Abstract Purpose: To analyze diabetes mellitus (DM) in a multifactorial manner with the consumption of sugar-sweetened beverages (SSB) and variables like nutritional status, sex, genetic predisposition, age and ethnicity; in order to determine the relationship between BGA and DM in the Mazahua Otomí (MO) community. Methodological design: This quantitative survey on social and nutritional variables was designed, validated and applied. A logistic model was developed to find the relationship of DM in relation to the variables: SSB consumption, sex, genetic predisposition, age, body mass index and ethnicity. Results: The Mazahua otomi community has a monthly family income below the extreme poverty line; they do not have disease control: 68% are obese or overweight and SSB consumption is medium to high in 90% of the population. In a multifactorial manner and according to the model, there is a probability of manifesting DM depending on the variables mentioned above; while, with the exception of nutritional status and age, the others are the most significant. In taste and preferences, 52% opt for the Coca-Cola SSB brand. Research limitations: The results found should be complemented in other case studies in communities with similar characteristics and a broader probabilistic population sample. Finding: In the MO community there is a relationship between BGA consumption and DM and there is no control of the disease. This work contributes to the design of public policies to prevent health damage because of excessive consumption of SSB and its relationship with DM; likewise, those policies that rescue and promote good nutritional practices of the communities of indigenous peoples.

Resumen Objetivo: Analizar en forma multifactorial la diabetes mellitus (DM) con el consumo de las bebidas gaseosas azucaradas (BGA) y de las variables estado nutricional, sexo, predisposición genética, edad y etnia, para determinar la relación de las BGA y la DM en la comunidad Mazahua Otomí (MO). Diseño Metodológico: El estudio fue cuantitativo. Se diseñó, validó y aplicó una encuesta estructurada sobre variables sociales y nutricionales. Se elaboró un modelo logístico para encontrar la relación de DM con las variables: consumo de BGA, sexo, predisposición genética, edad, índice de masa corporal y etnia. Resultados: En la comunidad MO que se investigó un padre de familia promedio tiene un ingreso mensual por debajo de la línea de pobreza extrema y no existe control de la enfermedad de estudio: 68% tiene obesidad o sobrepeso y el consumo de BGA es entre medio y alto en 90% de la población. En forma multifactorial, hay probabilidad de manifestar la DM en función de las variables antes señaladas; mientras que, a excepción de estado nutricional y la edad, las demás son las más significativas. En gustos y preferencias, 52% opta por la marca de BGA Coca-Cola. Limitaciones de la investigación: Los resultados encontrados deberán complementarse con estudios de caso en comunidades con características similares y una muestra poblacional probabilística más amplia. Hallazgos: En la comunidad MO existe una relación entre el consumo de BGA y la DM y no hay control de la enfermedad. Este trabajo aporta al diseño de políticas públicas de prevención del daño a la salud por el consumo excesivo de BGA y su relación con la DM. De igual manera aquellas políticas públicas que rescaten y fomenten las buenas prácticas nutritivas entre las comunidades de los pueblos originarios.

RESUMO Introdução As sociedades atuais e a sua constante evolução e globalização, têm demonstrado um impacto significativo na forma como se estruturam os postos de trabalho ao longo dos anos, nos quais, mais recentemente e com maior tradução mediática, se destaca a possibilidade de praticar teletrabalho, potenciada pela inovação tecnológica. Objetivos Conhecer a literatura mais recentemente publicada acerca do teletrabalho; bem como a sua relação com fatores de risco de origem psicossocial e inferir sobre a necessidade de implementação e aperfeiçoamento de políticas voltadas para promoção da saúde mental em contexto ocupacional, com enfoque na prevenção dos riscos psicossociais. Metodologia Revisão da literatura integrativa com os termos “teleworking”, “remote work”, “telework”, “telecommuting”, “psychosocial risks”, “mental health” e “occupational health”, em português e em inglês. Foram utilizadas como principais bases de dados a Pubmed, UpToDate, Clinical Key, Medscape, World Health Organization, International Labour Organization, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, bem como a Revista Portuguesa de Saúde Ocupacional e a Direção Geral de Saúde. Selecionaram-se os 24 documentos com maior relevância na temática em estudo, publicados entre 2010 e 2023. Discussão As fontes de riscos psicossociais do teletrabalho encontram-se em constante mudança e acompanham as alterações demográficas e da organização. A prática de teletrabalho parece ser uma oferta cada vez mais comum, a sua adoção em larga escala e inesperada devido à COVID-19 e coligada ao enorme avanço dos processos de digitalização, aumentaram as situações de stress tecnológico entre os trabalhadores, com possíveis consequências adversas para a saúde mental. Esta massificação do Teletrabalho, embora com o intuito de proteger os trabalhadores relativamente a um risco biológico aumentou, em diversas situações, o isolamento social, os conflitos trabalho-família e a falta de suporte social, com consequências negativas na saúde mental da população ativa. Conclusão Com o aumento deste tipo de trabalho emerge a necessidade de avaliar os fatores de risco psicossociais que surgem em conformidade, para que estes sejam reconhecidos pelos peritos em saúde ocupacional e intervencionados, assegurando assim que o teletrabalho se torna mais saudável.

ABSTRACT Introduction Our society’s characteristics, with their constant evolution and globalization, have shown a significant impact on the way jobs have been structured over the years, with one of the most highlighted aspects being the possibility of practicing telecommuting. The prevalence of telecommuting and other forms of remote work enabled by technological innovations has increased in recent years. Objectives Exploring the most recently published literature on telecommuting; examining its relationship with psychosocial risk factors and making inferences about the need for the implementation and improvement of policies aimed at promoting mental health in occupational settings, with a focus on preventing psychosocial risks. Methodology Integrative literature review using the terms "teleworking," "remote work," "telework," "telecommuting," "psychosocial risks," "mental health," and "occupational health" in both Portuguese and English. The primary databases used for the research included Pubmed, UpToDate, Clinical Key, Medscape, World Health Organization, International Labour Organization, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, “Revista Portuguesa de Saúde Ocupacional” and “Direção Geral de Saúde”. A total of 24 documents with the highest relevance to the study’s theme were selected, published between 2010 and 2023. Discussion Psychosocial risks in telecommuting are undergoing constant changes and align with demographic, nature, content and organization. These changes may increase exposure to already recognized psychosocial risks or give rise to new emergent ones. The widespread and unexpected adoption of telecommuting due to COVID-19 with the simultaneous advancement of digitization processes have made telecommuting a more common practice. However, this mass adoption has increased instances of technological stress among workers, potentially leading to adverse consequences for mental health. While the widespread implementation of telecommuting aimed to protect workers from biological risks, it has, in various situations, increased social isolation, work-family conflicts, and a lack of social support, with negative consequences for the mental health of the working population. Conclusion The increasing of telecommuting in our society is leading to assess the psychosocial risk factors that arise with it, so that they are recognized by occupational health experts and intervened upon, thus ensuring that telecommuting becomes healthier.

Resumen Introducción: En este artículo se parte de la perspectiva que afirma que el cuidado es más que una tarea y alude a modos de vinculación de cada persona consigo misma, con las demás y con los ecosistemas. De este modo, se abona el supuesto de que todas las personas tienen saberes sobre el cuidado y pueden cuidar. Objetivo principal: Analizar las percepciones en torno al cuidado que presentan las personas con discapacidad intelectual adultas que asisten a un centro de día de la región centro de Argentina, a partir de sus propias vivencias y significaciones. Método: El estudio se enmarca en el paradigma cualitativo, desde el enfoque de la grounded theory. En este artículo se presentan los resultados de 10 entrevistas en profundidad y 2 círculos de conversación reflexiva (focus group) desarrollados entre los meses de febrero y mayo del año 2022, con 10 personas adultas de diferentes géneros y edades que asisten a un centro de día dedicado a su inclusión social y laboral. Resultados y conclusión: Se evidencian múltiples percepciones en torno al cuidado: como ayuda ante tareas de la vida cotidiana, prácticas ligadas al control, vínculos fundamentados en la reciprocidad. Las personas entrevistadas se reconocen agenciando diferentes prácticas de cuidado. El artículo concluye que las percepciones de las personas que formaron parte de este estudio, son discordantes respecto a la literatura predominante en torno al tema, la cual solo considera el rol de las personas con discapacidad como receptoras de cuidado. Asimismo, presentan percepciones que asimilan, así como también diferencian, las prácticas de control respecto del cuidado. Estas consideraciones convocan a abordajes complejos del tema, que permitan identificar la agencia y la recepción del cuidado en los vínculos más allá de los roles existentes.

Abstract Introduction: This article starts from the perspective that affirms that care is more than a task and alludes to ways of linking each person with himself, with others and with ecosystems. In this way, the assumption that all people have knowledge about care and can care is supported. Main goal: To analyze the perceptions about the care presented by adults with intellectual disabilities who attend a day center in the central region of Argentina, based on their own experiences and meanings. Method and technique: The study is framed in the qualitative paradigm, from the Grounded Theory approach. This article presents the results of 10 in-depth interviews and 2 reflective conversation circles (focus groups) developed between the months of February and May 2022, with 10 adults of different genders and ages who attend a day center, dedicated to their social and labor inclusion. Results and conclusion: Multiple perceptions about care are evident: as help with tasks of daily life, practices linked to control, relations based on reciprocity. People with intellectual disabilities are recognized by executing different care practices. The article concludes that the perceptions of the people who were part of this study are discordant with respect to the mostly current literature on the subject, which only considers their role as recipients of care. Likewise, they present perceptions that assimilate, as well as differentiate, control practices regarding care. These considerations call us to complex approaches to the subject, which allow us to identify the agency and the reception of care in the links beyond the existing roles.

Abstract This article explores the legal consequences of the application of the ‘failed state’ concept, from the perspective of international law and Ecuadorian jurisprudence. It seeks to determine whether the social protests, the increase in criminal violence, citizen insecurity and the violation of human rights that occurred in Ecuador between 2019 and 2022 are a symptom of this fracture, that is, of a failed state. The resolutions of the United Nations system, the regional system for the protection of human rights and rulings of the Constitutional Court (CC) are referred to. The CC documents would expose whether the CC adopted exceptional security measures in a disproportionate manner or whether it promoted a solid institutionality for the protection of human rights. The authors suggest that different elements point to a crisis on several fronts, yet it does not amount to a failed state. Finally, they recommend the responsible and critical use of this concept, as greater analytical capacity in future research depends on it.

Resumen Este artículo explora las consecuencias jurídicas de la aplicación del concepto de Estado fallido, desde el derecho internacional y la jurisprudencia ecuatoriana. Se busca conocer si las protestas sociales, el aumento de la violencia criminal, la inseguridad ciudadana y la vulneración de los derechos humanos ocurridos en Ecuador entre 2019 y 2022 son un síntoma de esta fractura, es decir, de un Estado fallido. Se acude a las resoluciones del sistema de Naciones Unidas, del sistema regional de protección de los derechos humanos y sentencias de la Corte Constitucional (CC). Los documentos de la CC expondrían si dicho órgano de control adoptó medidas excepcionales de seguridad de manera desproporcionada o si promovió una institucionalidad sólida al amparo de los derechos humanos. Los autores sugieren que distintos elementos apuntan a una crisis en varios frentes, no obstante, no existe un Estado fallido en Ecuador. Por último, recomiendan el uso responsable y crítico de este concepto, ya que de ello depende una mayor capacidad de análisis en futuras investigaciones.

Resumen Introducción: Actualmente, en la literatura especializada existe un extendido consenso sobre la necesidad de democratizar el conocimiento en la toma de decisiones tecno-cognitivas. En particular, se cuestiona que los mecanismos de participación se transforman en ejercicios utilizados para legitimar decisiones preexistentes. Esto da cuenta de la necesidad de construir nuevas herramientas para analizar las dinámicas participativas en proyectos y tecnologías para desarrollo local. Objetivo: El objetivo de este trabajo es proponer un marco analítico para mapear dinámicas participativas en proyectos de desarrollo local impulsados desde instituciones públicas de investigación a partir del diseño y aplicación de una tipología específica. Metodología: La investigación, de tipo cualitativo, está basada en dos estudios de caso que involucraron entrevistas en profundidad a informantes clave, revisión documental y trabajo de campo en clave investigación-acción participativa. Para el análisis, se recurrió a un abordaje teórico-metodológico basado en la sociología de la tecnología que propone indagar el modo en el que sociedad y tecnología se co-construyen mutuamente. Resultados: El análisis de dos estudios de caso permitió identificar dos trayectorias de participación social diferentes. En el primero, se buscó realizar una experiencia de participación amplia, pero derivó una forma de control experto. En el segundo, el inició con control experto, pero participación se amplió e intensificó a lo largo del proceso. Conclusiones: El trabajo concluye con algunas reflexiones sobre cómo operan las dinámicas participativas en la promoción de procesos de aprendizaje interactivo y construcción de capacidades en proyectos científico-tecnológicos para desarrollo local. Introducción Actualmente tecnocognitivas. tecnocognitivas tecno cognitivas. cognitivas tecno-cognitivas particular preexistentes Objetivo específica Metodología cualitativo investigaciónacción acción participativa teóricometodológico teórico metodológico coconstruyen co construyen mutuamente Resultados diferentes primero amplia experto segundo proceso Conclusiones científicotecnológicos científico tecnológicos

Abstract Introduction: Currently, the specialized literature agreed on the need to democratize knowledge in techno-cognitive decision-making. In particular, some participation mechanisms are questionated because are considered mere exercises used to legitimize pre-existing decisions. This accounts for the need to outline new tools to analyze the participatory dynamics in the generation of projects and technologies for local development. Objective: This paper aims to propose an analytical framework to map participatory dynamics, applied to the analysis of local development projects promoted by research institutions through the design and apply of a specific typology. Methodology: This qualitative research is based on two case studies, which involved in-depth interviews with relevant actors, documentary analysis and fieldwork in key participatory action research. To carry out the analysis, we use a theoretical-methodological approach based on the sociology of constructivist technology, which proposes to inquire the way in which society and technology are co-constructed. Results: The analysis of two case studies alowed to identify two different trajectories of social participation. The first case initiate with aa broad participation experience, but derived a form of expert control. The second case began with expert control, but participation broadened and intensified throughout the process. Conclusions: Finally, the paper propose some reflections on how participatory dynamics work in the promotion of interactive learning processes and capacity building in techno-scientific projects for local development. Introduction Currently technocognitive techno cognitive decisionmaking. decisionmaking decision making. making decision-making particular preexisting pre existing decisions Objective typology Methodology indepth depth actors theoreticalmethodological theoretical methodological coconstructed. coconstructed co constructed. constructed co-constructed Results experience control process Conclusions Finally technoscientific scientific

Resumen Los cuidadores informales son aquellas personas que ofrecen asistencia continua, no remunerada en actividades de la vida diaria a una persona con una enfermedad o discapacidad crónica. El objetivo de la investigación se direccionó en analizar el estado emocional y físico de los cuidadores informales de personas con parálisis cerebral que acuden a la Fundación de Ayuda Mutua San Jorge de Portoviejo, identificando la percepción de la carga, eficacia del rol, relaciones sociales e interpersonales. El estudio es descriptivo, no experimental, de campo. La población estuvo comformada por dieciséis cuidadores informales, seleccionados por criterios de inclusión establecidos por las investigadoras. Para el levantamiento de la información se utilizó la Escala de Zarit, versión en español de 22 ítems, adaptada para Argentina, la cual es válida y confiable. En cuanto al estado emocional, los cuidadores informales siempre aportan de sí mismos para brindarle la atención al paciente; percibiendo según la carga, que algunas veces sienten haber perdido el control de su vida desde que su familiar se enfermó; la eficacia del rol y las relaciones sociales algunas veces se manifiestan; mientras que, las relaciones interpersonales nunca se logran, al no tener tiempo suficiente para sí mismos. Se concluye un elevado índice de cuidadores se encuentran afectados a nivel emocional y físico como consecuencia de la sobrecarga intensa que involucra el cuidado de familiares con parálisis cerebral.

Abstract Informal caregivers are those people who offer continuous, unpaid assistance in activities of daily living to a person with a chronic illness or disability. The objective of the research was focused on analyzing the emotional and physical state of the informal caregivers of people with cerebral palsy who attend the Fundación de Ayuda Mutua San Jorge de Portoviejo, identifying the perception of the burden, effectiveness of the role, social relationships and interpersonal. The study is descriptive, not experimental, field. The population consisted of sixteen informal caregivers, selected by inclusion criteria established by the researchers. To collect the information, the Zarit Scale was used, a Spanish version of 22 items, adapted for Argentina, which is valid and reliable. Regarding the emotional state, informal caregivers always contribute of themselves to provide patient care; perceiving according to the burden, that sometimes they feel they have lost control of their life since their family member got sick; role efficacy and social relationships are sometimes manifested; while, interpersonal relationships are never achieved, by not having enough time for themselves. It is concluded that a high rate of caregivers are emotionally and physically affected as a consequence of the intense overload involved in caring for relatives with cerebral palsy.

Abstract The objective of this essay is to analyze educational reform in Mexico through the shared interests of the economic elites and the political class. Authoritarian neoliberalism is examined using a qualitative methodology of exploratory and descriptive nature. The concept of authoritarian neoliberalism posits that we are living a stage of capitalism in which states have augmented their authoritarian features in decision making, without the consensus of the population, to reinforce processes of capital accumulation. This has allowed them to generate legal scaffolding and reinforce the repressive apparatus to immunize themselves against social protest, renouncing negotiation and co-optation. All this has been done in alliance with the economic and financial elites. The results show that the educational reform was imposed by the economic elites in an agreement with the political power, without any negotiation with the teachers. With the help of the mass media, teachers were blamed for the failures of the educational system, creating a climate of lynching, especially against those who went out to demonstrate in public. We conclude that the educational reform and its imposition -far from aiming at educational quality- sought to control the teaching profession and consolidate the precarious labor conditions that are characteristic of the neoliberal model.

Resumen El objetivo del presente artículo es analizar la reforma educativa en México focalizando la sinergia de intereses entre las élites económicas y la clase política. Sobre la base de una metodología cualitativa, de índole exploratoria y descriptiva, se examina el neoliberalismo autoritario; este concepto establece que atravesamos una etapa del capitalismo en la cual los Estados han aumentado sus rasgos autoritarios en la toma de decisiones sin tener en cuenta el consenso de la población, con el fin de apuntalar los procesos de acumulación de capital. Lo anterior les ha permitido generar andamiajes jurídicos y reforzar los aparatos represivos con el fin de crear inmunidad ante la protesta social, renunciando a la negociación y a la cooptación; todo ello en alianza con las élites económicas y financieras. Los resultados demuestran que la reforma educativa fue impuesta por las élites económicas en acuerdo con el poder político, sin mediar una postura de negociación con el profesorado. Apoyados por los medios de comunicación masivos, se culpó al personal docente del fracaso del sistema educativo, creando un clima de linchamiento, sobre todo contra quienes salieron a manifestarse en el espacio público. Se concluye que la reforma educativa y su imposición, lejos de pretender una mejora en la calidad, buscaba controlar al magisterio y consolidar la precarización laboral, una medida distintiva del modelo neoliberal.

RESUMEN Introducción: La glomerulonefritis pos infecciosa (GNPI) en la infancia es un factor de riesgo para el desarrollo de enfermedad renal crónica a largo plazo. La adherencia al control médico permite realizar la nefroprevención secundaria. Objetivo: evaluar la relación entre los factores de riesgo relacionados a la falta de adherencia al control médico de pacientes con GNPI en una cohorte pediátrica. Metodología: estudio descriptivo de asociación cruzada de cohorte retrospectiva de pacientes internados entre enero de 2000 a diciembre de 2018 en un hospital de referencia. Se analizó la relación entre: hacinamiento, colecho, escolaridad materna y paterna, número de hermanos, de convivientes y procedencia, con la falta de adherencia al control médico. Se utilizaron la prueba de chi cuadrado y regresión logística a un nivel de significancia de 0,05. Resultados: Se incluyeron 148 pacientes (103 niños y 45 niñas) entre 2 a 16 años (edad promedio: 8,5± 3,4 años). La falta de adherencia fue encontrada en 73 pacientes (49,3%) que se asoció a procedencia rural (p= 0,012, RR: 1,50, IC95%: 1,10-2,06), baja escolaridad materna (p= 0,046, IC95%: 1,54:1,14-2,08), baja escolaridad paterna (p= 0,02; RR: 1,483, IC95%: 1,09-2,01), >3 convivientes (p=0,007, RR: 1,630, IC95%: 1,21-2,19), colecho (p=0,026; RR: 1,52, IC95%: 1,02-2,27) y hacinamiento (p<0,0001; RR: 1,92, IC95%: 1,39-2,65). Por regresión logística, el hacinamiento (p=0,005; OR= 4,8) y procedencia rural (p=0,022; OR: 2,4) se mantuvieron asociados a la falta de adherencia. Discusión: El hacinamiento y la procedencia rural se asociaron en forma independiente con la pérdida de seguimiento. Se recomienda mayor intervención de la atención primaria de salud.

ABSTRACT Introduction: Post-infectious glomerulonephritis (PIGN) in childhood is a risk factor for the development of long-term chronic kidney disease. Adherence to medical control allows secondary nephroprevention to be carried out. Objective: to evaluate the relationship between risk factors related to non-adherence to medical control of patients with IPGN in a pediatric cohort. Methods: descriptive study, with an analytical component of a retrospective cohort of patients hospitalized between January 2000 and December 2018 in a reference hospital. The relationship between: overcrowding, co-sleeping, maternal and paternal education, number of siblings, cohabitants and origin, with lack of adherence to medical control was analyzed. The chi-square test and logistic regression were used at a significance level of 0.05. Results: a total of 148 patients (103 boys y 45 girls) between 2 and 16 years old (mean age: 8.5± 3.4 years) were included. The lack of adherence was found in 73 patients (49.3%) that was associated with rural origin (p= 0.012, RR: 1.50, 95% CI: 1.10-2.06), low maternal education (p= 0.046, 95%CI: 1.54:1.14-2.08), low paternal education (p= 0.02; RR: 1.483, 95%CI: 1.09-2.01), >3 cohabitants (p=0.007, RR: 1.630, 95% CI: 1.21-2.19), co-sleeping (p=0.026; RR: 1.52, 95% CI: 1.02-2.27) and overcrowding (p<0.0001; RR: 1.92, 95% CI: 1.39-2.65). By logistic regression, overcrowding (p=0.005; OR= 4.8) and rural origin (p=0.022; OR: 2.4) remained associated with lack of adherence. Discussion: Overcrowding and rural origin were independently associated with loss to follow-up. Greater intervention by primary health care is recommended.

RESUMEN Introducción: Las barreras de acceso a los servicios de salud primario conforman estructuras sociales que agravan la situación de salud de los adolescentes, impactando negativamente en el ejercicio pleno de la salud sexual reproductiva, situando a los adolescentes en una población de riesgo social. Objetivo: Determinar las barreras en el acceso a los servicios primarios de Salud Sexual y Reproductiva de atención diferenciada a los adolescentes del Centro de Salud I - 4 Pampa Grande Tumbes 2018. Metodología: Estudio analítico de caso control, se entrevistaron a 288 adolescentes del tercero, cuarto y quinto de secundaria de la institución educativa pública Túpac Amaru del centro poblado Pampa Grande de Tumbes en el año 2019, entre experimento y control con una razón de 1 a 1. Se aplicaron cuestionarios anónimos para evaluar las barreras de accesibilidad a los servicios primarios de salud. Se recogieron variables: características sociodemográficas y culturales que son consideradas, como barreras de acceso a los servicios de salud. Se realizó un análisis descriptivo e inferencial con el programa SPSS® v.23. Resultados: La edad, sexo e ingreso económico están directa y significativamente relacionadas con la accesibilidad a los servicios de salud sexual y reproductiva (p<0.01 IC 95 %); La disposición de recursos económicos para asumir los costos de traslado al centro de salud (OR = 4,23); la utilización del transporte público (OR = 1,58), el conocimiento de los servicios de salud sexual y reproductiva (OR = 1,15) incrementan la probabilidad de acceder a los servicios de salud sexual y reproductiva de los adolescentes. Discusión: Las barreras socioeconómicas a los servicios de salud sexual y reproductiva de los adolescentes son modificables y dependen de la gestión en salud pública.

ABSTRACT Introduction: The barriers to access to primary health services make up social structures that aggravate the health situation of adolescents, negatively impacting the full exercise of reproductive sexual health, placing adolescents in a population at social risk. Objective: To determine the barriers in the access to the primary services of Sexual and Reproductive Health of differentiated attention to the adolescents of the Health Center I - 4 Pampa Grande Tumbes 2018. Methods: Analytical case control study, 288 adolescents from the third, fourth and fifth grade of secondary school of the public educational institution Túpac Amaru in the Pampa Grande de Tumbes town center were interviewed in 2019, between experiment and control with a ratio of 1 to 1. Anonymous questionnaires were applied to assess accessibility barriers to primary health services. Variables were collected: sociodemographic and cultural characteristics that are considered as barriers to access to health services. A descriptive and inferential analysis was carried out with the SPSS® v.23 program. Results: Age, sex and economic income are directly and significantly related to accessibility to sexual and reproductive health services (p<0.01 95% CI); The availability of economic resources to assume the costs of transportation to the health center (OR = 4.23); the use of public transport (OR = 1.58), knowledge of sexual and reproductive health services (OR = 1.15) increase the probability of accessing sexual and reproductive health services for adolescents. Discussion: Socioeconomic barriers to sexual and reproductive health services for adolescents are modifiable and depend on public health management.

INTRODUCTION: This rapid review aimed to synthesise evidence for occupational therapy intervention in the management of autism spectrum disorders. The review forms part of a series of rapid reviews commissioned by the Occupational Therapy Association of South Africa to help inform decision making as South Africa prepares for a new health system. METHOD: Level I and II research studies published from 2017 - 2022 were considered for inclusion. Electronic database searches were conducted on the Cochrane database. The identified records were screened in Rayyan according to inclusion and exclusion criteria. Quality assessment of the selected articles was done with the CASP appraisal tool. Data were extracted to a custom Microsoft Excel® worksheet and analysed quantitatively by percentage/frequency and qualitatively by thematic analysis of statements. RESULTS: Thirty-eight records were selected. These included 30 systematic reviews and eight randomised controlled trials. Twelve intervention domains across four age groups were identified with sensory integration and social skills interventions most frequently examined. Interventions were delivered across various venues, including mediation and technology (e.g., telehealth interventions). A number of different outcome measures were used. CONCLUSION: There is evidence to support the effectiveness of occupational therapy interventions for autism spectrum disorder across the lifespan for twelve different domains. IMPLICATIONS FOR PRACTICE: • Occupational Therapists are involved in the provision of therapy intervention across all age groups for people with ASD. • Intervention can successfully take place in a clinic setting, but also at home or through means of technology. • There is growing evidence for sensory integration therapy or techniques when considering functional outcomes when treating people with ASD. • There is a lack of Level I and II research in the form of randomised control trials and systematic reviews regarding ASD intervention in sub-Saharan Africa.

INTRODUCTION: The Occupational Therapy Association of South African commissioned a task team to gather evidence that would inform upcoming National Health policies on the role and practice of occupational therapists. This rapid review aimed to identify level 1 and 2 peer reviewed published evidence that describes occupational therapists' practice and intervention in all types of burn injuries, at all levels of care, and for all age groups. METHOD: Using the South African Department of Health template and the Cochran Rapid Reviews method guide, a search for level 1 and 2 evidence sourced articles from CINAHL (EBSCO), MEDLINE (EBSCO), the Cochrane Library (Wiley) and OTSeeker data bases through the Stellenbosch University library with hand searching of references in the selected articles. Rayyan was used for the screening and selection of articles. The CASP appraisal tool was used for risk bias and quality assessment of the selected articles. Data was captured in Excel and Word, and analysed and synthesised in Microsoft Excel and Taguette. Results were presented in the form of an online workshop to stakeholders and discussions and questions incorporated into the discussion and conclusion of this review. RESULTS: Eleven articles were selected and their quality assessed. Seven categories of evidence of occupational therapy interventions were extracted from selected articles: pain, oedema, scaring and abnormal skin sensations, joints and range of motion, psycho-social and functional impact of burn injuries, the education of burn injury victims and their families, and vocational rehabilitation. All interventions took place in healthcare facilities. Nine articles referred to occupational therapists working in multi-disciplinary teams. Occupational therapist worked with children and adult burn injury victims and with a variety of type of burn injury from acute to post discharge phases CONCLUSION: There is level 1 and 2 evidence confirming occupational therapy intervention with burn injury victims with all ages and at all stages of injury within healthcare facilities. None of the evidence found is from the South African context. Such levels of evidence are needed to promote occupational therapy intervention in primary, preventative and community contexts. IMPLICATIONS FOR PRACTICE: Internationally there is level 1 and 2 evidence that confirms occupational therapists are members of multi-disciplinary teams addressing the functional ability and participation in activities of burn injury victims. None of this evidence is from South Africa. As a matter of priority, South African clinical occupational therapy practice and intervention within the field of burn injury, need to be researched and disseminated as level 1 and 2 evidence.

ABSTRACT Knowing the manifestations of the wrestler's behavior in the initial stage of sports training execution allows to characterize, project and control the process, with a scientific direction. Therefore, the objective of this research is to propose indicators for the personalized pedagogical diagnosis of the wrestlers, in the basic improvement stage and to achieve effectiveness in the comprehensive formation of his personality. Given the situation presented, observations were made of the behavior of the wrestlers in the family, school, social and sports environment; in addition to surveys and interviews that allowed to characterize the investigated process and predict possible results, to then develop an efficient training intervention. The conclusions derived from the study and analysis of the results showed that the personalized pedagogical diagnosis indicators of the wrestler, in the basic improvement stage, contributed effectively to the comprehensive formation of his personality.

RESUMEN Conocer las manifestaciones del comportamiento del luchador en la etapa inicial de ejecución del entrenamiento deportivo permite caracterizar, proyectar y controlar el proceso, con una dirección científica. Por ello la presente investigación plantea como objetivo proponer indicadores para el diagnóstico pedagógico personalizado del luchador, en la etapa de perfeccionamiento básico y lograr la efectividad en la formación integral de su personalidad. Ante la situación presentada se realizaron observaciones al comportamiento de los luchadores en el ambiente familiar, escolar, social y deportivo; además de encuestas y entrevistas que permitieron caracterizar el proceso investigado y pronosticar los posibles resultados, para luego desarrollar una eficiente intervención formativa. Las conclusiones derivadas del estudio y análisis de los resultados evidenciaron que los indicadores de diagnóstico pedagógico personalizado del luchador, en la etapa de perfeccionamiento básico contribuyeron con efectividad, en la formación integral de su personalidad.

RESUMO Conhecer as manifestações do comportamento do lutador na etapa inicial do treinamento esportivo permite caracterizar, projetar e controlar o processo, com uma direção científica. Por essa razão, o objetivo desta pesquisa é propor indicadores para o diagnóstico pedagógico personalizado do lutador, na etapa de aperfeiçoamento básico, e alcançar a eficácia na formação integral de sua personalidade. Diante da situação apresentada, foram feitas observações do comportamento dos lutadores no ambiente familiar, escolar, social e esportivo; além de pesquisas e entrevistas que permitiram caracterizar o processo investigado e prever os possíveis resultados, para então desenvolver uma intervenção formativa eficiente. As conclusões derivadas do estudo e da análise dos resultados mostraram que os indicadores do diagnóstico pedagógico personalizado do lutador, na etapa de aperfeiçoamento básico, contribuíram efetivamente para a formação integral de sua personalidade.

ABSTRACT This article proposes to reflect on the relevance of the militarization process in educational centers in Honduras, in its relationship with the paradigm of peace education. Considering a documentary review and the analysis of data on the events following the 2009 coup d'état from a content analysis, militarization is approached as a more subtle phenomenon that is not only based on the imposition of force, but also occurs invisibly in society. This perspective raises significant concerns, such as the possible worsening of social inequalities and the erosion of fundamental rights. The connection between the military and education poses an ethical dilemma since it can put children's rights at risk and limit opportunities to develop spaces for democratic learning and harmonious coexistence. The vision of militarizing society continues to occupy and invade spaces in multiple Honduran social settings.

RESUMEN Este artículo propone reflexionar sobre la relevancia del proceso de militarización en los centros educativos de Honduras, en su relación con el paradigma de la educación para la paz. Considerando una revisión documentaria y el análisis de los datos sobre los acontecimientos posteriores al golpe de Estado de 2009 desde un análisis de contenido, se aborda la militarización como un fenómeno más sutil que no solo se basa en la imposición de la fuerza, sino que también se presenta de manera invisible en la sociedad. Esta perspectiva plantea preocupaciones significativas, como el posible recrudecimiento de las desigualdades sociales y la erosión de los derechos fundamentales. La conexión entre lo militar y lo educativo plantea un dilema ético, ya que puede poner en riesgo los derechos de la niñez y limitar las oportunidades de desarrollar espacios de aprendizaje democrático y de convivencia armoniosa. La visión de militarizar la sociedad continúa ocupando e invadiendo espacios en múltiples escenarios sociales hondureños.

ABSTRACT Information and Communications Technologies (ICT), as a basic support for educational activities, have influenced the relationships between students, teachers, and the family itself, due to the ease of access to new knowledge, as well as the spread of alterations. psychological conditions that can trigger anxiety, irritation and stress behaviors. Cyberbullying or cyberharassment is an educational and social problem that negatively influences its victims. The objective was to analyze the effect of a program of socio-emotional strategies to reduce cyberbullying, in upper basic level students of an educational institution in Ecuador, during 2023. A mixed methodology with a quasi-experimental approach was used. The sample was intentional, made up of 69 8th year high school students between 10 and 12 years old. A control group and an experimental group to which a socio-emotional strategies program was applied were compared. The variables analyzed were: level of cyberbullying (electronic insults, impersonation and exclusion) and Socio-emotional strategies program. The pre-test and post-test analyze were contrasted with the non-parametric Mann Whitney U Test, after descriptive analysis. Statistically significant differences were found between the averages of the experimental group compared to the control group, with lower values in the levels of cyberbullying in the post-test in the three dimensions. The results obtained constitute a practical proposal with significant impact to reduce cyberbullying in high school students of a public institution in Ecuador.

RESUMEN Las Tecnologías de la Información y las Comunicaciones (TIC), como soporte básico para las actividades educativas, han influenciado en las relaciones entre alumnos, docentes, y la propia familia, por las facilidades de acceso a nuevos conocimientos, además por la propagación de alteraciones psicológicas que pueden desencadenar comportamientos de ansiedad, irritación y estrés. El ciberbullying o ciberacoso, es un problema educacional y social, que influye negativamente en sus víctimas. El objetivo fue analizar el efecto de un programa de estrategias socioemocionales para disminuir el ciberbullying, en los estudiantes de nivel básico superior de una institución educativa en Ecuador, durante 2023. Se utilizó una metodología mixta con enfoque cuasi experimental. La muestra fue intencional, compuesta por 69 estudiantes de 8vo año de básica superior con edades entre 10 y 12 años. Fue comparado un grupo de control y otro experimental al que se le aplicó un Programa de estrategias socioemocionales. Las variables analizadas fueron: nivel de ciberbullying (insultos electrónicos, suplantación y exclusión) y Programa de estrategias socioemocionales. Los análisis pre test y pos test, fueron contrastados con la Prueba no paramétrica U de Mann Whitney, previo análisis descriptivo. Se constataron diferencias estadísticamente significativas entre promedios del grupo experimental con respecto al de control, con valores más bajos en los niveles de ciberbullying en el pos test en las tres dimensiones. Los resultados obtenidos constituyen una propuesta práctica de impacto significativo para la disminución del ciberbullying en estudiantes de básica superior de una institución pública en Ecuador.

RESUMO As Tecnologias de Informação e Comunicação (TIC), como suporte básico das atividades educativas, têm influenciado as relações entre alunos, professores e a própria família, pela facilidade de acesso a novos conhecimentos, bem como pela propagação de alterações psicológicas. que podem desencadear comportamentos de ansiedade, irritação e estresse. O cyberbullying ou assédio cibernético é um problema educacional e social que influencia negativamente as suas vítimas. O objetivo foi analisar o efeito de um programa de estratégias socioemocionais para reduzir o cyberbullying, em estudantes de nível básico superior de uma instituição de ensino no Equador, durante 2023. Foi utilizada uma metodologia mista com uma abordagem quase experimental. A amostra foi intencional, composta por 69 alunos do 8º ano do ensino médio entre 10 e 12 anos. Foram comparados um grupo controle e um grupo experimental ao qual foi aplicado um programa de estratégias socioemocionais. As variáveis analisadas foram: nível de cyberbullying (insultos eletrônicos, falsificação de identidade e exclusão) e programa de estratégias socioemocionais. As análises pré-teste e pós-teste foram contrastadas com o Teste não paramétrico Mann Whitney U, após análise descritiva. Foram encontradas diferenças estatisticamente significativas entre as médias do grupo experimental em comparação ao grupo controle, com valores mais baixos nos níveis de cyberbullying no pós-teste nas três dimensões. Os resultados obtidos constituem uma proposta prática com impacto significativo para reduzir o cyberbullying em estudantes do ensino médio de uma instituição pública no Equador.

Resumo Se desarrolló una investigación para caracterizar la percepción social de las principales amenazas que podrían afectar un ambiente acuático particular- una laguna costera- mediante la aplicación de una versión del método denominado mapeo participativo de riesgos, más sencillo que el método del paradigma psicométrico tradicionalmente utilizado. Consiste en entrevistas en las que el interrogado comenta sobre los principales problemas o amenazas ambientales que percibe y los jerarquiza según tres criterios: gravedad, urgencia y control. De cada categoría de amenaza identificada se obtuvo el índice de incidencia- la fracción de entrevistados que citaron la categoría problema - y los índices de gravedad, urgencia y control. Con estos índices se elaboran mapas gráficos de percepción de las amenazas según cada criterio. El método se aplicó a un grupo de pescadores que hacen uso de la laguna, los cuales perciben cinco (5) problemas ambientales: el desvío de ríos, la obstrucción de ríos y el cierre temporal de la boca de conexión de la laguna con el mar (casos particulares de la hidrodinámica alterada), el crecimiento excesivo del mangle y la pesca de peces juveniles; estos dos últimos son percibidos como los de mayor facilidad en controlar. Se demuestran las bondades del método.

Abstract A research was developed to characterize the social perception of threats that could affect a particular aquatic environment - a coastal lagoon - by applying a version of the method called participatory risk mapping, simpler than the traditionally used psychometric paradigm method. It consists of interviews in which the interrogated comments on the main environmental problems or threats that he perceives and rank them according to three criteria: severity, urgency and control. For each identified threat category, the incidence rate - the fraction of respondents who cited the problem category - and the indices of severity, urgency and control were obtained. With these indices, graphic maps of threat perception are elaborated according to each criterion. The method was applied to a group of fishermen who make use of the lagoon, who perceive five (5) environmental problems: rivers diversion, rivers obstruction and the temporary closure of lagoon connection with the sea (cases of altered hydrodynamics), the excessive growth of the mangrove and overfishing of juvenile fish; the latter two are perceived as the easiest to control. The benefits of the method are demonstrated.