ABSTRACT. This paper studies the recognition, from the legal, case law, and doctrinal perspective, of cooperation or collaboration as a demand derived from the principle of contractual good faith, both in the Colombian legal system so in the instruments of modern law. It highlights that the use of these concepts has been equivocal, which is why it is pertinent to identify the different meanings attributed to them. Specifically, the article remarks on the advances in the identification of a contractual requirement that implies the contractual creditor to abandon a distant or omissive attitude, who, in contrast, must actively participate in the performance.

RESUMEN. El presente artículo de investigación estudia el reconocimiento, desde la perspectiva legal, jurisprudencial y doctrinal, de la cooperación o colaboración como una exigencia derivada del principio de buena fe contractual, tanto en el ordenamiento colombiano como en los instrumentos del moderno derecho. Se evidencia que el empleo de estos conceptos ha sido equívoco, razón por la cual es pertinente identificar los diferentes significados que se han atribuido a los mismos. En concreto, el artículo destaca los avances en la identificación de una exigencia contractual que implica para el acreedor contractual abandonar una actitud distante u omisiva para, en contraste, adoptar una exigencia de participar activamente en el cumplimiento.

ABSTRACT The article examines state responsibility in cases of violation of the right to humane childbirth, with an educational and normative emphasis. It focuses on article 10 (g) of the Law to Prevent and Eradicate Violence against Women, together with other laws in force. It is shown that medical actions and omissions lead to the extracontractual liability of the State, guarantor of integral health, especially of vulnerable groups. Through jurisprudential, normative, dogmatic and educational analysis, the legal basis, ethical implications and liability in specific cases are explored, addressing significant precedents. The absence of a specific criminal offense and relevant sanctions emerges as a challenge in the legal system. The results highlight the need for further study of the issue and propose reformist perspectives to ensure compliance with preventive regulations and safeguard women's rights. Public policies to promote prevention and specific criminal legislation to punish obstetric violence are advocated. The goal is to establish free, efficient and quality care for all women in Ecuador.

RESUMEN El Artículo examina la responsabilidad estatal en casos de violación del derecho a un parto humanitario, con énfasis educativo y normativo. Se focaliza en el Artículo 10 literal g de la Ley para Prevenir y Erradicar la Violencia contra las Mujeres, junto a otras leyes vigentes. Se demuestra que las acciones y omisiones médicas conllevan a la responsabilidad extracontractual del Estado, garante de la salud integral, especialmente de grupos vulnerables. A través de análisis jurisprudencial, normativo, dogmático y educativo, se explora la base legal, las implicaciones éticas y la responsabilidad en casos concretos, abordando precedentes significativos. La ausencia de un delito penal específico y de sanciones relevantes emerge como un desafío en el sistema jurídico. Los resultados resaltan la necesidad de profundizar en la cuestión y proponen perspectivas reformistas para asegurar el cumplimiento de la normativa preventiva y salvaguardar los derechos de las mujeres. Se propugna por políticas públicas que fomenten la prevención y legislación penal específica para sancionar la violencia obstétrica. La meta es instaurar una atención gratuita, eficiente y de calidad para todas las mujeres en Ecuador.

Abstract Organizations that aspire to obtain long-term results must correctly manage compliance with laws, regulations, codes, international standards and best practices related to ethics and society's expectations. This research aims to development a procedure to manage compliance risks with a focus on organizational values. The paper includes the main stages of traditional risk analysis: analysis of the organizational context, identification of obligations, evaluation and assessment of compliance risks and their treatment through action plans. As the main novelty, the authors include a tool that allows the integration of the elements of the context, with the identified obligations, their associated risks and the ethical values shared by the organization, called CORVAL map. The results of the implementation of the procedure in the process of Production of Computer Services in an cuban entity allow to identify as main risks: illicit contractual relations, lack of knowledge of the code of conduct by the workers, affectations to the prestige of the organization and high rates of electric energy consumption, identifying the shared value Responsibility and its associated behavior, as the most influential principle in the mitigation of the risks of compliance of the process.

Resumen Las organizaciones que aspiran obtener resultados a largo plazo deben gestionar correctamente el cumplimiento con las leyes, reglamentos, códigos, estándares internacionales y mejores prácticas relacionadas con la ética y expectativas de la sociedad. La presente investigación tiene como objetivo desarrollar un procedimiento para la gestión de riesgos de cumplimiento con enfoque en valores organizacionales. El artículo incluye las principales etapas del análisis tradicional de riesgos: análisis del contexto organizacional, identificación de las obligaciones, evaluación y valoración de los riesgos de cumplimiento y el tratamiento de estos a través de planes de acciones. Como principal novedad, los autores incluyen una herramienta que permite integrar los elementos del contexto, con las obligaciones identificadas, sus riesgos asociados y los valores éticos compartidos por la organización, denominada mapa CORVAL. Los resultados de la implantación en el proceso de Producción de Servicios Informáticos en una entidad cubana permiten identificar como principales riesgos: las relaciones contractuales ilícitas, el desconocimiento del código de conducta por parte de los trabajadores, las afectaciones al prestigio de la organización y altos índices de consumo de energía eléctrica, identificándose el valor compartido Responsabilidad y su comportamiento asociado, como el principio más influyente en la mitigación de los riesgos de cumplimiento del proceso.

Abstract Organizations that aspire to obtain long-term results must correctly manage compliance with laws, regulations, codes, international standards and best practices related to ethics and society's expectations. This research aims to development a procedure to manage compliance risks with a focus on organizational values. The paper includes the main stages of traditional risk analysis: analysis of the organizational context, identification of obligations, evaluation and assessment of compliance risks and their treatment through action plans. As the main novelty, the authors include a tool that allows the integration of the elements of the context, with the identified obligations, their associated risks and the ethical values shared by the organization, called CORVAL map. The results of the implementation of the procedure in the process of Production of Computer Services in an cuban entity allow to identify as main risks: illicit contractual relations, lack of knowledge of the code of conduct by the workers, affectations to the prestige of the organization and high rates of electric energy consumption, identifying the shared value Responsibility and its associated behavior, as the most influential principle in the mitigation of the risks of compliance of the process.

Abstract: Research was carried out with the objective of studying the relationships between enterprise resource management and its planning in the implementation of a business management system (ERP) with Cloud Computing architecture in a company in the industrial processes sector. The research approach was based on documentary analysis, measurements and evaluations of contractual services and compliance with corporate parameters defined in the business process designs. The population and units of analysis focused on project documents and analytical references, as well as on the functionality of the work areas. The main investment values in consultancy for the implementation were identified, which represented 55.10% of the initial budget. However, during implementation, this representation decreased by 2%. The behavior of the subscription licensing service was also analyzed, which represented 22.35% of the total budget, but experienced a decrease of 5.25% in percentage terms. Although decreases were observed in the reasonable share of these elements, increases were recorded in consulting services and IT requirements management, with increases of 3.40% and 1.09%, respectively.

RESUMEN: Se llevó a cabo una investigación con el objetivo de estudiar las relaciones entre la gestión de recursos empresariales y su planificación en la implementación de un sistema de gestión empresarial (ERP) con arquitectura Cloud Computing en una empresa del sector de procesos industriales. El enfoque de la investigación se basó en el análisis documental, las mediciones y evaluaciones de los servicios contractuales y el cumplimiento de los parámetros corporativos definidos en los diseños de los procesos de negocio. La población y las unidades de análisis se centraron en los documentos y referencias analíticas de los proyectos, así como en la funcionalidad de las áreas de trabajo. Se identificaron los principales valores de inversión en consultoría para la implementación, los cuales representaron el 55.10% del presupuesto inicial. Sin embargo, durante la ejecución, esta representación disminuyó en un 2%. Asimismo, se analizó el comportamiento del servicio de licencia por suscripción, el cual representó el 22.35% del presupuesto total, pero experimentó una disminución del 5.25% en términos porcentuales. Aunque se observaron decrementos en la participación razonable de estos elementos, se registraron incrementos en los servicios de consultoría y gestión de requerimientos del área de TI, con aumentos del 3.40% y 1.09%, respectivamente.

RESUMO Contexto: projetos de infraestrutura pressupõem o uso de capital intensivo e a participação de diversos atores, onde o ambiente institucional influencia seus respectivos arranjos contratuais. Um instrumento financeiro para a governança é a utilização do seguro garantia (SG) cuja finalidade é garantir o cumprimento do objeto contratado. Entretanto, ainda são incipientes pesquisas que envolvam o uso do SG no contexto de países emergentes como o Brasil. Objetivo: com o objetivo de compreender o uso do SG no Brasil e propor um modelo conceitual de análise das transações, este artigo contribui para a literatura ao investigar a relação entre os atores e transações envolvidos no SG utilizando as perspectivas da teoria de custos de transação da teoria da agência. Métodos: adotou-se metodologia qualitativa com dados primários provenientes de 10 entrevistas em profundidade semiestruturadas junto a profissionais do mercado com notória experiência em SG, e como dados secundários, debate e palestra específicas sobre o tema envolvendo a realidade e o uso do SG. Resultados: os resultados indicam que os problemas de agência e os elevados custos de transação presentes no Brasil impedem o desenvolvimento desse mercado de cobertura de riscos, ensejando políticas públicas direcionadas. Conclusão: o modelo conceitual proposto traduz as várias transações específicas no uso do SG, os fenômenos subjacentes e a comprovação de proposições relacionadas às falhas de mercado e à influência do ambiente institucional.

ABSTRACT Context: infrastructure projects assume the use of intensive capital and the participation of several actors, where the institutional environment influences their respective contractual arrangements. A financial instrument for project governance is surety bond (SB), whose purpose is to ensure compliance with the contracted object. However, research involving SB in the context of emerging countries such as Brazil is still incipient. Objective: this study aims to understand the use of SB in Brazil and proposes a conceptual model for analyzing transactions. It contributes to the literature by investigating the relationship between the actors and transactions involved in SB using the transaction costs theory and agency theory perspectives. Methods: this study adopts a qualitative methodology using primary data collected with 10 in-depth semi-structured interviews with market professionals with substantial experience in SB. In addition, it uses secondary data based on debate and a specific lecture on the topic involving the reality and the use of SB. Results: the findings indicate that the agency problem and the high transaction costs in Brazil prevent the development of this risk coverage market, giving rise to targeted public policies. Conclusion: the proposed conceptual model reflects the various specific transactions in the use of SB, the underlying phenomena and the validation of propositions related to market failures, and the institutional environment’s influence.

RESUMEN. Los efectos de la pandemia han evidenciado la insuficiencia de herramientas jurídicas como la fuerza mayor o la imprevisión para hacer frente a las diversas dificultades que enfrentan los contratantes por circunstancias extraordinarias posteriores a la celebración de los acuerdos, más allá de la imposibilidad de cumplimiento o la excesiva onerosidad prestacional. Este artículo pretende analizar aproximaciones diferentes que puedan dar luces para encontrar una salida que tenga como norte una mayor justicia contractual, tales como la doctrina del solidarismo contractual y la teoría de los contratos relacionales.

ABSTRACT. The effects of the pandemic have rendered obvious that legal instruments such as force majeure and unforeseeability are insufficient when facing difficulties caused by extraordinary circumstances after the moment of contract formation beyond impossibility of compliance or excessive onerous benefits. This article intends to analyze two different approaches which could offer a solution for the issue presented, while aiming to achieve greater contractual justice - namely the doctrine of contractual solidarism and relational contract theory.

ABSTRACT: The study criticizes the understanding of the burden of proof in our judicial system and discusses controversial applications of the burden of proof as a judgment rule in relation to compliance or civil non-compliance, in the field of contractual medical liability and in the specific area of the so-called exceptio non adimpleti contractus of synalagmatic contracts. The analysis will focus on the specific procedural problems of burden of proof on the subject of alternative proof of compliance-civil breach, from an approach that will take into account normative and jurisprudential issues in Chilean law, and the possibilities offered by a treatment of those from the perspective of systematic criteria developed by procedural dogmatics.

RESUMEN: En el estudio se somete a crítica la comprensión de la carga de la prueba en nuestro sistema judicial y se analizan aplicaciones discutibles de la carga de la prueba como regla de juicio con relación al cumplimiento-incumplimiento civil, en el campo de la responsabilidad médica contractual y en el ámbito específico de la denominada exceptio non adimpleti contractus de los contratos sinalagmáticos. El análisis se centrará en los específicos problemas procesales de carga de la prueba sobre el tema de prueba alternativo del cumplimiento-incumplimiento civil, desde un enfoque que tendrá en cuenta las cuestiones normativas y jurisprudenciales en el Derecho chileno, y las posibilidades que ofrece un tratamiento de aquellas desde la perspectiva de criterios sistemáticos desarrollados por la dogmática procesal.

ABSTRACT This research was aimed at carrying out an assessment of the level of compliance with the principle of efficiency and effectiveness in the procurement of works convened through the Public Tendering procedure in the Regional Government of Lambayeque, period 2017-2019. Recital 25 recruitment files, a sample of 10 files has been worked on; in order to carry out a more thorough and thorough evaluation of the selection procedure carried out from the Selection phase to the Contractual Execution phase. Supported by the qualitative method, it was developed as follows: first; collecting the procurement files for works convened through Public Tendering, the period of which has been between 2017 and 2019, which will be subject to evaluation, second; establish as a data collection tool the Observation Sheet, through which the level of compliance with the principle of efficiencies will be evaluated. The results show that in the contracting procedures evaluated, the level of execution of the efficiency principle is 72% high and in terms of effectiveness it is very low.

RESUMEN La presente investigación estuvo orientada a realizar una evaluación del nivel de cumplimiento del principio de eficiencia y eficacia en la contratación de obras convocadas mediante el procedimiento de Licitación Pública en el Gobierno Regional de Lambayeque, periodo 2017-2019. Considerando 25 expedientes de contratación, se ha trabajado con una muestra de 10 expedientes; a fin de realizar una evaluación más minuciosa y exhaustiva del procedimiento de selección llevado a cabo desde la fase de Selección hasta la fase de Ejecución Contractual. Apoyados en el método cualitativo, se desarrolló de la siguiente forma: primero; procediendo a recopilar los expedientes de contratación de obras convocados mediante Licitación Pública cuyo periodo haya sido entre los años 2017 al 2019, los que serán materia de evaluación, segundo; establecer como instrumento de recolección de datos la Ficha de Observación, a través de la cual se va a proceder a evaluar el nivel de cumplimiento del principio de eficiencia y eficacia en cada uno de los expedientes seleccionados. Los resultados demuestran que, en los procedimientos de contratación evaluados, el nivel de ejecución del principio de eficiencia es de 72%, configurándose en la escala de medición como alto y en cuanto a la eficacia es muy bajo.

Abstract: The current status of the liquidated damages clause in Chile is developed. The sources that influenced the consecration of this institution in the Chilean Civil code, Spanish law and French law during the codifying period of the 19th century are also analyzed. The liquidated damages clause is characterized as an accessory convention, conditional and predetermined and conventional estimation of the damages by the parties. It is a clause that is considered classifiable in compensatory and moratorium, with a possible third option of classification, in case the parties agree for it to be a penalty clause. The paper also exposes the possibility of accumulation of compliance with the obligation and the penalty as compensation, as well as the possibility of accumulating a moratorium penalty and a compensatory penalty. The requirements demanded for the execution of a liquidated damages clause are presented and analyzed: being a conventional and predetermined estimation of the damages, the constituent elements of contractual responsibility must be fulfilled. Therefore, there must be a breach of contract, inexcusable imputability, constitution in default, damage and causation. It is emphasized that for the constitution in default, in compliance with a liquidated damages clause, judicial interpellation is necessary, that is, the valid notification of the claim. Finally, the rules on the burden of proof and the need to prove each of the elements of contractual responsibility in this institution are developed.

Resumen: Se desarrolla el estado actual de la cláusula penal en Chile. Se analizan las fuentes que influyeron en la consagración de esta institución en el Código Civil chileno, derecho español y derecho francés durante la época codificadora del siglo XIX. Se caracteriza a la cláusula penal como una convención accesoria, condicional y avaluación anticipada y convencional de perjuicios. Se considera clasificable en compensatoria y moratoria, existiendo una tercera opción si las partes la acuerdan con una finalidad punitiva expresamente. Se expone sobre la posibilidad de acumulación del cumplimiento de la obligación y la pena como indemnización, así como también, la posibilidad de acumular una pena moratoria y una pena compensatoria. Se plantea y analiza los requisitos exigidos para la ejecución de una cláusula penal: siendo una avaluación convencional y anticipada de los perjuicios se deben cumplir con los elementos constitutivos de responsabilidad contractual. Por lo tanto, deberá existir un incumplimiento contractual, imputabilidad inexcusable, constitución en mora, daño y causalidad. Se recalca que para la constitución en mora, en el cumplimiento de una cláusula penal, es necesaria la interpelación judicial, es decir, la notificación válida de la demanda. Por último se desarrollan las reglas sobre la carga probatoria y necesidad de acreditar cada uno de los elementos de la responsabilidad contractual en esta institución.

Resumen Este trabajo expone los resultados del grupo de investigación que creó los Principios Latinoamericanos de Derecho de los Contratos. Explica la creación del grupo de profesores investigadores que discutieron y redactaron el texto, presenta la metodología y analiza los principales aspectos del texto, en lo relativo a la noción del contrato, la formación, el cumplimiento y el incumplimiento.

Abstract This paper seeks to show the results of the research group that created the Latin American Principles of Contract Law. It explains the creation of the group of research professors who discussed and drafted the text, clarifying the methodology and presenting the main aspects of the text, regarding the notion of contract, training, compliance and non-compliance.

Resumo O marco regulatório do saneamento no Brasil foi instituído em 2007, cabendo às entidades reguladoras a verificação do cumprimento dos planos de saneamento por parte dos prestadores de serviços. Os serviços de esgotamento sanitário e abastecimento de água (SAA&ES) em aglomerados subnormais apresentam características peculiares que demandam das reguladoras ferramentais apropriados para tal monitoramento. O presente artigo teve como objetivo construir e apresentar um sistema de indicadores para esse fim. Para a seleção dos indicadores utilizou-se uma combinação das abordagens participativa e tradicional. Onze indicadores foram propostos na abordagem participativa e outros doze foram inseridos na abordagem tradicional. Esses indicadores foram avaliados por especialistas e aplicados no município de Cubatão. Como resultado, é apresentado um sistema com vinte e três indicadores para monitorar as metas contratuais e de planejamento dos SAA&ES para aglomerados subnormais. O modelo é inovador e pode ser utilizado pela regulação por incentivos ou Sunshine.

Abstract The sanitation regulatory milestone in Brazil was established in 2007; regulatory agencies are responsible for assuring that service providers work in compliance with sanitation plans. The Water Supply and Sanitation Services (WS&SS) provided to subnormal clusters present peculiar features that require regulatory agencies to have appropriate tools to perform such monitoring. The aim of the current article is to build and present a system of indicators used for this purpose. A combination of traditional and participatory approaches was used to collect the indicators. Eleven indicators were proposed in the participatory approach and twelve were inserted in the traditional approach. These indicators were assessed by experts and applied to Cubatão County. Thus, a system comprising twenty-three indicators is herein presented to help monitoring the contractual and planning goals of WS&SS provided to subnormal clusters. The model is innovative and can be used in Incentive-based or in Sunshine regulations.

Resumen El marco regulatorio del saneamiento en Brasil fue instituido en 2007, y las agencias reguladoras tienen la responsabilidad de verificar el cumplimiento de los planes de saneamiento por parte de los proveedores de servicios. Los Servicios de Abastecimiento de Agua y Saneamiento (SAA&S) para aglomerados subnormales tienen características peculiares que exigen de las agencias reguladoras instrumentos apropiados para monitoreo. El propósito de este artículo fue construir un sistema de indicadores para este propósito. Para la selección de los indicadores se utilizó una combinación de enfoques tradicionales y participativos. Se propusieron once indicadores en el enfoque participativo y doce en el enfoque tradicional. Estos indicadores fueron evaluados por expertos y aplicados en el municipio de Cubatão. Como resultado, se presenta un sistema con veintitrés indicadores para monitorear los objetivos de los SAA&S para aglomerados subnormales. El modelo es innovador y puede ser utilizado por la regulación de Incentivo o Sunshine.

Resumo Kashyap, Antia e Frazier (2011) estudaram os efeitos dos incentivos extracontratuais e do monitoramento sobre enforcement. Heide, Wathne e Rokkan (2007) encontraram uma interação significativa entre os tipos de monitoramento, prejudicando o oportunismo. Este artigo amplia a discussão dos efeitos de monitoramento e dos incentivos extracontratuais sobre o desempenho, algo ainda não encontrado na literatura. Estudando uma relação industrial entre lojista e administradora de shopping, os resultados mostraram que a dependência na expertise do shopping, o monitoramento e a política de compliance interferem no desempenho. Verificou-se também que o monitoramento interage nessas relações diretas, moderando-as, prejudicando ou amplificando o desempenho. Os resultados mostraram que associações curvilineares em forma de U-invertido explicaram melhor o desempenho.

Abstract Kashyap, Antia and Frazier (2011) studied the effects of extra contractual incentives and monitoring over franchisee enforcement. Heide, Wathne and Rokkan (2007) found significant interactions among the types of monitoring, damaging opportunism. This paper extends prior discussion of monitoring and incentives over performance, for which we did not find evidence in the literature. We studied an industrial relationship between a store and its shopping center management. The results showed that the dependence on shopping center expertise, monitoring and compliance policy were associated with performance. Second, monitoring interferes in these direct relationships, moderating them. Specifically, the moderating effect decreases or increases store performance. Third, results show these inverted U-shaped associations better explained performance.

The present article pretends to demonstrate that the notarial instruction not only apply to the Notary where held, but also to his substitute, based on article 402 of the Organic Code of Courts. Therefore, as a result of the extension of responsibilities to non-compliance or default compliance of instructions, liability for defaulting notary is generated, regardless class ruled by contractual status. However, once special characteristics of the notarial function be attended, a concurrence (cluster) od responsibilities arise.

El presente artículo pretende demostrar que las instrucciones notariales obligan no solo al notario con quien se celebraron sino, también, a quien lo reemplace, y que el fundamento de ello es el art. 402 del Código Orgánico de Tribunales. Asimismo, se intenta demostrar que, como consecuencia de esa extensión de obligaciones, ante un incumplimiento o cumplimiento imperfecto de las instrucciones, se genera responsabilidad civil para el notario incumplidor, cualquiera sea su clase, la que se regirá en principio por el estatuto contractual. No obstante, atendidas las especiales características de la función notarial, se origina una concurrencia (cúmulo) de responsabilidades.

This article assesses the effectiveness of the 2010 Nagoya Protocol to the Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD) for addressing "biopiracy" of genetic resources; that is, their biotechnological utilization in violation of either the provider country legislation or mutually agreed contractual obligations. Biopiracy is defined as a problem resulting from a distributive conflict between provider and user countries, the practical difficulties of monitoring the utilization of genetic resources in a transnational context, and the pervasive scientific uncertainty about the nature and extent of the problem. The Nagoya Protocol predominantly focuses on compliance management while lacking the necessary enforcement provisions for deterring non-compliance through effective monitoring and sanctions. Using the example of recent European Union implementing legislation, this article underscores how parties may use the Protocol's legal ambiguities to soften its regulatory impact on domestic industry. As a result, in light of both problem structure and regime design, the Protocol only offers modest improvements over the status quo ante.