ABSTRACT Introduction: Legg-Calvé-Perthes disease (LCPD) is the idiopathic osteonecrosis of the capital femoral epiphysis in children. It is a self-healing condition, and the morphology of the hip may vary according to the severity of the disease, among several other factors. The treatment focuses on attempts to prevent femoral head collapse, obtain functional hip motion recovery, and reduce pain. Osteochondritis Dissecans (OCD) of the femoral head has been reported in 2% to 7% of patients diagnosed with healed LCPD. Although OCD may remain asymptomatic, the osteochondral fragment has the potential to become unstable, evolving into symptoms of pain, locking, catching, and snapping. Case report: We present a case report of a ten-year-old boy with an OCD lesion following LCPD who underwent effective osteochondral fixation through the surgical hip dislocation approach. The patient evolved to excellent functional recovery at 1 year post-operatively. Discussion: The surgical hip dislocation approach allows anatomical fixation of the OCD fragment, as well as improvement of hip biomechanics, decreasing pain, improving range of motion and joint congruency, and preserving the native articular cartilage. It also gives the surgeon the opportunity to assess hip stability, femoroacetabular impingement and labral tears, allowing a wide variety of options for the treatment of the healed LCPD. Level of Evidence IV; Type of study Case Report. Introduction LeggCalvéPerthes Legg Calvé Perthes (LCPD children selfhealing self healing condition factors collapse pain (OCD 2 7 asymptomatic unstable locking catching snapping tenyearold ten old postoperatively. postoperatively post operatively. operatively post-operatively Discussion biomechanics congruency cartilage stability tears IV Report

RESUMO Introdução: A Doença de Legg-Calvé-Perthes (DLCP) é a osteonecrose idiopática da epífise femoral proximal em crianças. É uma condição auto resolutiva, porém a morfologia final do quadril pode variar de acordo com a gravidade da doença. O tratamento concentra-se na tentativa de prevenir o colapso da cabeça femoral, obtendo recuperação funcional do movimento do quadril e redução da dor. A osteocondrite dissecante (OCD) da cabeça femoral foi relatada em 2% a 7% dos pacientes diagnosticados com DLCP já curada. Embora a OCD possa permanecer assintomática, o fragmento osteocondral tem potencial para se tornar instável, evoluindo para sintomas de dor, bloqueio, impacto e estalido. Relato de caso: Apresentamos o relato de caso de um menino de 10 anos com OCD da cabeça femoral após DLCP, submetido à fixação osteocondral do fragmento por meio da abordagem cirúrgica de luxação do quadril. O paciente evoluiu com excelente recuperação funcional 1 ano após a cirurgia. Discussão: A abordagem cirúrgica da luxação do quadril permite a fixação anatômica do fragmento da OCD, bem como a melhora da biomecânica do quadril, diminuindo a dor, melhorando a amplitude de movimento e a congruência articular e preservando a cartilagem articular nativa. Também dá ao cirurgião a oportunidade de avaliar a estabilidade do quadril, impacto femoroacetabular e lesões labrais, permitindo uma ampla variedade de opções para o tratamento das sequelas da DLCP. Nível de evidência IV; tipo de estudo Relato de Casos. Introdução LeggCalvéPerthes Legg Calvé Perthes (DLCP crianças resolutiva doença concentrase concentra dor (OCD 2 7 curada assintomática instável bloqueio estalido cirurgia Discussão nativa labrais IV Casos

Resumo As fraturas acetabulares podem ser acompanhadas por lesões de impacto articular, afetando os desfechos se não vistas ou tratadas de modo incompleto. A impactação marginal detectada em estudos de imagem pré- ou intraoperatórios deve ser reduzida anatomicamente usando a cabeça femoral como modelo e aumentando o defeito com enxerto ósseo, se necessário. A superfície articular do segmento impactado parece voltada para a frente durante a cirurgia, que é a descrição clássica de tais lesões. No relatório atual, descrevemos um padrão incomum de aparecimento de lesões de impacto marginal em dois pacientes, onde a superfície articular do fragmento impactado está voltado para a cavidade articular, sendo o inverso da descrição clássica, aludindo ao mecanismo provável de sua ocorrência, à técnica de redução e às consequências de ignorar tal lesão. Lesões de impacto marginal devem ser diagnosticadas e tratadas corretamente para preservar a congruência articular; no entanto, o cirurgião deve estar ciente da possibilidade de um padrão incomum de impacto marginal no qual o fragmento poderia ser revertido; manter esta possibilidade em mente facilitaria seu diagnóstico e manejo. incompleto pré ósseo necessário cirurgia atual pacientes ocorrência lesão entanto revertido manejo

Abstract Acetabular fractures could be accompanied by articular impaction injuries, affecting the outcomes if missed or treated less than optimally. Marginal impaction detected either in preoperative or intraoperatively imaging studies should be anatomically reduced using the femoral head as a template and augmenting the defect with bone graft if needed. The impacted segment articular surface looks enface during surgery, which is the classic description of such injuries. In the present report, we describe an unusual pattern of marginal impaction injuries appearance in two patients, in which the impacted fragment articular surface is facing toward the joint cavity, which is the reverse of the classic description, alluding to the probable mechanism of its occurrence, the technique for reduction, and the consequences of missing such injuries. Marginal impaction injuries should be diagnosed and treated correctly to preserve joint congruency; however, the surgeon should be aware of the possibility of an unusual pattern of marginal impaction in which the fragment could be reversed, and keeping this possibility in mind would make its diagnosis and management easier. optimally needed surgery report patients cavity occurrence reduction congruency however reversed easier

Artificial Intelligence (AI) isset to revolutionise global knowledge domains and biblical hermeneutics is no exception. At face value, in Zimbabwe, AI has been stigmatised as a humanistic and profane technological system with an immense propensity to cause general religious backsliding, degeneracy, vain philosophising and secularisation of the Gospel of Christ. This article isolated Colossians 2:8 as a lens to investigate the congruency of Artificial Intelligence to the pericope's scope of 'philosophy, vain deceit, tradition of men and rudiments of the world'. The Zimbabwean setting was used to examine whether the Colossian Christian Church's philosophical aspersions bear any semblances to how AI is viewed among the clergy, theologians, Christian believers and academics of religious studies. The qualitative methodological paradigms of African Biblical Hermeneutics and Exegetical Method were employed in the study. The study mainly established that AI, like a tool in the hands of a workman, can either build or destroy, enhance or adulterate biblical hermeneutics depending on how it is viewed and used. CONTRIBUTION: The article reflects on how the world's most nascent technological development, Artificial Intelligence, impacts on biblical interpretation generally, but, more particularly, in the Zimbabwean context.

PURPOSE: The product recommendation type is attracting attention from both the retail and academic communities. However, there is no consensus on the effectiveness of set recommendation versus separate recommendation. This research investigates the interaction effect of product recommendation type and consumer's focal goal importance on initial product purchase intention and cross-buying intention DESIGN/METHODOLOGY/APPROACH: Four studies were used to examine the hypotheses, including three experimental studies with general participants and a field study with student participants FINDINGS/RESULTS: An empirical analysis confirms an interaction relationship between product recommendation style and focal goal importance on enhancing purchase. When focal goal importance is high, set recommendation has a more positive effect on purchase intention. When focal goal importance is low, the separate recommendation has a more positive effect on purchase intention PRACTICAL IMPLICATIONS: Research findings provide guidance for sellers on which product recommendation type to use with different customers. Sellers should be flexible in determining different product recommendation types through different consumers' focal goals ORIGINALITY/VALUE: Findings reveal the congruency effect between product recommendation type and consumer's focal goal importance, which indicates an interaction effect on initial product purchase intention and cross-buying intention. In addition, this research expands the application of regulatory focus theory and analyses the underlying mechanism by exploring the role of perceived incompleteness and cognitive load

ABSTRACT Objective: this research aims to identify the key characteristics that influence viewers to watch and share ads. Theoretical approach: by exploring both technical and subjective attributes, this study provides valuable insights for advertisers to enhance their video performance. It farsighted to study the attributes that motivate the sharing video ads behavior using the characteristics present in the videos altogether. Method: the research employed a multi-method approach. The qualitative study analyzed 35 YouTube ads to identify potential attributes for evoking sharing behavior. Subsequently, an experimental study was conducted based on the derived qualitative propositions. Result: the propositions produced the attributes: narrative, purpose, interaction, real characters, celebrities, technical themes, humor, and market. With them, we formed 16 bundles, converted into ad visual scripts analyzed by a conjoint. Conclusions: the study highlighted that congruency of service announcements from service companies, addressing real problems with non-technical themes, have the highest potential for sharing, while ads focusing on technical topics with elements of humor performed poorly. This research sheds light on the discussion of two goals established by the United Nations - SDG 9 and SDG 12, providing valuable insights for advertisers. Objective approach performance altogether Method multimethod multi method 3 Subsequently Result narrative purpose interaction characters celebrities themes market them 1 bundles conjoint Conclusions companies nontechnical non poorly 12

RESUMO Objetivo: esta pesquisa tem como objetivo identificar as principais características que influenciam os espectadores a assistir e compartilhar anúncios. Marco teórico: ao explorar atributos técnicos e subjetivos, este estudo fornece insights valiosos para anunciantes aprimorarem o desempenho de seus vídeos. É previdente estudar os atributos que motivam o comportamento de compartilhamento de anúncios de vídeo usando as características presentes nos vídeos em conjunto. Método: um estudo multimétodo foi realizado. O estudo qualitativo analisou 35 anúncios do YouTube para identificar os atributos que poderiam evocar compartilhamento. Então, um estudo experimental utilizou as proposicoes vindas da pesquisa qualitativa. Resultado: as proposições produziram os atributos: narrativa, propósito, interação, personagens reais, celebridades, temas técnicos, humor e mercado. Com eles formamos 16 bundles, convertidos em 16 roteiros visuais de anúncios analisados por um conjunto. Conclusões: o estudo destacou que a congruência de anúncios de serviços de empresas de serviço, abordando problemas reais com temas não técnicos, tem o maior potencial de compartilhamento, enquanto os anúncios que se concentram em tópicos técnicos com elementos de humor tiveram um desempenho ruim. Esta pesquisa traz luz à discussão de duas metas estabelecidas pelas Nações Unidas - ODS 9 e ODS 12, fornecendo informação para quaisquer anunciantes. Objetivo teórico subjetivos conjunto Método realizado 3 Então qualitativa Resultado narrativa propósito interação celebridades mercado 1 bundles Conclusões serviço ruim 12

RESUMEN La distribución de actividad volcánica ha atraído la atención de la humanidad por más de 350 años. Sin embargo, solamente hasta hace pocos años se comenzaron a usar técnicas de estudio modernas y con un contenido estadístico riguroso en el sentido de la ciencia de nuestros días. De hecho, se han creado tantos métodos de estudio que el problema actualmente no es la falta de una metodología de estudio moderna, sino la selección del método más adecuado, así como la forma en la que los resultados de ese método son interpretados. En este trabajo se examinan algunos de los métodos más comunes de los últimos 40 años, poniendo un énfasis especial en las suposiciones inherentes a cada método. Durante dicha revisión se pone de manifiesto que es fundamental tener conciencia de las suposiciones propias de cada método para evitar caer en la creación de mitos o falacias que solamente están basadas en prejuicios metodológicos que tienen la apariencia de ser cuantitativos y por lo mismo no-sesgados y muy exactos. También se muestra en este trabajo la conveniencia de manejar más de un modelo conceptual en cada zona de estudio, en particular en lo concerniente a la formación de agrupaciones anidadas. Normalmente es imposible capturar la complejidad de un sistema volcánico usando un solo método de estudio, o una aproximación automatizada. Por lo tanto, la regla dorada parece ser la utilización de más de un método de análisis teniendo cuidado de que haya congruencia en los resultados obtenidos a diferentes escalas espaciales.

ABSTRACT The spatial distribution of volcanic activity has been the subject of scientific enquiry for more than 350 years. Nevertheless, it has been only until recently that modern techniques of analysis started to be used to characterize such distribution. As a result, in the past 40 years many methods were devised, or adopted from other fields of study, aiming to achieve that purpose. Ironically, the plethora of now available methodologies has made problematic the selection of one method of study to characterize the spatial distribution of volcanic vents. In addition, given the diversity of methods, and their underlying assumptions, there are issues concerning the form in which the results of any specific method should be interpreted in a volcanic context. In this work I make emphasis on the relationship between the embedded assumptions of several common methods of study with the concept of a “natural partition”. Throughout this work it is remarked that 1) it is extremely important to gain conscience about the several assumptions implicit on each method of analysis, 2) never loose sight that not all volcanic systems are equal, and 3) that it is a myth that any quantitative method can provide reliable information about any system. The convenience of assessing more than one conceptual model to explain the formation of a cluster-subcluster structure is also mentioned. Overall, it is shown that the complexity of volcanic phenomena cannot be encapsulated by using a single method of study, or an automatized selection of parameters. Thus, given the complexity and diversity of volcanic phenomena, there is no particular method, nor set of methods, that can be recommended to be used on every situation of interest. Yet, as a golden rule, it is suggested that more than one method of analysis is used at every location of study, looking for congruency of results within a range of spatial scales.

RESUMEN: Este estudio se enfoca en calcular la altura de reflexión efectiva y las diferencias de altura a través de principios geométricos de la teoría de multitrayectos al controlar la calidad de la señal para realizar los cálculos. La geometría de la señal reflejada permite computar la altura de reflexión efectiva, la cual se toma entre la señal que se refleja en el piso y la que llega a la antena GPS. Para lograr esto se realizó un ensayo experimental con dos estaciones en un ambiente sin nieve y con los receptores GPS instalados en los puntos de reflexión, lo que permite medir diariamente las alturas reflejadas in-situ y las variaciones en la reducción artificial. Las reflexiones tomadas en la superficie del techo se monitorizaron con las primeras zonas de Fresnel. Para validar las alturas de reflexión estimadas en un ambiente controlado se implementaron doce combinaciones en cuatro escenarios simulados como valores de reducción y se realizaron análisis de exactitud. En este punto, se aplicó un procedimiento de migración vertical en los puntos de reflexión. Además, la dimensión de la migración vertical se monitorizó en cada cómputo para determinar cual señal reflejada es efectiva para ser asignada como altura de reflexión. La comparación de las alturas estimadas y las medidas in-situ muestra congruencia con un rango de exactitud de ±1.2 cm a ±8. El mejor promedio de exactitud del modelo entre los cuatro escenarios se computó con un margen de ±2.2 cm. Cuando se considera la reducción en la migración vertical, los valores RMSE se estiman en el rango de ±2.92 cm a ±3.96 cm. A pesar de las diferencias de los valores RMSE muestran coincidencia con la altura de reflexión estimada se encontró que algunas estimaciones de alturas reflejadas son estadísticamente insignificantes.

ABSTRACT: This study aims to estimate effective reflector heights and height differences using the basic geometrical principle of multipath theory by controlling the signal quality for estimations. The geometry of the reflecting signal allows computing the effective reflector height, which is extracted from where the signal reflects on the ground and arrives at the GPS antenna phase center. To achieve that, an experimental case with two stations was conducted in the snow-free environment and GPS receivers were mounted on reflectors, which allowed to measure daily in-situ reflector heights and artificial decrement variations. The reflections from the roof surface were tracked with the first-Fresnel zones. To validate the estimated reflector heights in a controlled test environment, twelve different combinations within four simulated scenarios as a combination of decrement values have been implemented and accuracy analysis was performed. Here, a vertical shift procedure on reflectors was applied. Meanwhile, the vertical shift amount was tracked in each computation to determine, which reflected signal could be able to use for assigning reflector height as effective. Comparisons of the estimated heights and in-situ measurements show congruency with ±1.2 cm to ±8 cm accuracy. The best overall accuracy of the model among the four scenarios is computed as ±2.2 cm. When the vertical shift decrements are considered, the RMSE values are estimated within ±2.92 cm to ±3.96 cm. Although the RMSEs of the differences show a good agreement with estimated reflector heights, it is found that some reflector height estimations are statistically insignificant.

Abstract In relation to the reformalization, introduced in the criminal procedural law through the practices of the Public Prosecutor’s Office, the author deals with the legal situation of this phenomenon in the Chilean system, in the context of the principle of congruence. After confirming the legal interpretation from which its use is authorized and presenting the available sentences on the matter, a critical analysis of reformalization is proposed.

Resumen En relación con la reformalización, introducida en el Derecho procesal penal mediante las practicas del Ministerio Público, el autor se hace cargo de la situación jurídica de este fenómeno en el sistema chileno, en el contexto del principio de congruencia. Luego de confirmar la interpretación legal desde la cual se autoriza su uso y de presentarse las sentencias disponibles en la materia, se propone un análisis crítico de la reformalización.

Resumen Introducción: La congruencia semántica audiovisual es el proceso por el cual información de una modalidad sensorial visual se percibe como integrada a estímulos auditivos, porque coinciden en términos de simultaneidad y correspondencia semántica. Este estudio tuvo por objeto establecer si los perceptos visuales que se corresponden semánticamente a estímulos auditivos están asociados con las fijaciones oculares realizadas en áreas de modulación bottom-up, tanto en una postura corporal definida por la alineación entre la dirección vertical hacia arriba y los ejes vectoriales idiotrópicos, como en otra orientación definida por una oposición vectorial entre la vertical hacia arriba y el eje idiotrópico de la cabeza. Método: Dos grupos fueron seleccionados (uno por cada posición), tomados de una muestra de 88 personas. Los datos se obtuvieron por medio de un dispositivo fijo de registro de movimientos oculares de 120 Hz. Una imagen biestable se presentó, proporcionando estímulos auditivos de fondo para producir congruencias semánticas y establecer su relación con las fijaciones oculares. Resultados: Se encontró que la congruencia semántica audiovisual está asociada con áreas de fijación ocular cuando los vectores idiotrópicos están alineados con la dirección vertical ascendente. Las fijaciones oculares en áreas de modulación bottom-up no están asociadas con la congruencia semántica audiovisual cuando el vector idiotrópico de la cabeza está alineado con el vector gravitacional. En esta última posición, la cantidad de fijaciones oculares es significativamente menor. Conclusión: La posición del cuerpo puede afectar procesos perceptuales visuales que, a su vez, inciden en el efecto de congruencia semántica.

Abstract Introduction: Multisensory audiovisual semantic congruency is the process by which visual information is perceived as integrated to auditory stimuli, because both coincide in terms of simultaneity and semantic correspondence. This study was aimed at establishing whether visual percepts, which semantically correspond to auditory stimuli, are associated with ocular fixations in modulating bottom-up areas while keeping a body posture alignment between the up-direction and the idiotropic axes, as well as in another orientation corresponding to a vectorial opposition between the up-direction and the head idiotropic axis. Method: Two groups (one for each position) were selected from a sample of 88 people. A bistable image was presented on a screen of a fixed 120 Hz eye-tracker device, providing background auditory stimuli so as to establish semantic congruencies and their relations to ocular fixations. Results: It was found that audiovisual semantic congruency is associated with fixations when idiotropic vectors are aligned with the up direction. Fixations manifested in bottom-up modulating areas are not associated with multisensory audiovisual semantic congruency when the head idiotropic vector is parallel with the gravity vector. Eye fixations decrease significantly if the head idiotropic axis is aligned with the gravity vector. Conclusion: It is concluded that body position can affect visual perceptual processes involved in the occurrence of semantic congruency.

BACKGROUND: The surgical management of scapula body, neck and glenoid fractures remains a challenge. This study focuses on templating an available anatomical pre-contoured plating system using three-dimensional (3D)-printed scapulae to assess the ability of these plates to address the aforementioned fractures and to determine consensus on classifying scapula body, neck and glenoid fractures. METHODS: We used a cohort of 22 3D-printed scapulae prototypes and an available anatomical pre-contoured plating system to determine anatomical congruency and fit. Nine investigators templated the scapulae using four pre-contoured plates, and the investigators classified the 22 scapulae using the Ideberg and AO/OTA classification system. RESULTS: Eleven out of 22 fractures were found to be fixable using the plates under study. The long lateral plate addressed 83% of fractures involving the lateral border, while the glenoid plate was unable to adequately address any glenoid fractures. We observed good to excellent (p < 0.001) interobserver reliability for three of the four plates. The interobserver reliability was moderate (ICC = 0.74) for the AO/OTA classification and good (ICC = 0.88) for the Ideberg classification. CONCLUSION: We believe that the anatomical pre-contoured plating system does not address all the fracture patterns encountered in clinical practice and further development in plate design is required. There is good to moderate interobserver reliability using the Ideberg fracture classification for intra-articular fractures and the AO/OTA classification for extra-articular fractures involving the body. Level of evidence: Level 3

INTRODUCTION: Occupational therapists perform assessment of cognitive abilities, including executive functions, in adults in a variety of practice fields. In vocational rehabilitation, these assessments are performed to determine how impairment in cognitive ability impacts on occupational performance. Executive function is understood to be cognitive processes associated with inhibitory control, working memory, cognitive flexibility, planning, reasoning and problem solving. The Hirebright Cognitive Ability Test (H-CAT), a general cognitive ability measuring instrument developed for pre-employment screening, has not been validated for clinical use in South AfricaMETHODOLOGY: The aim of this study was two-fold: first, to evaluate the content validity of the H-CAT through content expert rating and item-objective congruency (IOC). Secondly, the researchers evaluated the convergent validity of the H-CAT through correlating scores of the H-CAT with an existing measure, the Raven Standard Progressive Matrices (SPM), using retrospective data from the Hirebright databaseRESULTS: Item-objective congruency calculation yielded results indicating acceptable content validity (IOC values from 0.60 to 0.80) in the majority of the items (43/45) in the H-CAT. In a sample of N=20, correlation of the Raven SPM raw scores and the H-CAT raw scores yielded evidence (r = 0.89; p = 0.00) for convergent validity

Resumo Neste artigo, temos como objetivo compreender como os alunos do 1.° ano progridem na estruturação espacial de figuras bidimensionais compostas por quadrados (pentaminós), analisando as estratégias utilizadas por esses alunos para compor pentaminós, para determinar a congruência entre pentaminós e a antecipação de compostos, e o papel dos desenhos das construções. Os dados foram recolhidos durante a primeira sequência de tarefas do ciclo um, respeitante à implementação de uma experiência de ensino de uma investigação baseada em design. Foram usadas as técnicas de recolha de dados de observação participante e recolha documental. Os resultados mostram que, inicialmente, os alunos constroem manipulando as peças individualmente por tentativa e erro, estratégia associada à estruturação local. Progressivamente, vão evoluindo na sua capacidade de coordenar componentes e compostos, impulsionados pelas relações que estabelecem na manipulação do material e na reflexão que vão fazendo na passagem do material para o desenho. À medida que vão estabelecendo relações mais complexas, baseadas na coordenação de componentes e compostos, vão sendo também capazes de construir com antecipação. A construção com antecipação, baseada em imagens mentais prévias, sugere o uso da operação integração, operação associada à estruturação global. Utilizam o movimento de rodar e inverter inicialmente com materiais e, depois, mentalmente para determinar a congruência entre dois pentaminós e para antecipar o resultado da manipulação de pentaminós.

Abstract In this paper, we aim to understand how 1st grade students develop their spatial structuring of 2D figures composed by squares (pentominoes) by analyzing students' strategies to compose pentominoes, to determine the congruency between pentominoes and to anticipate composites, and the importance of drawing the constructions. Data was collected during the implementation of the first sequence of tasks, from cycle two, of a design-based research. Results show that, at first, students build pentominoes by manipulating squares individually and by trial and error, which is a strategy associated to local structuring. Gradually, students evolve in their capacity of coordinating components and composites, stimulated by the relationships they stablish and reflect upon between manipulatives and drawings. As they stablish more complex relationships, based on the coordination of components and composites, they start to be able to build with anticipation. Building with anticipation, based on mental images, suggests the use of integration operation, which is associated with global structuring. Students use movements as rotating and flipping, at first, with manipulatives and later mentally to determine the congruency between two pentominoes and to anticipate the result of pentominoes manipulation.

In this article we examine the nature of inter-semiotic and intermodal construction in the exposition of a solution for a geometry rider. In the tradition of hermeneutic phenomenology, this case study involved an exploration of the oral discourse and visual texts used in a mathematics lesson. This research was intended to contribute to the understanding of the difficulties in teaching and learning geometry at school level. Results indicate that relational markings, oral and visual modalities in conjunction with gesturing constitute the primary semiotic resources employed by the teacher. This leads to the conclusion that the semiotic perspective, in conjunction with other perspectives on geometry teaching in schools, may provide a mechanism by which to reflect on the complexity of geometry teaching and learning in schools.

BACKGROUND: Students are sometimes subjected to difficult circumstances to achieve success. Studying under these circumstances could cultivate aggression towards self and others, and the environment. Little, if any, published research is available dealing with students being orientated autonomous versus being submissive and perceptions of aggression. OBJECTIVES: To explore and describe the perceptions of groups of students being orientated autonomous versus students being submissive and perceptions of aggression. Recommendations concerning these two groups of students are made. METHOD: An exploratory quantitative research design that is descriptive and inferential in nature was applied. A questionnaire was electronically distributed to students in a faculty. The questionnaire consisted of items on biographic, personality and aggression. In the statistical analysis Cronbach's alphas, principal component analysis were done and hypotheses were tested on differences between students orientated autonomous and those being submissive. RESULTS: Of the 266 completed questionnaires used, 177 were received from females and 89 from males. Eighty-two (82) of these were honours, masters or doctoral students. Findings reflected graded differences between students being autonomous and students being submissive orientated concerning Overt verbal aggression (means below 1.82), Overt physical aggression (means below 2.53) and aggressive inclination towards others (means below 3.01). The implications are that students are to be sensitised to be reflective of their levels of aggression. University management should help students to be reflective concerning their aggression, and to establish congruency between self-perception and reality. CONCLUSION: Students should be helped to understand and manage their aggressive inclination.

ABSTRACT: In the present study we seek to determine if the congruence/non-congruence between two semiotic systems is a factor that affects the reading patterns of a group of students in the area of economics. Specifically, we are interested in identifying reading routes that reveal whether readers identify the incongruence between two semiotic systems: the verbal system and the graph system. To achieve this objective, eye movements were recorded from 16 students in the economics area of a Chilean university, employing an eye tracker. The texts read by the students were constructed from specific rhetorical textual segments of the discourse genre Monetary Policy Report (IPoM). The general results indicate that: 1) readers process all texts with equal attention without the factor congruence between semiotic systems revealing statistically significant differences, 2) no differences were observed in the integrative transitions between congruency and non-congruency, and 3) the verbal system of the texts is processed mainly, both in the dependent variables time of the first reading (first pass) and time of the second reading (second pass). These findings can be explained in terms of certain logocentrism or preeminence of the words, even though, as students of the economics area, the students have received instruction in the reading of graphs.

RESUMEN: En el presente artículo se buscó determinar si la congruencia/no congruencia entre dos sistemas semióticos es un factor que incide en los patrones de lectura de un grupo de estudiantes del área de economía. Específicamente, nos interesa identificar rutas de lectura que revelen si los lectores advierten la incongruencia entre dos sistemas semióticos: el sistema verbal y el sistema gráfico. Para cumplir este objetivo, se registraron los movimientos oculares de 16 estudiantes del área de economía de una universidad con el uso de un eye tracker. Los textos leídos por los estudiantes fueron confeccionados a partir de segmentos retóricos específicos de ejemplares del género discursivo Informe de Política Monetaria (IPoM). Los resultados generales indican que: 1) los lectores procesan con igual atención todos los textos sin que el factor congruencia entre sistemas semióticos revele diferencias estadísticamente significativas, 2) tampoco se observaron diferencias en las transiciones integrativas entre congruencia y no congruencia, y 3) se procesa mayormente el sistema verbal de los textos, tanto en las variables dependientes tiempo de la primera lectura (first pass) como tiempo de la segunda lectura (second pass). Estos hallazgos pueden explicarse en términos de cierto logocentrismo o preeminencia de las palabras, a pesar de que, como alumnos del área de economía, los estudiantes hayan recibido instrucción en la lectura de gráficos.