Abstract During studies on fish parasites, two new species of Anacanthorus were found parasitizing serrasalmid fishes, Anacanthorus simpliciphallus sp. n. from the hybrid Piaractus mesopotamicus x Piaractus brachypomus and Anacanthorus brandtii sp. n. from Serrasalmus brandtii. Anacanthorus simpliciphallus sp. n. resembles Anacanthorus reginae in the morphology of the male copulatory organ (MCO) and accessory piece but differs from A. reginae in terms of the smaller size of the accessory piece, which corresponds approximately half the size of the MCO and by the presence of a conspicuous metraterm, with a membranous terminal region. Anacanthorus brandtii sp. n. differs from Anacanthorus scapanus by the expansion of the accessory piece, from Anacanthorus jegui by the ratio MCO (male copulatory organ) /AP (accessory piece) and by the expansion of hook shank, from Anacanthorus sciponophallus and A. reginae by the ratio MCO/AP. Anacanthorus brandtii sp. n. can be distinguished from A. reginae and A. simpliciphallus sp.n. by the size of hooks which is similar in A. reginae and A. simpliciphallus sp. n. and dissimilar in A. brandtii sp. n. The two new species also differ from each other by the expansion of shank. parasites fishes sp n (MCO A metraterm region AP shank MCOAP MCO/AP spn sp.n

Resumo Durante estudos em parasitos de peixes, duas novas espécies de Anacanthorus foram encontradas parasitando peixes serrasalmideos, Anacanthorus simpliciphallus sp. n. do híbrido Piaractus mesopotamicus x Piaractus brachypomus e Anacanthorus brandtii sp. n. de Serrasalmus brandtii. Anacanthorus simpliciphallus sp. n. assemelha-se a Anacanthorus reginae na morfologia do órgão copulatório masculino (OCM) e peça acessória (PA), mas difere de A. reginae pelo tamanho menor da peça acessória, que corresponde a aproximadamente metade do tamanho do OCM e pela presença de um metraterma conspícuo, com uma região terminal membranosa. Anacanthorus brandtii sp. n. difere de Anacanthorus scapanus pela expansão da peça acessória, de Anacanthorus jegui pela proporção OCM / PA e pela expansão da haste do gancho, e de Anacanthorus sciponophallus e A. reginae pela proporção OCM / PA. Anacanthorus brandtii sp. n. pode ser distinguido de A. reginae e A. simpliciphallus sp. n. pelo tamanho dos ganchos que é similar em A. reginae e A. simpliciphallus sp. n. e dissimilar em A. brandtii sp. n. As duas espécies novas também diferem entre si pela expansão da haste do gancho. serrasalmideos sp n assemelhase assemelha se (OCM PA, , (PA) A conspícuo membranosa gancho (PA

Abstract The Serra do Cachimbo is a highland area at the southeastern portion of the Amazon Forest drained by the headwaters of tributaries of rios Xingu and Tapajós. It is known as an area of high level of endemism of fish, low species diversity, and very few taxa with broad distribution in the other parts of the Amazon. Despite its biogeographical importance, there are still many poorly sampled areas. Four expeditions to the region yielded in the rediscovery of a poorly known, endemic species, Hyphessobrycon cachimbensis, and the discovery of a similar, allopatric undescribed congener, frequently misidentified as H. cachimbensis. We provided the redescription of H. cachimbensis and the description of the new species. Both can be differentiated from most congeners by having a conspicuous longitudinal dark stripe on body and anal-fin base convex in males, due to thicker musculature insertion in the region. Other diagnostic features are mostly related to counts of scales and fin rays. Tapajós fish diversity importance areas similar congener H analfin anal males rays

Resumo A Serra do Cachimbo é uma área elevada da borda sudeste da Floresta Amazônica, drenada pelas cabeceiras dos tributários dos rios Xingu e Tapajós. É conhecida como uma área de alto endemismo de peixes, baixa diversidade de espécies e poucos táxons com ampla distribuição em outras partes da Amazônia. Apesar de sua importância biogeográfica, ainda há várias áreas pouco amostradas. Quatro expedições para a região resultaram na redescoberta de uma espécie pouco conhecida e endêmica, Hyphessobrycon cachimbensis, e a descoberta de uma congênere similar não descrita, alopátrica, frequentemente identificada erroneamente como H. cachimbensis. Nós fornecemos a redescrição de H. cachimbensis e a descrição da nova espécie. Ambas podem ser diferenciadas da maioria das congêneres por ter uma faixa longitudinal conspícua escura no corpo e base da nadadeira anal de machos convexa, por conta da inserção de musculatura mais robusta na região. Outros caracteres diagnósticos são, em sua maioria, relacionados à contagem de escamas e raios de nadadeiras. Amazônica Tapajós peixes Amazônia biogeográfica amostradas endêmica descrita alopátrica H convexa são nadadeiras

Abstract Haemulidae represents one of the most diverse, widespread and conspicuous families of Perciformes, in which most species are marine, some brackish and rarely from freshwater. From April 2009 to July 2012, 120 specimens of Conodon nobilis, 60 Orthopristis rubra and 50 Anisotremus virginicus were collected off the State of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, and analyzed for metazoan parasites. A total of 16 parasite taxa were found on/in A. virginicus, 19 on/in Co. nobilis and 21 on/in O. rubra, in which ectoparasites were most common on A. virginicus and Co. nobilis and endoparasites in O. rubra. All parasites showed aggregate pattern of distribution (discrepancy index values higher than 0.70). Mean abundance, species richness and Brillouin index (diversity) differed among the host species, i.e., O. rubra showed the highest values, followed by A. virginicus and Co. nobilis with intermediate and lowest values, respectively. At infracommunity level was possible to observe high similarity of parasite composition among the three host species. The digeneans Leurodera decora and Monorchis latus, and the acanthocephalan Koronacantha sp. represent new locality records off Brazil. Moreover, five, four and two taxa are reported, for the first time, parasitizing Co. nobilis, A. virginicus and O. rubra, respectively. diverse Perciformes marine freshwater 200 2012 12 6 5 Janeiro Brazil 1 onin Co 2 O discrepancy 0.70. 070 0.70 . 0 70 0.70) abundance diversity (diversity ie i e i.e. respectively latus sp Moreover five reported time 20 201 07 0.7 7 i.e 0.

Abstract The tribe Serrasalmini is a diverse group with paraphyletic genera and taxonomic uncertainties. Several studies have been carried out in this group of fish in order to understand this problem, including the cytogenetic approach. In this study, three species of a clade of Serrasalmini were characterized cytogenetically - Pristobrycon striolatus, Catoprion absconditus and Pygopristis denticulatus. The three species presented diploid number (2n) equal to 62 chromosomes, of one and two arms, with karyotypic formulas and species-specific fundamental numbers. Heterochromatin is centromeric and terminal (bi-telomeric) in most chromosomes, with a conspicuous interstitial block at pair 1 (m) in all three species. The nucleolar organizer regions were multiple and C-band positive, and their location was confirmed via 18S ribosomal DNA mapping; however, with additional sites. The 5S rDNA was located in interstitial region of long arm of pair 1 (m), in the three species (homeologous). Moreover, we observed synteny between 18S and 5S in the species C. absconditus and P. denticulatus, which, according to fiber-FISH, are interspersed. Thus, the maintenance of 2n (62) evidences the diversification of chromosomal formulas within the clade by non-Robertsonian rearrangements and reflects the paraphyly of the related species. uncertainties problem approach study striolatus denticulatus n (2n 6 chromosomes arms speciesspecific specific numbers bitelomeric bi telomeric (bi-telomeric m (m Cband C band positive S mapping however sites m, , homeologous. homeologous . (homeologous) Moreover P which fiberFISH, fiberFISH fiber FISH, FISH fiber-FISH interspersed Thus (62 nonRobertsonian non Robertsonian (homeologous (6 (

RESUMO O desenvolvimento das larvas de Characidium orientale Buckup & Reis, 1997 é descrito a partir de espécimes coletados no rio Antas, na bacia do rio Taquari-Antas, Rio Grande do Sul, Brasil. Foram consideradas mudanças ontogenéticas na morfologia, pigmentação, morfologia das nadadeiras e caracteres merísticos. Foram analisadas 36 larvas (33 na fase de pré-flexão, duas em flexão e uma em pós-flexão), com comprimento padrão entre 4,24 e 11,26 mm. As larvas de C. orientale são altriciais e apresentam corpo fusiforme, boca subterminal, intestino longo com abertura anal posterior à linha vertical sobre a região mediana do corpo. Dois cromatóforos são evidentes na região interorbital, bem como pigmentos concentrados na lateral do corpo, formando uma faixa longitudinal e entre os raios da nadadeira caudal, que se intensificam durante o desenvolvimento. Além disso, um remanescente conspícuo da membrana embrionária na frente da nadadeira dorsal parece ser característico de espécies do gênero durante o desenvolvimento larval. O número total de miômeros varia de 32 a 35 (18-23 pré; 11-16 pós-anal). As principais mudanças na morfometria ocorrem durante o estágio de pré-flexão e sugerem mudanças fisiológicas e comportamentais.

ABSTRACT The Characidium orientale Buckup & Reis, 1997 larvae development is described using specimens collected in the natural environment of Antas River, in the Taquari-Antas river basin, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil. Were considerate ontogenetic changes in morphology, pigmentation, fin morphology, and meristic characters. Thirty-six larvae (33 in the preflexion stage, two in flexion, and one in the postflexion stage), with a standard length between 4.24 and 11.26 mm were analyzed. The larvae of C. orientale are altricial and present fusiform body, subterminal mouth, long intestine with anal opening posterior to the vertical line over the median region of the body. Two chromatophores are evident in the interorbital region, as well pigments concentrated on the side of the body, forming a longitudinal stripe, and between the rays of the caudal fin, which intensify during the development. Also, a conspicuous remnant of the embryonic membrane (finfold) in front of the dorsal fin appears to be characteristic of species of the genus during larval development. The total number of myomeres varies from 32 to 35 (18-23 pre; 11-16 postanal). The main changes in morphometry occur during the preflexion stage and suggest physiological and behavioral changes.

Resumen Introducción: La biodiversidad marina es bien conocida en algunas áreas y para algunos ecosistemas marinos de la costa Pacífica de Costa Rica. El sector marino del Área de Conservación Guanacaste, en el Pacífico norte del país, es un área prioritaria para la conservación de la biodiversidad marina y costera. Objetivo: Nuestro objetivo fue el de incrementar el conocimiento de la biodiversidad marina en un sitio prioritario de conservación de Costa Rica y en ecosistemas marinos poco o nulamente estudiados, como son los arrecifes rocosos y mantos de Sargassum, respectivamente. Métodos: El estudio se realizó en Bahía Salinas y Golfo de Santa Elena en el 2013. En enero, cuatro arrecifes rocosos fueron visitados; mientras que en febrero tres arrecifes rocosos y un manto de Sargassum fueron visitados. Identificamos las especies de invertebrados y peces conspicuos a través métodos de censos visuales submarinos (buceos cronometrados y transectos de banda). La densidad promedio de cada especie se estimó mediante el método de transectos de banda. Resultados: Se registró un total de 25 invertebrados y 34 especies de peces. Encontramos un mayor número de especies de invertebrados (23) y peces (33) en los arrecifes rocosos, pero pocas especies en el manto de Sargassum (ocho especies de invertebrados y diez de peces). La composición de especies difirió entre ecosistemas marinos. Conclusiones: Nuestro estudio evidencia el limitado conocimiento de las comunidades de invertebrados y peces en estos ecosistemas marinos en el Pacífico Norte de Costa Rica. Considerablemente más encuestas y trabajo de campo son requeridos para apoyar decisiones de manejo que sean respaldados por conocimientos científicos solidos.

Abstract Introduction: The marine biodiversity is well known in some areas and for some marine ecosystems of the Pacific coast of Costa Rica. The marine sector of Área de Conservación Guanacaste, in the North Pacific of the country, is a priority area for conservation of marine and coastal biodiversity. Objective: Our aim was to increase the knowledge of marine biodiversity in a conservation priority site in Costa Rica and in poorly or scarcely studied marine ecosystems, such as rocky reefs and Sargassum beds, respectively. Methods: The study was conducted in Bahía Salinas and Golfo de Santa Elena in 2013. In January, four rocky reefs were visited; while in February three rocky reefs and one Sargassum bed were visited. We identified the macroinvertebrates and conspicuous fish species through underwater visual census methods (timed swim and band transects). The mean density of each species was estimated through band transects method. Results: A total of 25 invertebrates and 34 fish species were identified. We found a high number of species of invertebrates (23) and fish species (33) in rocky reefs, but few species on Sargassum beds (eight invertebrates and ten fish species). Species composition differed between marine ecosystems. Conclusions: Our study further evidence the limited knowledge of invertebrates and fish communities in these marine ecosystems in the North Pacific of Costa Rica. Considerably more surveys and field work are required to support management decisions that are backed by sound scientific knowledge.

Resumo Os peixes donzela são espécies-chave em ambientes recifais, contudo seus padrões de distribuição em grande escala são pouco conhecidos no sudoeste do Atlântico. Avaliamos os principais descritores de distribuição para três espécies comuns em sistemas recifais tropicais e costões rochosos subtropicais costeiros no Brasil, em resposta a diferentes regimes de exposição a ondas, profundidade e cobertura bentônica. Apesar das grandes diferenças entre estes sistemas, a exposição das ondas e a profundidade consistentemente explicaram sua distribuição. Stegastes fuscus é numericamente dominante, sendo a maior espécie do gênero no Atlântico sudoeste, dominando recifes rasos e menos hidrodinâmicos, enquanto S. variabilis foi mais abundante em habitats com maior hidrodinamismo. Stegastes pictus foi ausente nos recifes rasos tropicais amostrados e, nos recifes rochosos subtropicais, foi mais abundante em profundidades acima de 7 m. Características do substrato influenciaram pouco a densidade, porem S. fuscus apresentou associação a algas calcárias articuladas, enquanto juvenis de S. variabilis se associaram a macroalgas eretas. Peixes donzelas são generalistas e persistentes, ocorrendo em ambientes distintos, e mesmo assim, regulados de forma especifica e consistente ao longo da costa. O monitoramento a longo prazo nos informará como elas responderão às constantes mudanças globais e impactos antrópicos nos recifes brasileiros.

Abstract Damselfishes are known keystone species of reef environments, however large-scale distribution patterns are poorly studied in the southwestern Atlantic. We evaluated main drivers of distribution of three conspicuous damselfishes, along tropical and subtropical coastal systems, in Brazil. Abundances were assessed against wave exposure, depth (within 1–7 m in tropical and 1–11 m in subtropical reefs) and benthic cover. Despite differences between systems, exposure and depth consistently explained damselfishes distribution. Stegastes fuscus, the larger damselfish species of the genus in the southwestern Atlantic, was dominant in both systems, inhabiting preferably shallow and sheltered reefs. Conversely, Stegastes variabilis occupied shallow habitats with higher exposure. Stegastes pictus was absent from tropical reefs sampled, inhabiting depths >7 m, in subtropical reefs. Species were weakly associated with benthic features, which poorly predicted changes in abundances. Regardless, S. fuscus showed association with articulated calcareous algae, and S. variabilis juveniles associated with erect macroalgae. Despite occurring in very distinctive reef systems, Brazilian damsels habitat requirements are consistent in both tropical and subtropical reefs. While highly persistent species, long term monitoring will inform us how they respond to pervasive global changes and human impacts along Brazilian reefs.

Resumo Schizodon engloba aproximadamente 15 espécies de peixes neotropicais. A taxonomia integrativa, combinando análises moleculares e morfométricas com métodos taxonômicos tradicionais, foi utilizada para investigar Schizodon vittatus e sua potencial espécie irmã. As diferenças moleculares (DNA barcoding) entre as duas espécies são maiores do que a variação intraespecífica observada em espécies congêneres, e as duas espécies representam linhagens distintas por aproximadamente um milhão de anos. As duas espécies são morfologicamente muito similares e os dados merísticos mostram grande sobreposição. As análises morfométricas também mostraram sobreposição entre as duas espécies, mas indicaram diferenças na altura do pedúnculo caudal, no diâmetro interorbital, e no comprimento dos raios da nadadeira anal. O padrão de colorido parece fornecer uma característica diagnóstica clara para as duas espécies. Schizodon vittatus normalmente possui quatro faixas escuras transversais no corpo e sua espécie irmã tem três faixas, com a quarta, se presente, inconspícua e dorsal à linha lateral. Schizodon vittatus é redescrita com base no tipo e em espécimes coletados recentemente; sua localidade tipo é revisitada e a sua distribuição conhecida é restringida às drenagens do Araguaia e Tocantins. A nova espécie, irmã de S. vittatus e distribuída nas drenagens do Xingu e Tapajós, é descrita. Uma chave para a identificação das espécies do clado amazônico de Schizodon é apresentada.

Abstract Schizodon encompasses approximately 15 species of Neotropical headstanding fishes. Integrative taxonomy, combining molecular and morphometric analyses with traditional taxonomic methods, was used to investigate Schizodon vittatus and its potential new sister species. Molecular differences between the two species in the barcode are greater than intra-specific variation recovered in species of Schizodon, and the two species represent distinct lineages for approximately one million years. The two species are morphologically very similar, and the meristic data showed great overlap. Morphometric analyses also showed overlap among the putative species but indicated differences in caudal-peduncle depth, orbital diameter, and length of anal-fin rays. Color pattern seems to provide a clear diagnostic feature for the two species. Schizodon vittatus usually has four dark brown transversal bars on body, and its sister species has three conspicuous bars, with the fourth, if present, inconspicuous and dorsal to the lateral line. Schizodon vittatus is redescribed based on the type and recently collected specimens, its type locality is revisited, and its known distribution restricted to the Araguaia and Tocantins drainages. The new species, sister to S. vittatus, distributed in the Xingu and Tapajós drainages, is described. A key for the identification of the Amazon clade species of Schizodon is provided.

RESUMO Uma nova espécie de Hyphessobrycon pertencente ao grupo Hyphessobrycon heterorhabdus é descrita da região do baixo rio Tapajós, estado do Pará, Brasil. A nova espécie é incluída no grupo Hyphessobrycon heterorhabdus devido ao seu padrão de coloração, composto por uma mancha umeral alongada, anteriormente bem definida, que se torna difusa e borrada posteriormente, onde se sobrepõe a uma conspícua faixa escura médio-lateral que se torna borrada próxima ao pedúnculo caudal, e pela presença, em exemplares vivos, de um padrão longitudinal tricolor, composto por uma faixa longitudinal vermelha ou avermelhada dorsal, uma faixa média iridescente dourada ou prateada e, mais ventralmente, o padrão longitudinal escuro composto pela faixa escura médio-lateral e mancha umeral. A espécie pode ser distinguida das outras espécies pertencentes ao grupo por possuir uma mancha umeral com região ventral retilínea ou levemente arredondada, sem uma expansão ventral presente nas demais espécies do grupo. A espécie também se diferencia de Hyphessobrycon heterorhabdus por uma distância genética de 9,6% no gene citocromo c oxidase I. A sutil diferença morfológica da nova espécie quando comparada ao seu congênere mais similar, H. heterorhabdus, indica que a nova espécie é uma das primeiras espécies de peixes verdadeiramente crípticas descritas da Bacia Amazônica.

ABSTRACT A new species of Hyphessobrycon belonging to the Hyphessobrycon heterorhabdus species-group from the lower rio Tapajós, state of Pará, Brazil, is described. The new species is allocated into the Hyphessobrycon heterorhabdus species-group due to its color pattern, composed by an anteriorly well-defined, horizontally elongated humeral blotch that becomes diffuse and blurred posteriorly, where it overlaps with a conspicuous midlateral dark stripe that becomes blurred towards the caudal peduncle and the presence, in living specimens, of a tricolored longitudinal pattern composed by a dorsal red or reddish longitudinal stripe, a middle iridescent, golden or silvery longitudinal stripe, and a more ventrally-lying longitudinal dark pattern composed by the humeral blotch and dark midlateral stripe. It can be distinguished from all other species of the group by possessing humeral blotch with a straight or slightly rounded ventral profile, lacking a ventral expansion present in all other species of the group. The new species is also distinguished from Hyphessobrycon heterorhabdus by a 9.6% genetic distance in the cytochrome c oxidase I gene. The little morphological distinction of the new species when compared with its most similar congener, H. heterorhabdus, indicates that the new species is one of the first truly cryptic fish species described from the Amazon basin.

SUMMARY: In the thermal range of the Pacific waters, known for the geographical distribution of Sardinops sagax caeruleus(Jenyns, 1842) (Pacific sardine), could be exposed to a stressing temperature environment with dilated effect. This work examines the liver and kidney of sardines acclimated at different temperatures and exposed to the lethal temperature and critical thermal maximum trials. The liver and kidney tissues of Sardinops sagax caeruleus acclimated for 25 days at 19, 21, 23 and 25 °C were anatomically examined after exposure to acute heat stress (AHS) caused by increasing the water temperature at a rate of 1 °C per min, and the chronic heat stress (CHS) effect by abruptly exposure to constant water temperature different from that of acclimation (AT). We observed in fish exposed to AHS that the liver tissue had vacuolated or necrotic hepatocytes and infiltration of inflammatory blood cells (25 °C) and the kidney tissue showed degenerative changes in the glomeruli and renal tubules and increased melanomacrophage centers. The CHS effect in liver and renal tissues produced damage signs of pyknosis, apoptosis, necrotic areas, and an increase in melanomacrophage centers as well as outbreaks of bacterial infection. The results demonstrate that S. sagax caeruleus did not tolerate an abrupt thermal change of more than 4 °C, independently of the ATs, over 50 % died. The consequences of the experimental acute and chronic thermal stress were histopathological alterations of liver and kidney. It was expected that the chronic stress temperature could produce in fish conspicuous histological changes, and indeed it was the most deleterious.

RESUMEN: En el rango térmico de las aguas del Pacífico, conocido por la distribución geográfica de Sardinops sagax caeruleus (Jenyns, 1842) (sardina del Pacífico), esta especie podría estar expuesta a un ambiente de temperatura estresante con efecto dilatado. Este trabajo examina el hígado y el riñón de las sardinas aclimatadas a diferentes temperaturas y expuestas a la temperaturas letales y crítica máxima. Los tejidos hepático y renal de Sardinops sagax caeruleus aclimatadas durante 25 días a 19, 21, 23 y 25 °C se examinaron anatómicamente después de la exposición al estrés de calor agudo (AHS) causado por el aumento de la temperatura del agua a una velocidad de 1 °C por minuto, y el efecto de estrés de calor crónico (CHS) por la exposición brusca a una temperatura constante del agua diferente a la de la aclimatación (AT). Observamos en peces expuestos a AHS que el tejido hepático tenía hepatocitos vacuolados o necróticos y la infiltración de células sanguíneas (25 °C) y el tejido renal presentaba cambios degenerativos en los glomérulos y túbulos renales y aumento de centros de melanomacrófagos. El efecto CHS en los tejidos hepático y renal produjo signos de daño de picnosis, apoptosis, áreas necróticas y un aumento en los centros de melanomacrófagos, así como brotes de infección bacteriana. Los resultados demuestran que S. sagax caeruleus no toleró un cambio térmico abrupto de más de 4 °C, independientemente de las AT, más del 50 % murió. Las consecuencias del estrés térmico agudo y crónico experimental fueron las alteraciones histopatológicas del hígado y el riñón. Se esperaba que la temperatura de estrés crónica pudiera producir cambios histológicos conspicuos en los peces, y de hecho fue la más perjudicial.

The Gulf of California is characterized by great biodiversity, high biological productivity and important fisheries. Studies on community structure of the reef fish fauna in the region have been conducted mainly in central and southern areas and, except for a few studies that have focused on cryptic species, there are no comparisons of the fish assemblages along this 1,600 km sea. In this study, we examine how diversity and community structure of rocky reef fishes vary with the latitude in the north, central and southern part of the west side of the Gulf of California. We conducted stationary visual censuses in observation cylinders (5 m radius) in 6 locations between Bahía de los Ángeles (29° N) and Los Cabos (22° N) and estimated the following ecological descriptors and indexes: species richness, abundance, Shannon diversity, Pielou evenness, average taxonomic distinctness, and average trophic level. In addition, we used ordination analysis to determine the degree of similarity among study areas. Our results identified 3 distinct zones: north (29° N), central (27° N to 24° N) and south (24° N to 22° N).

Resumen El golfo de California se caracteriza por su gran biodiversidad, alta productividad biológica y pesquerías importantes. Los estudios sobre la estructura comunitaria de la fauna de peces de arrecife en la región se han realizado principalmente en las áreas centrales y meridionales, y salvo algunos trabajos enfocados en especies crípticas, no hay comparaciones de las asociaciones de peces a lo largo de este mar de 1,600 km. En este artículo examinamos cómo la diversidad y la estructura de la comunidad de los peces conspicuos de arrecife rocosos, varían con la latitud en la zona norte, centro y sur de la costa oeste del golfo de California. Se realizaron censos visuales estacionarios en cilindros de observación (5 m de radio) en 6 áreas entre bahía de los Ángeles (29° N) y Los Cabos (22° N) y se estimaron los siguientes descriptores e índices ecológicos: riqueza de especies, abundancia, diversidad de Shannon, uniformidad de Pielou, distintividad taxonómica promedio y nivel trófico promedio. Además, se utilizó el análisis de ordenación para determinar el grado de similitud entre las áreas de estudio. Nuestros resultados mostraron la existencia de 3 zonas definidas: norte (29° N), central (27° a 24° N) y sur (24° a 22° N).

ABSTRACT Pinguipes brasilianus is a conspicuous and abundant rocky-reef fish inhabiting the Northern Patagonian gulfs of Argentina, Southwest Atlantic. This study describes its reproductive biology in this region. We made macroscopic and histological descriptions of the testis and ovary development, analyzed the evolution of the gonadosomatic index (GSI) in both sexes throughout the year, and estimated fecundity and length at 50% maturity for females. Pinguipes brasilianus is a multiple spawner with indeterminate annual fecundity and an extended reproductive season, encompassing austral spring and summer. Low GSI values in males (monthly means ranged between 0.11% and 0.75%) and low relative fecundity in female fish (between 2 and 44 oocytes/g) are consistent with a need of close proximity between male and female during oocyte fertilization, sexual courtship and with spawning in pairs and/or within reef crevices. The estimated length at 50% maturity (± SD) for females was 15.22 ± 0.43 cm total length. Although P. brasilianus shares the main reproductive features of its congeneric species Pinguipes chilensis , male GSI and female length at 50% maturity in P. brasilianus were markedly lower than those reported for P. chilensis , while relative and batch fecundity were greater in fish of the same size.

RESUMEN Pinguipes brasilianus es una especie abundante en los arrecifes rocosos de los golfos norpatagónicos de Argentina, en el Atlántico Sudoccidental. En este trabajo estudiamos su biología reproductiva, incluyendo la descripción macroscópica e histológica del desarrollo de testículos y ovarios, el análisis de la evolución del índice gonadosomático (IGS) para ambos sexos a lo largo del ciclo anual, y la estimación de la fecundidad y la talla de primera madurez para las hembras. Pinguipes brasilianus es un desovante múltiple con fecundidad indeterminada y una estación reproductiva extensa que abarca la primavera y el verano australes. Los bajos valores de IGS en machos (el promedio mensual varió entre 0,11% y 0,75%), y la baja fecundidad relativa en las hembras (entre 2 y 4 oocitos/g) son consistentes con un sistema de apareamiento que involucra una estrecha proximidad entre machos y hembras durante la fertilización de los oocitos, cortejo y desove en parejas y/o en áreas confinadas (ej .: refugios). La talla de primera madurez (± DE) estimada para las hembras fue de 15,22 ± 0,43 cm de largo total. Aunque P. brasilianus comparte los principales rasgos reproductivos con Pinguipes chilensis , tanto los valores promedio de IGS en machos como la talla de primera madurez en hembras fueron menores que los reportados para P. chilensis , mientras que la fecundidad (parcial y relativa) fue mayor.

Length-weight relationships were calculated for 30 fish species belonging to 14 families using 2562 specimens caught in coastal waters of the western Gulf of Mexico. The number of fish measured varied by species, ranging from 32 individuals for Polydactylus octonemus to 177 for Anchoa hepsetus. Most of the values of the parameter b are within expected range of 2.5-3.5. The effects of sex for some of these species were taken into account; however, none of them had significantly different. The results of this study provide useful basic biological information about the most conspicuous species of fish caught in the study area.

Três espécies novas de Astyanax são descritas para o sul do Brasil: A. dissensus e A. xiru do sistema da laguna dos Patos e bacia do rio Uruguai, a primeira espécie ocorrendo também no sistema do rio Tramandaí e A. procerusdo sistema da laguna dos Patos. Astyanax procerus e A. xirupossuem dentes da série externa do pré-maxilar pentacuspidados e da série interna heptacuspidados, um dente tri ou pentacuspidado no maxilar, 18-23 raios ramificados na nadadeira anal e duas manchas umerais. Astyanax procerus possui maior altura do corpo (38,3-46,0% do CP), enquanto A. xiru é uma espécie relativamente baixa (32,5-37,5% do CP). Estes caracteres, no conjunto, auxiliam a diagnosticar estas duas espécies das demais do gênero. Astyanax dissensus distingue-se das demais espécies por apresentar um desenvolvido dente com sete cúspides no maxilar, 22-28 raios ramificados na nadadeira anal, 35-39 escamas perfuradas na linha lateral, duas manchas umerais, uma faixa lateral contínua sobre os raios medianos da nadadeira caudal, 6-7 séries de escamas entre a origem da nadadeira dorsal e a linha lateral, comprimento da cabeça 22,7-27,3% do CP. Todas as três espécies novas possuem a região pré-dorsal com escama. Uma chave de identificação das espécies de Astyanax da bacia do rio Uruguai, e dos sistemas da laguna dos Patos e do rio Tramandaí é fornecida.

Three new species of Astyanax are described from southern Brazil: A. dissensus and A. xiru from the laguna dos Patos system and rio Uruguay basin, the first species also occurring in the rio Tramandaí system, and A. procerus from the laguna dos Patos system. Astyanax procerus and A. xiru possess outer row premaxillary teeth pentacuspid and inner row heptacuspid, maxillary with one tri- to pentacuspid teeth, 18-23 branched anal-fin rays, and two humeral spots. Astyanax procerus has the largest body depth (38.3-46.0% of SL), while A. xiru has the lowest body depth (32.5-37.5% of SL) among the three species. The characters combination can distinguish these species from its congeners. Astyanax dissensus distinguish from Astyanax species by the presence of one developed heptacuspid teeth on maxillary, 22-28 branched anal-fin rays, 35-39 perforated scales along the lateral line, two humeral spots, conspicuous lateral band continuous on middle caudal rays, 6-7 scale row between dorsal-fin origin and lateral line, and head length 22.7-27.3% of SL. All three species has the predorsal region of the body scaled. An identification key to the species of Astyanax species from the rio Uruguay basin, and laguna dos Patos and rio Tramandaí systems is provided.

Los embalses nuevos ofrecen la oportunidad de comprobar si especies que presentan suficiente flexibilidad en la alimentación en condiciones naturales pueden aprovechar esta situación y, sin restricciones de reproducción, ocupar la mayor parte del hábitat visible en un gran embalse (espacios abiertos), además, presentar un alto éxito en la colonización del nuevo entorno. Asimismo, examinamos variaciones en la abundancia y alimentación de A. osteomystax, en dos ambientes, uno natural (Sinha Mariana floodplain lake) y otro alterado (Embalse Manso), durante dos periodos: el primer ano después de la fase de llenado y tres años más tarde. Nuestro objetivo fue evaluar la ocupación del nuevo hábitat (Embalse Manso) por esta especie, así como probar la hipótesis de que en el embalse, a diferencia del ambiente natural, se producen cambios notables en la dieta entre los periodos. Los peces fueron muestreados mensualmente en el lago de la planicie de inundación y en el embalse durante dos periodos anuales con redes de enmalle. Para evaluar las diferencias en la abundancia de A. osteomystax empleamos la prueba de Kruskal-Wallis, y el análisis de la dieta se llevo a cabo con el uso de la frecuencia de ocurrencia y métodos volumétricos. Las diferencias temporales en la dieta fueron probadas con Kruskal-Wallis, se usaron los resultados a partir de un análisis de correspondencia sin tendencia. A. osteomystax fue significativamente más abundante en el lago de la llanura de inundación, donde las capturas fueron más altas, que en el embalse en casi todos los meses analizados, y no se registraron variaciones significativas en la abundancia entre los dos periodos tanto en el embalse como en el lago de inundación. La variación en la dieta entre los dos periodos, en los cuales habia un desfase de tres anos entre ellos, fue mucho menos pronunciada en el entorno natural, donde la disponibilidad de recursos es esencialmente regulada por la estacionalidad. Por lo tanto, nuestra hipótesis fue aceptada, es decir, las variaciones interanuales en la dieta de A. osteomystax son más relevantes en un ambiente artificial que en uno natural.

New impoundments provide opportunities to check whether species that present enough feeding flexibility in natural conditions may take advantage of this situation and, without reproductive restriction, can occupy the most conspicuous habitat in a large reservoir (open areas) and present higher success in the colonization of the new environment. We examined variations in the abundance and feeding of A. osteomystax in two environments, one natural (Sinha Mariana floodplain lake) and one dammed (Manso Reservoir), during two periods: the first year after the filling phase and three years later. Our goal was to evaluate the occupation of the new hábitat (Manso Reservoir), by this species, as well as to test the hypothesis that in the reservoir, unlike the natural environment, there are remarkable changes in diet between the periods. Fish were sampled monthly in the floodplain lake and in the reservoir during two annual periods using gillnets. To evaluate the differences in abundance of A. osteomystax we employed the Kruskal -Wallis test, and the diet analysis was carried out using frequency of occurrence and volumetric methods. Temporal differences in the diet were tested by Kruskal-Wallis test using the scores from a detrended correspondence analysis. A. osteomystax was significantly more abundant in the floodplain lake, where the captures were higher than in the reservoir in almost all months analyzed, and significant variations in abundance between the two periods were not recorded in either the reservoir or the floodplain lake. The diet variation between the two periods, which had a time lag of three years between them, was much less pronounced in the natural environment, where the resource availability is essentially regulated by seasonality. Thus, our hypothesis was accepted; that is, the interannual variations in the diet of A. osteomystax are more relevant in an artificial environment than in a natural one. Rev. Biol. Trop. 60 (2): 699-708. Epub 2012 June 01.