45%) 19.53%, 1953 19.53% (19.53%) 45.56%, 4556 45.56% 56 (45.56%) 15.46% 1546 15 46 (15.46% protein P>0.05. P>0.05 (P>0.05) low Therefore recommended (T n= (n= 17.5 175 1 (17. 10.1 101 (10. 5.3 3 (5. 12.1 121 (12. 7.2 72 (7. kg/m 2.05kg/m 205kgm (2.05kg/m P00 P<0.0 (P<0.05 391 39.18 (39.18% 23 2.33 (2.33% 318 31.88 8 (31.88% 68.14 681 6 (68.14 994 99.45 9 4 (99.45% 195 19.53 (19.53% 455 45.56 (45.56% 15.46 154 (15.46 P>0.0 (P>0.05 (n 17. (17 10. (10 5. (5 12. (12 7. (7 P0 P<0. (P<0.0 39.1 (39.18 2.3 (2.33 31.8 (31.88 68.1 (68.1 99.4 (99.45 19.5 (19.53 45.5 (45.56 15.4 (15.4 P>0. (P>0.0 (1 ( P<0 (P<0. 39. (39.1 2. (2.3 31. (31.8 68. (68. 99. (99.4 19. (19.5 45. (45.5 15. (15. P>0 (P>0. P< (P<0 (39. (2. (31. (68 (99. (19. (45. (15 P> (P>0 (P< (39 (2 (31 (6 (99 (19 (45 (P> (P (3 (9 (4

RESUMO O objetivo com este estudo foi avaliar a produtividade e as características nutricionais da forragem hidropônica de milho derivada de sementes de crioulo bico de ouro e AL-Bandeirante. Dois tratamentos (T), cada um representando uma variedade de semente de milho, foram distribuídos aleatoriamente em canteiros preenchidos com substrato de serragem de madeira: T1 (n=5) - variedade de semente crioula bico de ouro e T2 (n=5) - AL-Bandeirante variedade de semente híbrida. No 13º dia foi coletada forragem para avaliação da biometria das plântulas, produção de massa verde e seca e análises bromatológicas. Os dados foram submetidos à análise estatística, com nível de significância de 5%. A variedade de semente crioula proporcionou maior altura de plântula (17,53 cm), comprimento de raiz (10,19 cm), caule (5,37 cm), folha (12,17 cm) e maior produção de massa verde (7,22 kg/m²) e matéria seca (2,05kg /m²) (P<0,05). A forragem de milho AL-Bandeirante apresentou maior teor de matéria seca (39,18%), matéria mineral (2,33%), carboidrato não fibroso (31,88%) e nutrientes digestíveis totais estimados (68,14%) (P<0,05), enquanto a forragem de milho crioulo apresentou maior teor de matéria orgânica (99,45%), extrato etéreo (19,53%), fibra em detergente neutro (45,56%) e celulose (15,46%) (P<0,05). Proteína bruta, fibra em detergente ácido e lignina foram semelhantes entre os tratamentos (P>0,05). Apesar da variedade AL-Bandeirante apresentar maior concentração de alguns nutrientes, a produtividade de forragem foi significativamente baixa. Portanto, nas condições deste estudo, recomenda-se o uso da variedade crioula de sementes. ALBandeirante. ALBandeirante AL Bandeirante. Bandeirante T, T , (T) madeira n=5 n5 n 5 (n=5 híbrida º plântulas bromatológicas estatística 5% 17,53 1753 17 53 (17,5 cm, cm 10,19 1019 10 19 (10,1 5,37 537 37 (5,3 12,17 1217 12 (12,1 7,22 722 7 22 (7,2 kg/m² kgm² kgm kg m² m 2,05kg 205kg 2 05kg /m² P<0,05. P005 P P<0,05 . 0 05 (P<0,05) 39,18%, 3918 39,18% 39 18 (39,18%) 2,33%, 233 2,33% 33 (2,33%) 31,88% 3188 31 88 (31,88% 68,14% 6814 68 14 (68,14% P<0,05, 99,45%, 9945 99,45% 99 45 (99,45%) 19,53%, 1953 19,53% (19,53%) 45,56% 4556 56 (45,56% 15,46% 1546 15 46 (15,46% bruta P>0,05. P>0,05 (P>0,05) baixa Portanto recomendase recomenda se (T n= (n= 17,5 175 1 (17, 10,1 101 (10, 5,3 3 (5, 12,1 121 (12, 7,2 72 (7, kg/m /m P00 P<0,0 (P<0,05 391 39,18 (39,18% 23 2,33 (2,33% 31,88 318 8 (31,88 68,14 681 6 (68,14 994 99,45 9 4 (99,45% 195 19,53 (19,53% 45,56 455 (45,56 15,46 154 (15,46 P>0,0 (P>0,05 (n 17, (17 10, (10 5, (5 12, (12 7, (7 P0 P<0, (P<0,0 39,1 (39,18 2,3 (2,33 31,8 (31,8 68,1 (68,1 99,4 (99,45 19,5 (19,53 45,5 (45,5 15,4 (15,4 P>0, (P>0,0 (1 ( P<0 (P<0, 39, (39,1 2, (2,3 31, (31, 68, (68, 99, (99,4 19, (19,5 45, (45, 15, (15, P>0 (P>0, P< (P<0 (39, (2, (31 (68 (99, (19, (45 (15 P> (P>0 (P< (39 (2 (3 (6 (99 (19 (4 (P> (P (9

RESUMO: Foram avaliadas a ação de celulases e pectinases comerciais e não comerciais na hidrólise de casca de soja (CS) e palha e espigas de milho (PEM), o efeito da temperatura e da agitação na hidrólise do substrato lignocelulósico e as características bromatológicas dos substratos hidrolisados. O efeito do pré-tratamento na hidrólise de resíduos lignocelulósicos e a análise bromatológica também foram avaliados. A maior atividade hidrolítica ocorreu a 300 rpm para CS (47,95 e 51,43% para celulase e pectinase, respectivamente) e a 350 rpm para PEM (26,05 e 9,23% para celulase e pectinase, respectivamente). As enzimas não comerciais atingiram 7,26-30% da quantidade de hidrólise obtida com as enzimas comerciais, nos mesmos substratos. O pré-tratamento com 7,5% de NaOH e um tamanho de partícula do substrato de 0,5 mm aumentou significativamente a hidrólise de CS e PEM para ambas as enzimas. As características bromatológicas mostraram que a casca de soja hidrolisada com celulase e pectinase comercial tem potencial para uso em larga escala na produção de ração animal.

ABSTRACT: This study evaluated the action of commercial and non-commercial cellulases and pectinases in the hydrolysis of soybean hulls (SH) and corn stover and cobs (CSC), the effect of temperature and agitation on the lignocellulosic substrate hydrolysis and the bromatological characteristics of hydrolyzed substrates. The effect of pretreatment on the hydrolysis of lignocellulosic residues and bromatological analysis were also evaluated. The highest hydrolytic activity occurred at 300 rpm for SH (47.95 and 51.43% for cellulase and pectinase, respectively) and at 350 rpm for CSC (26.05 and 9.23% for cellulase and pectinase, respectively). Non-commercial enzymes achieved 7.26-30% of the amount of hydrolysis obtained with commercial enzymes, on the same substrates. Pretreatment with 7.5% of NaOH and a particle size of the substrate of 0.5 mm significantly increased the hydrolysis of SH and CSC for both enzymes. The bromatological characteristics showed that soybean hulls hydrolyzed with both commercial cellulase and pectinase have potential for large-scale use in animal feed production.

ABSTRACT Corn is the second item in Paraguay in planting area and is the crop that requires the most demand for N, mainly through chemical fertilization. With the objective of evaluating two sources of nitrogenous fertilizer, as well as their increasing dose on the production of corn for silage, an experiment was carried out in a randomized complete block design, with a bifactorial arrangement, two sources of N (urea and sulfate of ammonium) and 6 doses of N (0, 40, 80, 120, 160 and 200 kg ha-1) and four repetitions. The variables evaluated were plant height (AP), green matter production (PMV), dry matter content (%DM), dry matter production (PMS), crude protein (CP), neutral detergent fiber (FDN) and fiber acid detergent (FDA). Data were submitted to ANOVA and when there was a significant response, means were compared using Tukey's test at 5% probability of error between sources and regression curve between doses. The AP was influenced by the N source, but not the PMV, %DM and PMS, however, with the exception of %DM, all the other variables responded to the N dose, adjusting to linear equations, without reaching the production peak. The CP presented an interaction between factors, adjusting to quadratic equations, decreasing the percentage of protein when applying high doses of N. The NDF was higher when N was applied in the form of urea, however, it was not affected by the dose of N. FDA presented an interaction between the factors, it decreased with increasing doses of urea, however, it did not vary with the application of ammonium sulfate. The source of N influences the bromatological composition, the dose of N influences the quantity and quality of the corn.

RESUMEN En el Paraguay, el maíz ocupa el segundo rubro en área de siembra y es el cultivo que requiere más demanda de N, principalmente por medio de la fertilización química. Con el objetivo de evaluar dos fuentes de fertilizante nitrogenado, así como dosis creciente de las mismas sobre la producción de maíz para ensilado, fue realizado un experimento en diseño de bloques completos al azar, con arreglo bifactorial, dos fuentes de N (urea y sulfato de amonio) y 6 dosis de N (0, 40, 80, 120, 160 y 200 kg ha-1) y cuatro repeticiones. Las variables evaluadas fueron altura de planta (AP), producción de materia verde (PMV), contenido de materia seca (%MS), producción de materia seca (PMS), proteína bruta (PB), fibra detergente neutra (FDN) y fibra detergente ácida (FDA). Los datos fueron sometidos a ANAVA y cuando hubo respuesta significativa se realizó comparación de medias a través del test de Tukey al 5% de probabilidad de error entre las fuentes y curva de regresión entre las dosis. La AP fue influenciada por la fuente de N no así el PMV, %MS y PMS, sin embargo, con excepción del %MS todas las demás variables respondieron a la dosis de N, ajustándose a ecuaciones lineales, sin llegar al pico de producción. La PB presentó interacción entre factores, ajustándose a ecuaciones cuadráticas, disminuyendo el porcentaje de proteína al aplicar altas dosis de N. La FDN fue mayor cuando se aplicó N en forma de urea, sin embargo, no fue afectada por la dosis de N. La FDA presentó interacción entre los factores, disminuyó con dosis crecientes de urea, sin embargo, no varió con la aplicación de sulfato de amonio. La fuente de N influye en la composición bromatológica, la dosis de N influye en la cantidad y calidad del maíz.

Abstract The objective of this study was to produce organic fodder based on corn and Yorimón bean as an alternative to conventional fodders in the Lagunera Region. The experiment was conducted in the spring-summer cycle from April to August 2017. In each useful plot, three corn plants and three Yorimón bean plants were harvested, which were finely chopped and mixed to form a balanced compound of which one kilogram was used for bromatological analyses. A randomized block design with four repetitions was used. In the CP of organic and inorganic fodders, no significant differences were observed (p> 0.05) and the values found were within the optimal values for cows in production. CP correlated positively with TDN and NEL (p< 0.01). The quality of the fodder combined between corn and Yorimón bean showed that it is an alternative to conventional fodders.

Resumen El objetivo de este estudio fue producir forraje orgánico a base de maíz y frijol Yorimón como alternativa a los forrajes convencionales en la Región Lagunera. El experimento se realizó en el ciclo de primavera-verano de abril a agosto de 2017. En cada parcela útil se cosecharon tres plantas de maíz y tres de frijol, las cuales fueron finamente picadas y mezcladas para formar un compuesto balanceado del cual se utilizó un kilo para los análisis bromatológicos. Se utilizó un diseño de bloques al azar con cuatro repeticiones. En PC de los forrajes orgánicos e inorgánicos, no se observaron diferencias significativas (p> 0.05) y los valores encontrados estuvieron dentro de los valores óptimos para vacas en producción. PC correlacionó positivamente con la TND y ENL (p< 0.01). La calidad del forraje combinado entre maíz y frijol Yorimón mostró que es una alternativa a los forrajes convencionales.

Abstract The use of organic fertilizers such as bovine manure and subsurface drip irrigation are alternatives that minimize the use of fertilizers and improve water use efficiency. The objective of the research was to evaluate the depth of drip irrigation tape at 0.3, 0.15 and 0.05 m and doses of solarized bovine manure at 50, 75 and 100 t ha-1 and a control with traditional fertilization in the production and bromatological quality in forage corn. The application of manure and the depth of the irrigation tape showed significant differences compared to traditional fertilization. The highest forage yield was for the treatment with a depth of irrigation tape of 0.3 m and 50 t ha-1, on the contrary, the lowest was for irrigation tape with a depth of 0.05 m and traditional fertilization. The manure dose with 75 t ha-1 achieved the highest dry forage production with 22.43 t ha-1. The highest efficiency in water use occurred with the tape depth at 0.15 m. Regarding the bromatological quality, this was higher in the treatments where manure and irrigation tape at depths of 0.15 and 0.3 m were applied. With the use of bovine manure and subsurface drip irrigation, fertilization is decreased and the efficient use of water in the production of forage corn is improved.

Resumen El uso de abonos orgánicos como estiércol bovino y el riego por goteo subsuperficial son alternativas que minimizan el uso de fertilizantes y mejoran la eficiencia en el uso del agua. El objetivo de la investigación fue evaluar la profundidad de cinta de riego por goteo a 0.3, 0.15 y 0.05 m y dosis de estiércol bovino solarizado a 50, 75 y 100 t ha-1 y un testigo con fertilización tradicional en la producción y calidad bromatológica en maíz forrajero. La aplicación de estiércol y la profundidad de la cinta de riego mostró diferencias significativas con relación a la fertilización tradicional. El mayor rendimiento de forraje fue para el tratamiento con profundidad de cinta de riego de 0.3 m y 50 t ha-1, por el contrario, la menor fue para la cinta de riego con una profundidad de 0.05 m y fertilización tradicional. La dosis de estiércol con 75 t ha-1 logro la mayor producción de forraje seco con 22.43 t ha-1. La mayor eficiencia en el uso de agua se presentó con la profundidad de cinta a 0.15 m. Respecto a la calidad bromatológica esta fue mayor en los tratamientos donde se aplicó estiércol y cinta de riego a profundidades de 0.15 y 0.3 m. Con la utilización del estiércol bovino y el riego por goteo subsuperficial, se disminuye la fertilización y se mejora el uso eficiente del agua en la producción de maíz forrajero.

Resumo Três experimentos foram realizados com diferentes tamanhos de partícula de ração para o desempenho zootécnico, taxa de aprovação e digestibilidade aparente de tambaqui juvenil (Colossoma macropomum). No primeiro, foram utilizados 200 juvenis e distribuídos em 20 tanques (220 L), 10 peixes por unidade (quatro repetições). O sistema experimental utilizado para registrar o tempo de passagem foi composto por cinco incubadoras com 200 L. No segundo, 75 juvenis foram utilizados por 55 dias (três repetições). No terceiro, 75 juvenis foram utilizados e distribuídos em cinco incubadoras de 200 L. Todos os experimentos foram realizados aleatoriamente. Diferentes tratamentos de comportamento linear foram observados para digestibilidade aparente da proteína bruta; e o menor tamanho de partícula (150 μm) apresentou melhor digestibilidade dos resultados. menor tamanho de partícula do milho apresentou melhores resultados, afetou o desempenho de crescimento de tambaquis e a digestibilidade aparente da proteína bruta e extrato etéreo. Portanto, recomenda-se o uso de um tamanho de partícula de 150 μm de milho para o tambaqui.

Abstract Three experiments were done with different particle sizes of corn feed on its zootechnical performance, passing rate and apparent digestibility of juvenile tambaqui (Colossoma macropomum). In the first, 200 juveniles were used and distributed in 20 tanks (220 L), 10 fish per unit (four replicates). The experimental system used to record passage time was composed of five incubators with 200 L. In the second, 75 juveniles were used per 55 days (three replications). In the third, 75 juveniles were used and distributed in five incubators of 200 L. All experiments were performed randomly. Different linear behavior treatments were observed for apparent digestibility of crude protein; and the smaller particle size (150 μm) had better results digestibility. smaller particle size of the corn had better results, affected the growth performance of tambaqui and the apparent digestibility of crude protein and ether extract. Thus, is recommended that a particle size of 150 μm of corn be used for tambaqui.

ABSTRACT The aim of this study was to evaluate the quality, bromatological and in vitro fermentation characteristics of ripe mango silage between 28 and 168 days of lactic fermentation (LF). The silos in bags (20 kg) were made with 80.64% mango, 11.38% pangola grass, 4.55% corn stubble, 2.04% molasses and 1.36% urea. The opening time of the silos was at 28 (T1), 44 (T2), 97 (T3), 113 (T4), 126 (T5), 140 (T6), 154 (T7) and 168 (T8) d of LF. It was determined pH, lactic acid, dry matter (DM), crude protein (CP), neutral detergent fibre (NDF), acid detergent fibre (ADF), hemicellulose, biogas and methane (CH4) production, ammoniacal nitrogen (N-NH3), pH of the medium, total bacteria count, dry matter degradation (DMD) and neutral detergent fibre degradation (NDFD). The statistical analysis was under a completely randomized design. The content of DM, pH, ADF and hemicellulose did not show differences by FL time of the silage (p>0.05). T2 presented higher lactic acid content, without differences with T1, T3 and T4 (p>0.05). T1 showed higher CP content than T2, T4 and T6 (p<0.05); without differences with the rest of the treatments (p>0.05). The accumulated biogas production was not affected by the FL time of the silage (p>0.05). CH production after 72 h of incubation was lower for T4, without differences with T1, T3 and T5 (p>0.05). The highest DMD was for T1, T2, T3, T7 and T8 (p<0.05). The lowest NDFD was for T4 and T5 (p<0.05). Under these conditions, it is concluded that ripe mango silages can be lactic fermented for up to 168 days without affecting their in vitro quality, bromatological and fermentative characteristics.

RESUMEN El objetivo del estudio fue evaluar las características de calidad, bromatológicas y fermentativas in vitro de ensilados de mango maduro entre 28 y 168 días de fermentación láctica (FL). Los silos en bolsa (20 kg) se elaboraron con 80.64% de mango, 11.38% de pasto pangola, 4.55% de rastrojo de maíz, 2.04% de melaza y 1.36% de urea. El tiempo de apertura de los silos fue a los 28 (T1), 44 (T2), 97 (T3), 113 (T4), 126 (T5), 140 (T6), 154 (T7) y 168 (T8) d de FL. Se determinó pH, ácido láctico, materia seca (MS), proteína cruda (PC), fibra detergente neutro (FDN), fibra detergente ácido (FDA), hemicelulosa, producción de biogás y metano (CH ), nitrógeno amoniacal (N-NH ), pH del medio, conteo de bacterias totales, degradación de la materia seca (DMS) y degradación de la fibra detergente neutro (DFDN). El análisis estadístico fue un diseño completamente al azar. El contenido de MS, pH, FDA y hemicelulosa no mostraron diferencias por el tiempo de FL (p>0.05). T2 presentó mayor contenido de ácido láctico, sin diferencias con T1, T3 y T4 (p>0.05). T1 mostró mayor contenido de PC que T2, T4 y T6 (p<0.05), sin diferencias con el resto de los tratamientos (p>0.05). La producción de biogás acumulado no se afectó con el tiempo de FL del ensilado (p>0.05). La producción de CH a las 72 h de incubación fue menor para T4, sin diferencias con T1, T3 y T5 (p>0.05). La mayor DMS fue para T1, T2, T3, T7 y T8 (p<0.05). La menor DFDN fue para T4 y T5 (p<0.05). Bajo estas condiciones se concluye que el ensilado de mango maduro puede fermentarse lácticamente hasta por 168 días sin que se afecten sus características de calidad, bromatológicas y fermentativas in vitro.

RESUMO O cultivo intensivo de forma convencional, tanto do milho verde quanto do milho doce pode contribuir para a degradação do solo, quando comparado aos cultivos em sistemas de plantio direto. O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar as características agronômicas e a qualidade físico-química dos grãos de milho verde e doce, cultivados em sucessão a diferentes coberturas do solo. Foram instalados dois experimentos, um com milho verde e outro com milho doce, no delineamento experimental de blocos casualizados, com quatro repetições e sete tratamentos: braquiária (B); milheto (M); crotalária (C); C+B; M+B; M+C e M+C+B, com quatro repetições. Avaliou-se a produção de massa verde (MV) e seca (MS) das coberturas e a decomposição dos seus resíduos, o desempenho agronômico e a qualidade bromatológica dos grãos dos milhos verde e doce. Observou-se que a braquiária foi a cobertura que apresentou a menor produção de MV e MS, maior taxa de decomposição dos resíduos e menor tempo de meia vida, quando comparada as outras coberturas avaliadas. A produtividade e o rendimento do grão no milho doce e espiga no milho verde não foram afetados estatisticamente pelos resíduos das diferentes coberturas verde que antecederam seus cultivos. Os resíduos vegetais das diferentes coberturas afetaram a umidade, acidez total titulável e sólidos solúveis totais no milho verde. No milho doce afetaram os lipídeos, proteínas, sólidos solúveis totais, potencial hidrogeniônico e ácido ascórbico.

ABSTRACT Intensive conventional tillage cultivation of both green and sweet corn can contribute to soil degradation when compared to no-till systems. This study aimed to assess the agronomic characteristics and physicochemical quality of green and sweet corn grains grown under succession planting using different cover crops. Two experiments were conducted, one with green corn and the other sweet corn, using a randomized block design consisting of seven treatments: brachiaria (B); Pearl millet (PM); showy crotalaria (SC); SC+B; PM+B; PM+SC and PM+SC+B, with four repetitions. The fresh (FW) and dry weight (DW) of the cover crops and decomposition of their residue were assessed, in addition to the agronomic performance and bromatological quality of green and sweet corn grains. Brachiaria showed the lowest FW and DW production, highest residue decomposition rate and shortest half-life when compared to the other soil covers assessed. Productivity and yield for sweet corn grains and green corn ears were not statistically affected by the different cover crop residues. The cover crop residues influenced moisture content, total titratable acidity and total soluble solids in green corn, and lipids, proteins, total soluble solids, pH and ascorbic acid in sweet corn.

RESUMO A consorciação entre gramínea e soja pode promover efeitos benéficos sobre a produtividade da área explorada, devido ao melhor aproveitamento do nitrogênio no solo e economia de concentrados proteicos pelo uso de silagem mista. Objetivou-se neste trabalho avaliar a qualidade bromatológica, digestibilidade e o perfil de fermentação da silagem produzida pelo consórcio entre milho e soja. Foram testados oito tratamentos, combinando a inoculação com Azospirillum brasilense e a adubação nitrogenada aplicada no milho consorciado em fileiras alternadas com a soja. Os monocultivos de milho e de soja também foram testados. Foram determinadas as composições morfológicas das plantas de soja e milho na massa da matéria ensilada. Após triturado, o material foi ensilado em tubos de PVC por 60 dias e após a fermentação foi determinada a qualidade da silagem. Os tratamentos não afetaram a composição morfológica das plantas de soja e de milho no material ensilado oriundo do consórcio. As proporções de folhas, hastes e vagens de soja representaram menos de 5% do total da massa ensilada do consórcio. Por outro lado, a composição morfológica das plantas de milho foi elevada semelhante ao do monocultivo. Assim, a silagem proveniente do consórcio apresentou padrões semelhantes de qualidade ao do milho exclusivo, sendo que a composição bromatológica, digestibilidade, pH, teores de energia e perfil de ácidos orgânicos foram adequados para uma silagem de boa qualidade.

ABSTRACT Intercropping grass and soybeans can promote beneficial effects on the productivity of the explored area due to the better soil nitrogen utilization and protein concentrate savings through the use of mixed silage. This study aimed to evaluate the bromatological quality, digestibility, and fermentation profile of silage produced by intercropping corn and soybean. Eight treatments were tested by combining inoculation with Azospirillum brasilense and nitrogen fertilization applied to corn intercropped in rows alternated with soybean. Corn and soybean monocultures were also tested. The morphological compositions of soybean and corn plants in the mass of the ensiled material were determined. After crushing, the material was ensiled in PVC tubes for 60 days, and the silage quality was determined after fermentation. Treatments did not affect the morphological composition of soybean and corn plants in the ensiled material from intercropping. The proportions of soybean leaves, stems, and pods represented less than 5% of the total ensiled mass of intercropping. On the other hand, the morphological composition of corn plants was high, similar to that of monoculture. Thus, the silage from intercropping showed similar quality standards to that of corn monoculture, and the bromatological composition, digestibility, pH, energy content, and profile of organic acids were suitable for good quality silage.

Abstract: In Mexico, the main producing areas for cocoa (Theobroma cacao) and pataxte (T. bicolor) are in Tabasco and Chiapas states. Cocoa and pataxte are consumed in different ways; the most common is the mixture corn and cocoa (pozol). The aim of this study was to carry out the proximal analysis in seeds of cocoa varieties: Guayaquil, Criollo, Calabacillo, Patastillo, and Pataxte. Ripe fruits of cocoa and pataxte were collected in 43 localities in Tabasco and Chiapas. The collections were determined: moisture content, protein, ash, fat, fiber, and carbohydrates. With the means of the evaluated characteristics, Duncan's mean comparison test, and multivariate principal component (PCA) and cluster (AC) analyzes were performed. No differences were found for ash and carbohydrates content between cocoa and pataxte studied. Regarding fiber and moisture content, pataxte presented differences (3.1 ( 0.8 and 20.5 ( 12.0 g / 100 g), while Calabacillo and Patastillo showed more protein content (18.9 ( 7.5 and 17.2 ( 6.1 g / 100g), the highest content of carbohydrates and the lowest fiber corresponded to “Guayaquil” variety (37.3 ( 11.9 and 1.8 ( 0.6 g / 100 g). The results found in this research present a general panorama of cocoa and pataxte proximal content that are cultivated in the states of Tabasco and Chiapas and based on this they can be selected according to the attribute of interest that the producer requires for chocolate industries.

Resumen: En México, las principales zonas productoras de cacao (Theobroma cacao) y pataxte (T. bicolor) se encuentran en los estados de Tabasco y Chiapas. El cacao y pataxte se consumen de diversas maneras, de entre las cuales la más común es la mezcla de maíz y cacao (pozol). El objetivo del presente trabajo fue realizar la caracterización proximal de semilla de las variedades de cacao: Guayaquil, Criollo, Calabacillo, Patastillo y Pataxte. Se colectaron frutos maduros de cacao y pataxte en 43 localidades de Tabasco y Chiapas. A las colectas se les determinó: contenido de humedad, proteína, ceniza, grasa, fibra e hidratos de carbono. Con la finalidad de determinar diferencias estadísticas significativas entre los distintos parámetros analizados, se realizó una prueba de comparación mediante la prueba de Duncan; además, del análisis multivariado, de componentes principales (ACP) y conglomerados (AC). Los resultados indicaron que no existen diferencias significativas (α= 0.05) para contenido de ceniza e hidratos de carbono entre las colectas estudiadas de cacao y pataxte. Respecto al contenido de fibra y humedad, el Pataxte presentó diferencias (3.1 ( 0.8 y 20.5 ( 12.0 g/100 g), mientras que las variedades Calabacillo y Patastillo, mostraron mayor contenido de proteínas (18.9 ( 7.5 y 17.2 ( 6.1 g/100g, respectivamente), la mayor cantidad de hidratos de carbono y menor contenido de fibra correspondió a la variedad “Guayaquil” (37.3 ( 11.9 y 1.8 ( 0.6 g/100 g, respectivamente). Los resultados encontrados en esta investigación presentan un panorama general del contenido proximal de las colectas de cacao y pataxte que se cultivan en los Estados de Tabasco y Chiapas, y con base en ello pueden seleccionarse de acuerdo con el atributo de interés que requiera el productor, para su venta a la industria chocolatera.

ABSTRACT. The aim of this study was to characterize four corn and sorghum co-products (DDG) in terms of their protein and carbohydrate fractions; we also evaluated the effects of substituting the protein source of the conventional supplement by DDG on consumption and nutrient digestibility in confined finishing cattle. Thirty-six male Nellore cattle with a mean age of 24 months were used. The treatments were: FA: concentrate with corn as an energy source and cottonseed meal as a protein source; DDG50: concentrate with a 50% substitution of the FA protein source by DDG; DDG100: concentrate with 100% substitution of the FA protein source by DDG. The experimental design was completely randomized with three treatments and three replicates (pens) containing four animals per pen. We found that the use of DDG in the finishing phase did not interfere with the animals’ food intake or the digestibility of the nutrients (p > 0.05). Nutrients were used by the animals; therefore, DDGs may be viable substitutes of cottonseed meal. We conclude that the bromatological composition of this co-product is influenced a lot during processing; therefore, the nutritional values of this co-product present in the composition tables may not be true.

ABSTRACT. The objective was to evaluate sowing density influence on hydroponic corn fodder bromatological composition, harvested in different ages raised on grass mix substrate. The experimental design used was completely randomized with six replications for each treatment, using 2.0 m² plots (1.0 x 2.0 m). The densities were distributed into factorial array (4x4), consisting in four sowing densities (1.0, 1.5, 2.0 and 2.5 kg m-²) and four cutting ages (10, 15, 20 and 25 days). The dry matter content (DMC) and production (DMP) and crude protein (CP), acid detergent fiber (ADF), Fiber neutral detergent (FND) and ethereal extract (EE) were analyzed each cutting age. In terms of DMP (kg m-²), EE (%) and DMC (kg m-²), it is recommended to use the density 1.0 kg m-² with cutting age of 25 days. Regarding CP (%) the best result was at 15 days of cut and density 2.5 kg m-² and the values for FND (%) and ADF (%) were higher at 25 days at 2.0 kg density 2,0 kg m-². The choice of both best harvesting age and density will depend on what is desired of the nutritional forage (CP, EE, NDF, ADF, DMC and DMP) as well its destination, since very close values were found in all analyzes, regardless of density and age of harvest analyzed.

ABSTRACT The aim of this study is to assess whether there is linear dependence between groups of morphoagronomic and bromatological traits in hybrid silage corn. Nineteen topcross hybrids and five checks were assessed in two different environments in Campos dos Goytacazes and Itaocara counties, Rio de Janeiro State, during the growing seasons 2013/2014. The study followed a randomized blocks design with four replicates. The phenotypic and canonical correlations between the groups of seven morphoagronomic and five bromatological traits were assessed. There is linear dependence between the group pairs of morphoagronomic, and bromatological variables. The morphoagronomic trait green mass yield can be adopted in indirect selection processes to indicate the increased bromatological quality of maize silage based on features such as crude protein, neutral detergent fiber, lignin, crude fat and mineral matter. Topcross hybrids UENF-2208 and UENF-2209 presented high potential for silage yield in the North and Northwest Regions.