Abstract This article proposes to analyze what is the role that copyright has in the field of fashion, investigating its characteristics, development and scope, in order to understand not only the reason by virtue of which its application is usually resisted by some sectors that prefer to resort to other types of intellectual rights to protect the fruit of the intellect associated with this industry but also to try to demonstrate the benefits of its exercise mainly in favor of authors and owners. First of all, the essential elements that make up the copyright system will be briefly analyzed, pointing out conceptual and practical aspects. Second, the link between fashion designs and author elements will be addressed. Finally, by raising the strengths and weaknesses of the discipline, the viability of Copyright in this type of industry will be addressed.

Resumen El presente artículo propone analizar cuál es el rol que el derecho de autor tiene en el campo de la moda, indagando las características, desenvolvimiento y alcance del mismo, con el fin de comprender no solo el motivo en virtud del cual su aplicación suele ser resistida por algunos sectores que prefieren recurrir a otro tipo de derechos intelectuales para proteger el fruto del intelecto asociado a esta industria sino también para intentar demostrar las bondades de su ejercicio principalmente en favor de autores y titulares. En primer lugar se analizarán brevemente los elementos esenciales que integran el sistema de derecho de autor señalando aspectos conceptuales y prácticos. En segundo término se abordará la vinculación entre los diseños de moda y los elementos autorales. Finalmente, mediante un planteo de los puntos fuertes y débiles de la disciplina, se encarará la viabilidad del Derecho de Autor en este tipo de industria.

Resumo Este artigo se propõe a analisar qual é o papel que o direito autoral tem no campo da moda, investigando suas características, desenvolvimento e abrangência, a fim de compreender não apenas o motivo pelo qual costuma se resistir à sua aplicação. por alguns sectores que preferem recorrer a outros tipos de direitos intelectuais para proteger o fruto do intelecto associado a esta indústria mas também para tentar demonstrar os benefícios do seu exercício principalmente a favor dos autores e proprietários. Em primeiro lugar, serão analisados brevemente os elementos essenciais que compõem o sistema de direitos autorais, apontando aspectos conceituais e práticos. Em segundo lugar, será abordada a ligação entre os designs de moda e os elementos do autor. Por fim, ao aumentar os pontos fortes e fracos da disciplina, será abordada a viabilidade dos direitos autorais nesse tipo de indústria.

Abstract Fashion as a cultural expression involves a great amount of goods that circulate internationally. The designs, shapes, and utilities are the result of the creative work of people, interdisciplinary teams, researchers, and companies. The fruit obtained in this activity is protected by the WTO Agreement on Trade-Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights (TRIPS). Intangible rights are an integral part of the value of goods and therefore have an impact on Customs Law since they are the basis of valuation for the purposes of applying taxes to foreign trade. The protection of copyright and the correct use of commercial and industrial trademarks has been presented as a control activity of the customs and in that mission the World Customs Organization made recommendations to optimize the control and thus prevent the flow of infringing goods. In Argentina, according to these parameters, a mechanism has been implemented to prohibit the circulation of goods in trademark fraud or pirated or unauthorized copies.

Resumen La moda como expresión cultural involucra a una gran cantidad de mercaderías que circulan internacionalmente. Los diseños, formas, utilidades son el fruto de un trabajo creativo de personas, equipos interdisciplinarios, investigadores, y de empresas. El fruto obtenido en esa actividad tiene tutela en virtud del Acuerdo de la OMC sobre los Aspectos de los Derechos de Propiedad Intelectual relacionados con el Comercio (ADPIC). Los derechos intangibles son una parte integrante del valor de las mercaderías y por tal motivo tiene impacto en el Derecho Aduanero ya que integran la base de valoración a los fines de la aplicación de los tributos al comercio exterior. La tutela de respetar los derechos de autor y el uso correcto de las marcas comerciales e industriales se ha presentado como una actividad de control propia de las aduanas y en esa misión la Organización Mundial de Aduanas realizó recomendaciones para optimizar el control y de esta manera impedir el flujo de mercaderías en infracción. En la Argentina conforme a estos parámetros ha implementado un mecanismo de prohibición de circulación de mercaderías en fraude marcario o copia pirata o no autorizada.

Resumo A moda, como expressão cultural, envolve uma grande quantidade de bens que circulam internacionalmente. Os desenhos, formas e utilidades são o resultado do trabalho criativo de pessoas, equipes interdisciplinares, pesquisadores e empresas. Os frutos obtidos desta atividade são protegidos pelo Acordo da OMC sobre Aspectos dos Direitos de Propriedade Intelectual Relacionados ao Comércio (TRIPS). Os direitos intangíveis são parte integrante do valor das mercadorias e, por esta razão, têm um impacto no Direito Aduaneiro, pois são a base da avaliação para fins de aplicação de impostos ao comércio exterior. A proteção dos direitos autorais e o uso correto das marcas comerciais e industriais foi apresentada como uma atividade de controle da alfândega e, nesta missão, a Organização Mundial das Alfândegas fez recomendações para otimizar o controle e assim evitar o fluxo de mercadorias infratoras. De acordo com estes parâmetros, a Argentina implementou um mecanismo para proibir a circulação de mercadorias em fraudes de marcas ou cópias piratas ou não autorizadas.

This work is centred on the judgment of the Constitutional Court in Blind SA v The Minister of Trade (CCT 320/21) [2022] ZACC 33 (21 September 2022), and the issues raised by this judgement. The main concern for this contribution is the overreliance on a non-ratified treaty - the Marrakesh Treaty -, which calls for the assessment of the place of international law in South Africa. The paper finds that while the issues raised in the Blind SA case - the rights of people with disability - are legitimate, the manner in which they were raised went beyond the prescripts of the Constitution.

The lack of works for educational and cultural literacy purposes in their own languages threatens the cultural survival of many vulnerable minority and indigenous groups worldwide. Translation could satisfy related access needs. A strict reading of international copyright law, however, does not facilitate the translation of works into other languages. Yet, it is often forgotten that, in accordance with the integration rule of treaty interpretation, the Berne Convention, and other relevant international intellectual property instruments, would have to be read in the light of internationally protected linguistic human rights in education and for cultural literacy. This mechanism could go some way towards assisting the easier translation of (parts of) works for the stated purposes into other languages. The argument made in this article, however, is that a harmonious reading of existing international copyright law with international human rights law cannot go as far as to sufficiently resolve the access needs of vulnerable groups speaking an endangered language, insofar as translated texts are concerned. In fact, it is contended that the existing regulation of translation under international copyright law is so inimical to the survival of vulnerable groups and their languages that it must be held to promote cultural or linguistic genocide. For that reason, the relevant copyright rules must be considered to conflict with ius cogens, that is, peremptory norms of international law, and to be void in their application to neglected languages. The article makes suggestions as to how countries could design national copyright law regulating translation rights and limitations and exceptions in a way that facilitates translation generally, and into neglected languages specifically. These suggestions are based on a reappraisal of the true character of translation, which must be seen to be highly transformative in nature and resulting in the creation of autonomous new works.

Resumen La ciencia abierta y sus prácticas son una alternativa en la forma de hacer investigación, divulgar resultados de trabajos académicos y compartir información entre investigadores a nivel mundial, los cuales se encuentran a disposición y sin costo, fortaleciendo el concepto de ciencia ciudadana. El presente trabajo diserta sobre las barreras y facilitadores para realizar investigación en esta modalidad. Se ha encontrado que las principales barreras son las prohibiciones de las instituciones, políticas de confidencialidad y derechos de autor, el idioma inglés, así como la estabilidad y reputación de las plataformas digitales donde se concentran los datos. Los facilitadores que pueden coadyuvar en el ejercicio de una ciencia abierta están relacionados con los valores de los investigadores, la cultura de intercambio de información, la posibilidad de obtener financiamiento y mejorar el índice de citación. Adicionalmente se analiza la situación actual de la ciencia abierta en México.

Abstract Open science and its practices are an alternative way of doing research, disseminating results of academic work, and sharing among researchers worldwide information which is available at no cost, strengthening the concept of citizen science. This paper discusses the barriers and facilitators to conducting research in this modality, finding that the main barriers are the prohibitions of the institutions, confidentiality and copyright policies, the English language, as well as the stability and reputation of the digital platforms where the data are concentrated. The facilitators that can contribute to the exercise of open science are linked to the values of researchers, the culture of information exchange, the possibility of obtaining funding, and improving the citation index. In addition, the current situation of open science in Mexico is also analyzed.

Researchers in South Africa publish in journals that have a high impact factor and are accredited by the South African Department of Higher Education and Training (DHET) as this will bring financial support to the researcher and the affiliated Institution for continuous publication. Moreover, these researchers do so for possible ranking of their universities and to seek collaboration with international and national researchers. However, publishers make it difficult for researchers to publish because of the Article Processing Charges that increase annually. Therefore, the study's main objective is to propose general benefit guidelines for the use of open access by researchers. The unit of analysis was the university's Institutional Repository (IR) and Scopus, a database which the university subscribes to. The IR has a collection of research outputs that include peer-reviewed articles, conference proceedings, and datasets. Hence, a quantitative and qualitative research approach was selected, where content analysis was used to collect data whereby research output from 2016 to 2020 was identified from both the IR and Scopus. The study examined, investigated, and explored the hindrances and challenges faced by researchers when publishing in open access journals (OAJ) with specific reference to South Africa. The study drew from a few organised threads of confirmation which make up the current dialogue on OAJ, comprising of peer-reviewed literature, grey literature, and other forms of communication. A manual Systematic Literature Review (SLR) method was applied to collect data from Scopus and the IR. The ethical considerations for conducting the study included permission to use the university's IR and to collect primary data from academics in the selected university. The results show that publishers are making it difficult for researchers to publish in open access, because of the outrageous publishing costs involved.

Sta tes and in tergovern men tal organisations (IGOs) in Africa produce and control materials that may be eligible for copyright protection. Thus, some national laws vest copyright in states and IGOs, which may be exercised to prevent access to the information contained in the materials and forestall the promotion of the public-interest objectives as articulated in sustainable development agendas (such as the African Union Agenda 2063). This makes it imperative to examine effective strategies for managing the materials produced and controlled by states and IGOs in order to promote public-interest objectives in Africa. To this end, this article determines whether the materials produced and controlled by states and IGOs are indeed eligible for copyright protection, or whether they constitute public domain resources. If the materials are subject to copyright protection, then, for instance, are claims to copyright by states and IGOs in Africa justifiable, especially given the public-interest objectives articulated in Agenda 2063? What strategies should states and IGOs adopt to manage their materials in the public interest? Reviewing relevant primary and secondary sources in Africa, and drawing useful insights from institutional practices outside Africa, this article unpacks the issues, while X-raying states' and IGOs' materials from two perspectives: works created under their direction and control; and works created independently by third parties but transferred to states and IGOs.

This article maps the latest developments in South Africa's complex battle to update its Copyright Amendment Bill across a path strewn with legal pitfalls. Driving the agenda of the American-derived "fair use" and other copyright exceptions at the expense of content creators are the state, under the guise of "access" to education, and Big Tech companies focused on data mining, paraded as users' rights to content. The emerging Bill has given rise to a set of major contradictions that will directly and negatively impact especially educational book publishing, from primary to tertiary sectors. The updated Bill risks violating authors' rights and international treaties. The authors identify contradictions in public policy and sketch the most contentious aspects within debates around the Bill. The implications for the national research economy are considered, while the need to adequately protect the copyright of open access content is raised. The article closes with a summary of the issues of "fair use" and fair dealing, the predatory implications, and the outcome of the contradictions for the industry. The relevance of writing about a moving target is because a) the Bill has been in contestation for eight years now; b) universities and the whole educational sector have failed to respond coherently to the threats portended in the Bill; c) the nature of the claims and counter-arguments raised by the Bill will continue well after it has been promulgated; and d) the analysis is alert to open access imperatives and to the threat of South Africa becoming a haven for servers hosting pirated content should the Bill become law.

RESUMO Introdução: Os repositórios institucionais consolidaram-se como ferramentas importantes para o movimento Acesso Aberto em razão da possibilidade de disponibilização da produção científica, contudo, ainda há desafios relacionados à implementação e manutenção dos repositórios, especialmente no que tange à subutilização e às questões de direito autoral/propriedade intelectual. Assim, considerando esse contexto e, tendo por objetivo o ensino prático do método Design Science Research aplicado à Ciência da Informação, durante a disciplina Design Science Research do Programa de Pós-Graduação em Gestão e Organização do Conhecimento, da Escola de Ciência da Informação e do Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ambiente Construído e Patrimônio Sustentável, da Escola de Arquitetura, ambos da Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, os alunos foram desafiados a desenvolverem como artefato um repositório institucional. Objetivo: Apresentar a experiência de aplicação do método Design Science Research para projetar um repositório digital. Metodologia: Design Science Research. Resultados: Apresenta o percurso pelas etapas de identificação e conscientização do problema, revisão sistemática da literatura e ideação de um repositório institucional baseado em periódico científico. O método Design Science Research revelou-se como um condutor de toda a pesquisa e, por meio da associação do rigor e relevância, promoveu a aproximação entre teoria e prática. Conclusão: Contribui não apenas na apresentação do método de forma teórica e prática, como exemplifica o seu uso na área da Ciência da Informação. Introdução consolidaramse consolidaram se científica contudo autoralpropriedade autoral propriedade intelectual Assim PósGraduação Pós Graduação Conhecimento Sustentável Arquitetura Gerais Objetivo digital Metodologia Resultados problema científico revelouse revelou relevância prática Conclusão

ABSTRACT Introduction: Institutional repositories were consolidated as important tools for the Open Access movement due to the possibility of making scientific production available, however, there are still challenges related to the implementation and maintenance of repositories, especially with regard to underutilization and copyright issues /intellectual property. Thus, considering this context and with the objective of teaching practical use of the Design Science Research method applied to Information Science, during the Design Science Research discipline of the Graduate Program in Knowledge Management and Organization, from the School of Information Science and the Graduate Program in Built Environment and Sustainable Heritage, from the School of Architecture, both from the Federal University of Minas Gerais, the students were challenged to develop an institutional repository as an artifact. Objective: Present the experience of applying the Design Science Research method to design a digital repository. Methodology: Design Science Research. Results: It presents the journey through the stages of identification and awareness of the problem, systematic review of the literature and ideation of an institutional repository based on a scientific journal. The Design Science Research method proved to be a driver of all research and, through the association of rigor and relevance, promoted the approximation between theory and practice. Conclusion: It contributes not only to the presentation of the method in a theoretical and practical way, but also exemplifies its use in the field of Information Science.. Introduction available however intellectual property Thus Organization Heritage Architecture Gerais artifact Objective Methodology Results problem journal relevance practice Conclusion way Science.

RESUMO Cooperação e trabalho articulado entre as partes interessadas no ciclo da comunicação científica são cruciais para que o compartilhamento de dados seja eficaz e permita a localização e a reutilização dos dados. A anomia, termo aqui associado à falta de clareza de informações, normas e diretrizes, à perda das referências normativas, ao descumprimento de regras ou a negação da moral, é barreira para tal compartilhamento. As vertentes do direito autoral são preponderantes nas orientações dos publicadores de dados para melhor reuso e citação dos autores, e perpassam por diversas temáticas. O objetivo foi apresentar a investigação sobre indícios que contribuam para a compreensão de como o estado de anomia a respeito de direitos autorais pode inibir o compartilhamento de dados. Foi utilizada a pesquisa documental, exploratória e o método Análise de Conteúdo com aplicação de framework que considera as dimensões institucional e individual. Os resultados apontaram indícios de que os pesquisadores têm pouca clareza sobre as leis e as normativas, gerando um desequilíbrio entre metas institucionais e os meios para atingi-las, incluindo o descumprimento de diretrizes. Conclui-se que há orientações sobre direitos autorais tanto, entretanto foram identificados elementos que apontam para um estado de anomia relacionado a tais orientações. informações diretrizes normativas moral autores temáticas documental individual atingilas, atingilas atingi las, las atingi-las Concluise Conclui se tanto

ABSTRACT Cooperation and concerted work among the various stakeholders in the science communication cycle are crucial for effective data sharing and to enable data to be located and reused. Anomie, a term here associated with the lack of clarity of information, norms, and guidelines, the loss of normative references, the disregard for rules, or the denial of morals, is a barrier to such sharing. Copyright aspects are prevalent in the data publishers' guidelines for better reuse and citation of authors, and run through several topics. The objective was to present research on evidence that contributes to the understanding of how the state of anomie regarding copyright can inhibit data sharing. It was used the documentary, exploratory research and the Content Analysis method with framework that considers the institutional and individual dimensions. The results indicated that the researchers have little clarity about the laws and regulations, which generates an imbalance between institutional goals and the means to achieve them, including the noncompliance with guidelines. It is concluded that there are guidelines on both moral and patrimonial copyrights, however, elements were identified that point to a state of anomie related to such guidelines. reused Anomie information norms references rules morals publishers authors topics documentary dimensions regulations them copyrights however

Abstract The article aims to present the results of a research designed to answer the question “how are key actors in the scientific communication ecosystem dealing with the issue of openness research data underlying scientific articles in the face of copyright?”. The work involved search and bibliographic analysis with: Pubmed central of the National Library of Medicine of the National Institutes of Health, Web of Science, Scopus, and Springer link; consultation of relevant legislation; collection and analysis of data on journal websites, data repositories, research funding agencies both nationally and in countries of the global north; analysis of the perception of scientific editors in the health field and managers of institutional repositories and research data from the country and abroad, through electronic questionnaires and interviews. it was concluded that there is still a lack of knowledge and low priority, by scientific editors and managers of data repositories, on the topic of openness and sharing research data underlying articles, as well as on the copyright issues applicable there and derived therefrom.

Resumo O artigo tem o objetivo de apresentar resultados de uma pesquisa concebida para responder à pergunta “Como atores-chave do ecossistema da comunicação científica estão lidando com a questão da abertura de dados de pesquisa subjacentes a artigos científicos em face do direito autoral?”. O trabalho envolveu busca e análise bibliográfica junto a: PubMed Central da Biblioteca Nacional de Medicina do National Institutes of Health, Web of Science, Scopus, Springer link; consulta à legislação pertinente; coleta e análise de dados em sites de periódicos, repositórios de dados e agências de financiamento à pesquisa nacionais e de países do norte global; análise de percepção de editores científicos do campo da saúde e de gestores de repositórios institucionais e de dados de pesquisa do país e do exterior, por meio de questionário eletrônico e entrevistas. Concluiu-se que há ainda desconhecimento e baixa prioridade, por parte de editores científicos e gestores de repositórios de dados, sobre o tema da abertura e do compartilhamento de dados de pesquisa subjacentes a artigos, bem como sobre as questões de direito autoral aí aplicáveis e daí derivadas.

Abstract The Spanish Penal Code Amendment from 2015 intensified the criminal law intervention in the field of copyright offenses. That involved both criminalization of new behaviors and increasing the punishment for acts already criminalized. This study assesses some elements of the amendments made by Organic Law 1/2015, 30th March., using Effectiveness, Efficacy and Efficiency as guiding criteria for the evaluation. For that end, we analyzed a number of official available data sources from Spain. Said data shed some light about different relevant aspects concerning effectiveness of the penal reform, as criminal prosecution intensity levels in copyright offenses, evolution of sentencing for such infractions and crime patterns shown by police statistics. Our study concludes that, since the coming into force of the Penal Code Amendments from 2015, sentencing for copyright crimes has peaked up significantly. In the short term, criminal prosecution of ICTs’ infractions also increased. However, police statistics do not reflect a significant decreasing pattern in copyright offenses since the Amendments from 2015.

Resumen La reforma penal española de 2015 se ha caracterizado por una intensificación de la intervención penal en relación con los delitos relativos a la propiedad intelectual. A la ampliación de conductas criminalizadas se ha unido la elevación de las penas para las figuras ya incriminadas. Este estudio procede a la evaluación de algunos elementos de la reforma de los delitos relativos a la propiedad intelectual efectuada por la LO 1/2015, de 30 de marzo, atendiendo a los criterios de efectividad, eficacia y eficiencia. A tal fin, se analizaron diversas fuentes de datos oficiales disponibles en España, que aportaron luz sobre distintos aspectos relevantes concernientes a la efectividad de la reforma, como el nivel de persecución penal de los delitos contra la propiedad intelectual, la evolución del número de condenas por dichos delitos así como su tendencia de comisión en las estadísticas policiales. El estudio concluye que, desde la entrada en vigor de la reforma penal, ha aumentado significativamente el número de condenas por delito contra la propiedad intelectual, así como, en el corto plazo, también la persecución penal referida a las infracciones cometidas mediante TICS. Sin embargo, las estadísticas policiales no reflejan descensos relevantes de estos delitos tras la reforma de 2015.

Resumen El uso de la tecnología para la creación artística ha sido recurrente a lo largo de la historia del arte. Artistas de todas las épocas han utilizado la tecnología como herramienta para nuevas formas de expresión. En este artículo quiero diferenciar dos usos de la tecnología para ayudar a la creación artística: el uso aumentativo y el uso sustitutivo . Defiendo la idea de que la mayor parte de la relación histórica entre arte y tecnología ha sido enmarcada dentro de un uso aumentativo , es decir, que la tecnología ha ayudado a las y los artistas en la creación, producción y distribución de su arte. Sin embargo, las tecnologías digitales (TICs) y en concreto el uso de sistemas de Inteligencia Artificial (IA) y algoritmos están provocando un cambio de paradigma de un uso aumentativo hacia un uso sustitutivo . El uso sustitutivo de ciertas tecnologías –sistemas de IA y algoritmos– supone una transformación radical en la naturaleza del arte, su valor y el papel de las y los artistas. Actualmente los sistemas de IA y los algoritmos pueden pintar, componer música y escribir textos de manera no supervisada. En otras palabras, la creatividad o la creación de arte se pueden automatizar. Dicho esto, quiero reflexionar sobre las implicancias filosóficas del progresivo uso sustitutivo de la tecnología en el arte para explorar cuestiones tales como: ¿las máquinas pueden crear arte?, ¿es posible hablar de creatividad de las máquinas?, ¿puede una máquina exigir derechos de autor o reclamar la propiedad intelectual de una obra?

Abstract The use of technology for artistic creation has been recurrent throughout the history of art. Artists of all times have used technology as a tool for new forms of expression. In this article, I want to differentiate between two uses of technology to aid artistic creation: augmentative use and substitutive use . I defend the idea that most of the historical relationship between art and technology has been framed within an augmentative use , that is, technology has helped artists in the creation, production and distribution of their art. However, digital technologies (ICTs) and in particular the use of Artificial Intelligence (AI) systems and algorithms are causing a paradigm shift from augmentative to substitutive use . The substitutive use of certain technologies –AI systems and algorithms– implies a radical transformation in the nature of art, its value and the role of the artist. Currently, AI systems and algorithms can paint, compose music and write text in a non-supervised way. In other words, creativity or art creation can be automated. Having said that, I want to reflect on the philosophical implications of the progressive substitutive use of technology in art to explore questions such as: Can machines create art? Can we talk about machine creativity? Can a machine claim copyright or intellectual property of a work?

RESUMEN. La aprobación por parte de la Unión Europea en el año 2019 de la Directiva de Derechos de Autor en el Mercado Único Digital ha supuesto la introducción de una serie de nuevas excepciones a los derechos de autor, con el objetivo de garantizar el ejercicio de los derechos de acceso a la información y a la cultura a través de nuevos límites para favorecer la minería de datos, la digitalización o la cita.

ABSTRACT. The adoption by the European Union in 2019 of the Directive on Copyright in the Digital Single Market has led to the introduction of a number of new copyright exceptions, with the aim of guaranteeing the exercise of the rights of access to information and culture through new limits to promote data mining, digitisation or quotation.