RESUMEN Introducción : La Organización Mundial de la Salud (OMS) efectuó recomendaciones en relación con la recopilación y notificación de datos agregados semanales de COVID-19. Objetivo : Investigar el grado de cumplimiento de las recomendaciones elaboradas por la OMS para la notificación de casos y muertes de COVID-19 en la Argentina durante el año 2020 a 2022, y comparar la notificación de muertes con el número de defunciones por COVID-19 consolidadas en el registro de estadísticas vitales del país. Materiales y métodos : Estudio cuantitativo descriptivo, basado en revisión documental y en fuentes de datos secundarias. Se utilizó los reportes diarios de información epidemiológica y la base de datos Dataset, COVID-19 casos registrados en la República Argentina. Adicionalmente, para estimar la omisión en los registros epidemiológicos de fallecimientos por COVID-19 en los años 2020 y 2021, se cotejaron los resultados de las bases de datos Dataset COVID-19 con la base de las Estadísticas vitales de mortalidad por causa de defunción, proporcionadas por la Dirección de Estadísticas e Información en Salud (DEIS). Se analizaron las variables recomendadas por la OMS para la notificación de casos y muertes por COVID-19. En cuanto a las consideraciones éticas relacionadas con el uso de la información utilizada en este trabajo, las bases de datos cumplen con lo estipulado por la Ley Nacional N° 17.622 de Resguardo del Secreto Estadístico, garantizando que la información mantiene el carácter confidencial y reservado del informante. Resultados: Del análisis de los reportes diarios, durante 2020 se observó que, de los 13 indicadores recomendados, 9 presentan datos algunos meses y los 4 restantes no se relevaron; en 2021 solo 7 indicadores presentaron datos algunos meses, y en 2022 solo 3 indicadores se continuaron informando. Respecto al análisis de la base de datos Dataset COVID-19, la mayoría fueron captadas. Respecto a la comparación de los valores de las defunciones registradas por el sistema de vigilancia epidemiológica y por la DEIS para los años 2020 y 2021, las muertes registradas fueron superiores en el registro de la DEIS (9,6% y 14,2%). Conclusiones : El Estado argentino cumplió con gran parte de las recomendaciones que establece la OMS para la notificación de los casos de COVID-19. Estudios posteriores deberían analizar otros componentes de la calidad de los datos, así como la oportunidad de los registros de defunciones, característica necesaria para la toma de decisiones en salud pública.

ABSTRACT Introduction : The World Health Organization (WHO) establishes recommendations regarding the collection and reporting of weekly aggregated data on COVID-19. Objective : To investigate the degree of compliance with the recommendations made by the WHO for the reporting of COVID-19 cases and deaths in Argentina during the years 2020 to 2022, and to compare death notifications with the number of COVID-19 deaths recorded in the country's vital statistics registry. Materials and methods : Descriptive quantitative study, based on a documentary review and secondary data sources. Daily reports of epidemiological information and the Dataset database containing registered COVID-19 cases in the Argentine Republic were used. Additionally, to estimate the omission in the epidemiological records of COVID-19 deaths in the years 2020 and 2021, the results of the Dataset COVID-19 databases were compared with the vital statistics death registry on cause of death, provided by the Directorate of Statistics and Health Information (DEIS, by its acronym in Spanish). The variables recommended by the WHO for the reporting of COVID-19 cases and deaths were analyzed. As for the ethical considerations related to the use of the information in this study, the databases comply with the provisions of National Law 17,622 on the Protection of Statistical Secrecy, ensuring that the information remains confidential and reserved for the informant. Results : From the analysis of daily reports, it was observed that in 2020, out of the 13 recommended indicators, 9 had data for some months, and the remaining 4 were not reported. In 2021 only 7 indicators had data for some months, and in 2022 only 3 indicators continued to be reported. Regarding the analysis of the Dataset COVID-19 database, most data were captured. In comparing the values of deaths recorded by the epidemiological surveillance system and by the DEIS for the years 2020 and 2021, the deaths recorded were higher in the DEIS registry (9.6% and 14.2%). Conclusions : The Argentine state largely complied with the recommendations established by the WHO for the reporting of COVID-19 cases. Subsequent studies should analyze other components of data quality, as well as the timeliness of death records, a necessary characteristic for public health decision-making.

BACKGROUND. The COVID-19 pandemic had a profound effect on the health sector globally and in South Africa (SA). OBJECTIVE. To review the effects of COVID-19 on maternal, perinatal and reproductive health outcomes and service utilisation in SA. METHODS. Three routine national data collection systems were sourced: the District Health Information System, the Saving Mothers reports of the National Committee on Confidential Enquiry into Maternal Deaths and the Saving Babies reports from the National Perinatal Morbidity and Mortality Committee using data from the Perinatal Problem Identification Program. RESULTS. There were 35% and 8% increases in maternal and stillbirth mortality rates, respectively, in 2020 and 2021, which correlated with the COVID-19 waves. However, in 2022, rates returned to pre-COVID levels. Antenatal visits and facility births showed little change, but there was a shift to more rural provinces. The use of oral and injectable contraceptives and termination of pregnancy services decreased markedly in 2020 and 2021, with a sustained shift to long-acting reversible contraceptives. The increase in maternal deaths was predominantly due to COVID-19 respiratory complications, but also an increase in obstetric haemorrhage. Stillbirths increased significantly (10%) for birthweights between 2 000 g and 2 499 g, categorised mostly as unexplained stillbirths or preterm labour, but no increase in neonatal deaths was observed. Administrative avoidable factors increased by 24% in the 2020 - 2022 triennium, but there was no increase in patient/community level or healthcare provider-related avoidable factors during the pandemic years. CONCLUSION. COVID-19 caused a marked increase in maternal death and stillbirth rates in 2020 and 2021 due to both direct effects of the virus and indirect effects on functioning of the health system. The continued, although modified, health-seeking behaviour of women and the rapid return to pre-COVID-19 mortality rates demonstrates enormous resilience in women and the health system.

Resumen La investigación tiene como objetivo evaluar la comprensión y percepción de la ciberseguridad entre docentes, enfocándose en la prevención de ataques de malware, ingeniería social y hábitos de protección de información confidencial. Se utilizó una metodología descriptiva cuantitativa con una muestra de 61 docentes de modalidad virtual. La encuesta, fue validada por expertos en Tecnologías de la Información, evaluó el reconocimiento y consecuencias de ciberataques. Los resultados revelaron una distribución uniforme en la identificación de información confidencial, resaltando la importancia de proteger datos específicos. La mayoría reconoció riesgos de compartir información, sin embargo, hubo brechas en la percepción de consecuencias como el chantaje y la extorsión. En ingeniería social, se señaló la necesidad de mejorar la comprensión, y en protección contra malware, hubo desconocimiento sobre ransomware y sus consecuencias. En conclusión, la investigación resalta la importancia de fortalecer la ciberseguridad en la educación y propone medidas para mejorar la identificación de amenazas y habilidades de prevención. Estos hallazgos mencionan la necesidad de una mayor formación en ciberseguridad en el entorno educativo, contribuyendo a mitigar riesgos y proteger la información sensible de forma más efectiva.

Abstract The research aims to assess the understanding and perception of cybersecurity among teachers, focusing on the prevention of malware attacks, social engineering, and habits for protecting confidential information. A descriptive quantitative methodology was employed with a sample of 61 teachers in virtual mode. The survey, validated by experts in Information Technologies, evaluated the recognition and consequences of cyber attacks. The results revealed a uniform distribution in identifying confidential information, emphasizing the importance of safeguarding specific data. While the majority acknowledged the risks of sharing information, there were gaps in the perception of consequences such as blackmail and extortion. In social engineering, there was a noted need for improved understanding, and in malware protection, there was a lack of awareness regarding ransomware and its consequences. In conclusion, the research underscores the importance of enhancing cybersecurity in education and proposes measures to improve threat identification and prevention skills. These findings highlight the necessity for increased cybersecurity training in the educational environment, contributing to risk mitigation and more effective protection of sensitive information.

BACKGROUND: Technological advancements have heightened the importance of safeguarding individual privacy and data. In response to these challenges, South Africa introduced the Protection of Personal Information (POPI) Act. This legislation established robust legal frameworks aimed at protecting confidential information and upholding individuals' right to anonymity. However, there is a significant research gap regarding the POPI Act's direct implications and effectiveness in the context of artificial intelligence (AI) adoption and utilisation. Understanding the interplay between the POPI Act and AI technologies is crucial for ensuring regulatory compliance, safeguarding personal data and fostering responsible AI deployment in South Africa OBJECTIVES: This study investigates the POPI Act's applicability in addressing privacy issues related to AI adoption in various sectors METHOD: The research uses a document review methodology to analyse the documents and synthesise the results. This approach offers efficiency, accessibility, cost-effectiveness and non-intrusiveness benefits, making it a valuable tool for qualitative research across various disciplines RESULTS: Despite the POPI Act's guiding principles aligning with key concepts of personal information protection, there are several gaps in its applicability to AI advancements across various sectors CONCLUSION: The study emphasises the need for a dynamic legal framework that evolves with AI advancements, advocating for the incorporation of more stringent measures to address emerging privacy concerns CONTRIBUTION: The research contributes to the ongoing discourse on data protection and AI by highlighting the need for a forward-thinking legal framework that balances innovation and privacy, ensuring that the POPI Act remains effective in the face of evolving technologies

Resumen Objetivo Este artículo reflexiona sobre temas éticos y sociales de investigación genética en salud mental. Método Se realizó revisión narrativa mediante búsqueda en bases de datos: Medline, Scopus and Scielo (se revisaron 87 artículos). Las palabras claves se definieron con amplitud para mayor número de publicaciones relevantes. Los datos fueron resumidos de acuerdo con el tema. Resultados Se identificaron los siguientes temas en la aplicación de herramientas genéticas y genómicas en trastornos de salud mental: problemas de diagnóstico, procedimientos de consentimiento informado apropiados, protección de confidencialidad, información a participantes de resultados, balance de riesgos y beneficios, equidad y acceso, comercialización de genotipos y pruebas prenatales. Discusión y conclusión A pesar de promesas, todavía debe realizarse mucha investigación genética en salud mental para lograr relevancia clínica y valor predictivo, con mayor deficiencia en países en desarrollo. Los estudios de costo-beneficio no recomiendan realizar diagnóstico genético para enfermedades mentales cuando existen pocos datos. Se necesita mejorar soluciones locales para abordar la salud mental. Una limitación es que la genética busca causas biológicas, pero la etiología de muchos trastornos mentales es multifactorial, disminuyendo el valor predictivo de pruebas genéticas. Sin embargo, encontrar el origen genético de caminos biológicos que conducen a enfermedad mental es muy importante para diagnóstico y terapia. Otros problemas consisten en encontrar métodos para mejorar el proceso de consentimiento informado y asesoría genética, la discusión si se debe preservar el derecho a saber o el derecho a no saber y el cómo la genetización de la enfermedad mental se relaciona con estigma.

Abstract Objective To reflect on ethical and social issues related to research on the genetics of mental health. Method A narrative review was undertaken of 87 articles found in three databases: Medline, Scopus, and Scielo. Keywords were defined broadly to capture as many relevant publications as possible. Data were summarized by topic. Results The following topics were identified regarding the application of genetic and genomic tools to mental health disorders: problems with diagnosis, proper informed consent procedures, protecting confidential data, providing participants with research results, risk-benefit balance, equity and access, commercialization of genotyping, and prenatal testing. Discussion and Conclusion Although a promising field, there is still much research needed on genetic approaches to mental health to achieve clinical relevance and predictive value, and more so in developing countries where there is little available data. Cost-benefit studies thus do not recommend genetic diagnoses in underdeveloped settings. Instead, local approaches should be enhanced. One limitation of research on the genetics of mental health is that it seeks biological causes for mental illnesses. However, the etiology of most mental health disorders is multifactorial, limiting the predictive value of genetic tests. Still, understanding the genetic origins of the biological pathways that lead to mental illness is important to diagnosis and therapy. Other problems discussed are enhancement of the informed consent process and counseling, protection of the right to know and not to know, and how the geneticization of disease is related to stigma.

Objectives: The objective of this study was to investigate the prevalence of the following risk behaviors: experimentation with cigarettes, electronic cigarettes, alcohol, substances, delinquent behavior, and sex at age 15, stratified by sex and socioeconomic position. We also investigated the prevalence of cigarette and alcohol experimentation at age 11 and the persistence and cumulative incidence of these behaviors between 11 and 15 years of age. Methods: In this cohort study, we included 3,491 11-year-olds and 1,949 15-year-olds from the 2004 Pelotas Birth Cohort. All outcomes were identified via confidential questionnaires and were analyzed as binary variables. Results: At age 11, there was a higher prevalence of cigarette experimentation among boys. At age 15, there was a higher prevalence of experimentation with alcohol, cigarettes, and substances among girls; experimentation with cigarettes and sex were more prevalent among those in a low socioeconomic position. We found a high cumulative incidence of alcohol experimentation, as well as persistent alcohol experimentation, in both boys and girls. Conclusions: Further research should clarify causal paths of the high prevalence of risk behaviors during adolescence and its increase among girls. Objectives behavior position 1 Methods 3491 3 491 3,49 11yearolds yearolds year olds 1949 949 1,94 15yearolds 200 Cohort variables Results girls Conclusions 349 49 3,4 194 94 1,9 20 34 4 3, 19 9 1, 2

Resumen: Introducción: el intento de autoeliminación (IAE) y el suicidio han aumentado en adolescentes, es un problema de alta prioridad. Objetivo: establecer la epidemiología y su relación con factores de riesgo (FR) y protección (FP) de conducta suicida en usuarios de un Espacio Adolescente en el primer nivel de atención del subsector público (diciembre 2016-setiembre 2017). Material y método: encuesta anónima a adolescentes de ambos sexos, entre 12 y 19 años. Se compararon FR y FP entre: franjas etarias (12 a 14 años y 15 a 19 años); sexo; IAE previo versus su ausencia e institucionalización o no. Se consideró p menor a 0,05 como estadísticamente significativa. Los datos se ingresaron en Excel y se analizaron con Epi Info 7.2.0.1. Resultados: 107 entrevistados, 60 mujeres, edad: 13,3 (media); IAE previo más frecuente entre 15 y 19 años y sexo femenino (p <0,05); 21 jóvenes (19,6%) institucionalizados. Sin IAE previo 94 (87,9%) y 13 (12,1%) al menos uno. De los 13 con IAE previo, 7 (53,8%) institucionalizados (p <0,05, IC >95%). FP p <0,05, IC >95%: actividad recreativa, autoestima elevada, y buena resolución de problemas. FR p <0,05, IC > 95%: maltrato, abuso sexual, muerte de ser querido, consumo de sustancias y enfermedad psiquiátrica. Comparando edades, FP: familia unida, proyectos y amigos (p <0,05 IC >95%); FR: consumo de sustancias, enfermedad psiquiátrica, maltrato, abuso sexual, familiar con enfermedad psiquiátrica, muerte de ser querido, trastorno del sueño, institucionalización, ideación y planificación suicidas (p <0,05, IC >95%). Al comparar sexos, no se encontraron FP p <0,05; familiar con enfermedad psiquiátrica p <0,05 IC >95% FR. Conclusiones: se deben estimular actividades recreativas en adolescentes y ofrecer asistencia en salud mental a aquellos que presentan FR de conducta suicida.

Summary: Introduction: self-harm (SH) and suicide have increased in adolescents, and they have become a high health priority. Objective: to establish the epidemiology and its relationship with risk factors (RF) and protection (PF) of suicidal behavior in users of a Primary Care Adolescent Center of the State Health Sector (December 2016 - September 2017). Materials and methods: confidential survey of adolescents of both sexes, between 12 and 19 years of age. We carried out a descriptive analysis in order to compare RF and PF between ages (12 to 14 and 15 to 19); sex; previous SH self-harm versus its absence and institutionalization or not. p less than 0.05 was considered statistically significant. Data were entered into Excel and analyzed using Epi Info 7.2.0.1. Results: 107 interviewees, 60 females, age: 13.3 (mean); Most frequent previous SH between 15 and 19 years and female sex (p <0.05); 21 were institutionalized (19.6%). Without prior SH 94 (87.9%) and 13 (12.1%) at least one. Of the 13 with prior SH, 7 (53.8%) institutionalized (p <0.05 CI> 95%). PF p <0.05 CI> 95 %: recreational activity, high self-esteem, and good problem-solving skills. RF p <0.05 CI> 95 %: child abuse, sexual abuse, death of a loved one, substance use and mental illness. Comparing ages, PF: close family, projects and friends (p <0.05 CI> 95%); RF: substance use, mental illness, child abuse, sexual abuse, family with mental illness, death of loved one, sleep disorder, institutionalization, suicidal ideation and suicidal planning (p <0.05 CI> 95%). When comparing sexes, PF were not found p <0.05; family member with mental disease p <0.05 CI> 95% as RF. Conclusions: recreational activities should be encouraged in adolescents and Mental Health assistance should be provided to those who present RF of suicidal behavior.

Resumo: Introdução: tentativa de suicídio e suicídio tem aumentado na adolescência, adquirindo alta prioridade. Objetivo: estabelecer a epidemiologia e sua relação com fatores de risco (FR) e proteção (FP) de comportamento suicida em usuários do chamado “Espaço Adolescente” no Primeiro Nível de Atenção no Subsetor Público do Sistema de Saúde (dezembro 2016-setembro 2017). Materiais e métodos: inquérito anônimo aos adolescentes de ambos os sexos, entre 12 e 19 anos de idade. Foram comparados FR e FP entre: grupos de idades (12 a 14 e 15 a 19); sexo; tentativa de suicídio anterior versus sua ausência e institucionalização ou não. Considerou-se p menor a 0,05 como estatisticamente significativa. Os dados foram processados no programa Excel e utilizando-se o programa Epi Info 7.2.0.1. Resultados: 107 entrevistados, 60 do sexo feminino, idade: 13,3 (média); antecedentes de tentativa de suicídio mais frequentes entre 15 e 19 anos e sexo feminino (p <0,05); 21 jovens (19,6 %) institucionalizados. Sem tentativa prévia 94 (87,9%) e 13 (12,1%) pelo menos um. Dos 13 com tentativa anterior, 7 (53,8%) institucionalizados (p <0,05 IC > 95%). FP p <0,05 IC > 95%: atividade recreativa, autoestima elevada, e boas habilidades de resolução de problemas. FR p <0,05 IC > 95%: maltrato, abuso sexual, perda de pessoa querida, consumo de substâncias e doença psiquiátrica. Comparadas as idades, FP: família unida, projetos e amigos (p <0,05 IC > 95%); FR: consumo de substâncias, doença psiquiátrica, maltrato, abuso sexual, familiar com doença psiquiátrica, perda de pessoa querida, transtorno do sono, institucionalização, ideação suicida e planejamento suicida (p <0,05 IC > 95%). Comparados ambos os sexos, não se encontraram FP p <0,05; familiar com doença psiquiátrica p <0,05 IC > 95% FR. Conclusões: atividades recreativas devem ser estimuladas nos casos de adolescentes e assistência à Saúde Mental deve ser fornecida aos portadores de FR suicida.

BACKGROUND: A recent study amongst South African dental students found that a number of them had perceived moderate to severe stress and as a result, some have resorted to stimulant drugs. AIM: The aim of the study was to assess substance use by dental and oral hygiene students at a university in South Africa. DESIGN: A cross-sectional design was used and all dental and oral hygiene students registered in 2019 at a university in South Africa were asked to participate. Materials and Methods: A pretested, validated self-administered questionnaire was used to achieve the aim. The objectives were to identify which substances were used, where they were obtained, frequency and reasons for use, as well as the self-perceived benefits and side effects experienced. Data was analysed using SPSS version 27. The data was confidential and anonymity was ensured.. RESULTS: A total of 303 (88%) agreed to participate with ages from 17 to 36 years and a mean of 22.3 years. Over two thirds 206 (67.9%) used substances. Almost half of the group (44.6%) took one product, 16.5% took two, and 7% consumed between 3 and 5. The sources of substances ranged from peers, friends, acquaintances and pharmacies. Nearly twenty percent of the students used caffeine products, energy drinks, and methylphenidate. Almost 10% used anti-anxiety pills and anti-depressants whilst just above 11% used natural boosters and multivitamins. More than half of the students used the substances to stay awake and improve marks and 45(22%) of the users struggled to stop. CONCLUSIONS: Over two thirds of students used substances, with almost half using one substance. There were multiple sources of substances. More than half of the students used them to stay awake and improve marks.

BACKGROUND: To improve maternal health, studies of maternal morbidity are increasingly being used to evaluate the quality of maternity care, in addition to studies of mortality. While South Africa (SA) has a well-established confidential enquiry into maternal deaths, there is currently no structure in place to systematically collect and analyse maternal near-misses (MNMs) at national level OBJECTIVES: To synthesise MNM indicators and causes in SA by performing a systematic literature search, and to investigate perceived needs for data collection related to MNMs and determine whether the MNM tool from the World Health Organization (WHO-MNM) would require adaptations in order to be implemented METHODS: The study used a mixed-methods approach. A systematic literature search was conducted to find all published data on MNM audits in SA. Semi-structured interviews were conducted virtually with maternal health experts throughout the country who had been involved in studies of MNMs, and main themes arising in the interviews were synthesised. A method for MNM data collection for SA use was discussed with these experts RESULTS: The literature search yielded 797 articles, 15 of which met the WHO-MNM or Mantel et al. severe acute maternal morbidity criteria. The median (interquartile range) MNM incidence ratio in SA was 8.4/1 000 (5.6 - 8.7) live births, the median maternal mortality ratio was 130/100 000 (71.4 - 226) live births, and the median mortality index was 16.6% (11.7 - 18.8). The main causes of MNMs were hypertensive disorders of pregnancy and obstetric haemorrhage. Eight maternal health experts were interviewed from May 2020 to February 2021. All participants focused on the challenges of implementing a national MNM audit, yet noted the urgent need for one. Recognition of MNMs as an indicator of quality of maternity care was considered to lead to improved management earlier in the chain of events, thereby possibly preventing mortality. Obtaining qualitative information from women with MNMs was perceived as an important opportunity to improve the maternity care system. Participants suggested that the WHO-MNM tool would have to be adapted into a simplified tool with more clearly defined criteria and a number of specific diagnoses relevant to the SA setting. This 'Maternal near-miss: Inclusion criteria and data collection form' is provided as a supplementary file CONCLUSION: Adding MNMs to the existing confidential maternal death enquiry could potentially contribute to a more robust audit with data that may inform health systems planning. This was perceived by SA experts to be valuable, but would require context-specific adaptations to the WHO-MNM tool. The available body of evidence is sufficient to justify moving to implementation

RESUMEN En las últimas décadas, el aumento en el uso de sistemas de información, de las comunicaciones y la posibilidad de compartir datos al instante, a través de Internet, han traído consigo términos como la ciberseguridad, ya que desde los inicios han existido personas inescrupulosas que desean obtener información confidencial; es por ello que cada año se desarrollan nuevos vectores de ataque y con ello nuevos métodos para persuadirlos. Actualmente, existe un auge creciente sobre tecnologías basadas en microservicios y en el cloud computing, esto debido a su alta escalabilidad, mantenibilidad y facilidad para crear infraestructuras de forma segura. Amazon Web Service (AWS) ofrece diversos servicios que permiten convertir plataformas sencillas en aplicaciones robustas, usando diferentes tecnologías y bases de datos, así como también permite agregar seguridad tanto a las aplicaciones como a los datos que son la fuente principal de todo sistema; por esta razón, se realiza una exploración a la encriptación de bases de datos y documentos, usando servicios de Amazon Web Service como Key Management Service, Amazon Relational Database Service y S3. En conclusión, en caso de que un ataque se materialice, las bases de datos y los archivos encriptados no pueden ser legibles por personas malintencionadas,

RESUMO Nas últimas décadas, o aumento da utilização de sistemas de informação, comunicações e a possibilidade de partilhar dados instantaneamente através da Internet trouxeram consigo termos como a ciber-segurança, desde o início que existem pessoas sem escrúpulos que querem obter informações confidenciais; é por isso que todos os anos são desenvolvidos novos vectores de ataque e com eles novos métodos para os persuadir. Actualmente, há um boom crescente nas tecnologias baseadas em microserviços e computação em nuvem, devido à sua elevada escalabilidade, capacidade de manutenção e facilidade de criação de infra-estruturas seguras. Amazon Web Service (AWS) oferece vários serviços que permitem converter plataformas simples em aplicações robustas, utilizando diferentes tecnologias e bases de dados, bem como adicionar segurança tanto às aplicações como aos dados que são a principal fonte de qualquer sistema; por esta razão, é realizada uma exploração da encriptação de bases de dados e documentos, utilizando serviços Amazon Web Service, tais como o Serviço de Gestão de Chaves, o Serviço de Bases de Dados Relacionais da Amazon e o S3. Em conclusão, no caso de um ataque se materializar, as bases de dados e ficheiros encriptados não podem ser lidos por pessoas mal intencionadas.

ABSTRACT The increase in the use of information systems, of communications through the Internet in recent decades and the possibility of sharing data instantly have brought with them terms such as cybersecurity, since, from the beginning, there have been unscrupulous people who want to obtain confidential information, that is why new attack vectors are invented every year and with it new methods to persuade them, there is currently a growing boom on technologies based on microservices and cloud computing, this due to its high scalability, maintainability and facility to create infrastructure safely. Amazon web services offers various services that allow you to convert simple platforms into robust applications with different connections, using different technologies and databases, as well as allowing you to add security to both the applications and the data, this last concept is the main source of any system. This is why in this article an exploration of the encryption on databases and documents is made, using AWS services such as Key management server, Relational database service and S3, at the end it will be found that the encrypted files and databases will not be readable by malicious people, in case an attack materializes.

ABSTRACT Information and Communication Technologies allow the development and interaction of new forms, means and scenarios of social relationships, new forms of relationships between companies and their customers, new forms of personal and social apprehension. Every time we perform any activity through the digital platforms a large amount of data is generated, such as location, gender, consumption preferences, names, personal relationships, health problems, among other data. The companies and institutions require data for their activities, which translates into the need for good computer systems and databases, these data are constituted in the new gold. The exponential increase of this data, its migration to distant and varied sites, with uncontrolled dissemination, has also generated that personal and confidential company data are more exposed than ever, making it necessary to secure the information through data-centric solutions and data protection regulations at national and international levels. Personal information has become a commodity to be bought and sold, which is why the issue of personal data protection is approached from the perspective of database management and the legal regulation of Habeas Data, with the aim of motivating software development professionals to consider these factors when designing and developing systems, especially since these issues are hardly considered according to the survey conducted.

RESUMEN Las Tecnologías de la Información y la Comunicación permiten el desarrollo e interacción de nuevas formas, medios y tiempos de relación social, nuevas formas de relaciones de las empresas y sus clientes, nuevas formas de aprehensión personal y social. Cada vez que realizamos alguna actividad a través de plataformas digitales se genera una gran cantidad de datos tales como: ubicación, género, preferencias de consumo, nombres, relaciones personales, problemas de salud, entre otros datos, todas las empresas e instituciones requieren de los datos para sus actividades, lo que se traduce en la necesidad de contar con buenos sistemas informáticos y las bases de datos, estos datos se constituyen en el nuevo oro, su aumento exponencial, su migración a sitios distantes y variados, con una difusión no controlada; han generado también que los datos personales y los datos confidenciales de las empresas estén más expuestos que nunca, haciendo necesaria la seguridad de la información, soluciones centradas en los datos y una normativa sobre la protección de datos a nivel nacional e internacional. La información personal se ha convertido en un producto de compraventa, es por esto que se aborda la problemática de protección de los datos personales desde la perspectiva de la gestión de las bases de datos y la normativa jurídica del Habeas Data, con el objetivo de motivar a los profesionales de desarrollo de software para considerar estos factores al diseñar y desarrollar los sistemas, más aún por tratarse de temas poco considerados de acuerdo con la encuesta realizada.

PURPOSE OF THE STUDY: The purpose of the study was to determine the enabling factors necessary for contract compliance and how they can be effectively used to assist Procuring and Disposing Entities (PDEs) in the Ugandan context DESIGN/METHODOLOGY/APPROACH: The study adopted an interpretivist approach utilising the qualitative methodology that collected data from twenty one telephonic interviews and two focus group discussions via the Zoom online platform. Participants were purposefully selected based on their knowledge, experience and responsibilities. Thematic and content analysis were used to analyse data. This was done in sequential phases, namely: data familiarisation, generating codes, identifying themes, constructing thematic networks and drawing conclusions from the data FINDINGS: Findings indicate that the critical factors for creating an enabling environment include: communication, openness, compliance checks, ethical orientation and stakeholder involvement RECOMMENDATIONS/VALUE: Based on these findings, interventions are proposed that relate to how poor levels of contract compliance in state departments can be improved within a developing economy context MANAGERIAL IMPLICATIONS: In addressing the poor contract compliance levels in state departments, the study encourages that PDU managers should establish information outreach centres and online platforms, cultivate a trusting information sharing environment, provide an online checklist and establish a verification system with secure log-ins and passcodes for authorised access to confidential documents JEL CLASSIFICATION: H57

RESUMO Introdução/ enquadramento/ objetivos Com a progressiva divulgação e utilização laboral de determinadas tecnologias, alguns indivíduos consideram que se torna cada vez mais interessante tentar lucrar de alguma forma com as informações daí provenientes, de forma direta e indireta. Metodologia Trata-se de uma Revisão Bibliográfica, iniciada através de uma pesquisa realizada em junho de 2021 nas bases de dados “CINALH plus with full text, Medline with full text, Database of Abstracts of Reviews of Effects, Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials, Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, Cochrane Methodology Register, Nursing and Allied Health Collection: comprehensive, MedicLatina e RCAAP”. Conteúdo A Engenharia Social é utilizada com o objetivo de obter dados confidenciais e/ou acessos não autorizados a determinados sistemas, através da influência que se exerce num indivíduo, sendo progressivamente cada vez mais frequente no mercado laboral. Alguns autores consideram que se trata de um ataque ao Fator Humano da Segurança. De uma forma sucinta poderá ser descrita como a arte ou ciência de enganar/manipular. Está cada vez mais desenvolvida e usa métodos de comunicação eficazes e planeados. O Engenheiro Social é agradável, cordial, simpático, carismático, criativo, flexível, dinâmico, paciente e persistente. Geralmente tem conhecimentos de programação neurolinguística, ou seja, sabe como colocar a voz e que tipo de discurso deve utilizar para atingir os objetivos, tendo uma boa perceção de qual a melhor altura para avançar. A motivação deste pode focar-se na dimensão económica, curiosidade sem querer causar danos, vencer desafios intelectuais, adquirir outras vantagens, ser aceite em algum grupo/ter de devolver um favor, ajudar as instituições/indivíduos a se defenderem melhor de futuros ataques reais e/ou por defender ideologias políticas, religiosas e/ou ambientais. Discussão e Conclusões Estas técnicas vitimizam indivíduos quer a nível particular, quer laboral. Nesta última situação é possível que as condições de trabalho/tarefas se alterem e/ou, em situações mais dramáticas, que se ponha em risco a viabilidade do empregador e/ou a manutenção do vínculo laboral. A perceção do acontecido pelo próprio e/ou chefias/entidade patronal poderá levar a quadros de alterações emocionais (ansiedade, medo, pânico) que, por sua vez, poderão alterar não só o bem-estar/qualidade de vida, como diminuir a produtividade e/ou potenciar o absentismo/presenteismo. A maioria dos trabalhadores não tem conhecimentos relevantes sobre o tema, pelo que será do interesse de todos ter acesso a formação, após a qual os funcionários percebam claramente quais os dados alvo de sigilo, intensidade deste último, eventual utilidade da informação para terceiros e técnicas usadas, bem como a melhor forma de se defender das mesmas e a quem se poderão socorrer, em caso de dúvida de como agir perante uma situação suspeita.

ABSTRACT Introduction/framework/objectives With the progressive dissemination of some technologies at work, some individuals consider that it becomes more interesting to try to profit in some way from the information, directly and indirectly. Methodology This is a Bibliographic Review, initiated through a research carried out in June 2021, in the databases “CINALH plus with full text, Medline with full text, Database of Abstracts of Reviews of Effects, Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials, Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, Cochrane Methodology Register, Nursing and Allied Health Collection: comprehensive, MedicLatina and RCAAP”. Contents Social Engineering is used with the objective of obtaining confidential data and/or unauthorized access, through the influence that is exerted on an individual, being progressively more frequent in the labor market. Some authors consider this to be an attack on the Human Factor of Security. In a succinct way it can be described as the art or science of deceiving/manipulating. It is increasingly developed and uses effective and planned communication methods. The Social Engineering is pleasant, cordial, friendly, charismatic, creative, flexible, dynamic, patient and persistent. He usually have knowledge of neurolinguistic programming, that is, he knows how to put their voice and what type of speech to use, to achieve his goals, having a good sense of the best time to move forward. The motivation can focus on the economic dimension, curiosity without wanting to cause harm, overcoming intellectual challenges, acquiring other advantages, being accepted into a group/having to return a favor, helping institutions/individuals to better defend themselves against future real attacks and/or for defending political, religious and/or environmental ideologies. Discussion and Conclusions These techniques victimize individuals, either at private or work. At this last level, it is possible that the working conditions/tasks change and/or, in more dramatic situations, that the employer's viability and/or the maintenance of the employment relationship may be put at risk. The perception of what has happened by the self and/or managers/employer may lead to emotional changes (anxiety, fear, panic) which, in turn, may change not only well-being/quality of life, but also decrease productivity and/or enhance absenteeism/presentism. Most workers do not have relevant knowledge on the subject, so it will be in everyone's interest to have access to training, after which employees clearly understand which data is subject to confidentiality, intensity of the latter, possible usefulness of the information for third parties and techniques used, as well as the best way to defend against them and to whom they can turn to, in case of doubt about how to act in a suspicious situation.

RESUMEN Los periódicos iraníes han dependido tradicionalmente de las ayudas estatales y del presupuesto público para sobrevivir. La dependencia aún persiste en medio de un cambio de política que ha afectado la situación financiera de los periódicos. Este artículo invoca los datos disponibles sobre el apoyo gubernamental para examinar la economía política de los periódicos en Irán durante las dos décadas de 1990 y 2000. Los datos se obtuvieron de comunicados oficiales del Ministerio de Cultura y Orientación Islámica de Irán, así como de varios boletines internos no confidenciales de las organizaciones de periódicos. Habiendo aplicado un análisis de ingresos y gastos, el documento explica el papel del gobierno en la economía de los periódicos y discute la política de reutilización de los subsidios existentes. JEL: I21, I23, M1

ABSTRACT Iranian newspapers have traditionally relied on state aids and public budget to survive. The dependency has still lingered amid a change of policy that has affected the newspapers’ financial status. This article invokes the available data on governmental support to examine the political economy of newspapers in Iran during the two decades of 1990s and 2000s. The data were collected from official releases by the Iranian Ministry of Culture and Islamic Guidance as well as several non- confidential internal bulletins of the newspaper organizations. Having applied an income-expense analysis, the paper explains the government’s role in newspaper economics and discusses the policy of repurposing the existing subsidies. JEL: I21, I23, M1

Resumen: El propósito de este artículo es encontrar las formas y métodos más exitosos de protección de datos personales en Internet entre países extranjeros en cuanto a sus realidades políticas y legales nacionales. En el artículo se utilizaron los siguientes métodos: dialéctico, lógico-semántico, comparativo-legal, análisis documental, analítico y de análisis informático. Se plantean para el debate cuestiones relacionadas con la adaptación de la experiencia exitosa de varios países desarrollados en el campo de la protección de datos personales en Internet. Algunas opciones están cubiertas y especificadas, incluyendo métodos y formas de implementar un mecanismo efectivo para la protección de datos personales en Internet en Ucrania. Se destaca que la protección y la debida confidencialidad de los datos personales es una de las tareas clave a las que se enfrentan actualmente los juristas modernos. También se agrega que la naturaleza y los detalles del uso y la protección de los datos personales, incluso en Internet, están extremadamente relacionados con la institución de la propiedad intelectual. Se hace hincapié en el hecho de que el nivel de protección de los datos personales en un país es un indicador del grado en que dicho Estado cumple los criterios de libertad, democracia y Estado de Derecho.

Abstract: The purpose of this article is to find the most successful ways, forms and methods of personal data protection on the Internet among foreign countries for domestic political and legal realities. The following methods were used in the article: dialectical, logical-semantic, comparative-legal, documentary analysis, analytical, information-analytical. Issues related to the adaptation of the successful experience of a number of developed countries in the field of personal data protection on the Internet are brought up for discussion. Some options are covered and specified, which include effective methods and ways to implement an effective mechanism for personal data protection on the Internet in Ukraine. It is emphasized that the protection and proper confidentiality of personal data of individuals is one of the key tasks currently facing modern jurists. It is also added that the nature and specifics of the use and protection of personal data of individuals, including on the Internet, are extremely closely related to the institution of intellectual property. Emphasis is placed on the fact that the level of protection of personal data of individuals in a country is an indicator of the extent to which such a state meets the criteria of freedom, democracy, and the rule of law.