ABSTRACT Several ethnobotanical studies highlighted the importance of yellow plum as a useful plant species in the Brazilian Northeast region. In order to domesticate and incorporate a native species in production systems it is necessary to obtain information on its development and genetic variation. This work aimed to analyze the genetic variability of individuals of X. americana, accessed by Random Amplified Polymorphic DNA (RAPD) molecular markers. 26 genotypes of X. americana, randomly collected at the private reserve Campo das Emas Farm located in the Caturité City, Paraíba State, Brazil, were used in the study. Through the RAPD technique it was possible to assess the genetic variations among native genotypes within a wild plum population. Based on Sokal and Rohlf dissimilarity coefficient it was possible to form four distinct groups using the UPGMA method. The Cophenetic Correlation Coefficient was 0.83, revealing variability in the consistency of the cluster pattern. The genotypes of X. americana have genetic diversity detected by RAPD markers, which have shown to be efficient in characterizing individuals. Genotypes 4, 8, 9, 11, 13, 14, 15, 16, 18, 21, 24, and 25 are the most divergent and should be used in conservation strategies and breeding programs. region variation X (RAPD markers 2 City State Brazil study population method 083 0 83 0.83 pattern 4 8 9 11 13 14 15 16 18 21 24 programs 08 0.8 1 0.

RESUMO Vários estudos etnobotânicos destacaram a importância da ameixa amarela como espécie vegetal útil no Nordeste brasileiro. Para domesticar e incorporar uma espécie nativa em sistemas produtivos é necessário obter informações sobre seu desenvolvimento e variação genética. Este trabalho teve como objetivo analisar a variabilidade genética de indivíduos de X. americana, acessada por marcadores moleculares amplificados ao acaso (RAPD). Foram utilizados 26 genótipos de X. americana, coletados na reserva particular Fazenda Canto das Emas, na cidade de Caturité, estado da Paraíba, Brasil. Por meio da técnica RAPD, foi possível avaliar as diferenças genéticas entre genótipos nativos em uma população de ameixa silvestre. Baseado no coeficiente de dissimilaridade de Sokas e Rohlf, foi possível formar quatro grupos distintos pelo método UPGMA. O coeficiente de correlação cofenética foi de 0,83, revelando variabilidade na consistência do padrão de agrupamento. Os genótipos de X. americana apresentam diversidade genética detectada por marcadores RAPD, que têm se mostrado eficientes na caracterização de indivíduos. Os genótipos 4, 8, 9, 11, 13, 14, 15, 16, 18, 21, 24, e 25 são os mais divergentes e devem ser utilizados em estratégias de conservação e programas de melhoramento. brasileiro X RAPD. RAPD . (RAPD) 2 Emas Caturité Paraíba Brasil silvestre Rohlf UPGMA 083 0 83 0,83 agrupamento 4 8 9 11 13 14 15 16 18 21 24 melhoramento (RAPD 08 0,8 1 0,

ABSTRACT In response to global concerns over food scarcity, the sweet potato (Ipomoea batatas (L.) Lam) has emerged as a promising alternative due to its rich composition of carbohydrates (starch), protein, fiber, vitamins, and minerals. This study aims to assess the physicochemical characteristics and nutritional content of different sweet potato landraces cultivated in Yucatan, Mexico. The study involved the evaluation of eight landraces of sweet potato cultivated in traditional farming systems, assessing both physicochemical and proximate composition variables, and determining the starch yield, starch color, protein content, swelling degree, and starch solubility index. The sweet potato landraces showed values ranging from acidic to slightly neutral pH (6-6.4). The yellow sweet potato II, purple sweet potato, and pink sweet potato landraces displayed high levels of total soluble solids with a range of 12.5 to 14.33 °Brix. Significant differences were observed in both peel and root pulp coloration. The pink, yellow, purple I, mamey, yellow II, and purple sweet potato landraces, presented elevated percentages of carbohydrates (85.0% to 89.0%), fats (1.1% to 1.5%), protein (3.5% to 5.1%), fiber (4.0% to 5.0%), and ash (3.5% to 4.0%). The mamey sweet potato and pink sweet potato landraces showed higher starch yields. Swelling power and starch solubility index peaked at a temperature of 90 °C. These results highlight the significance of sweet potato landraces cultivated in Yucatan as a valuable genetic resource with nutritional potential, which can be included in the diet of people, genetic improvement and species conservation programs.

Abstract Introduction. Sustainable practices are important tools for mitigating and adapting to climate change, making it essential to understand the factors influencing rice producers’ decisions to adopt conservation practices in their production system. Objective. To determine the causal relationships between variables that explain the adoption of conservation practices by rice producers. Materials and methods. A study was conducted between July and September 2021 in rice production systems in Costa Rica, involving producers from the Brunca, Chorotega, Huetar, and Central Pacific regions through quota sampling. A survey was administered to a total of 67 rice producers. The research was quantitative, identifying degrees of adoption of conservation practices, performing cluster groupings, and using an ordered probit model was to analyze the factors influencing the intensity of adoption of conservation technologies or practices in these production systems. Results. Greater adoption of conservation practices in rice production systems was influenced by the producer’s level of education, membership or affiliation with organizations in rice sector, and land ownership. Conclusions. The design of strategies for conservation practice in rice cultivation benefits from a better understanding of the relationships between socioeconomic, productive, and environmental variables, which can increase the likelihood that a producer will implement and maintain these conservation practices over time.

Resumen Introducción. Las prácticas sostenibles son importantes como herramientas de mitigación y adaptación al cambio climático, por lo que es oportuno comprender qué factores influencian las decisiones de las personas productoras del cultivo de arroz en adoptar una práctica de conservación en su sistema de producción. Objetivo. Determinar las relaciones causales entre las variables que permiten entender la adopción de prácticas de conservación en el cultivo del arroz por parte de las personas productoras. Materiales y métodos. Se realizó un estudio entre julio y septiembre del 2021 en los sistemas productivos de arroz en Costa Rica, con personas productoras de las regiones Brunca, Chorotega, Huetar y Pacífico Central, a través de un muestreo por cuotas. Se aplicó una encuesta a un total de 67 personas productoras de arroz. La investigación realizada fue cuantitativa y se identificaron grados de adopción de prácticas de conservación, se realizaron agrupaciones mediante clústeres y se utilizó un modelo probit ordenado para analizar los factores que influyen en la intensidad de adopción de tecnologías o prácticas de conservación en estos sistemas productivos. Resultados. Una mayor adopción de prácticas de conservación en los sistemas productivos del cultivo de arroz estuvo influenciada por el nivel de escolaridad de la persona productora, la pertenencia o afiliación a organizaciones del sector arrocero y la tenencia de la tierra. Conclusiones. El diseño de estrategias de prácticas de conservación en el cultivo del arroz se beneficia de una mejor comprensión de las relaciones entre las variables socioeconómicas, productivas y del entorno, que permitan aumentar la probabilidad de que una persona productora implemente y mantenga en el tiempo el uso de estas prácticas de conservación.

ABSTRACT This study was conducted under the qualitative paradigm, employing data collection techniques, description, analysis, and interpretation, with a participatory action and rural participatory diagnostic design. The general objective was to determine the impact of innovation on sustainable agri-food systems. The "working with people" model was followed to engage with farmers and diagnose the advantages, strengths, and challenges they face in implementing innovation policies, specifically in educational innovation, using training and capacity-building methodologies for farmers, support teams, and technical assistance. It was concluded that educational innovation is the central axis to be integrated for the transformation of sustainable and resilient food systems, ensuring food sovereignty. Such innovation enables the development of conservation family farming, with respect for nature, genetic resources, and the cultural identity of rural areas.

RESUMEN El presente trabajo se desarrolló bajo el paradigma cualitativo, con la aplicación de técnicas de recolección de datos, descripción, análisis e interpretación, con un diseño de acción-participativa y diagnostico rural participativo. El objetivo general se desarrolló en función de la determinación del impacto de la innovación en los sistemas agroalimentarios sostenibles. Se siguió el modelo de trabajo con la gente (working with people) para vincularse con los agricultores y de esa forma diagnosticar las ventajas, fortalezas y dificultades que presentan para implementar políticas de innovación, particularizada a la innovación educativa, con metodologías de formación y capacitación a los agricultores, equipos de apoyo y asistencia técnica. Se concluyó que la innovación educativa es el eje central a integrar para la transformación de los sistemas alimentarios sostenibles, resilientes, garantizando la soberanía alimentaria, ya que tal innovación permite el desarrollo de la agricultura familiar de conservación, con respeto a la naturaleza, recursos genéticos y la identidad cultural de las zonas rurales.

ABSTRACT. Using satellite sensor data for studying sea surface temperature (SST) provides advantages over in situ information, such as obtaining data from large areas and remote access regions in short periods. However, differences between the SST values recorded in situ and those by satellite sensors are due to the intrinsic nature of both methods and meteorological factors. The present study aims to search the difference between SST values from in situ and satellite sensor data of 1×1 km resolution (type L4) from the Group of High-Resolution Sea Surface Temperature (GHRSST) for an annual cycle in a socio-ecological critical area known as the Gulf of Ulloa (GU). The linear regression, linear spline regression, and logic models showed an overestimated SST by satellites compared to in situ data, particularly at temperatures below 20°C. The overestimation can be attributed to the oceanic-atmospheric variations, which are consequences of upwelling and the time lag between the data record morning by in situ and night by satellite sensors. This finding may be relevant in decision-making for marine resource management and conservation in the GU. The information may help to seek the sustainability of this social-environmental system.

Resumen Antecedentes: Los sistemas agroforestales tradicionales (SAF) son capaces de mantener la diversidad vegetal nativa mediante diferentes prácticas campesinas. Preguntas: ¿En qué medida los SAF mantienen la composición, diversidad y abundancia de plantas perennes? ¿Qué variaciones hay entre distintos tipos de vegetación? Especies de estudio: Plantas perennes presentes en SAF asociados a bosques de cactáceas columnares, bosques templados, bosques espinosos, matorrales rosetófilos y selvas bajas caducifolias. Sitio y años de estudio: 13 comunidades del Valle de Tehuacán-Cuicatlán, en Oaxaca y Puebla, México. Revisión de trabajos y datos propios publicados entre 2010 y 2020. Métodos: Evaluamos la composición florística, capacidad de conservación de diversidad y abundancia de individuos mediante un análisis de redundancia, la estimación de números efectivos de especies y modelos lineales generalizados en 30 SAF y 30 muestreos de la vegetación silvestre de la que derivan. Resultados: Los SAF analizados son capaces de mantener 68 % de la riqueza de especies y 34 % de los individuos de plantas perennes presentes en la vegetación silvestre circundante. Los SAF y la vegetación silvestre son semejantes en términos de composición y diversidad de especies, aunque en el caso del bosque espinoso hay una clara reducción del número de especies y un cambio en la composición. La abundancia de individuos es notoriamente menor en los SAF. Conclusiones: Los SAF son una alternativa capaz de resguardar una parte significativa de la diversidad vegetal nativa. La justa valoración y la promoción del manejo campesino agroecológico mediante SAF debe ser considerado en las políticas de conservación.

Abstract Background: Traditional agroforestry systems (AFS) can maintain native plant diversity through different peasant practices. Questions: How much AFS maintain the composition, diversity and abundance of perennial plants? What variations are there among different types of vegetation? Studied species: Perennial plant species occurring in AFS associated with columnar cacti forests, temperate forests, thorn forests, rosetophyllous forests and tropical deciduous forests. Study site and dates: 13 communities of the Tehuacán-Cuicatlán Valley, in Oaxaca and Puebla, Mexico. Revision of works and own data published between 2010 and 2020. Methods: We evaluated the floristic composition, diversity conservation capacity and abundance of individuals by means of a redundancy analysis, the estimation of effective numbers of species and generalized linear models in 30 AFS and 30 samples of the wild vegetation from which they derive. Results: The AFS analyzed can maintain 68 % of the species richness and 34 % of the individuals of perennial plants present in the surrounding wild vegetation. The AFS and wild vegetation are similar in terms of species composition and diversity, although in the case of the thorn forest there is a clear reduction in the number of species and a change in the composition. The abundance of individuals is notoriously lower in the AFS. Conclusions: The AFS are an alternative capable of safeguarding a significant part of the native plant diversity of the Tehuacán-Cuicatlán Valley. The fair valuation and promotion of agroecological peasant management through AFS should be considered in the policies of biodiversity conservation.

Resumen Antecedentes: Los mapas de bosques perturbados son útiles para identificar afectaciones sobre la biodiversidad y los servicios ecosistémicos. Los métodos que emplean únicamente datos espectrales para detectar las perturbaciones a nivel regional tienen limitaciones. El conocimiento de expertos y el análisis de fragmentación puede mejorar la estimación. Preguntas: ¿Cuál es la distribución de los bosques perturbados en una región de alta biodiversidad? ¿Qué tipos de vegetación y regiones son las más afectadas? Descripción de los datos: imágenes satelitales SPOT 2015, Sentinel-2 de 2019. Se colectó información de la vegetación en 653 sitios. Además, se usaron datos de herbario, censos agrícolas y del Inventario Nacional Forestal. Lugar y fecha del estudio: Estado de Chiapas, durante 2018-2022. Métodos: Se elaboró un mapa híbrido de los tipos de vegetación enfatizando la identificación de bosques secundarios, también se realizó un análisis de fragmentación y se calculó la biomasa leñosa por tipo de bosque. Resultados: El 40 % de la superficie del Estado mantiene una cobertura arbórea; pero solo en el 18 % no se aprecia perturbación; la mayor parte de los bosques no perturbados se encuentran en tres regiones: Selva Lacandona, Sierra Madre y Planicie del Golfo. En general la biomasa de los bosques perturbados es significativamente menor que la de su contraparte madura. Conclusiones: En Chiapas la distribución de los bosques en buen estado de conservación está restringida; casi la mitad de ellos se encuentran fuera de las ANP, por lo que es imperativo promover estrategias adicionales para su manejo y conservación.

Abstract Background: Maps of disturbed forests help to identify impacts on biodiversity and ecosystem services. Methods using only spectral data to detect disturbance at the regional level have limitations, but expert knowledge and fragmentation analysis can improve estimation. Questions: What is the distribution of disturbed forests in a region of high biodiversity, and which vegetation types and regions are most affected? Data description: SPOT 2015, Sentinel-2 satellite imagery from 2019. Vegetation data were collected at 653 sites. In addition, herbarium, agricultural census, and National Forest Inventory data were used. Study site and dates: Chiapas State, during 2018-2022. Methods: We elaborated a hybrid map of vegetation types, emphasizing identifying secondary forests. Also, we carried out a fragmentation analysis and calculated the woody biomass per forest type. Results: 40 % of the State still maintains tree cover, but only 18 % is undisturbed; most undisturbed forests are in three regions: Selva Lacandona, Sierra Madre, and Gulf Plain. Overall, the biomass of disturbed forests is significantly lower than that of their mature counterparts. Conclusions: In Chiapas, the distribution of forests with good conservation status is restricted; almost half of them are outside NPAs, so it is imperative to promote additional strategies for their conservation and management.

Resumen Antecedentes: Los sistemas agrícolas tradicionales en Mesoamérica son adaptaciones ancestrales a los diversos y complejos ambientes. La tezcalera representa uno de ellos. Preguntas: ¿En qué contexto ambiental se desarrolla la tezcalera? ¿Cuáles son las prácticas de manejo que se llevan a cabo en la tezcalera?¿Cómo afectan a la riqueza, composición y abundancia de las arvenses? ¿Cómo influyen en la resiliencia del sistema agrícola, de los bosques tropicales secos y al mantenimiento de los recursos para la subsitencia? Especies de estudio: Arvenses en tezcaleras con diferente manejo. Sitio y años de estudio: Zumpahuacán, Estado de México, 2020-2021 Métodos: Entrevistas sobre prácticas de manejo de la tezcalera. Registro de la riqueza, composición y abundancia de malezas en parcelas con diferente historia de manejo. Resultados: Las tezcaleras se originan de la roza-tumba-quema y siguen diferentes rutas: el tlacolol-milsol-regeneración o potrero, y recientemente, cultivo de Agave. Registramos 161 morfoespecies y 45 familias botánicas; 95 % nativas de la selva baja caducifolia. Veinticinco son endémicas de la región del Balsas y 34 están en alguna categoría de riesgo. La riqueza y abundancia de las arvenses varió entre tezcaleras. La composición florística fue similar; 65 % tuvieron valor tangible o intangible. Conclusiones: La tezcalera es una unidad biocultural y un agroecosistema resiliente. Las prácticas tradicionales favorecen la riqueza y composición de las especies nativas. Los herbicidas y la introducción del cultivo de Agave desplazan a los cultivos tradicionales, poniendo en riesgo la agrobiodiversidad local.

Abstract Background: Traditional agricultural systems in Mesoamerica are adaptations of ancient farmers to the complex and varied environments. Tezcalera represents one of them. Questions: How is the environmental context under which the tezcalera develop? Which management practices are followed in tezcalera? How do these management practices affect weeds' richness, composition, and abundance? How do these management practices contribute to the resilience of the agricultural system, the tropical dry forests, and to the maintenance of subsistence resources? Studied species: Weeds growing in tezcaleras with different management. Study site and dates: Zumpahuacán, Estado de México, 2020-2021. Methods: Twenty-four collaborators were interviewed about the environmental, technological, and cultural aspects of tezcalera. We recorded weeds' richness, composition, and abundance in seven plots with different management histories. Results: Tezcaleras originate from the slash-burn process and follow different paths: tlacolol-milsol-shallow plot, potrero, and recently, Agave crop. We recorded 161 morphospecies from 45 botanical families; 95 % were native to tropical dry forests. Twenty-five species are endemic to the Balsas region, and thirty-four are at risk. Richness and abundance varied between tezcaleras, where tlacolol plots exhibited the highest values. Plant composition was similar; 65 % had intangible or tangible values. Conclusions: Tezcalera is a biocultural unit and a resilient agroecosystem. Traditional practices remain and positively impact the richness and composition of native weeds. The uncontrolled use of herbicides and the introduction of Agave crop are displacing traditional crops and modifying traditional practices, risking local agrobiodiversity.

There is growing evidence that soil degradation, among other factors, has led to both the decline and constraint of agriculture in southern Africa. Conservation and regenerative agriculture (CA/RA) have been proposed as a grain crop production system that could slow down, halt or even reverse some of these disturbing trends. But the question remains whether it is financially viable. We sought to find an answer to this question by comparing the financial returns of a CA/RA system over a 20-year period to its alternatives, namely conventional tillage (CT) and no-tillage (NT) production systems. The cumulative free cash flow (CFCF) of the average between the realistic and conservative CA/RA scenarios in year 20 is considerably higher than that of the other systems under investigation. The CFCF for CA/RA in year 20 in Mpumalanga is estimated to be ZAR86 million, compared to -ZAR51 million for CT and about ZAR4 million for NT. That is a net difference between ZAR137 million (compared to CT) and ZAR82 million (compared to NT). In the Maluti area, the CFCF for the CA/RA production system is estimated at ZAR26 million, compared to -ZAR66 million for CT and -ZAR19 million for NT. In the North-West production area, the CFCF for the CA/RA production system is estimated at ZAR35 million, compared to -ZAR9 million for CT and about ZAR21 million for NT. The differences between the CFCF of the CA/RA system and the other systems represent the financial opportunity cost of not converting to the CA/RA system. SIGNIFICANCE: • Soil degradation leads to both the decline and constraint of agriculture in southern Africa. • Conservation and regenerative agriculture (CA/RA) have been proposed as a grain crop production system that could slow down, halt or even reverse some of these disturbing trends. • CA/RA are financially more viable in three grain production areas of South Africa. • The cumulative free cash flow (CFCF) CA/RA in year 20 is considerably higher than that of the other systems. • The differences between the CFCF of the CA/RA system and the other systems represent the financial opportunity cost of not converting to the CA/RA system.

Abstract Introduction The degradation of forest ecosystems has driven the adoption of mechanisms for their conservation and sustainable use. Objective To identify the state of knowledge regarding oak forests in Mexico associated with public policy mechanisms for conservation and use: Natural Protected Areas (NPA), Payment for Ecosystem Services (PES), and Community Forest Management (CFM). Materials and methods The methodological framework of search, evaluation, synthesis, and analysis was used. Information was obtained from Scopus, Scielo, and Redalyc platforms. The found documents were subjected to an inclusion and exclusion process based on criteria of temporality and primary sources. Results and discussion A total of 662 studies were identified, of which 37 published between 2000 and 2022 were analyzed. Of these, 17 are related to Community Forest Management (CFM), examining characteristics of forest communities and socio-ecological effects; 13 addressed topics related to NPA, focusing on the conservation biology of flora and fauna; and two contributions centered on PES, highlighting analyses and evaluations of socio-environmental effects. Lastly, five studies involved two or three of the mentioned instruments. Conclusions The analysis of oak forests concerning public policies for conservation and sustainable use has significantly increased. The studies indicate that such policies contribute to reducing the risk of adverse changes in these forests. Due to the ecological, social, and economic importance of oak forests, it is recommended to understand them through socio-ecological systems and transdisciplinary approaches.

Resumen Introducción El deterioro de los ecosistemas forestales ha impulsado la adopción de mecanismos para su conservación y uso sostenible. Objetivo Identificar el estado del conocimiento en torno a los bosques de encino en México, asociados a mecanismos de políticas públicas de conservación y uso: Áreas Naturales Protegidas (ANP), Pago por Servicios Ambientales (PSA) y Manejo Forestal Comunitario (MFC). Material y métodos Se utilizó el marco metodológico de búsqueda, evaluación, síntesis y análisis. La información se obtuvo en las plataformas de Scopus, Scielo y Redalyc. Los documentos encontrados se sometieron a un proceso de inclusión y exclusión de acuerdo con criterios de temporalidad y fuentes primarias. Resultados y discusión Se identificaron 662 investigaciones de las que se analizaron 37 publicadas en el periodo 2000-2022. De estas, 17 se relacionan con el MFC y estudian características de las comunidades forestales y efectos socioecológicos; 13 abordaron temáticas relacionadas con ANP, enfocadas en biología de la conservación de flora y fauna; y dos contribuciones se centraron en el PSA, las cuales destacan los análisis y evaluación de los efectos socioambientales. Por último, cinco investigaciones involucran a dos y tres de los instrumentos mencionados. Conclusiones El análisis de los bosques de encino en relación con políticas públicas de conservación y aprovechamiento ha experimentado notable aumento. Los estudios indican que este tipo de políticas contribuyen a reducir el riesgo de cambios adversos en estos bosques. Debido a la importancia ecológica, social y económica de los encinares, se sugiere abordar su comprensión desde perspectivas como el enfoque de los sistemas socioecológicos y la transdisciplina.

ABSTRACT The livestock productive landscape encompassing Playada, La Piedad, San Francisco, and La Rafaela estates in the western region of Paraguay emerges as a representative model with capabilities for both production and conservation of ecosystem services. Through categorization using ArcGIS 10.3, it was identified that grasslands and savannas cover approximately 35% of the total area, around 5,716 hectares. The study, based on landscapescale homogeneity, allowed for the analysis of physical characteristics, distribution, coverage, and anthropogenic pressures in five Homogeneous Environmental Units (HEUs). The characterization of ecosystem services revealed that forest remnants provide regulation, provisioning, and cultural services, while grasslands are the primary providers of supporting services. Technical profiles were generated for each HEU, and conservation strategies such as agroforestry systems and land planning, derived from sustainable production, were proposed for the benefit of both producers and ecosystems, emphasizing the importance of understanding the dynamics of productive landscapes for resource optimization and long-term sustainability.

RESUMEN El paisaje productivo ganadero en las fincas Playada, La Piedad, San Francisco y La Rafaela, región occidental de Paraguay, se erige como modelo representativo con aptitudes para producción y conservación de servicios ecosistémicos. Mediante categorización con ArcGIS 10.3, se identificó que los pastizales y sabanas cubren aproximadamente el 35% del área total, alrededor de 5,716 hectáreas. El estudio, basado en homogeneidad a escala paisaje, permitió analizar características físicas, distribución, cobertura y presiones antrópicas en cinco Unidades Ambientales Homogéneas (UAH). La caracterización de servicios ecosistémicos reveló que los remanentes boscosos proveen servicios de regulación, provisión y culturales, mientras que los pastizales son los principales proveedores de servicios de soporte. Con fichas técnicas para cada UAH, se propusieron estrategias de conservación como sistemas silvopastoriles y planificación predial, derivadas de la producción sostenible, en beneficio de productores y ecosistemas, subrayando la importancia del conocimiento de la dinámica de paisajes productivos para la optimización de recursos y la sostenibilidad a largo plazo.

Resumen El Repositorio Nacional de Materiales Orales consiste en una base de datos electrónica y una serie de interfaces de captura y consulta de información en línea. En este trabajo se abordarán los antecedentes del Repositorio con las discusiones teóricas y prácticas que permitieron su elaboración. También se presentará una breve revisión de su desarrollo y se tratarán algunos aspectos vinculados a su funcionalidad.

Abstract The National Repository of Oral Materials is an electronic database and a series of interfaces for capturing and consulting information online. In this work the antecedents of the Repository will be approached with the theoretical and practical discussions that allowed its elaboration. A brief review of its development will also be presented, and some aspects related to its functionality will be discussed.

Résumé Le Dépôt National de Documents Oraux se compose d'une base de données électronique et d'une série d'interfaces de saisie et de consultation d'informations en ligne. Ce document aborde l'historique du dépôt et les discussions théoriques et pratiques qui ont conduit à son développement. Il présentera également une brève revue de son développement et discutera de certains aspects liés à sa fonctionnalité.

Abstract Background: Agroforestry systems integrate agricultural, forestry and cultural diversity and have been little studied in coastal regions of Mexico. The SA managed by mixtecs and afro-mexicans are unknown. Questions: Which agroforestry systems are found in Mixtec and Afro-Mexican communities? Which are the forms of management, agricultural and agroforestry practices and useful species in agroforestry systems? Studied species: Various. Study site and dates: Santa María Chicometepec, Cerro de la Esperanza, Collantes, Santa Elena Comaltepec, San Agustín Chayuco, Santiago Tetepec, Oaxaca. October 2021 to October 2022. Methods: Sixty semi-structured interviews were conducted with local specialists in three Mixtec and three Afro-Mexican communities. Questions were asked about traditional agroforestry systems, agricultural, agroforestry and management practices, and useful species. Tours and collections of herbarium specimens were carried out. Each system was described, management and agroforestry practices were categorized; and the number of useful species by category of use and cultural group was recorded. Results: Six agroforestry systems were recorded and described: milpa, pastures, plots, acahuales; piñal and coconut. Agricultural practices in Mixtec communities are carried out with basic tools and inputs and the production is for self-consumption and local sale, while in Afro-Mexican communities they are technical, and their destination is regional sale. The most common agroforestry practices were the boundaries and isolated trees. Conclusions: The cultural groups share agroforestry systems, forms of management, and number of useful species is similar, but they differ in agricultural practices. In the agroforestry systems, edible and timber species (firewood, poles, fences, construction) are mainly conserved.

Resumen Antecedentes: Los sistemas agrosilvícolas (SA) integran diversidad agrícola, forestal y cultural. En regiones costeras de México han sido poco estudiados, particularmente los manejados por mixtecos y afromexicanos de la costa de Oaxaca. Preguntas: ¿Qué SA se encuentran en comunidades mixtecas y afromexicanas?, ¿Cuáles son las especies útiles, formas de manejo, prácticas agrícolas y agroforestales de los SA? Especies de estudio: Diversas. Sitio y años de estudio: Santa María Chicometepec, Cerro de la Esperanza, Collantes, Santa Elena Comaltepec, San Agustín Chayuco, Santiago Tetepec, Oaxaca. Octubre 2021 a octubre 2022. Métodos: Se realizaron 60 entrevistas semiestructuradas a especialistas locales en tres comunidades mixtecas y tres afromexicanas. Se preguntó acerca de especies útiles, sistemas agrosilvícolas, prácticas agrícolas, agroforestales y de manejo. Se realizaron recorridos y colectas de ejemplares de herbario. Se describió cada sistema por sus prácticas agroforestales y de manejo. Se registró el número de especies útiles por categoría de uso y grupo cultural. Resultados: Se documentaron y describieron seis SA: milpa, potreros, solares, acahuales, piñal y cocotal. Las prácticas agrícolas en comunidades mixtecas se realizan con herramientas e insumos básicos y la producción tiene un fin de autoconsumo y venta local, mientras que en comunidades afromexicanas son tecnificadas y su destino es la venta regional. Linderos y árboles aislados fueron las prácticas agroforestales más comunes. Conclusiones: Mixtecos y Afromexicanos comparten SA, formas de manejo y prácticas agroforestales, difieren en las prácticas agrícolas. En los SA se conservan principalmente especies comestibles y maderables. El número de especies útiles es similar en comunidades mixtecas y afromexicanas.

RESUMO Para enfrentar o desafio das mudanças climáticas e da escassez de água, busca-se desenvolver sistemas de irrigação mais eficientes e acessíveis. O estudo teve como objetivo avaliar a qualidade das sementes de feijão-guandu (Cajanus cajan), provenientes de cultivo agroflorestal com e sem irrigação. O trabalho foi realizado em Santarém, Pará, Brasil, avaliando variáveis relacionadas ao teste germinativo, como percentual de germinação, tempo médio de germinação, índice de velocidade de germinação, coeficiente de velocidade de germinação e percentual de umidade. Os resultados indicaram que a irrigação subterrânea, por meio de potes de argila, influencia positivamente o vigor e a capacidade germinativa das sementes. Por outro lado, o tempo de armazenamento afetou negativamente a viabilidade das mesmas. Como conclusões, observa-se que há diferenças no vigor e na capacidade germinativa das sementes, influenciadas pela irrigação no cultivo e pelo tempo de armazenamento. A constatação de que a irrigação subterrânea, via capilaridade por potes de argila, influencia o potencial germinativo, e que o tempo de armazenamento afeta negativamente a viabilidade das sementes, endossa a necessidade de práticas agrícolas otimizadas e estratégias de conservação que prolonguem a vida útil das sementes, garantindo a eficiência da produção.

ABSTRACT To meet the challenges of climate change and water scarcity, more efficient and affordable irrigation systems need to be developed. The objective of this study was to evaluate the quality of cowpea (Cajanus cajan) seed from agroforestry systems with and without irrigation. The work was carried out in Santarém, Pará, Brazil, evaluating variables related to the germination test, such as germination percentage, average germination time, germination speed index, germination speed coefficient and moisture percentage. The results showed that underground irrigation using clay pots had a positive effect on seed vigour and germination. On the other hand, storage time had a negative effect on seed viability. In conclusion, there are differences in seed vigour and germination influenced by irrigation during cultivation and storage time. The finding that subsurface irrigation by capillarity through clay pots influences germination potential and that storage time has a negative effect on seed viability, supports the need for optimised agricultural practices and conservation strategies that prolong the useful life of seeds and ensure production efficiency.

ABSTRACT Our rich intangible cultural heritage, folklore, and traditional knowledge thrive as living traditions that evolve and transmit intergenerationally, not fading relics of the past. They manifest our history while shaping the future - today’s traditions progress from our past, just as today’s advances will become tomorrow’s traditions. As philosopher Friedrich von Hayek elucidated, traditions organically arise in a locality, becoming invaluable resources constituting national wealth. Consequently, communities and nations with abundant cultural riches increasingly demand safeguarding these creative traditions and knowledge systems. Considering the above, this article examines intangible cultural heritage and cultural analysis. The academic exploration delved into multifaceted dimensions of the phenomena aiming to unravel complexities surrounding intangible cultural heritage conservation. Overall, it was found that vibrant intangible heritage, being locally rooted and evolving, calls for nuanced, adaptive safeguarding approaches rather than fixation in some static envisioning of tradition - the continuum between past and future necessitates careful negotiation.

RESUMEN El rico patrimonio cultural inmaterial, folclore y conocimientos tradicionales prosperan como tradiciones vivas que evolucionan y se transmiten intergeneracionalmente, no como reliquias del pasado que se desvanecen. Manifiestan nuestra historia al mismo tiempo que dan forma al futuro: las tradiciones de hoy provienen de nuestro pasado, de la misma manera que los avances de hoy se convertirán en las tradiciones del mañana. Como aclaró el filósofo Friedrich von Hayek, las tradiciones surgen orgánicamente en una localidad y se convierten en recursos invaluables que constituyen la riqueza nacional. En consecuencia, las comunidades y naciones con abundantes riquezas culturales exigen cada vez más salvaguardar estas tradiciones creativas y sistemas de conocimiento. Teniendo en cuenta lo anterior, este artículo examina el patrimonio cultural inmaterial y el análisis cultural. La exploración académica profundizó en las dimensiones multifacéticas de los fenómenos con el objetivo de desentrañar las complejidades que rodean la conservación del patrimonio cultural inmaterial. En general, se encontró que el vibrante patrimonio intangible, al estar arraigado localmente y en evolución, requiere enfoques de salvaguardia matizados y adaptativos en lugar de fijación en alguna visión estática de la tradición: la continuidad entre el pasado y el futuro requiere una negociación cuidadosa.