Abstract: The objective of this article is to show that the administration and liquidation of the rents of former Jesuit colleges, known as temporalities, were connected to the Spanish crown’s new controls over old corporations. Its analysis is based on temporalities in the cities of Guadalajara, Zacatecas, Valladolid and Guanajuato between 1764 and 1792. The historiography has centered on the pedagogical transition undergone by these colleges, but has ignored what happened with their sources of financing. This article seeks to show how haciendas and rental houses untangled themselves from colleges and began to finance the state’s new needs. Two types of sources are used to analyze the problem: the triennial catalogs of the Archivum Romanum Societatis Iesu in Rome and the sources on temporalities held by the National Archive of Chile.

Resumen: El artículo tiene como propósito demostrar que la administración y liquidación de rentas de los antiguos colegios jesuitas, conocidos como temporalidades, están ligadas a un nuevo control de las antiguas corporaciones por parte de la Corona española. El análisis se hace a partir de las temporalidades de las ciudades de Guadalajara, Zacatecas, Valladolid y Guanajuato entre 1764 y 1792. La historiografía se ha centrado en la transición pedagógica que sufrieron los antiguos colegios, pero ha dejado de lado qué pasó con sus antiguas fuentes de financiamiento. Por ello, el artículo busca demostrar cómo las haciendas y casas de alquiler se desvincularon de los colegios y empezaron a financiar las nuevas necesidades del Estado. Se utilizan dos tipos de fuentes para analizar el problema. Los catálogos trienales del Archivum Romanum Societatis Iesu de Roma y las fuentes de temporalidades del Archivo Nacional de Chile.

BACKGROUND. Uterine balloon tamponade (UBT) is used as part of the post partum haemorrhage (PPH) algorithm for the treatment of PPH. OBJECTIVES. The free-flow Ellavi uterine balloon controls the pressure in the uterine balloon by adjusting the height of the supply bag above the patient and allows for expulsion of water from the balloon. The study quantified the volume shifts in the supply bag and assessed the optimal use of the Ellavi UBT by reducing the intrauterine pressure at regular intervals. METHODS. A prospective descriptive study of consecutive patients with refractory PPH was conducted. For group A, the supply bag was weighed every 30 minutes with a sensitive digital scale. Additionally, for group B the supply bag was lowered by 50% and the uterus gently massaged for 30 seconds. RESULTS. Thirteen patients were included in the study. The mean volume was 23.5 mL for Group A and 132.7 mL for Group B. The difference in the means of groups A and B was borderline significant (p=0.06). CONCLUSION. The study did find volume shifts in the free-flow system, which may be enhanced by lowering the supply bag halfway at regular intervals.

ABSTRACT The growing development in the automation of technological processes requires process engineers to know basic aspects of automatic regulation systems. In Plan E of Chemical Engineering, the subject Instrumentation and Controls is taught so that the graduate can conceive a regulation and control scheme for a technological process. The objective of the work is: Design a support software for Topic 3 of the Instrumentation and Controls subject, for the tuning of controllers using different criteria and the analysis of continuous time automatic regulation systems of technological processes. The AnaReg_V1 software was designed, which in the main window presents the regulation system block diagram that serves as an interface for the exchange of information, allowing to obtain the parameters of the first-order approximate model, tuning of either controllers or regulators of different types via different adjustment criteria and graph the temporal behavior of the regulation system variables. It is presented how employing AnaReg_V1 is obtained the approximated model, the tuning of an integral proportional controller according to the Ziegler-Nichols criterion and the temporary behavior of the variables of the regulation system taking as a study case the heat exchanger temperature control.

RESUMEN El creciente desarrollo en la automatización de procesos tecnológicos impone que los ingenieros de procesos conozcan aspectos básicos de los sistemas de regulación automática. En el plan E de Ingeniería Química se imparte la asignatura Instrumentación y Controles para que el egresado conciba un esquema de regulación y control para un proceso tecnológico. El objetivo del trabajo es: Diseñar un software de apoyo al Tema 3 de la asignatura Instrumentación y Controles, para el ajuste de controladores bajo diferentes criterios y el análisis de los sistemas de regulación automática de tiempo continuo de procesos tecnológicos. Se diseñó el software AnaReg_V1, el cual en la ventana principal presenta el diagrama de bloques de un sistema de regulación que sirve de interfaz para el intercambio de información, permitiendo obtener los parámetros del modelo aproximado de primer orden, ajustar controladores o reguladores de diferentes tipos bajo diferentes criterios de ajuste y graficar el comportamiento temporal de las variables del sistema de regulación. Se presenta como con AnaReg_V1 se obtiene el modelo aproximado, el ajuste de un controlador proporcional integral según el criterio Ziegler-Nichols y el comportamiento temporal de las variables del sistema de regulación tomando como caso de estudio el control de la temperatura de un intercambiador de calor.

Abstract Between 37 and 63% of the logged timber in Peru has an illegal origin. This study aims to describe this supply chain in Ucayali region. The main contribution is the elaboration (and diagramming) of a sequence of processes, activities, and tasks (supported by the collection of management documents, field interviews and observation, based on the crime-script methodology), and the identification of mechanisms of evasion of environmental, tax and labour controls which explain the illegal origin. The severe gap between the supply chain and the regulatory structure developed by the State shows formal instruments supported by declarative mechanisms that lead to proposing the idea of a State that performs control, carrying out a formal theatricalization of surveillance, while assuming the existence of a widespread illegal logic.

Resumo Entre 37 e 63% da madeira extraída no Peru tem origem ilegal. Este estudo tem como objetivo descrever essa cadeia de suprimentos na região Ucayali. A principal contribuição é a elaboração (e diagramação) de uma sequência de processos, atividades e tarefas (apoiada na coleta de documentos de gestão, entrevistas de campo e observação, com base na metodologia crime-script), e a identificação de mecanismos de evasão de crimes. controles ambientais, fiscais e trabalhistas que explicam a origem ilegal. A grave lacuna entre a cadeia de abastecimento e a estrutura regulatória desenvolvida pelo Estado evidencia instrumentos formais apoiados em mecanismos declarativos que levam a propor a ideia de um Estado que exerce o controle, realizando um processo de teatralização formal da vigilância, ao mesmo tempo que assume a existência duma estendida lógica ilegal.

Resumen Entre 37 y 68% de la madera peruana tendría origen ilegal. El objetivo de este estudio es describir esta cadena de suministro en la región de Ucayali. El principal aporte es la elaboración y diagramación de una secuencia de eslabones, actividades y tareas (sostenida en la recolección de documentos de gestión, entrevistas en terreno y observación, basada en la metodología de los crime-scripts), mediante la cual se identifican mecanismos de evasión de los controles ambientales, tributarios y laborales, que explicarían el origen ilegal. Se identifica una severa brecha entre la cadena de suministro y la estructura normativa desarrollada por el Estado, lo que muestra instrumentos formales sostenidos en mecanismos declarativos que conducen a plantear la idea de un Estado que “performa” el control, realizando una teatralización formal de la vigilancia, mientras asume la existencia de una lógica ilegal extendida.

Resumo Objectivos: Estudar o tipo de queda de cabelo mais frequente em diferentes faixas etárias e a deficiência prevalente de micronutrientes associada à queda de cabelo. Comparar a associação dos níveis séricos de ferritina, vitamina D e vitamina B12 com queda de cabelo entre casos e controles. Métodos: Este foi um estudo transversal que incluiu um total de 100 indivíduos com 50 casos de queda de cabelo e 50 controles pareados por idade e sexo. Os níveis séricos de vitamina D, vitamina B12 e ferritina foram medidos em todos os indivíduos. Resultados: A maioria dos sujeitos tinha entre 20 e 30 anos de idade. Houve predomínio do eflúvio telógeno seguido da alopecia androgenética masculina em todas as faixas etárias. As mulheres apresentaram níveis consideravelmente mais baixos de ferritina sérica em comparação aos homens entre os casos, com valor p de 0,0001. A vitamina D, a vitamina B12 e a ferritina sérica foram significativamente baixas entre os casos em comparação aos controles, com valores de p de 0,0001, 0,01 e 0,006, respectivamente. Conclusão: Este estudo sugere que baixos níveis séricos de vitamina B12 e ferritina sérica e particularmente vitamina D podem desempenhar um papel apreciável na perda de cabelo, especialmente no eflúvio telógeno entre as mulheres. A avaliação destes parâmetros poderia ajudar o médico a optar por uma modalidade terapêutica mais precisa, mas a identificação da etiologia exacta continua a ser uma preocupação primordial, uma vez que é multifactorial, o que abre o caminho para um tratamento adequado e eficaz.

Abstract Objectives: The objective of this study was to study the most frequent type of hair loss in different age groups, and the prevalent micronutrient deficiency linked to hair loss and to compare the association of serum ferritin, vitamin D, and vitamin B12 levels with hair loss among cases and controls. Methods: This was a cross-sectional study which included a total of 100 subjects with 50 hair loss cases and 50 age and sex-matched controls. Serum levels of vitamin D, vitamin B12, and ferritin were measured in all subjects. Results: Most of the subjects were between 20 and 30 years of age. There was a predominance of telogen effluvium followed by male androgenetic alopecia in all age groups. Females had considerably lower levels of serum ferritin compared to males among cases, with p-value of 0.0001. Vitamin D, vitamin B12, and serum ferritin were significantly low among cases compared to controls, with p-values of 0.0001, 0.01, and 0.006, respectively. Conclusion: This study suggests that low levels of serum vitamin B12 and serum ferritin and particularly vitamin D might play an appreciable role in hair loss especially telogen effluvium among females. Evaluation of these parameters could aid the clinician in opting for a more precise therapeutic modality, but identification of the exact etiology remains a primary concern as it is multifactorial, which paves path to appropriate and effective treatment.

Resumo Os programas de padronização da creatinina permanecem válidos. O objetivo é descrever a experiência adquirida durante o desenvolvimento de um programa de padronização de creatinina em uma província com poucos recursos e mostrar os aspectos que devem ser levados em consideração para sua escalabilidade em um contexto semelhante. O programa foi desenvolvido em etapas: Na primeira (2010), foi realizado um levantamento de 49 laboratórios clínicos (LC) distribuídos em toda a provincia do Chaco, na Argentina. Na segunda etapa (2012) o erro aleatório (EA) foi ajustado através da aplicação de protocolos internacionais (CLSI EP-5A). Na terceira etapa (2014-2015), foram processados paineis de soros com concentrações atribuídas por método rastreável à referência e ao padrão internacional (CG-IDMS). Protocolos internacionais foram aplicados para avaliar o erro total (ET) da determinação em cada laboratório (CLSI EP-10A). Em 2016, aplicando ferramentas de qualidade, foram avaliadas as barreiras no processo. Observou-se na EA: para o nível de 1,00 mg/dL nenhuma LC atingiu os níveis desejáveis; para um nível de 2,5 mg/dL, apenas 9 (23%) os atingiram. Concluídas a segunda e terceira etapas, apenas 18 laboratórios (48,7%) conseguiram ajustar o EA e/ou o ET, mas foi difícil sustentá-lo ao longo do tempo. No que diz respeito aos reagentes, calibradores e controles, eles são produzidos pela indústria. dependendo do estado o seu controle. A homogeneidade do equipamento depende da acessibilidade econômica e do volume de trabalho. O meio ambiente, a temperatura e a qualidade da água continuam sendo uma dificuldade para a escalabilidade.

Resumen Los programas de estandarización de creatinina mantienen su vigencia. El objetivo es describir la experiencia adquirida durante el desarrollo de un programa de estandarización de creatinina en una provincia de bajos recursos y mostrar los aspectos que se deben considerar para su escalabilidad en un contexto semejante. El programa se desarrolló en etapas: en la primera (2010) se realizó el relevamiento de 49 laboratorios clínicos (LC) distribuidos en toda la provincia del Chaco, Argentina. En la segunda (2012) se ajustó el error aleatorio (EA) aplicando protocolos internacionales (CLSI EP-5A). En la tercera etapa (2014-2015) se procesaron paneles de sueros con concentraciones asignadas por un método trazable al de referencia y al estándar internacional (CG-IDMS). Se aplicaron protocolos internacionales para evaluar el error total (ET) de la determinación en cada laboratorio (CLSI EP-10A). En 2016, aplicando herramientas de calidad, se evaluaron las barreras en el proceso. Se observó en el EA: para un nivel de 1,00 mg/dL, ningún LC alcanzó los niveles deseables; para un nivel de 2,5 mg/dL solo 9 (23%) los alcanzaron. Concluida la segunda y tercera etapa, solo 18 laboratorios (48,7%) lograron ajustar el EA y/o ET, pero resultó dificultoso sostenerlo en el tiempo. Los reactivos, calibradores y controles son producidos por la industria y depende del estado el control de los mismos. La homogeneidad del equipamiento depende de la accesibilidad económica y del volumen de trabajo. El medio ambiente, la temperatura y la calidad del agua siguen siendo una dificultad para la escalabilidad.

Abstract Creatinine standardisation programmes remain valid. The objective of this work is to describe the experience acquired during the development of a creatinine standardisation programme in a low-resource province and show the aspects that should be considered for its scalability in a similar context. The programme was developed in stages. The first one was carried out in 2010. It consists of a structured survey completed by 49 clinical laboratories (CL) distributed throughout the province. In the second stage (2012) the random error (RE) was adjusted by applying international protocols (CLSI EP-5A). In the third stage (2014-2015), panels of sera were processed with concentrations assigned by a method traceable to the reference and the international standard (CG-IDMS). International protocols were applied to evaluate the total error (TE) of the determination in each laboratory (CLSI EP-10A). In 2016, applying quality tools, the barriers in the process were evaluated. In the RE, it was observed: for a level of 1.00 mg/dL, no CL reached the desirable levels; for a level of 2.5 mg/dL only 9 (23%) CL achieved them. Once the second and third stages were completed, only 18 laboratories (48.7%) managed to adjust the RE and/or TE, but it was difficult to sustain it over time. With respect to materials, reagents, calibrators, and controls, they are produced by the industry depending on the state of their control. The homogeneity of the equipment depends on economic accessibility and volume of work. The environment, temperature, and water quality are a barrier to scalability.

ABSTRACT A 27-year-old primigravida patient without a relevant medical history and appropriate prenatal control received attention for vaginal delivery at 39 weeks of gestation. One -hour later, she experienced holocranial headache with right predominance, treated with anti-inflammatories and muscle relaxants by the indication of a neurologist. Hours after her discharge, on the third day post-partum, she developed bilateral tonic-clonic seizures.. Following a urine test in the emergency room with proteinuria (+) in a dipstick, we tested 24-hour protein count in 1094 mg (normal values 0-140). Magnetic resonance with contrast at admission was normal. She received Phenytoin and Magnesium Sulfate during her hospitalization. The evolution was favorable, and he was discharged at five days with ambulatory controls in the medical office without headache, proteinuria, and/or hypertension.

RESUMEN Paciente primigesta de 27 años, sin antecedentes médicos de importancia y con un apropiado control prenatal, quien recibió atención por parto vaginal a las 39 semanas de gestación con anestesia epidural. Una hora después del parto, presentó cefalea holocraneana a predominio derecho, tratada con antiinflamatorios y relajantes muscular por indicación del servicio de neurología. Horas después de su alta, al tercer día posparto, presentó convulsiones tónico-clónicas bilaterales. Por un examen de orina con proteinuria (+) en tira reactiva y elevaciones discretas de la presión arterial, se solicitó un conteo de proteínas en 24 horas, con valores en 1094,5 mg (valor normal: 0-140). La resonancia magnética con contraste solicitada durante su admisión fue normal, recibiendo tratamiento con fenitoína y sulfato de magnesio durante su hospitalización. Fue dada de alta al quinto día, con controles posteriores por consultorio externo, sin cefalea, proteinuria y/o hipertensión.

Organ donation after a circulatory determination of death is possible in selected patients where consent is given to support donation and the patient has been legally declared dead by two doctors. The National Health Act (61 of 2003) and regulations provide strict controls for the certification of death and the donation of organs and tissues after death. Although the National Health Act expressly recognises that brain death is death, it does not prescribe the medical standards of testing for the determination of brain death (neurological determination of death), circulatory death (circulatory determination of death) or for determination of death based on somatic criteria. However, in all cases of organ donation, including after circulatory death, the National Health Act mandates that two doctors certify the death, with one doctor possessing more than 5 years of experience. Additionally, both doctors must be independent from the transplant team. The standard for such determination, as for brain death, aligns with accepted medical standards. The Critical Care Society of Southern Africa has published South African (SA) Guidelines on Death Determination that outline rigorous standards for death determination in hospital settings by either a neurological or circulatory method. Legislation and the Health Professions Council of SA's (HPCSA) professional guidance direct clinicians on obtaining informed consent for donation either from the patient or in cases of incapacity from their surrogate decision maker. Collectively, the legislation, regulations and professional guidelines in SA provide a robust ethical framework that supports organ donation after circulatory death.

Resumo Introdução: A deficiência de ferro é uma condição comum, especialmente nos doentes com insuficiência renal e cardíaca e doença inflamatória intestinal. O ferro intravenoso é o método de tratamento preferido nestes doentes, mas normalmente requer infusões prolongadas ferro-polimaltose ou múltiplas administrações de preparações alternativas. O objectivo deste estudo foi confirmar a segurança e a aceitação das infusões de ferro polimaltose ultrarápidas como alternativa às infusões mais lentas e à carboximaltose férrica. Métodos: Estudo de segurança aberto, fase 4, num hospital terciário, incluindo doentes com ferropenia com necessidades de ferro-polimaltose até 1500 mg, que receberam a infusão durante 15 minutos. As taxas de eventos adversos (AE) agudos e as suas gravidades foram comparadas com controlos históricos de infusões de ferro-polimaltose de uma e quatro horas de duração, a partir de um estudo retrospectivo de 648 pacientes do mesmo centro. Foram também avaliados os EA diferidos, bem como a aceitabilidade da infusão dos participantes. Resultados: Trezentos participantes receberam infusões ultrarápidas de ferro-polimaltose durante um período de 2 anos, com uma taxa de EA agudos de 18,7%, e uma taxa de EA graves de 1,0%. As taxas globais de AE e de AE ligeiros foram superiores às da infusão lenta (p < 0,001), mas comparável para os AEs moderados e graves. Reações tardias ocorreram em 12,5% dos participantes. Mais de 95% deles manifestaram preferência por repetir as infusões ultrarápidas, se necessidade subsequente de terapêutica. Conclusão: A infusão ultra-rápida de ferro-polimaltose é segura quando comparada com infusões mais lentas, com segurança também semelhante à carboximaltose férrica, oferecendo maior comodidade e menores custos de saúde.

Abstract Introduction: Iron deficiency is a common condition, especially among patients with kidney and heart failure and inflammatory bowel disease. Intravenous iron is the preferred method of treatment in these patients, but it usually requires prolonged iron polymaltose infusions or multiple administrations of alternative preparations. The aim of the study was to confirm the safety and patient acceptance of ultrarapid iron polymaltose infusions as an alternative to slower treatments and ferric carboxymaltose. Method: An open-label, phase 4 safety study was conducted at a tertiary hospital, with consenting participants diagnosed with iron deficiency and requiring iron polymaltose up to 1,500 mg receiving the infusion over 15 min. The acute adverse event (AE) rates and their severities were compared to historical controls of 1- and 4-h iron polymaltose infusions from a retrospective study of 648 patients from the same study site. Delayed AEs as well as participant infusion acceptability were also studied. Results: Three hundred participants over a 2-year period received ultrarapid infusions of iron polymaltose with an acute AE rate of 18.7% and severe AE rate of 1.0%. The total and mild infusion AE rates were higher compared to those of slower infusions (p < 0.001), but comparable for moderate and severe AEs. Delayed reactions occurred in 12.5% of participants, with over 95% of them preferring repeat ultrarapid infusions if required again. Conclusion: Iron polymaltose can be safely infused at ultrarapid rates when compared to slower infusions, with similar safety to ferric carboxymaltose, of-fering greater convenience for patients and reduced health-care costs.

ABSTRACT Integrated management is considered the best strategy to mitigate the damage caused by plant-parasitic nematodes. However, there is still limited information regarding some integrated techniques. Thus, this study aimed to assess the effects of genetic management associated with chemical control of Meloidogyne javanica in soybean (Glycine max (L.) Merr.) The experiment was installed in a greenhouse according to an 8×4 factorial design with eight replicates. The first factor was soybean cultivar (HO Juruena IPRO, resistant; Foco IPRO, HO Maracaí IPRO, and CZ 58B28 IPRO, moderately resistant; HO Mamoré IPRO, moderately susceptible; and Extrema IPRO, CZ 48B32 IPRO, and HO Aporé IPRO, susceptible). The second factor consisted of an untreated control and commercial nematicides based on abamectin, thiodicarb+imidacloprid, and fluopyram. Plants were inoculated with 2000 nematode eggs, and nematode and vegetative variables were evaluated at 65 d after inoculation. There was an interaction effect on nematode variables. Furthermore, there was an additive effect of genetic management and chemical control, mainly in resistant cultivars treated with thiodicarb+imidacloprid or fluopyram with controls of up to 69.90% and 96.86%, respectively. The application of fluopyram and the use of ‘HO Juruena IPRO’, ‘Foco IPRO’, or ‘HO Maracaí IPRO’ also contributed to the control of M. javanica. Vegetative variables were studied by analyzing product effects separately, but results were inconclusive.

ABSTRACT The consumption of potassium (K) fertilizers in Brazilian agriculture exceeds the national production of this input by more than ten times, indicating the need for alternatives to reduce imports of these products. The objective of this study was to evaluate the performance of the remineralizing rocks phonolite and olivine melilitite as sources of K and other nutrients, as well as the effects of inoculation with Bacillus subtilis and Bacillus megaterium on the solubilization of these rocks in the soil. A greenhouse experiment was conducted using a randomized block design, with four replications, in a factorial arrangement consisting of three K sources (potassium chloride, phonolite, and olivine melilitite), three rates (150, 300, and 600 kg ha-1 K2O), with and without inoculant, and two controls without K (one with and one without inoculant). The experimental units consisted of pots containing 3 kg of soil and a strawberry plant grown for eight months. The treatment with olivine melilitite inoculated with rhizobacteria favored phosphate solubilization when applied the highest rate. Olivine melilitite remineralizer, alone or inoculated with rhizobacteria, increased K+ and Ca2+ contents in the soil when applied at the intermediate and highest rates (300 and 600 kg ha-1 K2O), highlighting this remineralizer as an alternative potassium source for plants.

RESUMO O consumo de fertilizante potássico pela agricultura brasileira supera em mais de dez vezes a produção nacional desse insumo, fato que indica a necessidade de alternativas para diminuir a dependência de sua importação. Diante disso, o objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar o desempenho dos remineralizadores fonolito e olivina melilitito, como fonte de potássio e outros nutrientes, bem como o efeito da inoculação dessas rochas com as rizobactérias Bacillus subtilis e Bacillus megaterium, no incremento da solubilização destes materiais. O experimento foi realizado em casa de vegetação, sendo conduzido em delineamento blocos casualizados em arranjo fatorial, sendo três fontes (cloreto de potássio, fonolito e olivina melilitito), três doses (150, 300 e 600 kg ha-1 de K2O) com a presença ou ausência da inoculação, além de dois controles, sem adição de potássio, um com e outro sem inoculação, aplicados em 4 repetições. Foram avaliados os teores de potássio e outros nutrientes no solo. O tratamento com olivina melilitito inoculado com rizobactérias favorece a solubilização de fosfato na maior dose. O remineralizador olivina melilitito, isolado ou inoculado com rizobactérias aumentou os teores de K+ e Ca2+ no solo nas doses intermediária e máxima (300 e 600 kg ha-1 de K2O), destacando esse remineralizador como fonte alternativa de potássio para as plantas.

Abstract Background: Exclusive breastfeeding (BF) has the greatest potential impact on child mortality of any preventive intervention. Skin-to-skin contact (SSC) during the first hour of life is beneficial for initiating BF; however, routine separation of mother and infant is still common. This work aimed to demonstrate that SSC during the first hour of life is associated with a greater frequency and duration of exclusive BF. Methods: This is an observational case–control study. We reviewed the medical records of patients born between 2016 and 2022 classified as cases or controls based on the history of SSC in the first hour of life. Statistical analysis was performed using SPSS version 28. Results: We included 362 medical records, of which 200 (55.2%) had SSC and were considered cases; the 162 (44.8%) who did not have SSC were considered controls. Those who received SSC were more likely to receive exclusive BF at 3 (163 [81.5%] vs. 94 [58%], p < 0.001) and 6 months of age (147 [73.5%] vs. 83 [51.2%], p < 0.001). Conclusions: Patients who received SSC in the first hour of life were more likely to receive exclusive BF at 3 and 6 months of age. Promoting and respecting this practice is essential to increase the possibility of a newborn to be exclusively breastfed for the first 6 months of life.

Resumen Introducción: La lactancia materna exclusiva (LME) es la intervención preventiva con mayor impacto en mortalidad infantil. El contacto piel con piel (CPP) durante la primera hora de vida es un periodo crítico para establecer la lactancia; sin embargo, la separación rutinaria del recién nacido de su madre es frecuente. El objetivo de este trabajo fue demostrar que el CPP durante la primera hora se asocia con mayor frecuencia y duración de LME. Métodos: Se llevó a cabo un estudio observacional de casos y controles. Se revisaron expedientes de pacientes de nuestra consulta pediátrica que nacieron entre 2016 y 2022. Se clasificaron como casos y controles de acuerdo con el antecedente de haber recibido CPP durante la primera hora de vida. Se realizó el análisis estadístico en SPSS version 28. Resultados: Se incluyeron 362 expedientes, de los cuales 200 (55.2%) recibieron CPP en la primera hora de vida y fueron considerados casos; los 162 (44.8%) que no lo hicieron fueron considerados controles. Aquellos que recibieron CPP tuvieron con mayor frecuencia LME a los 3 (163 [81.5%] vs. 94 [58%], p < 0.001) y 6 meses de edad (147 [73.5%] vs. 83 [51.2%], p < 0.001). Conclusiones: La frecuencia con la cual los pacientes lograron tener lactancia materna exclusiva a los 3 y 6 meses es mayor en aquellos en los que se respeta el CPP en la primera hora de vida. Promover y respetar esta práctica es fundamental para incrementar las probabilidades de que los lactantes reciban LME durante sus primeros 6 meses de vida.

RESUMEN El liposarcoma es un tumor de origen mesenquimal que se presenta comúnmente en el retroperitoneo; es de crecimiento lento y su capacidad de producir metástasis depende de su tipo histológico. Este trabajo tiene como propósito presentar un caso de liposarcomas paratesticulares simultáneos con diferentes tipos histológicos, en un paciente masculino, de 80 años con antecedentes de salud y nivel socioeconómico bajo que venía presentando desde hacía dos años aumento de volumen en la región inguinal izquierda y testículo ipsilateral, al inicio fue indoloro; luego, a medida que aumentó de tamaño se tornó doloroso, abarcando la región inguinoescrotal derecha en su totalidad. El examen físico, incluido el signo de la transiluminación fue negativo. El estudio analítico mostró solamente velocidad de sedimentación globular en 95 mm/h y la LDH en 650 U/l; la ecografía testicular mostró una masa heterogénea, solida e hiperecoica, de aspecto graso inguinoescrotal y de más de 30 cm, sin llegarse a observar el testículo. Se realizó exéresis tumoral encontrándose tres tumores liposarcomatosos, dos de ellos con características histopatológicas similares y el otro con patrón histológico diferente. Luego del tratamiento quirúrgico el paciente se recuperó satisfactoriamente y no ha presentado recidiva según los controles periódicos realizados. Se consideró la publicación del caso pues los liposarcomas pueden llegar a confundirse a la exploración clínica con la presencia de una hernia inguinal de contenido graso con sintomatología similar a estas; por lo que debe hacerse una exploración clínica exhaustiva para realizar un correcto diagnóstico. El estudio histopatológico confirmó el diagnóstico de la enfermedad que, además, reveló la presencia de tres tumores liposarcomatosos y dos variantes histopatológicas del mismo, de lo cual no se encontraron reportes en la literatura revisada.

ABSTRACT Liposarcoma is a mesenchymal origin tumor that commonly occurs in the retroperitoneum; It is slow growing and its ability to produce metastasis depends on its histological type. The purpose of this work is to present a case of simultaneous paratesticular liposarcomas with different histological types, in an 80-years-old male patient with a health history and low socioeconomic level; For two years he had been experiencing an increase in volume in the left inguinal region and ipsilateral testicle, which at first was painless; Then, as it increased in size, it became painful, covering the entire right inguinoscrotal region. Physical examination, including transillumination sign, was negative. The analytical study only showed erythrocyte sedimentation rate at 95 mm/h and LDH at 650 U/l; The testicular ultrasound showed heterogeneous, solid and hyperechoic mass, with a fatty inguinoscrotal appearance and measuring more tan 30 cm, without the testicle being observed. Tumor excision was performed and three liposarcomatous tumors were found, two of them with similar histopathological characteristics and the other with a different histological pattern. After the surgical treatment, the patient recovered satisfactorily and has not had a recurrence according to the periodic controls carried out. The publication of the case was considered because liposarcomas can be confused on clinical examination with the presence of an inguinal hernia with fatty content with symptoms similar to these; Therefore, a thorough clinical examination must be performed to make a correct diagnosis. The histopathological study confirmed the diagnosis of the disease; which, in addition, revealed the presence of three liposarcomatous tumors and two histopathological variants of the same, from which no reports were found in the reviewed literature.

BACKGROUND: There are variations in the numbers of pancreatic cancer deaths reported annually in South Africa (SA). Since pancreatic cancer deaths occurred in SA from 1997 to 2016, the number of cases has hugely increased, and reached 23 581 in both sexes. Sex differences are likely to contribute to the variations in the strength of associations between the risk factors and pancreatic cancer mortality OBJECTIVE: To identify factors associated with an increased risk of pancreatic cancer mortality in SA METHODS: A matched case-control study with 1:1 matching was conducted using data collected by Statistics SA from 1997 to 2016. Controls were randomly selected to be as similar as possible to the cases, and matched by age, sex and year of death. Conditional logistic regression was used to identify factors associated with pancreatic cancer mortality RESULTS: This case-control study comprised a final selection of 23 581 cases (12 171 males and 11 410 females) and 23 581 controls (12 171 males and 11 410 females). A significantly increased risk of pancreatic cancer mortality was observed among males who were managers (odds ratio (OR) 2.99; 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.36 - 6.60; p=0.006) and craft and related trade workers (OR 1.89; 95% CI 1.14 - 3.14; p=0.013). Elevated risks of pancreatic cancer mortality were also found among females who were managers (OR 6.13; 95% CI 1.32 - 28.52; p=0.021), professionals (OR 2.12; 95% CI 1.24 - 3.63; p=0.006), clerical support workers (OR 3.78; 95% CI 1.79 -7.98; p=0.001) and elementary occupation workers (OR 1.41; 95% CI 0.99 - 2.00; p=0.059). Smoking was significantly associated with pancreatic cancer mortality in females (OR 1.36; 95% CI 1.02 - 1.82; p=0.039). Working in several occupations was associated with an increased risk of pancreatic cancer mortality in males (OR 1.31; 95% CI 1.01 - 1.71; p=0.045) and females (OR 1.66; 95% CI 1.30 - 2.12; p<0.001 CONCLUSION: Smoking and certain occupations increased the risk of pancreatic cancer mortality. Further research is needed to evaluate the associations between other extrinsic and intrinsic factors and pancreatic cancer mortality

Resumo Durante o presente estudo, o estresse oxidativo mediado pelo cobre (Cu) foi medido que induziu danos ao DNA por concentração nos tecidos de peixes, Catla catla (14,45 ± 1,24g; 84,68 ± 1,45mm) (Hamilton, 1822). Os alevinos foram retidos em 5 grupos por 14, 28, 42, 56, 70 e 84 dias do período de exposição. Eles foram tratados com 2/3, 1/3, 1/4 e 1/5 (T1-T4) de 96h de concentração letal de cobre. Os controles foram executados junto com todos os tratamentos para as mesmas durações. Uma significativa (p <0,05) concentração dependente do tempo e da dose de Cu foi observada nas brânquias, fígado, rim, músculos e cérebro de C. catla. Entre os órgãos, o fígado apresentou uma concentração significativamente maior de cobre, seguido por guelras, rins, cérebro e músculos. O acúmulo de cobre nesses órgãos causou uma variação significativa nas atividades das enzimas viz. superóxido dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT) e peroxidase (POD). A atividade de SOD variou significativamente em resposta ao tempo de exposição de Cu como 56> 70> 42> 84> 28> 14 dias, enquanto a atividade de CAT exibiu uma relação inversa com o aumento na concentração de Cu. A atividade POD mostrou um aumento significativo com um aumento na duração da exposição ao Cu. O ensaio do cometa exibiu dano significativo ao DNA induzido por Cu nos eritrócitos periféricos de C. catla. Entre as quatro concentrações de exposição, 2/3 do LC50 (T1) causou danos significativamente maiores aos núcleos em comparação com o controle. O aumento da atividade de POD e SOD, bem como uma diminuição na atividade de CAT em resposta ao Cu, demonstra o envolvimento de um mecanismo protetor contra espécies reativas de oxigênio (ROS), enquanto o aumento de ROS resultou em maior dano ao DNA. Esses marcadores moleculares mencionados acima podem ser usados de forma eficiente para o biomonitoramento de ambientes aquáticos e conservação da ictiofauna comestível.

Abstract During present study, the copper (Cu) mediated oxidative stress was measured that induced DNA damage by concentrating in the tissues of fish, Catla catla (14.45±1.24g; 84.68±1.45mm) (Hamilton,1822). Fish fingerlings were retained in 5 groups for 14, 28, 42, 56, 70 and 84 days of the exposure period. They were treated with 2/3, 1/3, 1/4 and 1/5 (T1-T4) of 96h lethal concentration of copper. Controls were run along with all the treatments for the same durations. A significant (p < 0.05) dose and time dependent concentration of Cu was observed in the gills, liver, kidney, muscles, and brain of C. catla. Among organs, the liver showed a significantly higher concentration of Cu followed by gills, kidney, brain, and muscles. Copper accumulation in these organs caused a significant variation in the activities of enzymes viz. superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT) and peroxidase (POD). The SOD activity varied significantly in response to the exposure time of Cu as 56 > 70 > 42 > 84 > 28 > 14 days while CAT activity exhibited an inverse relationship with the increase in Cu concentration. POD activity showed a significant rise with an increase in Cu exposure duration. Comet assay exhibited significant DNA damage in the peripheral erythrocytes of Cu exposed C. catla. Among four exposure concentrations, 2/3rd of LC50 (T1) caused significantly higher damage to the nuclei compared to control. Increased POD and SOD activity, as well as a decrease in CAT activity in response to Cu, demonstrates the involvement of a protective mechanism against reactive oxygen species (ROS), whereas increased ROS resulted in higher DNA damage. These above-mentioned molecular markers can be efficiently used for the biomonitoring of aquatic environments and conservation of edible fish fauna.