RESUMEN La computación en nube es un servicio electrónico que se presta a través de transacciones legales realizadas por medios digitales modernos, lo que permite una transición rápida y sencilla de las fases previas a la contratación a las posteriores, aunque de hecho se trata de un contrato legal. Sin embargo, en los Emiratos Árabes Unidos, el legislador no ha abordado adecuadamente la regulación jurídica de la celebración de contratos en nube, lo que ha dado lugar a diversos problemas jurídicos que requieren soluciones específicas. El objetivo de este estudio es especificar el concepto y la naturaleza de la relación contractual entre las partes de los contratos en nube, identificar los problemas a los que se enfrenta el proceso de conclusión de los contratos en nube y sugerir las soluciones necesarias para crear una regulación legal para este tipo de contratos digitales. Como resultado, se recomienda regularizar los contratos en la nube como un nuevo tipo y una nueva forma contractual de contratos electrónicos y adaptarlos como acuerdos contractuales de tipo especial para proteger a los usuarios. Deben tomarse medidas para identificar y abordar los problemas actuales y crear un marco jurídico que especifique la naturaleza jurídica de los contratos en nube y sus efectos sobre los derechos y obligaciones de las partes implicadas.

ABSTRACT Cloud computing is an electronic service provided through legal transactions conducted by modern digital means, allowing for a quick and easy transition from pre-contracting to post-contracting stages, although it is in fact a legal contract. However, in the United Arab Emirates, the legislator has not adequately addressed the legal regulation for the conclusion of cloud contracts, leading to various legal problems that require specific solutions. The aim of this study is to specify the concept and nature of the contractual relationship between the parties of cloud contracts, identify the problems facing the conclusion process of cloud contracts, and suggest necessary solutions to create a legal regulation for this type of digital contracts. As a result, it is recommended to regularize cloud contracts as a new type and a new contract form of electronic contracts and to adapt them as special type contract agreements to protect users. Measures must be taken to identify and address current problems and create a legal framework that specifies the legal nature of cloud contracts and their effects on the rights and obligations of the involved parties.

During the 1990s, rugby union formation in the Republic of South Africa developed rapidly from a system of strict amateurism to one of professionalism. Professional participants in the sport received salaries for participation, and rugby became a business like any other. As in all forms of business, rugby had to be regulated more efficiently than had previously been the case. Tighter regulations were instituted by governing bodies, and ultimately labour legislation became applicable to professional rugby. A professional sportsman or woman participating in a team sport is generally considered an employee. This means that the same principles that govern employees in general should also apply to professional sportsmen and women. The exact nature of the "player's contract", a term generally used to describe the contract of employment between a professional sportsman or sportswoman and his or her employer, deserves closer attention. It has been argued with much merit that the "player's contract", while in essence a contract of employment, possesses certain sui generis characteristics. The first aim of this article is to demonstrate how this statement is in fact a substantial one. If it is concluded that the "player's contract" is in fact a sui generis contract of employment, the most suitable remedy in case of breach of contract must be determined. The second aim of this article is to indicate why the remedy of specific performance, which is generally not granted in cases where the defaulting party has to provide services of a personal nature, is the most suitable remedy in case of breach of "player's contracts". To substantiate this statement, recent applicable case law is investigated and discussed, particularly the recent case of Vrystaat Cheetahs (Edms) Beperk v Mapoe. Suggestions are finally offered as to how breach of "player's contracts" should be approached by South African courts in future.

Not much attention has been in paid in Chilean Law neither to offers subject to reserve, nor to the terms and conditions in contracts held by electronic means. A recent case, currently in court, shows the utility of studying both matters. The author tries to show how, in the e-commerce, the problem of the contract nature of the terms and conditions lies in the fact that these are accessible to users. In practice, the efficiency of the deliberate reserve expressed by the predisponent depends on that the consumer has had a clear and unmistakable access to the terms and conditions implied.

En el derecho chileno no se ha prestado demasiada atención ni a las ofertas sujetas a reserva ni a los términos y condiciones en contratos celebrados por medios electrónicos. Un reciente caso, actualmente en tribunales, muestra la utilidad de detenerse sobre ambos temas. En las páginas siguientes me interesa mostrar cómo, en el ámbito electrónico -generalmente en la contratación a través de sitios web- el problema del carácter contractual o no de los términos y condiciones pasa por el hecho de que estos sean accesibles a los usuarios. En los hechos, la eficacia de la reserva expresa formulada por el predisponente depende de que el consumidor haya tenido un acceso claro e inequívoco a los términos y condiciones que la contenían.

This article, on the electronic acceptance of an offer or tender, is the second in a series of four which seeks to provide a full analysis of the formation of consent or agreement by electronic means. Our aim here is to determine the specific requirements than ought to be met if an acceptance is to be expressed by means of the new technologies. The national legislation is surveyed to identify and analyze norms that could be applicable to the problem at hand. We find that the classical requisites of acceptance are indeed applicable to its electronic form, although significant difference emerges as to the notions of present and absent when applied to the electronic agreement. For this reason, the theories of declaration, remittance, reception, and acknowledgment seem not to properly respond, at first analysis, to the formation of consent by electronic means.

El presente artículo es el segundo de una serie de cuatro que tienen por objeto tratar de modo exhaustivo el tema de la formación del consentimiento electrónico. Se ocupa de la aceptación electrónica procurándose determinar cuáles requisitos específicos deben cumplirse en el caso que la aceptación de una oferta sea realizada por un medio perteneciente a las nuevas tecnologías. Se revisa la legislación, principalmente del ordenamiento jurídico nacional, que contiene prescripciones que puedan resultar aplicables a la aceptación electrónica analizando, en cada caso, el contenido de tales regulaciones. Se concluye la aplicación de los requisitos clásicos de la aceptación a la aceptación electrónica, no obstante, que se detectan profundas diferencias en los conceptos de partes presentes o ausentes cuando se analizan tales nociones en la contratación electrónica. Por la misma razón, las teorías de la declaración, de la remisión, de la recepción y del conocimiento, parecen no responder en una visión preliminar- adecuadamente a la formación del consentimiento electrónico.

This article, on the electronic offer or tender, is the first of a series which seeks to develop a comprehensive theory of the formation of the electronic consent or agreement. Here, the classical theory of the formation of consent is contrasted with the praxis of the electronic offer in order to define the conditions under which a proposal for a contract issued by means of the new technologies of information and communications is to be considered legally binding. The relevant norms, especially in Chilean Law, are examined to single out and analyze the rules that may be applicable to the problem

El presente artículo es el primero de una serie de cuatro que tienen por objeto tratar de modo exhaustivo el tema de la formación del consentimiento electrónico. Se ocupa de la oferta electrónica intentando determinar, en comparación con la teoría clásica de la formación del consentimiento- cuáles requisitos específicos deben cumplirse en el caso que la oferta para un negocio jurídico sea realizada por un medio perteneciente a las nuevas tecnologías. Finalmente se revisa la legislación, principalmente del ordenamiento jurídico nacional, que contiene prescripciones que puedan resultar aplicables a la oferta electrónica analizando, en cada caso, el contenido de tales regulaciones