Groundwater is considered an important source of water aid for human consumption. However, this water can be contaminated by impurities, such contamination spots that might reach the water tables. The aim of this study was to investigate the quality of shallow groundwater in Flores neighborhood, located in the municipality of Benevides, within Belém metropolitan region, State of Pará, Brazil. Recommendations described in Standard Methods for Examination of Water and Wastewater were followed at the time to determine physical-chemical parameters such as potential hydrogen (pH), electrical conductivity (EC), total dissolved solids (TDS), apparent color, turbidity, total hardness (TH), ions and trace elements. Multivariate statistical analysis has shown that most predictive water-quality parameters set for human consumption are associated with natural events involving weathering and leaching processes. Nevertheless, parameters of nitrate, phosphate, EC, TDS and pH are also influenced by anthropic conditions in the surroundings, mainly phosphate and nitrate ions. Therefore, it can be concluded that shallow groundwaters in Flores neighborhood are unsuitable for human consumption, making it necessary for municipal public authorities to take action to solve the problem of water shortage in the borough, thus preventing the population from use those shallow groundwaters, as their consumption can bring health problems. However impurities tables Benevides region Pará Brazil physicalchemical physical chemical pH, , (pH) EC (EC) TDS, (TDS) color turbidity TH, TH (TH) elements waterquality processes Nevertheless surroundings Therefore borough problems (pH (EC (TDS (TH

Even though ammonia is a natural component of aquatic environments, elevated concentrations indicate pollution and environmental degradation. Consequently, efficient analytical methods for monitoring ammonia levels are crucial for preserving water quality. Voltammetry offers a sustainable approach for NH3 quantification, combining good analytical performance with low sample and reagent consumption, minimizing waste generation. However, despite these advantages, the voltammetric determination of ammonia remains relatively unexplored. Therefore, this study investigated the electrochemical behavior of NH3 in alkaline solutions using a non-modified Pt electrode and evaluated the performance of differential pulse voltammetry (DPV) and square wave voltammetry (SWV) for NH3 determination. DPV provided superior performance, with limits of detection and quantification of 0.79 µmol L-1 (0.011 ppmN) and 2.6 µmol L-1 (0.036 ppmN), respectively, which comply with the maximum allowable ammonia concentration in natural waters according to Brazilian and European regulations. The voltammetric method successfully quantified ammonia in tap and river water samples, providing results concordant with the established Berthelot spectrophotometric method, at a 95% confidence level. Additionally, it is simple and fully accessible to non-electrochemist since no sophisticated procedures for electrode modification are needed. Finally, the high analytical performance of the proposed method makes it valuable for pollution monitoring in aquatic environments. environments degradation Consequently quality NH consumption generation However advantages unexplored Therefore nonmodified non modified (DPV SWV (SWV 079 0 79 0.7 L1 L 1 L- 0.011 0011 011 (0.01 ppmN 26 2 6 2. 0.036 0036 036 (0.03 ppmN, , respectively regulations samples 95 level Additionally nonelectrochemist electrochemist needed Finally 07 7 0. 0.01 001 01 (0.0 0.03 003 03 9 0.0 00 (0. (0 (

Brazilian Savanna biodiversity is abundant in native fruits with nutritional and sensory properties with potential technological applications. However, the information available regarding the proprieties of Brazilian native fruits is still limited. This study aimed to analyze the metabolic profile of Brosimum gaudichaudii fruits (BGF) using metabolomics approaches, besides its physicochemical and nutritional proprieties. BGF exhibited protein content at least two times higher than other native fruits. Fifty-five metabolites were identified by the metabolomics approaches, mainly fatty acids (n = 22), carbohydrates (n = 13), organic acids (n = 6), and polyphenols (n = 5). The most abundant constituents were D-fructose (42.97%) for sugars, L-asparagine (6.47%) for amino acids, succinic acid (44.11%) for organic acids, and linolenic acid (3.04%) for fatty acids. Highlighted phytochemicals included chlorogenic acid, α-amyrin, and γ-tocopherol. Additionally, this study revealed that BGF is a good source of vitamin C and dietary fiber and an excellent source of vitamin A. Future studies providing nutritional information and suggesting consumption methods and potential industrial applications are essential to familiarize consumers with these foods. Additionally, clarifying the appropriate planting and harvesting seasons can revive traditional practices, especially for native fruits like BGF. However limited (BGF approaches Fiftyfive Fifty five n 22, 22 , 22) 13, 13 13) 6, 6 6) 5. 5 . 5) Dfructose D fructose 42.97% 4297 42 97 (42.97% sugars Lasparagine L asparagine 6.47% 647 47 (6.47% 44.11% 4411 44 11 (44.11% 3.04% 304 3 04 (3.04% αamyrin, αamyrin α amyrin, amyrin α-amyrin γtocopherol. γtocopherol γ tocopherol. tocopherol γ-tocopherol Additionally A foods practices 2 1 42.97 429 4 9 (42.97 6.47 64 (6.47 44.11 441 (44.11 3.04 30 0 (3.04 42.9 (42.9 6.4 (6.4 44.1 (44.1 3.0 (3.0 42. (42. 6. (6. 44. (44. 3. (3. (42 (6 (44 (3 (4 (

RESUMO O consumo de dióxido de carbono atmosférico pelo intemperismo tampona o efeito estufa na Terra em escala de tempo geológica. Esse mecanismo é chamado de sumidouro de carbono de silicato (SCS). Saprolito representa parte da frente de intemperismo do manto terrestre, mas historicamente não recebeu muita atenção dos geocientistas. Em escala global, o Brasil é o maior contribuinte para o SCS e o quarto maior contribuinte em número de publicações sobre saprolito. Neste estudo, a produção científica brasileira sobre o assunto de 1990 a 2022 foi avaliada, considerando publicações indexadas nas bases de dados Web of Science, SciELO e Scopus. Foram recuperados cento e oitenta artigos científicos. Na última década, sete artigos foram publicados por ano. Ao longo dos 32 anos considerados, o número de artigos sobre saprolito aumentou. A maioria dos estudos foi concentrada na região sudeste do Brasil, onde o estado de Minas Gerais liderou em termos de número de publicações (28,49%). As principais áreas em que os artigos foram publicados estavam relacionadas à ecologia, Terra e marinha; no entanto, foram citados por várias outras, incluindo as áreas de saúde e política. Uma comparação do número de publicações por bacia e o tamanho do SCS mostrou que havia menos estudos da Bacia Amazônica do que da Bacia do Paraná. Em conclusão, a fronteira geográfica para o estudo do saprolito no território brasileiro é a Bacia do Rio Amazonas, e a fronteira metodológica está relacionada à dinâmica de fluídos/gases e ao papel dos micróbios no intemperismo em profundidade. geológica SCS. . (SCS) terrestre geocientistas global 199 202 avaliada Science Scopus científicos década ano 3 considerados aumentou 28,49%. 2849 28,49% 28 49 (28,49%) ecologia marinha entanto outras política Paraná conclusão Amazonas fluídosgases fluídos gases profundidade (SCS 19 20 284 28,49 2 4 (28,49% 1 28,4 (28,49 28, (28,4 (28, (28 (2 (

ABSTRACT The consumption of atmospheric carbon dioxide by weathering buffers the greenhouse effect on Earth on a geological timescale. This mechanism is called the silicate carbon sink (SCS). Saprolite represents part of the weathering front of the Earth’s mantle, but historically, it has not received much attention from geoscientists. On a global scale, Brazil is the largest contributor to the SCS and the fourth largest contributor to the number of saprolite publications. In this study, Brazilian scientific production on the subject from 1990 to 2022 was assessed, considering publications indexed in the Web of Science, SciELO and Scopus databases. One hundred-eighty scientific articles were retrieved. In the last decade, seven articles were published per year. Over the 32 years under consideration, the number of articles on saprolite has increased. Most of the studies were concentrated in the southeastern region of Brazil, where the state of Minas Gerais led in terms of the number of publications (28.49%). The main areas in which the articles were published were related to ecology, Earth, and marine; however, they were cited by several others, including the areas of health and politics. A comparison of the number of publications per basin and the size of the SCS showed that there were fewer studies from the Amazon Basin than from the Paraná Basin. In conclusion, the geographical frontier for the study of saprolite in the Brazilian territory is the Amazon River Basin, and the methodological frontier is related to fluid/gas dynamics and the role of microbes in weathering at depth. timescale SCS. . (SCS) Earths s mantle historically geoscientists scale 199 202 assessed Science databases hundredeighty hundred eighty retrieved decade year 3 consideration increased 28.49%. 2849 28.49% 28 49 (28.49%) ecology marine however others politics conclusion fluidgas fluid gas depth (SCS 19 20 284 28.49 2 4 (28.49% 1 28.4 (28.49 28. (28.4 (28. (28 (2 (

ABSTRACT The correct use of tyres on agricultural tractors, in respect of the terrain and the type and internal pressure of the tyre, are factors that influence the performance of the tractor. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the operating performance of an agricultural tractor fitted with two types of traction device (radial and diagonal tyres) at different pressures, and operating on soil with two levels of moisture. The experiment was conducted on a dystrophic Red Yellow Argisol, with tests to evaluate the performance of the tyres under specific working conditions. Tractive power and tractive force, wheel slip and fuel consumption were evaluated. For each of the conditions under evaluation, the radial configuration showed better performance than the diagonal configuration, the effect being more significant at the lower pressure and under low soil moisture. The use of radial tyres led to an increase in traction capacity and drawbar power, with a reduction in fuel consumption, especially at higher slip rates. tractors tyre pressures moisture Argisol force evaluated evaluation rates

Abstract Purpose: To analyze diabetes mellitus (DM) in a multifactorial manner with the consumption of sugar-sweetened beverages (SSB) and variables like nutritional status, sex, genetic predisposition, age and ethnicity; in order to determine the relationship between BGA and DM in the Mazahua Otomí (MO) community. Methodological design: This quantitative survey on social and nutritional variables was designed, validated and applied. A logistic model was developed to find the relationship of DM in relation to the variables: SSB consumption, sex, genetic predisposition, age, body mass index and ethnicity. Results: The Mazahua otomi community has a monthly family income below the extreme poverty line; they do not have disease control: 68% are obese or overweight and SSB consumption is medium to high in 90% of the population. In a multifactorial manner and according to the model, there is a probability of manifesting DM depending on the variables mentioned above; while, with the exception of nutritional status and age, the others are the most significant. In taste and preferences, 52% opt for the Coca-Cola SSB brand. Research limitations: The results found should be complemented in other case studies in communities with similar characteristics and a broader probabilistic population sample. Finding: In the MO community there is a relationship between BGA consumption and DM and there is no control of the disease. This work contributes to the design of public policies to prevent health damage because of excessive consumption of SSB and its relationship with DM; likewise, those policies that rescue and promote good nutritional practices of the communities of indigenous peoples.

Resumen Objetivo: Analizar en forma multifactorial la diabetes mellitus (DM) con el consumo de las bebidas gaseosas azucaradas (BGA) y de las variables estado nutricional, sexo, predisposición genética, edad y etnia, para determinar la relación de las BGA y la DM en la comunidad Mazahua Otomí (MO). Diseño Metodológico: El estudio fue cuantitativo. Se diseñó, validó y aplicó una encuesta estructurada sobre variables sociales y nutricionales. Se elaboró un modelo logístico para encontrar la relación de DM con las variables: consumo de BGA, sexo, predisposición genética, edad, índice de masa corporal y etnia. Resultados: En la comunidad MO que se investigó un padre de familia promedio tiene un ingreso mensual por debajo de la línea de pobreza extrema y no existe control de la enfermedad de estudio: 68% tiene obesidad o sobrepeso y el consumo de BGA es entre medio y alto en 90% de la población. En forma multifactorial, hay probabilidad de manifestar la DM en función de las variables antes señaladas; mientras que, a excepción de estado nutricional y la edad, las demás son las más significativas. En gustos y preferencias, 52% opta por la marca de BGA Coca-Cola. Limitaciones de la investigación: Los resultados encontrados deberán complementarse con estudios de caso en comunidades con características similares y una muestra poblacional probabilística más amplia. Hallazgos: En la comunidad MO existe una relación entre el consumo de BGA y la DM y no hay control de la enfermedad. Este trabajo aporta al diseño de políticas públicas de prevención del daño a la salud por el consumo excesivo de BGA y su relación con la DM. De igual manera aquellas políticas públicas que rescaten y fomenten las buenas prácticas nutritivas entre las comunidades de los pueblos originarios.

Resumo: Este artigo analisa o processo de integração em novos padrões de consumo de jovens assalariados rurais em um território da serra equatoriana, onde predominam os negócios agrícolas de flores e brócolis. O objetivo é mostrar as condições estruturais que permitem aos jovens assalariados adotarem novos habitus mais próximos do consumo de bens globais, um processo intimamente relacionado com a sua posição no campo social. Na primeira parte, analisamos a relação entre consumo e habitus nas zonas rurais a partir de diferentes perspectivas teóricas sociológicas. A segunda parte, baseada em um estudo de caso, trata das tendências de consumo entre a juventude rural. A terceira parte reflete sobre a importância de novos padrões de consumo entre os jovens assalariados através do acesso a dois tipos de mercadorias globais (motocicleta e celular) que se tornaram novos objetos simbólicos e de prestígio. Resumo equatoriana brócolis social sociológicas caso rural motocicleta celular prestígio

Abstract: This article analyzes the process of integration into new consumption patterns of young rural wage earners in a territory of the Ecuadorian highlands, where flower and broccoli agribusinesses predominate. We seek to show the structural conditions that allow young wage earners to adopt new habitus closer to the consumption of global goods, a process narrowly related to their position in the social field. In the first part, we analyze the relationship between consumption and habitus in rural areas from different sociological theoretical perspectives. In the second part, based on a case study, we address consumption trends among rural youth. The third part reflects on the importance of new consumption patterns among young wage earners through access to two types of global merchandise (motorcycle and cell phone) that have become new symbolic and prestige objects. Abstract highlands predominate goods field perspectives study youth motorcycle phone objects

Resumen: En este artículo se analiza el proceso de integración a nuevos patrones de consumo de los jóvenes asalariados rurales en un territorio de la sierra ecuatoriana, donde predominan los agronegocios de flores y brócoli. Se busca mostrar las condiciones estructurales que permiten a los jóvenes asalariados adoptar nuevos habitus más cercanos al consumo de mercancías globales, proceso estrechamente relacionado con su posición ocupada en el campo social. En una primera parte, analizamos la relación entre consumo y habitus en el medio rural desde distintas perspectivas teóricas sociológicas. En una segunda parte, a partir de un estudio de caso, se abordan las tendencias del consumo entre los jóvenes rurales. En una tercera parte se reflexiona sobre la importancia de nuevas pautas de consumo entre los jóvenes asalariados a través del acceso a dos tipos de mercancías globales (motocicleta y celular) que se han convertido en nuevos objetos simbólicos y de prestigio. Resumen ecuatoriana brócoli social sociológicas caso motocicleta celular prestigio

Abstract Building structures made of cast-in-place reinforced concrete use timber for formwork, struts, scaffolding, safety elements, and temporary construction site structures, which characterize the underutilization of biomaterial in a function of short life cycles and low added value. This work aims to survey timber consumption for temporary purposes in high-rise buildings with reinforced concrete structures cast in loco. Secondary data obtained through a systematic and exploratory review of national and international articles on timber use, reuse, and disposal was used. For studies with primary data for vertical housing buildings, timber consumption per constructed area ranged from 0.002 to 0.054 m³/m². For studies with secondary data and high-rise buildings for different uses, wood consumption ranged from 0.002 to 0.077 m 3 /m 2 . There was variability in the results of 33 times (average), explained by the methods of quantification, applications, and reuse of the material. castinplace place formwork struts scaffolding elements value highrise high rise loco used 0002 0 002 0.00 0054 054 0.05 m³m² mm m³ m² m³/m² uses 0077 077 0.07 average, average , (average) quantification applications material 000 00 0.0 005 05 m³m m³/m 007 07 (average 0.

Resumo Estruturas de edifícios em concreto armado moldado in loco utilizam madeira para fôrmas, escoras, andaimes, elementos de segurança e estruturas provisórias de canteiro, que caracterizam a subutilização do biomaterial em uma função de curto ciclo de vida e baixo valor agregado. O objetivo deste trabalho é levantar o consumo de madeira para fins provisórios em obras verticais com estrutura em concreto armado moldado in loco. Utilizou-se dados secundários obtidos por meio de uma revisão sistemática e exploratória de artigos nacionais e internacionais sobre uso, reuso e descarte da madeira. Para estudos com dados primários de edifícios habitacionais verticais o consumo de madeira por área construída foi de 0,002 a 0,054 m³/m². Para estudos com dados secundários e edifícios verticais de outros usos, o consumo de madeira foi de 0,002 a 0,077 m³/m². Houve variabilidade dos resultados de 33 vezes (média), explicada pelos métodos de quantificação, aplicações e reuso do material. fôrmas escoras andaimes canteiro agregado Utilizouse Utilizou se uso 0002 0 002 0,00 0054 054 0,05 m³m² mm m³ m² m m³/m² usos 0077 077 0,07 3 média, média , (média) quantificação material 000 00 0,0 005 05 m³m m³/m 007 07 (média 0,

Abstract This work aims to model per capita water consumption in schools in the city of Joinville-SC. As the school environment is largely responsible for the transmission of knowledge, including information on water conservation, 26 public schools were selected for this research. A survey was carried out on the use of water, through visits and a questionnaire to the management team of each school. The data collected allowed the characterization of schools and a preliminary diagnosis of water use. A descriptive analysis of per capita water consumption was performed, with values ranging from 5.15 to 18.59 liters/student/day. Correlation analysis, multiple linear regression, Bayesian linear regression and geographically weighted regression were used. The results of the correlation analysis reveal that the higher the average income in the neighborhood where the school is located and the area per student ratio, the higher the per capita water consumption. On the other hand, the number of students has a negative correlation with per capita consumption. In the statistical modeling, the independent variable area per student ratio was significant. JoinvilleSC. JoinvilleSC Joinville SC. SC Joinville-SC knowledge conservation 2 research performed 515 5 15 5.1 1859 18 59 18.5 litersstudentday liters day liters/student/day used hand modeling significant 51 1 5. 185 18.

Resumo Este artigo tem como objetivo a modelagem estatística do consumo de água per capita em escolas da cidade de Joinville, SC. Levando em consideração que o ambiente escolar é grande responsável pela transmissão de conhecimentos, inclusive acerca da conservação da água, foram selecionadas para objetos de estudo desta pesquisa 26 escolas públicas da rede estadual de ensino fundamental e médio. Efetivou-se um levantamento sobre a utilização da água, por meio de visitas e questionário à direção de cada escola. Os dados coletados permitiram a caracterização das escolas e um diagnóstico preliminar do uso da água, com valores de indicador de consumo variando entre 5,15 e 18,59 litros/aluno/dia. Foi feita a análise de correlação entre as variáveis e posterior modelagem do consumo de água nas escolas, usando regressão linear múltipla, regressão linear Bayesiana e regressão geograficamente ponderada. Os resultados da análise de correlação revelam que quanto maior a renda média no bairro em que a escola está localizada e a razão área por aluno, maior o indicador de consumo. Por outro lado, o número de alunos apresenta correlação negativa com o indicador de consumo. Na modelagem estatística, a variável independente razão área por aluno apresentou-se significativa. Joinville SC conhecimentos 2 médio Efetivouse Efetivou se 515 5 15 5,1 1859 18 59 18,5 litrosalunodia litros dia litros/aluno/dia múltipla ponderada lado apresentouse apresentou significativa 51 1 5, 185 18,

Abstract The way residents occupy and operate houses influences the energy consumption. The objective of this paper is to findpatterns of occupant behaviour in actual data for thermal performance simulation.Data on occupancy of rooms and operation of doors and windows were obtained through a database created by means of application of questionnaires in low-income houses located in Florianópolis, southern Brazil. The reference profiles were obtained using cluster analysis, hierarchical and non-hierarchical techniques combined. Such profiles were submitted to computer simulations. The results showed significant variability within the clusters regarding the occupancy and operation of doors and windows. It was possible to verify the impact that different profiles have on the performance of the house, either due to occupancy or heat losses and gains from air changes through doors and windows. The combination of these effects resulted in some profiles that were highly vulnerable to external temperature conditions, while others were able to maintain the internal temperatures more constant. It was possible to verify that the use of reference profiles based on actual data lead to more reliable performance indicators. consumption simulationData simulation Data lowincome low income Florianópolis Brazil analysis nonhierarchical non combined simulations house conditions constant indicators

Resumo A forma como os moradores ocupam e operam as casas influencia o consumo de energia. O objetivo deste trabalho é encontrar padrões de comportamento dos moradores em dados reais para fins de simulação do desempenho térmico. Dados sobre ocupação de cômodos e funcionamento de portas e janelas foram obtidos por meio de um banco de dados criado por meio da aplicação de questionários em habitações de interesse social localizadas em Florianópolis. Os perfis de referência foram obtidos por meio de análise de agrupamento, com técnicas hierárquicas e não hierárquicas combinadas. Tais perfis foram submetidos a simulações computacionais. Os resultados mostraram variabilidade significativa entre os grupos quanto à ocupação e operação de portas e janelas. Foi possível verificar o impacto que diferentes perfis têm no desempenho da casa, seja pela ocupação ou pelas perdas de calor e ganhos com as trocas de ar através de portas e janelas. A combinação desses efeitos resultou em alguns perfis altamente vulneráveis às condições de temperatura externa, enquanto outros foram capazes de manter as temperaturas internas mais constantes. Foi possível verificar que a utilização de perfis de referência baseados em dados reais leva a indicadores de desempenho mais confiáveis. energia térmico Florianópolis agrupamento combinadas computacionais casa externa constantes confiáveis

Resumo O presente estudo avaliou a incorporação de finos de rocha granítica (GRP) e areia artificial (MS) em argamassas auto-adensáveis (SCM), visando adequação das características reológicas. Foram analisadas SCMs com relações água/cimento de 0,42, 0,46 e 0,63, teores de GRP de 17%, 20% e 40%, respetivamente, e substituição volumétrica de 50% da areia natural por MS. Para avaliar o desempenho das SCMs, foram realizados ensaios de mini V-Funnel e mini Slump, além da caraterização físico-mecânica. A distância de separação interpartículas e a espessura máxima da pasta também foram analisadas e concluiu-se que o teor de GRP é o parâmetro de maior influência no consumo de superplastificante e no tempo de escoamento das misturas. Com a incorporação de GRP, a viscosidade da argamassa foi ajustada sem a necessidade de adição de agentes modificadores de viscosidade, aumentando o tempo de escoamento, enquanto a substituição parcial de NS por MS resultou numa diminuição deste parâmetro. Além disso, a incorporação simultânea de GRP e MS aumentou a densidade das misturas, promovendo aumento da resistência à compressão em até 29% e da resistência à tração na flexão em até 19%, apesar da redução de cerca de 40% do volume de cimento. (GRP (MS autoadensáveis auto adensáveis SCM, SCM , (SCM) reológicas águacimento água cimento 042 0 42 0,42 046 46 0,4 063 63 0,63 17 17% 20 40 respetivamente 50 VFunnel V Funnel Slump físicomecânica. físicomecânica físico mecânica. mecânica físico-mecânica concluiuse concluiu se misturas disso 29 19 19% (SCM 04 4 0, 06 6 0,6 1 2 5

Abstract The study assessed the use of granitic rock powder (GRP) and manufactured sand (MS) in self-compacting mortars (SCM) to achieve desired rheological properties. Different water/cement ratios of 0.42, 0.46, and 0.63 were used with partial replacement of cement volume by GRP at levels of 17%, 20%, and 40%. Additionally, a volumetric replacement of 50% natural sand with MS was studied. The performance of SCMs was evaluated using mini V-Funnel and mini Slump Tests, as well as physical-mechanical characterization. It was found that GRP content significantly influenced superplasticizer consumption and flow time without requiring additional viscosity modifiers while incorporating MS decreased flow time parameter. Furthermore, simultaneous incorporation of GRP and MS increased mixture density by up to 14% improved compressive strength by up to 29%, and flexural tensile strength by up to19%. (GRP (MS selfcompacting self compacting SCM (SCM properties watercement water 042 0 42 0.42 046 46 0.46 063 63 0.6 17 17% 20 20% 40 40% Additionally 50 studied VFunnel V Funnel Tests physicalmechanical physical mechanical characterization parameter Furthermore 14 29 29% to19 to19% 04 4 0.4 06 6 0. 1 2 5 to1

Abstract Purpose: To analyze diabetes mellitus (DM) in a multifactorial manner with the consumption of sugar-sweetened beverages (SSB) and variables like nutritional status, sex, genetic predisposition, age and ethnicity; in order to determine the relationship between BGA and DM in the Mazahua Otomí (MO) community. Methodological design: This quantitative survey on social and nutritional variables was designed, validated and applied. A logistic model was developed to find the relationship of DM in relation to the variables: SSB consumption, sex, genetic predisposition, age, body mass index and ethnicity. Results: The Mazahua otomi community has a monthly family income below the extreme poverty line; they do not have disease control: 68% are obese or overweight and SSB consumption is medium to high in 90% of the population. In a multifactorial manner and according to the model, there is a probability of manifesting DM depending on the variables mentioned above; while, with the exception of nutritional status and age, the others are the most significant. In taste and preferences, 52% opt for the Coca-Cola SSB brand. Research limitations: The results found should be complemented in other case studies in communities with similar characteristics and a broader probabilistic population sample. Finding: In the MO community there is a relationship between BGA consumption and DM and there is no control of the disease. This work contributes to the design of public policies to prevent health damage because of excessive consumption of SSB and its relationship with DM; likewise, those policies that rescue and promote good nutritional practices of the communities of indigenous peoples.

Resumen Objetivo: Analizar en forma multifactorial la diabetes mellitus (DM) con el consumo de las bebidas gaseosas azucaradas (BGA) y de las variables estado nutricional, sexo, predisposición genética, edad y etnia, para determinar la relación de las BGA y la DM en la comunidad Mazahua Otomí (MO). Diseño Metodológico: El estudio fue cuantitativo. Se diseñó, validó y aplicó una encuesta estructurada sobre variables sociales y nutricionales. Se elaboró un modelo logístico para encontrar la relación de DM con las variables: consumo de BGA, sexo, predisposición genética, edad, índice de masa corporal y etnia. Resultados: En la comunidad MO que se investigó un padre de familia promedio tiene un ingreso mensual por debajo de la línea de pobreza extrema y no existe control de la enfermedad de estudio: 68% tiene obesidad o sobrepeso y el consumo de BGA es entre medio y alto en 90% de la población. En forma multifactorial, hay probabilidad de manifestar la DM en función de las variables antes señaladas; mientras que, a excepción de estado nutricional y la edad, las demás son las más significativas. En gustos y preferencias, 52% opta por la marca de BGA Coca-Cola. Limitaciones de la investigación: Los resultados encontrados deberán complementarse con estudios de caso en comunidades con características similares y una muestra poblacional probabilística más amplia. Hallazgos: En la comunidad MO existe una relación entre el consumo de BGA y la DM y no hay control de la enfermedad. Este trabajo aporta al diseño de políticas públicas de prevención del daño a la salud por el consumo excesivo de BGA y su relación con la DM. De igual manera aquellas políticas públicas que rescaten y fomenten las buenas prácticas nutritivas entre las comunidades de los pueblos originarios.

Resumen Introducción. Los plaguicidas son utilizados para controlar las plagas y enfermedades en las actividades agrícolas. El manejo inadecuado de estos productos constituye un riesgo potencial para la salud humana y el medio ambiente. Objetivo. Evaluar la presión toxicológica (eco) ejercida por los plaguicidas sintéticos en los cultivos de tabaco (Nicotiana tabacum) en la provincia de Sancti Spíritus, Cuba. Materiales y métodos. Se utilizó una base de datos de la Dirección Provincial de Sanidad Vegetal para el período 2016-2019, donde se tomaron los plaguicidas asignados a la provincia para este cultivo y se compararon con los declarados por los agricultores entrevistados. Para la obtención de los resultados se utilizó el indicador dual POCER, que determinó la presión ejercida por los diferentes plaguicidas y su referencia nociva sobre el ser humano y el medio ambiente. Resultados. La tendencia del consumo de plaguicidas (resumida en tablas y gráficos) mostró una disminución del 50 %, que corresponde a la política de protección de los cultivos del país. Los agricultores mencionaron el uso de ingredientes activos autorizados y no autorizados en las encuestas realizadas, y en las muestras analizadas se detectaron dieciséis ingredientes activos de alto riesgo. Al evaluar los resultados de POCER y muestras analizadas se observó que existe una gran presión (eco)toxicológica tanto para el medio ambiente como para la salud humana ejercida por un grupo de ingredientes activos de alta toxicidad utilizados en el cultivo de tabaco de la provincia. Conclusión. Con la utilización del indicador dual POCER, se obtiene una evaluación de la presión (eco)toxicológica ejercida por los plaguicidas sintéticos utilizados en el cultivo del tabaco (Nicotiana tabacum) en la provincia de Sancti Spíritus, Cuba para el período de estudio.

Abstract Introduction. Pesticides are used to control pests and diseases in agricultural activities. Improper management of these products poses a potential risk to human health and the environment. Objective. To evaluate the (eco)toxicological pressure exerted by synthetic pesticides on tobacco crops (Nicotiana tabacum) in the province of Sancti Spíritus, Cuba. Materials and methods. A database from the Provincial Directorate of Plant Health for the period 2016-2019 was used, where the pesticides assigned to the province for this crop were compared with those reported by interviewed farmers. The dual indicator POCER was used to obtain the results, determining the pressure exerted by different pesticides and their harmful reference on humans and the environment. Results. The trend in pesticide consumption (summarized in tables and graphs) showed 50 % decrease, corresponding to the country’s crop protection policy. Farmers mentioned the use of authorized and unauthorized active ingredients in the conducted surveys, and sixteen high-risk active ingredients were detected in the analyzed samples. Evaluating the POCER results and analyzed samples, a significant (eco)toxicological pressure was observed on both the environment and human health, exerted by a group of high-toxicity active ingredients used in tobacco cultivation in the province. Conclusion. Using the dual indicator POCER provides an evaluation of the (eco)toxicological pressure exerted by synthetic pesticides used in the tobacco cultivation (Nicotiana tabacum) in the province of Sancti Spíritus, Cuba, for the study period.

RESUMEN La industria del tabaco, como cualquier otra, es participe del producto interno bruto y la generación de empleo en cualquier país. No obstante, los gobiernos han establecido mecanismos fiscales para erradicar su consumo, debido a las enfermedades que ocasiona como cáncer pulmonar, bronquitis crónica; lo que puede llevar a la muerte. En este sentido, se propone una aplicación de un modelo de externalidades para la producción de tabaco en México. Se obtuvieron dos mecanismos para la erradicación del tabaco, uno de ellos implica que las empresas disminuyan salarios de los trabajadores por el aumento de impuestos; el segundo, aumentar precios del tabaco permitiendo que las empresas equilibren su presupuesto. Ambos mecanismos implican un desajuste presupuestal para los ciudadanos, pero el segundo es una solución socialmente optima, pues solo se ven afectados los consumidores de tabaco y no así los que dependen del empleo y salario de la empresa.

ABSTRACT The tobacco industry, like any other, is a participant in the gross domestic product and the generation of employment in any country. However, governments have established fiscal mechanisms to eradicate its consumption, due to the diseases it causes such as lung cancer, chronic bronchitis; what can lead to death. In this sense, an application of an externalities model for tobacco production in Mexico is proposed. Two mechanisms were obtained for the eradication of tobacco; one of them implies that companies reduce workers' wages due to the increase in taxes. A second is to increase tobacco prices allowing companies to balance their budget. Both mechanisms imply a budget imbalance for citizens, but the second is a socially optimal solution, since only tobacco users are affected and not those who depend on the company's employment and salary.

Summary: The middle area of the state of Sinaloa in Northwestern Mexico is characterized by a warm semi-arid climate where rainfall is insufficient for the adequate development of some introduced plant species. For example, those that correspond to the genus Brachiaria, despite technological advances in sencor development, the producers have limted access to sufficient meteorological information. Therefore, the aim in the present study is to determine water requirement, crop coefficient, and productivity of Convert 300 hybrid grass (Brachiaria sp) in a warm semiarid climate of Mexico by using the Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO56 Penman-Montiel equation) method with complete and limited data; a meteorological station was used to measure climatic parameters, and the FAO56 method with dual kc was applied to estimate crop evapotranspiration under non-standard conditions, and subsequently, water productiviy. The estimated water consumption for the Convert 330 hybrid in the warm semiarid climate of northwest Mexico was 1849 mm with measured data and 1973.5 mm with limited data. The statistical analyses yielded a coefficient of determination (R2) of 0.92, Willmott’s coefficient of agreement (d) of 0.90, RMSE of 0.694 mm d-1, BIAS of 0.380 mm d-1 and a Nash-Sutcliffe coefficient of efficiency (EF) of 0.98. The kc values were 0.49, 1.11 and 1.04 for initial, middle and end of season, respectively; the water productivity (WUE) was 2.666 kg m-3 for green forage, and 0.726 kg m-3, for dry matter, in the same way, 375.1 and 1378 L kg-1 were required to produce green forage and dry matter, respectively. To conclude, althought the ETc estimation with limited data overestimated the ETc with measured data by 6.7%, statistics showed that the procedure is reliable.

Resumen: La región central del estado de Sinaloa en el noroeste mexicano, se caracteriza por un clima semiárido cálido donde la precipitación es insuficiente para el desarrollo adecuado de algunas especies vegetales introducidas, como las correspondientes al género Brachiaria, a pesar del avance tecnológico en el desarrollo de sensores, es escaso el acceso de los productores a suficiente información meteorológica; el objetivo del presente trabajo consistió en determinar el requerimiento hídrico, coeficiente de cultivo y productividad del pasto híbrido Convert 330 (Brachiaria sp) en un clima semiárido cálido de México, utilizando el método FAO56 con datos medidos y datos limitados; se utilizó una estación meteorológica para medir los parámetros climáticos, y se aplicó el método FAO56 con kc dual para estimar la evapotranspiración de cultivo bajo condiciones no estándar, y posteriormente, la productividad del agua. El consumo de agua estimado para el pasto Convert 330 en clima semiárido cálido del noroeste de México fue de 1849 mm con datos medidos y 1973.5 mm con datos limitados; el análisis estadístico arrojó un coeficiente de determinación (R2) de 0.92, coeficiente de concordancia de Willmott (d) de 0.90, RMSE de 0.694 mm d-1, BIAS=0.380 mm d-1 y un coeficiente de eficiencia de Nash-Sutcliffe (EF) de 0.98. Los valores de kc obtenidos fueron de 0.49, 1.11 y 1.04 paras las etapas inicial, media y final, respectivamente; la productividad del agua (EUA) fue de 2.666 kg m-3 para forraje verde y 0.726 kg m-3 para materia seca; asimismo, se requirieron 375.1 y 1378 L kg-1 para la producción de forraje verde y materia seca, respectivamente. Finalmente, se concluye que, aunque la estimación de la ETc con datos limitados sobrestimó en un 6.7% la ETc con datos medidos, la estadística muestra que es confiable el procedimiento.