Abstract Introduction: Positive mental health involves a mix of personal and psychosocial resources, as well as attitudes, affections, and positive behaviors that allow the person to face the challenges that arise in life, at a personal, family, social, and school level. Objective: Determine the association between personal factors and positive mental health in high school students during COVID-19. Methodology: Descriptive correlational study. Intentional non-probabilistic sampling. The sample consisted of 210 students of both sexes, ages 15 to 19, enrolled in cycle 2022-1 of the morning shift. Adolescents with visual conditions were excluded. A personal factors study and Positive Mental Health Scale were applied, with prior assent and informed consent. The statistical analysis was descriptive and inferential Results: The students were 64.8% female, 76.1% were under 17 years of age, 53.3% were in the sixth semester, 42% presented COVID-19 and 45% reported losses due to COVID-19. Global positive mental health was low in 50.5% of students. There was a significant positive statistical association in overall positive mental health with sex p=0.01, and a negative one with suffering from a mental illness p=0.01 and having family members who suffered from a mental illness p=0.05. Conclusion: Mental health of young people was not very positive. It needs to be studied to generate nursing interventions for promotion and prevention of school health to result in effective stress management of young people who are in high school when considering the family, society, and the educational field.

Abstrato Introdução: A saúde mental positiva envolve um conjunto de recursos pessoais e psicossociais, atitudes, afetos e comportamentos positivos que permitem à pessoa enfrentar os desafios que surgem na vida, a nível pessoal, familiar, social e escolar. Objetivo: Determinar a associação entre fatores pessoais e saúde mental positiva em estudantes do ensino médio em tempos de COVID-19. Metodologia: Estudo descritivo, preditivo e correlacional. Amostragem não probabilística intencional, amostra 210 estudantes de ambos os sexos, com idades entre 15 e 19 anos, matriculados no ciclo 2022-1 do turno da manhã. Foram excluídos os adolescentes com problemas visuais. Foram aplicados inquérito de fatores pessoais e Escala de Saúde Mental Positiva, com prévio assentimento e consentimento informado. A análise estatística foi descritiva e inferencial. Resultados: Os alunos eram 64,8% do sexo feminino, 76,1% tinham menos de 17 anos, 53,3% estavam no sexto semestre, 42% apresentaram COVID-19 e 45% relataram perdas por COVID-19. A saúde mental positiva global foi baixa em 50,5% dos estudantes. Houve associação estatística positiva significativa na saúde mental geral positiva com sexo p=0,01, e negativa com sofrer de doença mental p=0,01 e ter familiares que sofriam de doença mental p=0,05. Conclusão: A saúde mental positiva dos jovens foi baixa, necessita ser estudada para gerar intervenções de enfermagem na promoção e prevenção da saúde escolar para promover o enfrentamento eficaz do manejo do estresse dos jovens que estão no ensino médio quando se considera a família, a sociedade e o campo educacional.

Resumen Introducción: La salud mental positiva involucra una mezcla de recursos personales y psicosociales, actitudes, afectos y comportamientos positivos que permiten a la persona enfrentar los retos que se le presentan en la vida, a nivel personal, familiar, social y escolar. Objetivo: Determinar la asociación entre factores personales y la salud mental positiva en estudiantes de bachillerato en tiempos de COVID-19. Metodología: Estudio descriptivo correlacional. Muestreo intencional no probabilístico, en una muestra de 210 estudiantes de ambos sexos, edades de 15 a 19 años, inscritos en ciclo 2022-1 del turno matutino. Se excluyeron adolescentes con afecciones visuales. Se aplicó encuesta de factores personales y Escala de Salud Mental Positiva, previo asentimiento y consentimiento informado. El análisis estadístico fue descriptivo e inferencial. Resultados: Los estudiantes fueron 64.8 % del sexo femenino, 76.1 % eran menores de 17 años, 53.3 % cursaban sexto semestre, 42 % presentó COVID-19 y 45 % manifestó pérdidas por Covid-19. La salud mental positiva global fue baja en 50.5 % de los estudiantes. Hubo asociación estadística significativa positiva en salud mental positiva global con sexo p=0.01, y negativa con padecer alguna enfermedad mental p=0.01 y contar con familiares que padecían alguna enfermedad mental p=0.05. Conclusión: La salud mental positiva de los jóvenes fue baja, se requiere ser estudiada para generar intervenciones de enfermería en promoción y prevención de la salud escolar para favorecer un afrontamiento efectivo del manejo el estrés de los jóvenes que cursan bachillerato al considerar a la familia, la sociedad y al ámbito educativo.

Abstract Introduction: The master's degree program in nursing offered by the Universidad Autónoma de Sinaloa through the Culiacan School of Nursing contemplates that graduates should develop competencies and provide answers to problems related to nursing care. Objective: To describe experiences of graduates of the master's degree in nursing from the Culiacan School of Nursing. Methodology: Qualitative, descriptive, phenomenological, and interpretative study using the technique of in-depth interviews, supported by a semi-structured guide and with informed consent, applied to six graduates of the master's degree in nursing. The data were processed through thematic content analysis by De Souza Minayo in 3 stages: ordering and open coding, data classification, and horizontal and cross-sectional analysis, with which a category and two subcategories were obtained. The final analysis was carried out through an inflection from empirical to theoretical and vice versa. Results: In the experiences lived by the graduates, emotions experienced during the development of research competencies were identified; these emotions affected their cognitive process by living with stress, despair, fear, or depression, and these emotions led them to be competent in research, database search, use of software, and publishing skills. Conclusions: After their experiences in the master's degree program in nursing, the graduates showed that they had lived emotions that affected their mental health, facing physiological and emotional problems derived from the stress experienced. As for their research skills, they reported being able to search databases, perform critical analysis, and even publish a scientific article.

Abstrato Introdução: O programa de mestrado em enfermagem oferecido pela Universidade Autônoma de Sinaloa, por meio da Faculdade de Enfermagem de Culiacán, contempla que os graduados desenvolvam competências que respondam aos problemas relacionados ao cuidado de enfermagem. Objetivo: Descrever as experiências da egressa do mestrado em enfermagem da Faculdade de Enfermagem de Culiacán. Metodologia: Estudo qualitativo, descritivo, fenomenológico e interpretativo, técnica: entrevistas em profundidade, com apoio de roteiro semiestruturado, sob consentimento informado a seis egressos do programa de mestrado em enfermagem. Dados processados através da análise de conteúdo temática de Souza Minayo em 3 etapas: ordenação e codificação aberta, classificação dos dados, análise horizontal e transversal, obtenção de uma categoria e duas subcategorias, análise final através da inflexão do empírico para o teórico e vice-versa. Resultados: Nas experiências vividas pelos egressos foram identificadas emoções vivenciadas durante o desenvolvimento das competências de pesquisa, onde as emoções afetaram seu processo cognitivo ao conviver com estresse, desespero, medo ou depressão e nas competências de pesquisa os levaram a serem competentes, realizar banco de dados pesquisa, uso de software e capacidade de publicar. Conclusões: Os egressos evidenciaram após suas vivências no mestrado em enfermagem que vivenciaram emoções que afetaram sua saúde mental, ao enfrentarem problemas fisiológicos e emocionais derivados do estresse vivenciado, para o desenvolvimento de habilidades de pesquisa que relataram ser capazes de realizar uma busca em bases de dados, uma análise crítica, até a publicação de um artigo científico.

Resumen Introducción: El programa de maestría en enfermería que oferta la Universidad Autónoma de Sinaloa a través de la Facultad de Enfermería Culiacán, contempla que los egresados desarrollen competencias, que den respuesta a problemas relacionados con el cuidado enfermero. Objetivo: Describir las experiencias del egresado de la maestría en enfermería de la Facultad de Enfermería Culiacán. Metodología: Estudio cualitativo, descriptivo, fenomenológico e interpretativo, empleando la técnica de entrevistas a profundidad, con apoyo de guía semiestructurada, bajo consentimiento informado a seis egresados del programa de maestría en enfermería. Datos procesados a través de análisis de contenido tipo temático por de Souza Minayo en 3 etapas: ordenamiento y codificación abierta, clasificación de datos, análisis horizontal y transversal, obteniendo una categoría y dos subcategorías, análisis final a través de inflexión de empírico a teórico y viceversa. Resultados: En las experiencias vividas por los egresados se identificaron emociones vividas durante el desarrollo de competencias en investigación, donde las emociones afectaron su proceso cognitivo al vivir con estrés, desesperación, temor o depresión y en competencias en investigación los llevaron a ser competentes, al realizar búsqueda en bases de datos, uso de software, y habilidad para publicar. Conclusiones: Los egresados evidenciaron tras sus experiencias en la maestría en enfermería haber vivido emociones que afectaron su salud mental, al enfrentar problemas fisiológicos y emocionales derivados del estrés experimentado, al desarrollo de competencias en investigación refirieron ser capaces de realizar una búsqueda en bases de datos, un análisis crítico, hasta lograr publicar un artículo científico.

ABSTRACT The term 'stealthing' refers to non-consensual condom removal during sexual intercourse. This practice carried out against the will of the person who agreed to engage in sexual intercourse under specific modalities, such as the use of a condom, which, in turn, translates to a disruption in the consent. This article argues that in Chile the deficient regulation of sexual and reproductive rights wouldn't allow the bill about the non-consensual removal of the condom in a sexual intercourse respond to this phenomenon and its normalization. To develop this idea, has been reviewed the legal and jurisprudential situation of countries such as the United Kingdom, New Zealand, Germany, Netherlands, United States, Costa Rica and Colombia, as well as the pronouncement of international law on the sexual and reproductive rights. The article concludes that the lack of regulations on these rights encourages the normalization of sexually abusive behavior.

RESUMEN El término stealthing designa al retiro no consentido del preservativo durante una relación sexual. Esta práctica es realizada ante la negativa o con el desconocimiento de quien consintió tener relaciones sexuales bajo condiciones específicas, como el uso de condón, lo cual genera un quiebre en el consentimiento. Este artículo argumenta que en Chile la deficiente regulación de los derechos sexuales y reproductivos no permitiría que el proyecto de ley que busca sancionar la remoción no consentida del condón en una relación sexual dé respuesta a este fenómeno y su normalización. Para desarrollar esta idea se ha revisado tanto la situación normativa como la jurisprudencial de países como Reino Unido, Nueva Zelanda, Alemania, Países Bajos, Estados Unidos, Costa Rica y Colombia, al igual que el pronunciamiento del derecho internacional sobre los derechos sexuales y reproductivos. El artículo concluye que la falta de normativa sobre estos derechos insta a la normalización de conductas atentatorias contra la sexualidad y la reproducción.

Abstract The aim of this study was to describe some characteristics of pulmonary function in four para-swimmers with spinal cord injury from Cali-Colombia. Four paraswimmers with spinal cord injury of any neurological level who signed the informed consent form were included. Sociodemographic, clinical, athletic, anthropometric, functional independence and, pulmonary function by spirometry and thoracic mobility by cirtometry data were collected. The results show four patients between 26 and 42 years old, with neurological levels between T2-T4 and T10-T11. None of the cases had a history of respiratory diseases before or after the injury, two of the cases had a history of smoking. The cases had been practicing the sport for between three and twelve months, all with normal weight according to BMI; with mild dependence according to the Barthel Index. In addition, they presented FEV1/FVC values between 83 % and 93 % of predicted value. The best thoracic mobility was between 1.5 and 5.6 cm at the axillary level, and between 1.5 and 2.5 cm at the xiphoid level. It is concluded that the subjects had no changes in pulmonary function, that the athletes with a history of smoking and a higher level of injury presented a decrease in thoracic mobility, and that training in water can provide benefits at the pulmonary level.

Resumen El objetivo del presente trabajo fue describir algunas características de la función pulmonar de cuatro paranadores con lesión medular de Cali-Colombia. Se incluyeron cuatro deportistas de iniciación deportiva de para-natación con lesión medular de cualquier nivel neurológico, quienes firmaron el consentimiento informado. Se tomaron datos sociodemográficos, clínicos, deportivos, antropométricos, independencia funcional y función pulmonar mediante espirometría y movilidad torácica mediante la cirtometría. Los resultados evidencian cuatro paranadores entre 26 y 42 años, con niveles neurológicos entre T2-T4 y T10-T11. Ninguno de los casos presentó enfermedades respiratorias pre y post lesión, dos de los casos presentaron historial tabáquico. Los casos llevaban entre tres y doce meses practicando el deporte, todos con normopeso según IMC; con dependencia leve según Índice de Barthel. Además, presentaron valores entre 83 % y 93 % del valor predicho en la relación VEF1/CVF. La mejor toma de la movilidad torácica a nivel axilar estuvo entre 1,5 y 5,6 cm y a nivel xifoideo entre 1,5 y 2,5 cm. Se concluye que los sujetos no tuvieron alteraciones en la función pulmonar, que los deportistas con historial tabáquico y nivel de lesión más alto presentaron disminución en la movilidad torácica, el entrenamiento en agua puede otorgar beneficios a nivel pulmonar.

Abstract: The objective of this research is to determine how informed consent is used in dental practice in southern Peru in the year 2023. The methodological design adopts a descriptive level with a mixed approach that is divided into two stages: The first consisted of a qualitative theoretical-analytical-rational analysis, followed by a subsequent empirical analysis with a quantitative, descriptive and cross-sectional approach. The study was carried out in a population of dentists who practice the dental profession in southern Peru in the year 2023 with a non-probabilistic convenience sample of 131 dentists. The main results were that the use of informed consent (14.5%) states that they do not use it in their daily consultation and (59.5%) use it in an erroneous way, due to different factors that influence this procedure and that the non-use of informed consent in its highest percentage arguing “lack of time” on the part of dentists It was concluded that there is a high rate of dental professionals who do not use informed consent in their professional practice, even more so that there is a high percentage that does not use consent correctly reported as an ethical-legal document.

Resumen: El objetivo de la presente investigación es determinar cómo se utiliza el consentimiento informado en la práctica odontológica en el sur del Perú. El diseño metodológico adoptó un nivel descriptivo con enfoque mixto, que se dividió en dos etapas: la primera consistió en un análisis teórico analítico-racional cualitativo, seguido de un análisis empírico posterior con enfoque cuantitativo, descriptivo y transversal. El estudio fue realizado en una población de odontólogos que ejercía la profesión odontológica en el sur del Perú en 2023 con una muestra no probabilística por conveniencia de 131 odontólogos. Los principales resultados fueron que el 14,5% de los odontólogos manifiesta no utilizar el consentimiento informado en su consulta diaria y un (59,5%) lo utiliza de forma errónea, debido a distintos factores que influyen en este proceder, en su mayor porcentaje argumentando “falta de tiempo”. Se concluyó que existe un alto índice de profesionales odontológicos que no utiliza el consentimiento informado en su práctica profesional, más aun existiendo un alto porcentaje que no utiliza el consentimiento informado correctamente como un documento ético-legal.

Resumo: O objetivo da presente investigação é determinar como se utiliza o consentimento informado na prática odontológica no sul do Peru. O desenho metodológico adotou um nível descritivo com enfoque misto que se dividiu em duas etapas: a primeira consistiu em uma análise teórica analítico-racional qualitativa, seguida de uma análise empírica posterior com enfoque quantitativo, descritivo e transversal. O estudo foi realizado em uma população de odontólogos que exerciam a profissão odontológica no sul do Peru em 2023 com uma amostra não probabilística de conveniência de 131 odontólogos. Os principais resultados foram que 14,5% dos odontólogos declaram não utilizar o consentimento informado em seu trabalho diário e 59,5% o utiliza de forma errônea, devido a diferentes fatores que influenciam esse procedimento, em sua maioria argumentando “falta de tempo”. Concluiu-se que existe um alto índice de profissionais odontológicos que não utilizam o consentimento informado em sua prática profissional, e ainda uma alta porcentagem que não utiliza o consentimento informado corretamente como um documento ético-legal.

Abstract: This paper analyzes the ethical aspects related to telemedicine. A literature search on the topic was conducted, based on a systematic review of the specific ethical aspects of telemedicine using thirteen articles selected from the Web of Science and PubMed databases. The findings were grouped into the following categories: access; principles; quality of care; privacy, confidentiality, cybersecurity; commercialization, conflict of interest; trust and doctor-patient relationship; education, training and licensing; professional malpractice, telenegligence; virtual prescription of medications; shared decisions, patient empowerment; informed consent; governance and policies. The ethical aspects of telemedicine are important not only for adequate health care, but also for the construction of adequate public policies.

Resumen: Este trabajo analiza los aspectos éticos relacionados con telemedicina. Se realizó una búsqueda de literatura sobre el tema, basada en una revisión sistemática de los aspectos éticos específicos, utilizando trece artículos seleccionados de las bases de datos Web of Science y PubMed. Los hallazgos se agruparon en las siguientes categorías: acceso; principios; calidad de atención; privacidad, confidencialidad, ciberseguridad; comercialización, conflicto de interés; confianza y relación médico-paciente; educación, entrenamiento y licenciamiento; mala práctica profesional, telenegligencia; prescripción virtual de medicamentos; decisiones compartidas, empoderamiento de pacientes; consentimiento informado; gobernanza y políticas. Los aspectos éticos de la telemedicina son importantes no solo para una adecuada atención de salud, sino también para la construcción de políticas públicas adecuadas.

Resumo: Este trabalho analisa os aspectos éticos relacionados com telemedicina. Realizou-se um levantamento da literatura sobre o tema, baseado em uma revisão sistemática dos aspectos éticos específicos, utilizando treze artigos selecionados das bases de dados Web of Science e PubMed. Agruparam-se os achados nas seguintes categorias: acesso; princípios; qualidade da atenção; privacidade, confidencialidade, ciberseguridade; comercialização, conflito de interesse; confiança e relação médico-paciente; educação, treinamento e licenciamento; má prática profissional, tele-negligência; prescrição virtual de medicamentos; decisões compartilhadas, empoderamento de pacientes; consentimento informado; governança e políticas. Os aspectos éticos da telemedicina são importantes não somente para uma adequada atenção à saúde, como também para a construção de políticas públicas adequadas.

Abstract The tremendous medical promise of human organoids has led large research institutions and national agencies to create brain tissue banks. In response, regulatory agencies have created regulations that guide consent processes for collecting tissue samples from donors. These regulations are, in part, intended to ensure that donors’ samples are not used in ways that conflict with their moral values, beliefs, and goals. While these regulations frequently serve this purpose well, we argue that they are insufficient in the case of brain tissue donation because of unique ethical concerns that arise from technologies and applications that use brain tissue samples. After considering the inadequacies, we suggest how consent policies can be improved. We focus on US policy specifically because some Caribbean and Latin American countries reference US regulatory frameworks in developing their own.

Resumen La enorme promesa médica de los organoides humanos ha llevado a grandes instituciones de investigación y organismos nacionales a crear bancos de tejido cerebral. En respuesta, los organismos reguladores han creado normativas que orientan los procesos de consentimiento para la recogida de muestras de tejido de los donantes. Estas normas pretenden, en parte, garantizar que las muestras de los donantes no se utilicen de forma contraria a sus valores morales, creencias y objetivos. Si bien estas normas suelen cumplir bien este propósito, sostenemos que son insuficientes en el caso de la donación de tejido cerebral debido a los problemas éticos específicos que plantean las tecnologías y aplicaciones que utilizan muestras de tejido cerebral. Tras considerar las insuficiencias, sugerimos cómo pueden mejorarse las políticas de consentimiento. Nos centramos específicamente en la política estadounidense porque algunos países caribeños y latinoamericanos hacen referencia a los marcos normativos estadounidenses al elaborar los suyos propios. La tremenda promesa médica de los organoides humanos ha llevado a grandes instituciones de investigación y agencias nacionales a crear bancos de tejido cerebral. En respuesta, las agencias reguladoras han creado regulaciones que guían los procesos de consentimiento para la recolección de muestras de tejido de donantes. Estas regulaciones tienen como objetivo, en parte, garantizar que las muestras de los donantes no se utilicen de manera que entren en conflicto con sus valores morales, creencias y objetivos. Si bien estas regulaciones frecuentemente sirven bien a este propósito, sostenemos que son insuficientes en el caso de la donación de tejido cerebral debido a preocupaciones éticas únicas que surgen de las tecnologías y aplicaciones que utilizan muestras de tejido cerebral. Después de considerar las deficiencias, sugerimos cómo se pueden mejorar las políticas de consentimiento. Nos centramos en la política estadounidense específicamente debido a su influencia en la política de los países del Caribe y Latinoamérica.

Abstract Introduction Permanent education in health aims to ensure that professionals are constantly learning in the workplace and in the last few years institutions resorted to the technology-mediated education modality and new teaching possibilities were explored. In Brazil, between 2017 and 2021, only six articles and five monographs were published about listening effort. Objective The objective of this study was to develop a website with scientific content on the topic listening effort for Speech -Language Therapist and Audiologist with free online access. Methods The study was carried out in five stages: Analysis, contemplating the search for scientific materials to prepare the material. Design, in which the writing and design of the website was carried out. Development, carrying out the adequacy of the online material. Implementation, a stage in which professionals in the area evaluated the quality of the material after consenting to participation through a free and informed consent term. Review, stage in which the researcher analyzed the evaluators' responses. Results The five stages of elaboration of the website were carried out, which was evaluated by professionals in the area. The average of responses to all applied questions rated the website as "superior". Conclusion The website development was validated for online availability. technologymediated technology mediated explored Brazil 201 2021 Language access Analysis Design Development Implementation term Review evaluators superior. superior . "superior" availability 20 202 "superior 2

Abstract The national transplant law in Colombia, Law 1805 of 2016, modified the Colombian legislation regarding how a person accesses an organ transplant, but above all, it changed the donor figure, establishing the term derived from the presumptive consent right. This term implies a person’s hypothetical willingness to be an organ donor as a manifestation of solidarity and charity towards another person in a situation of need and vulnerability concerning his/her health and the dimensions that define it. In the following text, seven moments are considered fundamental facts when constructing a culture about the value of healthcare in the national transplant policy in Colombia.

Resumen La Ley Nacional de Trasplantes en Colombia, Ley 1805 de 2016, modificó la legislación colombiana en cuanto a cómo se accede a un trasplante de órganos, pero, sobre todo, cambió la figura de donatario y dispuso el término derivado del derecho del consentimiento presuntivo. Este define la hipotética voluntad de una persona de ser donante de órganos como manifestación de solidaridad y beneficencia con otra persona en situación de necesidad y vulnerabilidad relacionada con su salud y las dimensiones que la definen. En el siguiente texto se presentan siete momentos que se consideran hechos fundamentales en la construcción de una cultura del valor de la atención en salud en la política nacional de trasplantes de Colombia.

INTRODUCTION: The COVID-19 pandemic significantly impacted dental education and resulted in unprecedented curricular changes. While virtual teaching enabled theoretical content delivery, practical training was temporarily postponed. Upon resumption, innovative approaches were required to safeguard students, staff and patients. AIMS AND OBJECTIVES: This study aimed to provide a comprehensive overview of COVID-19's impact on dental education at a South African institution. The objectives were to explore the resultant changes, staff and students' experiences in adapting to the implemented changes, the opportunities for innovation and growth that emerged in response to the pandemic, and the potential long-term implications of these changes for dental education. METHODS: A qualitative study was conducted. The 2021 and 2022 final year Dental Therapy students were invited to participate in separate, virtual focus group discussions. In 2022, all 12 academic staff members were invited to participate in individual interviews. Among others, participants responded to structured questions regarding pandemic-related changes and how they adapted. Data were audio-recorded with consent, transcribed verbatim and thematically analysed. RESULTS: Study participants included eight staff members and two groups of six students. Four pandemic-related themes were identified, namely the sudden shift to online learning and virtual communication, safety protocols, students' wellbeing and long-term implications. Among other findings, home-based learning posed opportunities and challenges for students. Furthermore, the 2021 cohort reported concerns regarding limited clinical training. CONCLUSION: The knowledge acquired by institutions during the pandemic must serve as a foundation for future curricular disruptions. This may be achieved through consultation between institutions and dissemination of information.

Abstract Introduction: professional codes of ethics should be updated periodically to respond to criticisms and demands arising from social, technological and scientific changes, especially in the field of human rights; Objectives: to verify the updating of the new Brazilian Code of Medical Ethics in the field of bioethics and human rights; Methods: document analysis of a document in the public domain, with previous definition of categories of analysis and registration units, with reference to the Unesco Universal Declaration of Bioethics and Human Rights. Results: the analysis showed the following most prevalent principles: dignity, autonomy, respect for human vulnerability and personal integrity, benefit and harmful effects, solidarity, privacy and confidentiality, non-discrimination and non-stigmatization; Not very well covered: people without the capacity for consent, social responsibility, protection of the environment and future generations; Absent: sharing of research benefits, equality, justice and equity, respect for cultural diversity and pluralism; Final considerations: the Brazilian Code of Medical Ethics values the maintenance of prudential autonomy in the relationship with patients and health professionals. The inclusion of broader social concerns, in a fragmentary and insufficient way, does not yet ensure the broad defense of public health, and the rights of people in vulnerability, who have historically been in a position of disparity. The application of the method in a specific context, of the pandemic, was useful for the understanding of the deontological and principlist limits applied to public health. A future revision is suggested based on Unesco's Universal Declaration of Bioethics and Human Rights and the deliberative method for interprofessional decision-making.

Resumo Introdução: os códigos profissionais de ética devem ser atualizados, periodicamente, para responder às críticas e demandas decorrentes de mudanças sociais, tecnológicas e científicas, especialmente no campo dos direitos humanos; Objetivos: verificar a atualização do novo Código de Ética Médica brasileiro ao campo da bioética e dos direitos humanos; Métodos: análise documental de documento de domínio público, com definição prévia de categorias de análise e unidades de registro, tendo como referencial teórico a Declaração Universal de Bioética e Direitos Humanos da Unesco. Resultados: a análise demonstrou como princípios mais prevalentes: dignidade, autonomia, respeito à vulnerabilidade humana e a integridade pessoal, benefício e efeitos nocivos, solidariedade, privacidade e confidencialidade, não discriminação e não estigmatização; pouco contemplados: pessoas sem capacidade de consentimento, responsabilidade social, proteção do meio ambiente e das gerações futuras; ausentes: repartição de benefícios da pesquisa, igualdade, justiça e equidade, respeito à diversidade cultural e ao pluralismo; Considerações finais: o Código de Ética Médica brasileiro preza pela manutenção de uma autonomia prudencial na relação com os pacientes e profissionais da saúde. A inclusão de preocupações sociais mais amplas, de forma fragmentária e insuficiente, não assegura ainda a ampla defesa da saúde pública, e dos direitos das pessoas em vulnerabilidade, situadas historicamente em posição de desigualdade. A aplicação do método em contexto específico, de pandemia, foi útil para a compreensão dos limites deontológicos e principialistas aplicados à saúde coletiva. Sugere-se uma futura revisão tendo como eixos a Declaração Universal de Bioética e Direitos Humanos da Unesco e o método deliberativo para tomada de decisões interprofissionais.

Abstract This article critically analyses the indigenous consultation process in Chile implemented after the ratification of ILO Convention 169 in 2008. Through the analysis of two cases and using an autoethnographic and documentary approach, it discusses how these processes, designed to guarantee the active participation of indigenous communities in decision-making that affects them, operate more as mechanisms for legitimising state policies and business projects, especially in extractive and environmental contexts. This research exposes the challenges and limitations of these processes in Chile, arguing that they fail to adequately comply with international standards of free, prior and informed consent, nor do they respect indigenous ontologies and cultural practices. The article concludes with the urgent need for legislative reforms to strengthen the representation and rights of indigenous communities within the Chilean governmental framework.

Resumen El presente artículo analiza críticamente el proceso de consulta indígena en Chile implementado tras la ratificación del Convenio 169 de la OIT en el año 2008. A través del análisis de dos casos y con un enfoque autoetnográfico y documental, se discute cómo estos procesos, diseñados para garantizar la participación activa de las comunidades indígenas en la toma de decisiones que les afectan, operan más como mecanismos de legitimación de políticas estatales y proyectos empresariales, especialmente en contextos extractivos y ambientales. Esta investigación, expone los desafíos y limitaciones de estos procesos en Chile, argumentando que no logran cumplir adecuadamente con los estándares internacionales de consentimiento libre, previo e informado, ni respetan las ontologías y prácticas culturales indígenas. El artículo concluye con la necesidad urgente de reformas legislativas que fortalezcan la representación y derechos de las comunidades indígenas dentro del marco gubernamental chileno.

Resumen El estudio se ha orientado desde el enfoque cuantitativo, el objetivo fue determinar si existe dependencia entre las variables sociodemográficas como grado de instrucción, religión, estado civil, carga familiar, género y rango de edad con la variable felicidad, la población considerada para el estudio fue la del último censo nacional peruano conformado por 179096 ciudadanos cuyas edades oscilan entre los 18 y 60 años; el muestreo probabilístico fue de tipo estratificado y cuenta con un nivel de confianza del 97 %. Se obtuvo una muestra de 1035 sujetos, se ha aplicado la escala de la felicidad de Lima (EFL); arrojando un indicador de 0.893 según el alfa de Cronbach con un coeficiente de alta confiabilidad. Se ha considerado las normas éticas y el consentimiento informado para esta investigación. A través de la prueba Chi cuadrada se pudo conocer la dependencia de las variables y se ha logrado obtener como resultado que el 40% de la población se encuentra en un nivel de baja felicidad; del mismo modo, se determinó la relación de dependencia entre las variables religión, estado civil, ausencia de dependencia con respecto a la carga familiar, género, rango de edad y grado de instrucción. La rigurosidad del estudio permite la extrapolación con poblaciones con las que se realizaron estudios similares.

Abstract The study has been oriented from the quantitative approach, the objective was to determine if there is dependence between sociodemographic variables such as educational level, religion, marital status, family burden, gender and age range with the happiness variable, the population considered for the study was that of the last Peruvian national census made up of 179096 citizens whose ages range between 18 and 60 years; the probability sampling was stratified and has a confidence level of 97%. A sample of 1035 subjects was obtained, the Lima Happiness Scale (EFL) was applied, yielding an indicator of 0.893 according to Cronbach's alpha with a high reliability coefficient. Ethical standards and informed consent were considered for this research. The Chi-square test was used to determine the dependence of the variables and the result was that 40% of the population is at a low level of happiness; likewise, the relationship of dependence between the variables religion, marital status, absence of dependence with respect to family burden, gender, age range and degree of education was determined. The rigor of the study allows extrapolation with populations with which similar studies were carried out.

RESUMEN Introducción: Las lesiones osteomioarticulares entre jóvenes que prestan servicios para la defensa se relacionan con factores de riesgo. El uso de modelos preventivos basa su enfoque en la identificación del riesgo y el desarrollo de acciones para su prevención. Para su validación se utilizan métodos de consenso y la evaluación de su impacto apoya con modelos participativos, valoraciones interpretativas y constructivistas sobre sus procesos. Objetivo: Evaluar la relevancia del modelo preventivo para la identificación del riesgo de lesiones osteomioarticulares en adultos jóvenes de una institución armada. Métodos: Se realizó una investigación en enero de 2024, la cual incluyó a 16 expertos y 125 jóvenes de la provincia de Santiago de Cuba. Para la validación del modelo se utilizó el método de criterio de expertos y para la evaluación del impacto, el Modelo de Cuarta Generación de Guba y Lincoln. Resultados: Con similares valores porcentuales y diferencias en los puntos de corte, en ambas rondas, el consenso se agrupó en las categorías de bastante adecuado (25,0 %) y muy adecuado (75,0 %). El resultado fue interpretado como significativo y se concluyó la validación. La evaluación del impacto de las acciones preventivas alcanzó acuerdo fuerte (Me=8; IC 7-9) y grado de recomendación adecuada con valor superior a 70,0 % de consenso entre los evaluadores. Conclusiones: La relevancia del modelo se demuestra en el consenso que refleja la capacidad para garantizar precisión al medir los resultados esperados y el impacto que proyecta un grado de recomendación adecuado sobre las acciones propuestas.

ABSTRACT Introduction: Osteomyoarticular lesions among young people that render services for the defense are related to risk factors. The use of preventive models bases its approach on the identification of risk and development of actions for its prevention. Consent methods are used for their validation and participative models, interpretative and constructivist valuations on their processes back the evaluation of its impact. Objective: To evaluate the relevance of the preventive model for identifying the risk of osteomyoarticular lesions in young adults of an armed institution. Methods: An investigation was carried out on January 2024, which included 16 experts and 125 young adults from Santiago de Cuba province. For the model validation the experts' criteria method was used and for the evaluation of impact, the Guba and Lincoln Fourth Generation Model. Results: With similar percentage values and differences in the cut points, in both rounds, the consent got into groups in the categories of quite appropriate (25.0 %) and very appropriate (75.0 %). The result was interpreted as significant and the validation was concluded. The evaluation of impact in the preventive actions reached strong agreement (Me=8; IC 7-9) and appropriate degree of recommendation with value higher than 70.0 % of consent among assessors. Conclusions: The relevance of the model is demonstrated in the consent that reflects the capacity to guarantee precision when measuring the prospective results and the impact that projects an appropriate degree of recommendation on the proposed actions.

Resumen El bienestar es un principio importante para las sociedades modernas. En su investigación es necesario que se refleje la cultura local de la población estudiada. Las redes semánticas y la teoría de grafos apoyan este fin pues la definición del bienestar se deriva directamente de la muestra de la población de interés. En la etapa uno (N = 201, 52% mujeres y 48% hombres, voluntarias[os] -con consentimiento informado-, 20 años y mayores, media = 39.97 años, D.E. = 13.56 años) se generaron redes semánticas para definir el concepto de bienestar. En la etapa dos las redes semánticas fueron el fundamento para la construcción de dos escalas que se validaron (N = 427, 55% mujeres y 45% hombres, voluntarias[os] -con consentimiento informado- 20 años y más, media = 37.75 años, D.E. = 12.54 años). Analizado con la teoría de grafos, el bienestar resultó ser un sistema social complejo (no lineal, fenómeno de mundo pequeño, emergencia), y mostró los principales elementos para definir el bienestar (componentes afectivos y cognitivos). De los subgrafos se derivaron los tres principales dominios con sus subdominios: salud (física y psicológica), relaciones significativas (familia, amigas[os], comunidad) y recursos (personales, materiales, de tiempo). La escala de satisfacción con el bienestar y la escala de experiencias de bienestar tuvieron buen ajuste mostrando valores adecuados. Las redes semánticas probaron ser un buen recurso para ayudar en la construcción de un cuestionario para estudiar el bienestar subjetivo con una perspectiva culturalmente relevante.

Abstract Studied worldwide, well-being is an important principle for the modern societies and needs to reflect the local cultures of the targeted populations. Semantic networks and graph theory address this issue: a definition of well-being comes directly from a sample of the targeted population. The stage one (N = 201, 52% female and 48% male, volunteers-informed consent provided-, 20 years and older, mean = 39.97 years, S.D. = 13.56 years) semantic networks defined well-being. In stage two the networks were the foundation to construct two scales which were validated (sample N = 427, 55% female and 45% male, volunteers-informed consent provided- 20 years and older, mean = 37.75 years, S.D. = 12.54 years). Analyzed with graph theory, well-being resulted in a social complex system (non-linearity, small world phenomenon, emergency), and showed the main elements to define well-being (affect and cognitive components). Its subgraphs were arranged into three main domains with subdomains: health (physical and psychological), relationships (family, friends, community) and resources (personal, material, time). The scale of satisfaction with well-being (α = .912) and the scale of experiences of well-being (α = .969) showed a good fit and obtained adequate values. Semantic networks proved to be a good resource to help in the construction of a questionnaire to study well-being with a cultural perspective.