RESUMEN Introducción: Los procesos de extracción de minerales y actividades afines a la minería implican la exposición a altos niveles de ruido lo cual puede generar un deterioro en la capacidad auditiva, esta situación representa tambien un problema para los trabajadores de las empresas contratistas de las mineras que debe ser tratado. Objetivo: Determinar el grado de pérdida auditiva en el personal que trabaja en empresas contratistas de mineras peruanas 2018 al 2019. Métodos: Se realizó un estudio descriptivo transversal, en una muestra de 213 trabajadores de las empresas contratistas mineras que fueron evaluados con la ficha de audiometría en el periodo 2018 al 2019, los trabajadores fueron seleccionados a partir de un muestreo al azar. Se incluyeron pacientes con estudio de audiometría que estuvieron laborando en cualquiera de las empresas contratistas mineras. Se excluyeron del estudio a los trabajadores con sordera previa al ingreso laboral y a los que tuvieron infección en proceso en algún oído. Resultados: Se reportó que de los trabajadores con hipoacusia probable inducida por el ruido un 23,5 % son varones; un 79,2 % tienen edad entre 30 a 50 años; el 71,7 % son mantenedores y operarios; el 73 % pertenecen a los rubros empresariales de construcción, servicios mineros y mantenimiento; el 62,2 % tuvieron en promedio 4 a 5 horas de exposición por jornada; el 51 % tuvieron experiencia laboral de 11 a 20 años y el 75,5 % declaró usar protección auditiva. Conclusiones: Un 84 % presentó audiometría alterada y el 24,9 % hipoacusia neurosensorial (probable inducida por ruido).

ABSTRACT Introduction: The processes of mineral extraction and related mining activities involve exposure to high noise levels which can generate deterioration in hearing capacity; this situation represents a problem that must be treated. Objective: Determine the degree of hearing loss in personnel working in Peruvian mining contractor companies from 2018 to 2019. Methods: A descriptive cross-sectional study was carried out, in a sample of 213 workers from the mining contractor companies who were evaluated with the audiometry sheet in the period 2018 to 2019, the workers were selected from a random sample. Patients with an audiometry study who worked for one of the mining contractor companies were included. Workers with deafness prior to work entry and those with an ongoing infection in any ear were excluded from the study. Results: It was reported that 23.5% of the workers with probable noise-induced hearing loss were male; 79.2% were between 30 and 50 years of age; 71.7% were maintenance workers and operators; 73% belonged to the construction, mining services and maintenance sectors; 62.2% had an average of 4 to 5 hours of exposure per day; 51% had work experience of 11 to 20 years and 75.5% reported using hearing protection. Conclusions: 84% presented altered audiometry and 24.9% presented sensorineural hearing loss (probably induced by noise).

ABSTRACT This research article focuses its efforts on understanding the adverse effect of corruption within state procurement. This situation is becoming a nuisance for civil society because it has a negative impact on the progress of the nation. Legal and documentary hermeneutics is used as a tool to interpret with a critical basis the norms that regulate the conduct of free competition and the defense of collective rights promulgated in the Political Constitution of 1991, when reviewing the foundations of Law 80 of 1993 and the other regulations that delimit state contraction, sanctions for corruption and the SECOP disclosure system necessary to monitor it. Concluding in the need to maintain an assertive criterion among public officials when selecting a contractor, since the State has great difficulties monitoring each contract's progress in the country.

RESUMEN El presente artículo de investigación centra sus esfuerzos en comprender el efecto adverso de la corrupción dentro de la contratación estatal, situación que se está convirtiendo en una molestia para sociedad civil puesto que, repercute negativamente en el progreso de la nación. Se emplea la hermenéutica jurídica y documental como herramienta para interpretar con un sustento crítico las normas que regulan el proceder de la libre competencia y la defensa de los derechos colectivos promulgado en la Constitución Política de 1991, al revisar los fundamentos de la ley 80 de 1993 y las demás normas que delimitan la contracción estatal, las sanciones al corrupto y el sistema de divulgación SECOP necesario para darle seguimiento. Concluyendo en la necesidad de mantener un criterio asertivo entre los funcionarios públicos al momento de seleccionar un contratista, ya que el Estado posee grandes dificultades para estar vigilando el progreso de cada contrato en el país.

Abstract: Variation orders became one of the major issues presented in construction projects. The nature of work in the construction industry is complex and difficult. Thus, variation orders are expected to occur in every project due to its nature. The purpose of this study was to investigate the causes of variation orders in construction projects in Egypt according to the perspective of professional parties working for medium and small-sized construction companies. The main method used for data collection was a questionnaire survey with experts working in the Egyptian construction industry, where 62 participants from 18 construction companies were invited to take part in the study, and 51 of them accepted the invitation. The findings showed the top-ranked causes of variation orders according to small and medium-sized construction companies were poor communication, omissions in the design, financial limitations of the owner, additional work requested by the client, and the contractor’s desire to gain more profits. Thus, a proper understanding of the causes of the problem can help establish a suitable criterion for reducing variation orders in construction projects in Egypt. The contribution of this study lies in the fact that only a very limited number of research explored the perspective of medium and small-sized construction companies in Egypt. The study can be useful for other countries with similar working conditions and still suffering from the adverse impact of variation orders.

Resumen: Las órdenes de cambio se han convertido en uno de los principales problemas observados en los proyectos de construcción. La naturaleza del trabajo en la industria de la construcción es compleja y difícil. Por lo tanto, es de esperar que las órdenes de cambio ocurran en cada proyecto debido a su naturaleza. El propósito de este estudio fue investigar las causas de las órdenes de cambio en proyectos de construcción en Egipto considerando la perspectiva de los profesionales que trabajan para empresas constructoras de tamaño medio y pequeño. El principal método utilizado para la recolección de datos fue una encuesta de cuestionario aplicada a expertos que trabajan en la industria de la construcción egipcia. Se invitó a 62 participantes de 18 empresas constructoras a participar en el estudio, de los cuales 51 aceptaron la invitación. Los hallazgos revelaron que las principales causas de las órdenes de cambio para las empresas constructoras de tamaño mediano y pequeño fueron la comunicación deficiente, omisiones en el diseño, limitaciones financieras del propietario, trabajo adicional solicitado por el cliente y el deseo del contratista de obtener más beneficios. La comprensión adecuada de estas causas puede ser útil para establecer un criterio adecuado para reducir las órdenes de cambio en los proyectos de construcción en Egipto. Este estudio contribuye al mejorar el muy limitado número de investigaciones que han explorado la perspectiva de las empresas constructoras de tamaño mediano y pequeño en Egipto. De igual forma, puede ser útil para otros países con condiciones de trabajo similares y que aún sufren el impacto adverso de las órdenes de cambio.

ABSTRACT The study encompasses various infrastructural amenities such as railways, roads, ports, bridges, tunnels, power plants, hospitals, municipal buildings, and other public-use facilities, which are essential for every country’s economic growth. Recognizing the challenges faced by governments in independently providing all infrastructure components, Public Private Partnerships [PPPs] have emerged as a cooperative approach between the public and private sectors. This paper explores the risks, delays, key success factors, contractor selection, and best value selection models in construction project management. In addition, the paper emphasizes the challenges that governments need to address in order to ensure the efficient functioning of the BOT (Built Operate Transfer) network. The challenges in establishing an efficient BOT network are highlighted, and a decision-support system using the .Net framework is developed to aid in the prequalification and rating of BOT marketers. The purpose of this system is to provide the best value to the public procurer by employing regression analysis to rate bidders/applicants and utilizing a composite programming method based on relative weighting. railways roads ports bridges tunnels plants hospitals buildings publicuse use facilities countrys country s growth components PPPs [PPPs sectors risks delays factors management addition Built Transfer highlighted decisionsupport decision support Net marketers biddersapplicants bidders applicants weighting

ABSTRACT: Despite the relevance of Chile’s mining industry, risk models applied to contracts have not been intensively developed. This is a quantitative descriptive research, which focuses on the results of a risk assessment methodology applied for the analysis of potential industry 4.0 technologies to be implemented by contractor companies in Chile’s mining sector. In this paper, an overview about mining 4.0 was done and Chile’s large mining companies were analyzed during 2021-2022, obtaining contracts information from a relevant copper producer. A case was selected to apply the model and semi-structured in-depth interviews were conducted with the stakeholders involved in this industry. Based on our results we found small contracts concentrated the largest number of low and moderate- priority projects, but also the largest number of high-priority contracts. However, from a mining company’s perspective, it seems that big projects are riskier than small projects under the future effects of Industry 4.0 technologies.

Abstract Architectural production involves a planned sequence of operations with the purpose of creating a product or service and its management is structured through organizational models. This article focuses on analyzing the production modalities in rural residential architecture, specifically earthen architecture in the valleys of Tucumán during the first two decades of the 21st century. Through surveys and interviews in three locations in the area, an analysis was developed based on four dimensions (resources, technologies, relationships and space-time), and nine internal components that allow an initial disaggregation (entities, means of production, activities, roles, knowledge, structure, interactions, areas and context). As results of the analysis, nine production models were identified. This approach allowed a deeper understanding of local rural architectural production, favoring the organizational approach in its understanding. The main contributions of this research include the capacity of each dimension and component to offer specific information on particular aspects, thus simplifying the analysis of productive aspects; therefore, it becomes a first approach to its systematization and disaggregation, facilitating the approach to the complexity of the production models applied in habitat production.

Resumen La producción arquitectónica implica una secuencia planificada de operaciones con el propósito de crear un producto o servicio, y su gestión se estructura mediante modelos organizativos. Este estudio se centra en analizar las modalidades de producción en la arquitectura residencial rural, específicamente, la arquitectura con tierra en los valles tucumanos durante las dos primeras décadas del siglo XXI. A través de encuestas y entrevistas en tres localidades de la zona, se desarrolló un análisis basado en cuatro dimensiones (recursos, tecnologías, relaciones y espacio-temporal), y nueve componentes internos que permiten una desagregación inicial (entidades, medios de producción, actividades, roles, conocimientos, estructura, interacciones, ámbitos y contexto). Como resultados del análisis se identificaron nueve modelos de producción. Este enfoque permitió una comprensión más profunda de la producción arquitectónica rural local favoreciendo el enfoque organizativo en su comprensión. Los principales aportes de esta investigación incluyen la capacidad de cada dimensión y componente para ofrecer información específica sobre aspectos particulares, simplificando así el análisis de aspectos productivos; por lo que se convierte en una primera aproximación a su sistematización y desagregación, facilitando el abordaje de la complejidad de los modelos productivos aplicados en la producción del hábitat.

Resumo A produção arquitetônica envolve uma sequência planejada de operações com a finalidade de criar um produto ou serviço, e sua gestão é estruturada por meio de modelos organizacionais. Este estudo centra-se na análise das modalidades de produção da arquitetura residencial rural, especificamente da arquitetura de terra nos vales de Tucumán durante as duas primeiras décadas do século XXI. Através de inquéritos e entrevistas em três locais da área, foi desenvolvida uma análise baseada em quatro dimensões (recursos, tecnologias, relações e espaço-tempo), e nove componentes internos que permitem uma desagregação inicial (entidades, meios de produção, atividades, funções, conhecimento, estrutura, interações, âmbitos e contexto). Como resultados da análise foram identificados nove modelos de produção. Esta abordagem permitiu uma compreensão mais profunda da produção arquitetônica rural local, favorecendo a abordagem organizacional na sua compreensão. As principais contribuições desta pesquisa incluem a capacidade de cada dimensão e componente para oferecer informações específicas sobre aspectos particulares, simplificando assim a análise dos aspectos produtivos; torna-se, portanto, uma primeira abordagem à sua sistematização e desagregação, facilitando a abordagem à complexidade dos modelos de produção aplicados na produção de habitats.

Abstract Costa Rica has a housing deficit for its most vulnerable population. There is a lack of information and evaluation of possible construction systems for social interest housing that can improve indicators like scope, cost, quality and construction time in the early phases of a project. An evaluation was conducted with technical and impartial criterion on nine (9) construction systems for social housing, specifically for the activities of construction of foundations, walls and finishes, applying the Quality Function Deployment Matrix (QFD). The QFD Matrix transfers user requirements to production requirements using "What's" and "How's". The final ratings are based on a number of eight hundred and ten (810) results based on the variables for two study actors (the contractor and the user). For the contractor, the prefabricated concrete system consisting of columns and horizontal panels, that obtained the highest evaluation (236, 5), was the system with the best rating. For the user, concrete masonry system obtained the highest evaluation (196, 3). The results are not absolute; they vary on factors such as the market, regulations, social perception, among others. When a system obtains a better rating, it means that, for the variables considered, for its assigned importance and for the evaluated user, it is the most adequate. It cannot be concluded that, in absolute terms, that a system with a higher rating is better than the others.

Resumen Costa Rica tiene un déficit habitacional para su población más vulnerable. Se identifica una carencia de información y evaluación de posibles sistemas constructivos para vivienda de interés social que permita mejores resultados en factores como alcance, costo, calidad y tiempo de obra en las fases tempranas de un proyecto. Se realizó una evaluación con un criterio técnico e imparcial para nueve (9) sistemas constructivos para viviendas de interés social unifamiliares, específicamente para las actividades de construcción de cimentaciones, muros y acabados al aplicar la herramienta de matriz de Despliegue de Función de la Calidad (QFD). La Matriz QFD traslada los requerimientos del usuario a los de producción utilizando " Qués" y "Cómos". Las calificaciones finales se basan en una cantidad de ochocientos diez (810) resultados en función de las variables para dos actores de estudio (actor constructor y actor usuario). Respecto al actor constructor, el sistema de concreto con columnas y baldosas horizontales con un puntaje de 236,5, fue el sistema de mejor calificación. Para el actor usuario, el mejor sistema fue el de mampostería integral con un puntaje total de 196,3. Las cuantificaciones realizadas para cada sistema constructivo no son absolutas, dependen de factores como el mercado, normativas, percepción social, entre otras. Si un sistema obtiene mejor calificación quiere decir que, para las variables consideradas, su importancia asignada y el usuario evaluado, ese sería el mejor sistema constructivo, por lo tanto, no se debe interpretar que, en términos absolutos, un sistema con una mayor calificación es superior a los demás.

ABSTRACT Purpose: This study seeks to understand how the managers of the civil construction industry perceive risk management in their projects and businesses based on a case study in the region of Volta Redonda-RJ. Design/methodology/approach: Primary data was collected through questionnaires and interviews. The primary quantitative data were analyzed using Paraconsistent Logic and presented with descriptive statistics. Findings: It was found that 87% of the sample did not go through any steps of the risk management process. For those that did, the steps were essentially intuitive and informal. Further, a distortion was observed on behalf of the managers regarding the understanding of what risk management is, what it is helpful for, and the difference between their projects and the business itself. Practical implications: Although not generalizable, the research results show a high appetite for risk on the part of contractors but a low willingness to absorb its effects. Originality/value: Studies that apply paraconsistent logic to understand builders’ perceptions of the importance of risk management are scarce in the literature. Also, there is little literature about the management aspects of this industry. Purpose RedondaRJ. RedondaRJ Redonda RJ. RJ Redonda-RJ Design/methodology/approach Designmethodologyapproach Design methodology approach interviews statistics Findings 87 process informal Further itself implications generalizable effects Originality/value Originalityvalue Originality value builders Also 8

RESUMO Objetivo – Este estudo busca compreender como os gestores da construção civil percebem a gestão de riscos em seus projetos e negócios a partir de um estudo de caso na cidade de Volta Redonda-RJ. Método – Os dados foram coletados por meio de questionários e entrevistas. Os dados quantitativos primários foram analisados pela Lógica Paraconsistente e apresentados por meio de estatística descritiva. Resultados – Constatou-se que 87% da amostra não passou por nenhuma etapa do processo de gestão de riscos. Para aqueles que o fizeram, as etapas foram essencialmente intuitivas e informais. Além disso, observou-se uma distorção por parte dos gestores quanto ao entendimento do que é gestão de risco, para que serve e a diferença entre seus projetos e o próprio negócio. Implicações práticas – Apesar de não generalizáveis, os resultados da pesquisa mostram um alto apetite ao risco por parte dos construtores, mas baixa disponibilidade de absorção de seus efeitos. Originalidade – Estudos que aplicam Lógica Paraconsistente para entender a percepção dos construtores a respeito da importância da gestão de risco são escassos na literatura. Além disso, há pouca literatura sobre os aspectos de gestão desta indústria. RedondaRJ. RedondaRJ Redonda RJ. RJ Redonda-RJ entrevistas descritiva Constatouse Constatou se 87 fizeram informais disso observouse observou negócio generalizáveis efeitos indústria 8

Abstract: The objective is to evaluate 22 time and 12 cost forecasting methods based on Earned Value (EVM/ES) under three assumptions of future performance and in terms of the opportunity, accuracy, and stability of the forecasts. Little attention has been paid in the literature to future performance assumptions and evaluation under these parameters. Method: A total of 6,951 entry data points were used applying statistical measures of error and dispersion based on empirical evidence from 34 hospital construction projects in Mexico. Findings: Using contractor payment estimates as Actual Cost (AC), the more predictive time forecasting methods are those under the assumption that future performance will be as planned and, for cost, under the SPI(t) Schedule Performance Index. Relevance: The research shows the conditions under which the diverse methods offer timely and realistic predictions to be used as a reference in the monitoring and control of hospital construction projects. The limitation of the research consists of using durations and costs from completed projects without considering the possible changes formalized in contractual modifications throughout project’s execution. Future research using EVM/ES input data from the project owner's perspective is suggested.

Resumen: El objetivo es evaluar 22 métodos de pronóstico del tiempo y 12 del costo, basados en el Valor Ganado (EVM/ES), bajo tres supuestos de desempeño futuro y en términos de la oportunidad, precisión y estabilidad de los pronósticos. En la literatura se ha puesto poca atención en los supuestos de desempeño futuro y en la evaluación bajo estos parámetros. Método: se utilizaron 6,951 datos de entrada empleando medidas estadísticas de error y dispersión a partir de la evidencia empírica de 34 proyectos de construcción hospitalaria en México. Resultados: empleando las estimaciones como Costo Actual (AC), los métodos de pronóstico del tiempo con mayor grado de predicción son aquellos bajo el supuesto de que el desempeño futuro será como fue planeado y, en los del costo, conforme al índice de desempeño del tiempo SPI(t). Relevancia de los hallazgos: la investigación permite conocer las condiciones bajo las cuales los métodos ofrecen predicciones oportunas y cercanas a la realidad para ser utilizadas como referente en el seguimiento y control de proyectos de construcción hospitalaria. La limitación de la investigación consiste en emplear duraciones y costos de proyectos concluidos sin considerar los posibles cambios formalizados en convenios a lo largo de la ejecución. Se sugieren futuras investigaciones empleando datos de entrada al EVM/ES desde la perspectiva del dueño del proyecto.

Abstract Seeking to delve into the field of rural studies, work, gender and migration, from an overlapping and intersectional perspective, this article is aimed at understanding the framework and interstices that arise between the precariousness of productive salaried fruit work, in its relationship with the reproductive work of migrant women who work as seasonal workers in the Rapel Valley of the O´Higgins region, in Chile. To do this, 10 interviews conducted between November 2021 and June 2022 with Bolivian, Haitian and Peruvian migrant workers, settled in rural towns of the Las Cabras commune, were analyzed under the qualitative paradigm, from the notions of objective and subjective precariousness, and a concept broad range of work, which includes paid work such as domestic work and unpaid care. It is concluded that the global precarious condition of the life of temporary migrants, when considering both works articulately, focuses on the concern for the vulnerability of the exercise of the maternal role.-face-to-face or at a distance; material and subjective-, based on the centrality of the sacrificial spirit typical of the traditional feminine mandate; also accounting for the normalization of job insecurity, exacerbated by the exploitation exercised by the figure of the agricultural contractor in conditions of precarious migration.

Resumen Buscando profundizar en el campo de los estudios rurales, del trabajo, del género y de las migraciones, desde una mirada imbricada e interseccional, este artículo se orienta a comprender el entramado e intersticios que se presentan entre la precariedad del trabajo productivo asalariado frutícola y su relación con el trabajo reproductivo de mujeres migrantes que trabajan como temporeras en el Valle de Rapel de la región de O´Higgins, en Chile. Para ello, se analizaron bajo el paradigma cualitativo 10 entrevistas, realizadas entre noviembre 2021 y junio 2022, a trabajadoras migrantes bolivianas, haitianas y peruanas, asentadas en localidades rurales de la comuna de Las Cabras, desde las nociones de precariedad objetiva y subjetiva, y un concepto amplio de trabajo, que incluye tanto el trabajo remunerado como el doméstico y de cuidado no remunerado. Se concluye que la condición precaria global de la vida de las migrantes temporeras, al considerar articuladamente ambos trabajos, se focaliza en la preocupación por la vulnerabilidad del ejercicio del rol materno -presencial o a distancia, material y subjetivo-, basado en la centralidad del espíritu sacrificial, propio del mandato femenino tradicional; se da cuenta, así mismo, de la normalización de la precariedad laboral, agudizada por la explotación que ejerce la figura del contratista agrícola en condiciones de migración precaria.

Resumen Este trabajo consiste en una reconstrucción histórica y geoespacial, mediante Sistemas de Información Geográfica (SIG), de un sector de la ruta alternativa del ferrocarril al Atlántico de Costa Rica denominada: “línea de Fajardo”, construida entre los años 1871-1873 y posteriormente abandonada. Esta fue impulsada por el gobierno de Tomás Guardia Gutiérrez y ejecutada por el contratista norteamericano Henry Meiggs Keith. En su momento esa obra incluyó, geográficamente, el norte y el oeste de los valles coloniales de Orosi y Ujarrás, respectivamente, en la provincia de Cartago. Esta investigación abarcó la compilación documental (histórica) y de insumos geoespaciales, así como la identificación, análisis e integración, mediante SIG, de vestigios constructivos de obras civiles y de evidencias de actividad antrópica asociada, dentro del área de estudio. Como resultado fue posible reconstruir geoespacialmente la ruta original del ferrocarril en el sector geográfico de interés, mediante una confiable integración metodológica, de las diferentes evidencias identificadas.

Abstract This work consists of a historical and geospatial reconstruction, using Geographic Information Systems (GIS), of a sector of the alternative route of the Costa Rican Atlantic railway called: "Fajardo line", built between 1871-1873 and later abandoned. It was promoted by the government of Tomás Guardia Gutiérrez and executed by the North American contractor Henry Meiggs Keith. At the time, this work included, geographically, the north and west of the colonial valleys of Orosi and Ujarrás respectively, in the province of Cartago. This research covered the compilation of documents (historical), and geospatial inputs, as well as the identification, analysis, and integration, through GIS, of construction traces of civil works and evidence of associated anthropic activity, within the study area. As a result, it was possible to geospatially reconstruct the original railway route in the geographic sector of interest, through a reliable, methodological integration of the different identified evidence.

RESUMEN El Consejo de Estado ha desarrollado la regla conforme a la cual todas las reclamaciones que emanen del desequilibrio económico del contrato estatal deben hacerse al momento de suscribir documentos tales como prórrogas, suspensiones, contratos adicionales u otrosíes. De no ser así, se finiquitan los asuntos pendientes para las partes, no siendo posible discutir posteriormente hechos anteriores, por resultar contrario al principio de la buena fe y a los actos propios. Se pretende analizar la restricción en la forma de aplicar el principio de la buena fe, pues al privilegiarse escenarios concretos de reclamación por desequilibrios económicos se disminuye la posibilidad de lograr el reajuste del contrato y la consecuente reparación de un daño.

ABSTRACT The Colombian State Council has developed the rule whereby every single claim based on the economic unbalance of public contracts must be made by the contractor at the precise moment of suscribing contractual documents such as extensions, suspensions, additions or amendments. If not, pending issues between the parties are deemed to be solved, and the contractor is banned from filing any claim in the future based on past circumstances, for doing so would violate the principle of good faith and the doctrine of one's own acts. Taking this into account, this paper seeks to analyze the way in which the principle good faith can be applied, because by privileging certain sceneries of economic, the State Council is in fact reducing the likelihood of obtaining the adjustment of the contract and the repair of the damage inflicted on the contractor.

Abstract The Chinese sovereign maritime demands, the presence of pirates, the use of irregular forces and the loss of power of the United States in the Indian and Pacific oceans, has prompted debate among American academics to employ privateers, as a means of countering the Sinic presence in these spaces, even though they have not been used since the American civil war, and being an abolished practice since the Paris Declaration of 1856. Without being a part of it, the US, considering its international action, the revocation of its, would constitute an evident assumption of estoppel that would violate the international order.

Resumen Las reivindicaciones marítimas soberanas chinas, la presencia de piratas, la utilización de fuerzas irregulares y la pérdida de poder de EEUU en los océanos Índico y Pacífico, ha propiciado el debate entre académicos estadounidenses a emplear corsarios, como medio para contrarrestar la presencia sínica en estos espacios, aun no habiéndose hecho uso de ellos desde la guerra civil estadounidense, y ser una práctica abolida desde la Declaración de París de 1856. Sin ser parte en ella EEUU, atendiendo a su actuación internacional, la revocación en su hacer constituiría un supuesto evidente de estoppel que vulneraría el orden internacional.

Abstract Construction sector, which is associated with approximately two hundred sub-sectors in terms of employment area, plays the role of locomotive sector in economic development of countries. This feature of the sector affects economy directly and indirectly. Despite this positive contribution of the sector, disputes are inevitable between parties -administration and contractor- in a bid, contract and implementation processes, which are parameters of the construction process. Formal judicial process applied for the purpose of resolving disputes encountered in construction projects that the public assumes the role of employer, takes a long time. Therefore, while contractor is exposed to financial losses, administration cannot conclude public investment. In the study; disputes in public construction projects are classified, and proposals preventing disputes are presented. In this scope, firstly, 174 of 10591 disputes submitted to Court of Cassation, and 84 of 102 disputes submitted to Directorate of High Technics Board are selected regarding public construction projects. In the second stage, parameters causing disputes are classified under six main items. Thirdly, reasons of the disputes for each classification are detailed, and then proposals are presented for prevention of the disputes based on FIDIC (International Federation of Consulting Engineers) contract forms. Finally, a resolution procedure is developed for the processes including bid, contract and implementation phases based on FIDIC. By the presented proposals for GCCW (General conditions of construction works) official resolution paths can be reduced to a minimum, and the processes result positively for administration and contractors. It is concluded that the developed procedure is suitable as a practical tool for resolution process of the disputes in the public construction projects.