Abstract The consolidation of water and sanitation service coverage in Rio de Janeiro remains an ongoing challenge. In an effort to broaden coverage, in 2021, the state government opted to privatize services previously managed by CEDAE. However, a few months later, customer dissatisfaction with the new companies among the Rio de Janeiro population became evident, judging by the number of complaints received by various consumer protection watchdogs and the judicial system. We aim to investigate the immediate consequences of this shift in sanitation management from the users' viewpoint. To this end, we undertook documentary analysis (call for bids, contracts, and transcripts of public hearings) and scrutinized data from the Consumidor.gov service, overseen by the Ministry of Justice. Among the results observed were dissatisfaction of residents in the concession areas with rate hikes, poor service quality, and intensified water insecurity at the household level. Furthermore, the fragmentation of management - stemming from the involvement of three new companies and CEDAE as the water provider in RMRJ, as well as the proliferation of instruments and contracts - has undermined consumer satisfaction. challenge 2021 However later evident system users viewpoint end call bids hearings Consumidorgov Consumidor gov Justice hikes quality level Furthermore RMRJ satisfaction 202 20 2

Resumo A universalização dos serviços de água e esgotamento sanitário no Rio de Janeiro ainda é uma questão não resolvida. A aposta do governo do estado para ampliar a cobertura foi a concessão dos serviços que estavam sob responsabilidade da Cedae à iniciativa privada em 2021. Poucos meses depois, entretanto, o descontentamento da população fluminense com as novas empresas se tornou incontestável, a julgar pelo número de reclamações nos diversos órgãos de defesa do consumidor e na justiça. Este artigo tem como objetivo compreender as consequências imediatas da mudança na gestão do saneamento a partir da perspectiva dos usuários. Para responder essa questão, recorreu-se à análise documental (editais de concessão, contratos e transcrição de Audiência Pública) e à análise de dados do serviço Consumidor.gov.br, gerido pelo Ministério da Justiça. Dentre os resultados, destacamos a insatisfação dos moradores das áreas de concessão com o aumento das contas de água e com a qualidade dos serviços prestados, aumentando a insegurança hídrica no nível dos domicílios. Ademais, a fragmentação da gestão, resultante da atuação de três novas empresas e da Cedae como produtora de água na RMRJ, bem como a multiplicação de instrumentos e contratos, vem dificultando o atendimento das demandas dos usuários. resolvida 2021 depois entretanto incontestável justiça usuários recorreuse recorreu editais Pública Consumidorgovbr Consumidor gov br Consumidor.gov.br Justiça resultados prestados domicílios Ademais RMRJ 202 20 2

Abstract: At the end of the 19th century, various business entities pressed the Chilean State to advance in higher levels of food independence, to maintain the economic progress derived from the nitrate economy. The business groups pointed to a massive concession of public land for the installation of cattle, and one of the areas indicated was the Province of Llanquihue. Using preferentially official documents and publications of business groups, this article aims to delve into both the arguments used by national business groups to carry out livestock concessions and the legal strategies used by the State to implement them, indicating, likewise, the reaction and accommodation of local people to the concessions.

Resumen: A fines del siglo XIX, diversas entidades empresariales solicitaron al Estado chileno que avanzara en mayores niveles de independencia agroalimentaria, en pos de mantener y proyectar el progreso económico derivado de la economía salitrera. Los grupos empresariales apuntaban a una masiva concesión de la tierra pública para la instalación de ganado vacuno a gran escala, siendo una de las zonas indicadas la provincia de Llanquihue. Utilizando, preferencialmente, documentos oficiales y publicaciones de agrupaciones empresariales, se pretende ahondar tanto en los argumentos esgrimidos por los grupos empresariales nacionales para realizar concesiones ganaderas como en las estrategias legales utilizadas por el Estado para implementarlas, indicando, igualmente, la reacción y acomodo de los pobladores locales frente a las concesiones.

Abstract Canga ecosystems are iron-rich habitats and pose a challenge for conservation and environmental governance in Brazil. They support high levels of biodiversity and endemism and, at the same time, have suffered intense losses and degradation due to large-scale iron ore mining. The Peixe Bravo River Valley in the Brazilian savanna is one of the last natural canga areas that has yet to face the irreversible impacts of mining. However, there are vast gaps in data on the vegetation cover, location, spatial distribution, and area of occurrence of this ecosystem. Therefore, more information is needed on the appropriate scale, without which it is difficult to establish conservation planning and strategies to prevent, mitigate or compensate for impacts on canga ecosystems. In this study, we provide the first map of canga ecosystems in Brazil using the U-Net deep learning model and Sentinel-2 images. In addition, we estimate the degree of direct threat faced by ecosystems due to the spatial overlap of the mapped cangas and the location of mining concession areas for iron ore exploitation. The deep learning algorithm identified and segmented 762 canga patches (overall accuracy of 98.5%) in an area of 30,000 ha in the Peixe Bravo River Valley, demonstrating the high predictive power of the mapping approach. We conclude that the direct threat to canga ecosystems is high since 99.6% of the observed canga patches are included in mining concession areas. We also highlight that the knowledge acquired about the distribution of cangas through the application of an effective method of artificial intelligence and the use of open-source satellite images is especially important for supporting conservation strategies and environmental public policies. ironrich rich time largescale large scale However cover ecosystem Therefore prevent study UNet U Net Sentinel2 Sentinel 2 Sentinel- addition exploitation 76 overall 98.5% 985 98 5 30000 30 000 30,00 approach 996 99 6 99.6 opensource open source policies 7 98.5 9 3000 3 00 30,0 99. 98. 300 0 30,

Resumo Os ecossistemas de Canga, habitats com elevadas concentrações de ferro, são um desafio para conservação e governança ambiental no Brasil. Eles sustentam uma alta biodiversidade e endemismo, e sofreram intensas perdas e degradações de áreas naturais devido à mineração de ferro em larga escala. O Vale do Rio Peixe Bravo, localizado no Cerrado brasileiro, é uma das últimas regiões com ecossistemas de canga que ainda não sofreu impactos irreversíveis da mineração. Mas ainda há ausência de dados sobre a cobertura vegetal, localização, distribuição geográfica e a área de ocorrência desse ecossistema. Portanto, a ausência de informações em escala adequada dificulta o planejamento em conservação e as estratégias para prevenir, mitigar ou compensar os impactos nos ecossistemas de canga. Neste estudo, nós fornecemos o primeiro mapa de ecossistemas de canga no Brasil elaborado a partir de deep learning segmentação U-Net e imagens de satélite Sentinel-2. Além disso, nós estimamos o grau de ameaça direta dos ecossistemas devido a sobreposição espacial das manchas de cangas preditas e a localização dos títulos de concessão minerária para exploração do minério de ferro. O algoritmo de aprendizado profundo identificou 762 manchas de canga (acurácia acima de 98,5%) em uma área de 30.000 ha no Vale do Rio Peixe Bravo, demonstrando o alto poder preditivo do método de mapeamento. Nós estimamos que há um alto grau de ameaça direta aos ecossistemas de canga, uma vez que 99,6% das manchas de cangas preditas estão incluídas em áreas de concessão de mineração. Nós também destacamos que o conhecimento adquirido sobre a distribuição das cangas por meio da aplicação de um método eficaz de inteligência artificial e do uso de imagens de satélite de código aberto é especialmente importante para apoiar estratégias de conservação e políticas públicas ambientais. Canga endemismo Bravo brasileiro vegetal ecossistema Portanto prevenir estudo UNet U Net Sentinel2. Sentinel2 Sentinel 2. 2 Sentinel-2 disso 76 acurácia 98,5% 985 98 5 30000 30 000 30.00 mapeamento 996 99 6 99,6 ambientais Sentinel- 7 98,5 9 3000 3 00 30.0 99, 98, 300 0 30.

Resumen El objetivo del presente artículo es explicar las principales causas, la dinámica y los efectos de la expansión de la superficie concesionada a las empresas mineras en México. Para ello se tomó como caso de estudio a la empresa Industrias Peñoles, limitando el horizonte temporal al periodo 1982-2018. La elección de esta corporación minera no fue fortuita. Con más de un siglo de historia, se desvía de las generalizaciones y los tipos de casos abordados por la literatura especializada: empresas de capital foráneo, en especial canadiense, propietarias de operaciones y proyectos de minado a cielo abierto que han ocasionado riesgos o efectos ambientales negativos y conflictividad social. En contraste, Industrias Peñoles es una empresa mexicana que, si bien cuenta con registros de afectaciones ambientales graves, también es el mayor productor de plata del mundo y uno de los mayores en bismuto, zinc y plomo, así como la segunda empresa productora de oro en México. Estos rasgos brindan una óptica interesante para considerar, a nivel de empresa, los factores económicos y territoriales que definen la conFiguración y dinámica del otorgamiento de las concesiones mineras. Además de la crítica de fuentes, se siguieron tres rutas metodológicas: 1) la identificación de las concesiones otorgadas a las 14 corporaciones mineras que Figuraron entre las 500 empresas más importantes de México en 2018; 2) la identificación y revisión de las concesiones otorgadas a Industrias Peñoles y su filial Fresnillo Plc; 3) el análisis de los títulos expedidos a esta empresa en el municipio de Fresnillo por medio de la compulsa de 100 expedientes. Los datos refinados se representaron a través de cuadros, gráficas y mapas. Se plantean tres resultados principales: a) Industrias Peñoles es la segunda empresa que concentra la mayor superficie concesionada en México con un total de 3.1 millones de hectáreas distribuidas en 22 entidades federativas; b) 77% de las concesiones mineras las obtuvo en el periodo 2001-2012; c) en el municipio de Fresnillo controla 7 de cada 10 hectáreas en concesión. Se discute que, junto con la especulación financiera, el monopolio sobre grandes extensiones del subsuelo es una de las principales causas de la expansión territorial de las concesiones mineras debido a que estas representan una barreras geográfica basada en la unicidad de la localización, y otra temporal sustentada en la vigencia centenaria que permite la Ley minera vigente. Ambas barreras representan en conjunto una estrategia territorial que crea o protege el poder monopolista, lo que posibilita la apropiación de una renta diferencial. Se señala que el acaparamiento del subsuelo y la privatización del suelo han derivado en una reducida retribución al erario, además de implicar la transformación de la tierra de propiedad ejidal en términos de su uso y paisaje, lo cual ha dado lugar a conflictividad social. Se concluye que el monopolio de lotes mineros además de la apropiación de una ganancia extraordinaria, posibilita la propia existencia del capital minero rentista. El orden de exposición del artículo es el siguiente. En primer lugar, se detallan las estrategias metodológicas empleadas para la obtención y análisis espacial de los datos. En el segundo apartado se hace un recuento de los principales cambios legislativos que afectan directamente a las concesiones mineras. En los siguientes apartados se muestran los resultados obtenidos, empezando por la evolución espacial de los títulos mineros a escala nacional y de los otorgados a las principales firmas mineras. Después se revisa la dinámica temporal y espacial de la superficie concesionada a Industrias Peñoles por sexenio y entidad federativa, con énfasis en el acaparamiento de títulos. Finalmente, se discuten los factores que explican la expansión por medio del análisis de la evolución de las concesiones mineras en Fresnillo, municipio donde la empresa controla el mayor yacimiento de plata del mundo. Finalmente, se presentan las conclusiones y se señalan los límites de la investigación, además de que se brindan algunas recomendaciones basadas en los hallazgos.

Abstract This article explains the main causes, dynamics, and effects of the expansion of the concession area granted to mining companies in Mexico. To this end, the company Industrias Peñoles was used as a case study, limiting the period of analysis from 1982 to 2018. The selection of this mining corporation was not fortuitous. With more than a century of history, it deviates from the generalizations and types of cases addressed by the specialized literature: foreign-capital companies, especially Canadian ones, which own open-pit operations and mining projects that have caused risks or adverse environmental effects and social conflicts. By contrast, Industrias Peñoles is a Mexican company that, despite having records of serious environmental impacts, is the world’s largest producer of silver, one of the largest producers of bismuth, zinc, and lead, and the second-largest producer of gold in Mexico. These features provide an interesting perspective to consider, at the company level, the economic and territorial factors that define the layout and dynamics of mining concessions. In addition to reviewing the sources, we followed three methodological approaches: 1) identification of the concessions granted to the 14 mining corporations that were among the 500 most important companies in Mexico in 2018; 2) identification and review of the concessions granted to Industrias Peñoles and its subsidiary Fresnillo plc.; 3) analysis of the titles issued to this company in the municipality of Fresnillo through the compilation of 100 files. Key data are represented through tables, graphs, and maps. Three main results are described: a) Industrias Peñoles is the second top company concentrating the largest concession area in Mexico, with a total of 3.1 million hectares distributed across 22 states; b) 77% of the mining concessions were obtained in the period 2001-2012; c) the municipality of Fresnillo manages seven out of every ten hectares under concession. It is highlighted that, along with financial speculation, the monopoly over large areas of the subsoil is one of the main causes of the territorial expansion of mining concessions because they represent a geographic barrier based on the uniqueness of the location and a temporal barrier supported in the centennial validity allowed by the current mining law. Altogether, both barriers represent a territorial strategy that creates or protects monopoly power, making it possible to appropriate a differential income. It is pointed out that the recording of the subsoil and the privatization of the soil has resulted in reduced remuneration to the public accounts; in addition, it has transformed the land in terms of its use and landscape, which has led to social conflict. It is concluded that, in addition to yielding huge profits, the monopolization of mining land enables the very existence of rentier mining capital. The above information is presented in the following sequence. First, the methodological approaches used for obtaining and conducting the spatial data analysis are detailed. Second, the main legislative changes directly affecting mining concessions are outlined. The following sections highlight the key findings, starting with the spatial evolution of the mining titles at the national level and those granted to the main mining companies. Then, the temporal and spatial dynamics of the area granted to Industrias Peñoles are reviewed by six-year term and state, emphasizing the grabbing of titles. Finally, the factors explaining the expansion are discussed by analyzing the evolution of mining concessions in Fresnillo, a municipality where the company controls the world’s largest silver deposit. The conclusions are then outlined, mentioning the constraints of the research; additionally, some recommendations are made based on the findings.

Resumen La truchicultura se introdujo en la región de Puno desde la década de los 70’ sin embargo los productores de trucha en la actualidad afrontan diversos problemas, como el manejo empírico, escasa tecnología en la crianza y gestión empírica de la producción y comercialización de trucha. En esta investigación se identifican y analizan los factores socioeconómicos que ejercen efectos en la mejora de ingresos en las familias productoras de trucha de la Asociación “Brisas del Titicaca” de Chucuito en Puno, Perú. Desde una perspectiva económica y social, a partir del método inductivo, a partir de una población de 30 acuicultores, con áreas de concesión para la producción entre 1 y 1,5 ha. Las unidades productivas alcanzan ingresos mensuales de 21.000 PEN (aprox. 6234 USD; T.C 2018) Al aplicar un modelo econométrico probit ordenado, considerando como variables dependientes seis niveles de ingreso (Y) y como variables independientes: edad (E), nivel educativo alcanzado (NE), número de capacitaciones en crianza de truchas (NC), área de concesión (AC), tipo de instalación acuícola-tecnológica (TI) y acceso a crédito financiero (AF). Se encontró que el nivel educativo (NE), el número de capacitaciones (NC), el tipo de instalación en las jaulas de crianza de truchas (TI) y el acceso al crédito financiero (AF) fueron las variables significativas, para lograr mayor probabilidad para generar mayores niveles de ingresos en su actividad productiva. Así mismo se encontró que es necesario fortalecer la capacitación y mejora tecnológica, así como el acceso al crédito en la producción rural de truchas.

Abstract Trout farming was introduced in the Puno region since the 1970s; however, trout producers currently face various problems, such as empirical management, scarce technology in breeding, and empirical management of trout production and marketing. This research identifies and analyzes the socioeconomic factors that exert effects on improving income in trout-producing families of the "Brisas del Titicaca" Association of Chucuito in Puno, Peru. From an economic and social perspective, from the inductive method, from a population of 30 fish farmers, with concession areas for production between 1 and 1.5 ha. The productive units reach monthly income of 21,000 PEN (approx. 6,234 USD; T.C 2018) By applying an ordered probit econometric model, considering six income levels as dependent variables (Y) and as independent variables: age (E), educational level attained (NE), number of training courses in trout farming (NC), concession area (AC), type of aquaculture-technological facility (TI) and access to financial credit (AF). It was found that the educational level (NE), the number of trainings (NC), the type of installation in the trout breeding cages (TI) and the access to financial credit (AF) were the significant variables, to achieve a greater probability to generate higher levels of income in their productive activity. Likewise, it was found that it is necessary to strengthen training and technological improvement, as well as access to credit in rural trout production.

Resumen: La zona de Catriel, en la provincia argentina de Río Negro es, actualmente, una de las de mayor conflictividad debido a que las distintas lógicas de territorialización organizaron históricamente a los sujetos a partir del uso, acceso y apropiación de la tierra. Las tierras donde la localidad se funda fueron otorgadas por decreto presidencial, en 1899, a los llamados restos de la tribu de Catriel para la creación de una Colonia Agrícola Pastoril. Simultáneamente, se establecieron colonos que accedieron mediante el proceso de ocupación y la venta de tierras fiscales. Con el descubrimiento de petróleo a fines de los ’50, se otorgaron además los derechos de las distintas áreas de concesión a diversas empresas. Para analizar este entramado, partiré del caso de la comunidad mapuche Newen Kurruf, descendientes catrieleros que se encuentran enfrentando un juicio de desalojo desde 2017. Así, mediante la construcción del mapa de actores que intervienen en el conflicto territorial y la elaboración de cartografía específica, me propongo dar cuenta de las políticas estatales y marcos jurídicos que habilitaron accesos diferenciados a la tierra.

Abstract: The area of Catriel, in the Argentine Province of Río Negro, is currently one of the areas of greatest land conflict. Different logics of territorialization historically organized the subjects in what regards use, access and appropriation of land. The lands where the town was founded were granted by presidential decree, in 1899, to the so-called restos de la tribu de Catriel for the creation of a Pastoral Agricultural Colony. At the same time, settlers were established by the process of occupation and sale of fiscal land. With the discovery of oil in the late 1950s, the rights of the different concession areas were also granted to various companies. To analyze this network, I will start from the case of the Mapuche community Newen Kurruf, descendants of Catriel, who are facing an eviction trial since 2017. Thus, through the construction of the map of actors involved in the territorial conflict and the elaboration of specific cartography, I intend to give an account of state policies and legal frameworks that enabled differentiated access to land.

Resumen El análisis de las zonas metropolitanas en diversos indicadores de desempeño económico y de sustentabilidad, como la productividad y el consumo de agua a nivel industrial, es un tema poco explorado en estudios aplicados en México. Ello se debe en gran medida por la falta de datos oficiales que permitan hacer este tipo de análisis. En el presente estudio se utilizó el volumen concesionado de agua por tipo de industria y otras variables económicas. Se exponen algunos indicadores como la especialización, la productividad y el consumo de agua, entre otros. Se consideran catorce zonas metropolitanas del Bajío en México, con el objetivo de caracterizar a la región en varios indicadores. Por mencionar algunos hallazgos sobresalientes, se pone en evidencia que existe una polarización al interior del Bajío, donde las zonas metropolitanas como León, San Luis Potosí y San Juan del Río son las más productivas y con mejor aprovechamiento de agua en la industria, mientras que la zonas metropolitanas de La Piedad, Morelia y Zamora se mantienen a la zaga en cuanto desempeño económico y sustentable, situación que las pone en una mayor vulnerabilidad en el largo plazo y compromete la dinámica competitiva que caracteriza a toda la región Bajío.

Abstract The analysis of the metropolitan’s areas through different economic, performance, and sustainability indicators, such as productivity, and water consumption in the industrial sector, is a topic not quite explored in Mexico using applied research due to the lack of official databases available for this kind of study. The purpose of this research work is to evaluate the volume of water concession for the industrial subsector and other economic variables in the Bajío region in México. The work describes some indicators, such as specialization, productivity, and water consumption, among others. Fourteen metropolitan areas of the Bajío’s region are considered to describe the region’s characteristics through different variables. To mention some outstanding results, there is a polarization tendency in the Bajío, where metropolitan areas like León, San Luis Potosí, and San Juan del Río use of water for the industrial sector are the most productive as well as efficient. On the other hand, La Piedad, Morelia, and Zamora cities are in the last place ranking in economic performance and sustainability; this situation makes Bajío more vulnerable in the long term and risks losing its competitive advantage for the whole region.

Abstract The objective of this article is to analyze tensions that might arise between agroindustry, foreign investment, and economic and social rights in the Colombian peasant population after the implementation of Law 1776 of 2016, called the Zidres Law, which creates Areas of Interest for Rural, Economic and Social Development in Colombia. This research is developed with a quantitative approach, focused on the description and analysis of the phenomenon to generate a theoretical systematization from the data obtained. The main limitation experienced is that currently, there is a single zone constituted as Zidres in Colombia, for which quantitative data on its production is not known yet. This constitutes an original work given that in the academic literature, there is no similar research analysis about the Zidres law and its consequences. The exceptional value of this article is that it allows to generate red flags regarding the implementation of this law. As a main conclusion, this research states that Zidres Law generates tensions between foreign investment and the economic and social rights in Colombia, in which, rights such as the minimum vital wage, the right to work and human dignity are threatened.

Resumen El objetivo de este artículo es analizar las relaciones y tensiones que se podrían presentar entre la agroindustria, la inversión extranjera y los derechos económicos, sociales y culturales de la población campesina colombiana a partir de la implementación de la Ley 1776 de 2016, denominada Ley Zidres, la cual crea las Zonas de Interés para el Desarrollo Rural, Económico y Social en Colombia. Es una investigación de enfoque cuantitativo, orientada a la descripción y análisis del fenómeno de estudio, para generar la sistematización teórica a partir de los datos obtenidos. La principal limitación experimentada es que actualmente hay una única zona constituida como Zidres en Colombia, de la que aún no se conocen datos cuantitativos de su producción. Este se constituye en un trabajo original, dado que no se ubica en la literatura académica un análisis detallado de la ley Zidres y sus posibles consecuencias, lo que genera un especial valor para generar alertas sobre la posible implementación de dicha normatividad. Como principal conclusión, se resalta que la Ley Zidres genera tensiones entre la inversión extranjera y los derechos económicos y sociales de Colombia, en el que se ven amenazados derechos como el mínimo vital, el derecho al trabajo y la dignidad humana.

RESUMO Para que uma outorga de direito de uso da água seja emitida é preciso aferir se o corpo hídrico possui capacidade para atender a demanda solicitada para a captação de água, considerando os usos existentes e a hidrologia local. Nesse contexto, este trabalho teve como objetivo avaliar a aplicabilidade do modelo matemático SAD-IPH para simular cenários de demanda de água na Bacia Hidrográfica do Ribeirão Taquaruçu Grande, localizada em Palmas - TO. As simulações demonstraram que a bacia já apresenta trechos em situação crítica quanto à disponibilidade, que é agravada nos meses de seca e com o passar dos anos. Dessa forma, fica evidente que a Companhia de Saneamento deve buscar novas alternativas para suprir a demanda de seus usuários, principalmente nos meses de seca da região. Conclui-se, portanto, que a ferramenta utilizada é adequada para subsidiar o órgão gestor e o comitê de bacia na tomada de decisões quanto à análise de outorgas, visto que possibilita o acesso a dados antes não disponíveis, incidindo assim, em menos erros nesse procedimento. Também, como medida de segurança hídrica, é fundamental que a preservação da bacia seja feita de forma urgente e intensa, já que, além do aumento da demanda por água, há o risco de a disponibilidade hídrica ficar comprometida por uso e ocupação mais intenso, principalmente nas regiões de proteção de mananciais.

ABSTRACT In order to issue a water permit, which allows abstraction of water in a given place, the issuer needs to make sure, based on the hydrology of the region, that the amount of water available in the water body is sufficient to meet not only the demand associated with the required entitlement, but also all the existing demands from other users in the basin. This paper aims at evaluating the usefulness of the SAD-IPH mathematical model to simulate water demand scenarios in the Ribeirão Taquaruçu basin, located in the city of Palmas, state of Tocantins. Simulations provided by the SAD-IPH model indicate that the balance between water availability and demand is already critical in some parts of the basin, especially during the dry season, and the situation worsens over time. These results clearly suggest the local water utility needs to search for new water sources to meet the growing demand, mainly during the dry season. Results show the mathematical tool used in the analysis provides new and valuable information to decision makers (water resources institutions and river basin committees), potentially reducing the risk of making bad decisions. Additionally, as a water security measure, it is crucial to enforce the preservation of sensitive areas in the watershed because there is already an intense occupation in preserved areas next to water sources, a process that is likely to result in water yield reduction, which combined with an increase in the water demand over time, will compromise water security.

RESUMEN El presente artículo se enmarca en un estudio comparativo de los proyectos de concesión y privatización de suelo llevados adelante en la Ciudad de Buenos Aires desde 2015 a 2018. Nuestro objetivo es analizar las estrategias de disposición de tierra desplegadas por medio de la concesión y privatización en el ámbito de la Ciudad de Buenos Aires, reconstruyendo las racionalidades políticas que se articularon en torno a ellas y los dispositivos institucionales creados para viabilizarlas. Nuestro argumento central es que, inscriptos en discursos sobre la 'ociosidad' de los terrenos, se movilizan grandes superficies de suelo mediante la creación de dispositivos institucionales que profundizan la fragmentación presupuestaria y territorial, sustrayendo del ámbito legislativo sus atribuciones en la definición de usos del suelo. Intentamos abordar así las continuidades e inflexiones en el urbanismo neoliberal porteño. Adoptamos una estrategia metodológica basada en el análisis de documentos producidos por las autoridades.

ABSTRACT This article is part of a comparative study of land concession and privatization projects carried out in the City of Buenos Aires from 2015 to 2018. Our goal is to analyze the land disposal strategies deployed by authorities through the concession and privatization in the City of Buenos Aires, reconstructing the political rationalities that were articulated around them and the institutional devices created to make them viable. Our central argument is that, inscribed in discourses about the 'idleness' of the land, large areas were mobilized through the creation of institutional devices that deepen the budgetary and territorial fragmentation, subtracting from the legislative scope its attributions in the definition of land uses. In doing so, we address the continuities and inflections in Buenos Aires' urban neoliberalism. We adopt a methodological strategy based on the analysis of documents produced by authorities.

RESUMO O presente artigo enquadra-se em um estudo comparativo dos projetos de concessão e privatização de solo levados a cabo na Cidade de Buenos Aires desde 2015 a 2018. O nosso objetivo é analisar as estratégias de disposição de terra desenvolvidas por meio da concessão e privatização no âmbito da Cidade de Buenos Aires, reconstruindo as racionalidades políticas que se articularam em torno a elas e os dispositivos institucionais criados para viabilizá-las. Nosso argumento central é que, inscritos em discursos sobre a 'ociosidade' dos terrenos, se mobilizam grandes superfícies de solo mediante a criação de dispositivos institucionais que aprofundam a fragmentação orçamentária e territorial, subtraindo do âmbito legislativo suas atribuições na definição de usos do solo. Tentamos abordar assim as continuidades e inflexões no urbanismo neoliberal portenho. Adotamos uma estratégia metodológica baseada na análise de documentos produzidos pelas autoridades.

Resumo O manejo florestal é uma boa alternativa à exploração predatória dos recursos florestais. Para aumentar a adoção do manejo florestal e evitar o desmatamento ilegal e a ocupação desordenada das florestas públicas, o Governo instituiu a política de concessão florestal. O estudo teve por objetivo descrever a trajetória da política de concessão florestal no Brasil, abordando seus avanços, bem como os aspectos positivos e negativos da modalidade de gestão de florestas públicas supracitada. O trabalho foi realizado por meio de revisão bibliográfica sobre o manejo florestal, com destaque para as concessões florestais no Brasil. Atualmente, o Brasil possui 6 (seis) FLONAs sob concessão, sendo 4 (quatro) delas no estado do Pará, e 2 (duas) em Rondônia. Até o momento, as concessões florestais não atenderam às expectativas iniciais. Como pontos positivos, pode-se observar a redução da vulnerabilidade das florestas sob concessão e a geração de empregos diretos, beneficiando a população local. A destinação de áreas para a concessão ficou abaixo do planejado pelo governo. No entanto, apesar da lenta implantação, espera-se que haja uma rápida expansão devido às lições adquiridas com os primeiros contratos. Assim, acredita-se que o processo de concessão florestal brasileiro está amadurecendo de forma lenta, mas gradual. As atividades de monitoramento e fiscalização são consideradas elementos frágeis das concessões florestais, sendo necessárias ações que garantam a sustentabilidade das florestas. A redução da exploração ilegal é um desafio para o governo. Assim, caso o mercado seja abarrotado de madeira advinda da exploração ilegal, o esforço realizado para implantar a política de concessão florestal poderá ter sido em vão. Por fim, as concessões florestais são recentes no Brasil, mas estão evoluindo a cada ano, tanto em quantidade de áreas destinadas quanto de produtividade de madeira. Nesse contexto, pesquisas se fazem necessárias para um maior conhecimento dos resultados apresentados pela gestão.

Abstract The forest management is a good alternative over predatory exploitation of the forestry resources. To increase the forest management acceptance, avoid the illegal deforestation and the disordered occupation of public forests, the Government has implemented the forest concession policy. The work was performed by a literature review on the forest management, highlighting the forest concessions in Brazil. Currently, Brazil has 6 (six) forest areas under concession, 4 (four) of them in Pará state, and 2 (two) in Rondônia state. So far, the forest concessions did not attend the initial expectations. As good aspects, it is observed the reduction of vulnerability in forests under concessions and the creation of direct jobs, benefiting the local population. The destination of areas for concession was below the governmental expectations. However, despite the slow implementation, it is expected a quick expansion due the lessons learned with the firsts contracts. Therefore, it is believed that the Brazilian forest concession process is maturing gradually, although in a slow way. The monitoring and supervision activities are considered fragile elements of the forest concession, proving necessary actions to ensure the sustainability of forests. The reduction of the illegal exploitation remains a challenge for the government. If the market is supplied with wood from illegal exploitation, the effort to implement forest concessions policies might have been in vain. Finally, forest concessions are recent in Brazil, but they are evolving each year, both in number of the designated areas and in wood productivity. In this context, researchesare necessary for a greater knowledge of the results presented by the management.

ABSTRACT Forest concessions were implemented in Brazil as a way to increase the areas of sustainable forest management. Little is known about the financial viability of forest management in Brazil, which is one of its main bottlenecks. In this context, the aim of the study was to evaluate the financial viability of an investment in forest concession. In order to do so, the Net Present Value (NPV), Periodic Equivalent Benefit (PEB), Internal Rate of Return (IRR) and Real Options Analysis (ROA) were adopted, and the option of abandonment was also analyzed. As a variable for ROA analysis, the productivity (m³.ha-1) at the first years of forest concession under study was adopted. The NPV of the investment corresponds to US$ 8.04.m-³, the PEB was US$ 0.52.m-³.year-1 and the IRR, 20.75%. In order to be considered feasible, the forest concession must have a minimum productivity of 17.75 m³.ha-1. Of the 861 managerial decisions, the option to proceed with the investment was adopted in 237 nodes (27.53%), and the decision to abandon was exercised in 624 nodes (72.47%). This is a worrying result for the concessionaire companies and also for the management entities of the forest concessions, mainly when comparing with the concessions reality, where abandonment is an option that has been performed. It can be concluded that the high probability of abandoning highlights a fragility of forest concessions. ROA proved to be a good methodology to complement traditional methods of financial analysis, presenting satisfactory results in aiding decision-making.

Abstract: In the last DSM-5 update, transsexuality is ruled out as a mental disorder and is amended to the concept of “gender dysphoria”. But what appears to be a concession to the process of depathologisation requested by different transsexual collectives continues to consolidate the medical protocols leading to the production and reproduction of a normative body within sexual differentiation. This category displacement, nonetheless, mobilises the assemblages of experts, doctors, legal and social professionals who shape the transsexual. From the bio-citizenship point of view, this re-definition places the emphasis on the mechanisms of the body’s production, both in the medical environment and in daily life. Throughout, the article unravels the different mechanisms and processes through which transsexuality is shaped as a personal space for managing the pathology, and its results can be extrapolated to some areas in which relationships with experts are being transformed. In this way, the body clocks - marked by hormones, surgical and identity modifications, collective links and care relationships - engender a scenario in which the distinction between pathology and normality interchange in turn.

Resumen: En la última actualización del DSM-5 se elimina la transexualidad como trastorno mental y se traslada a la noción de “disforia de género”. Pero lo que parece ser una concesión al proceso de despatologización solicitado por diferentes colectivos de transexuales, sigue consolidando los protocolos médicos que conducen a la producción y reproducción de un cuerpo normativo dentro de la diferencia sexual. Este desplazamiento categorial, no obstante, moviliza los ensamblajes expertos médicos, legales y sociales que configuran lo transexual. Desde el punto de vista de la biociudadanía, esta redefinición pone el acento en los mecanismos de producción del cuerpo, tanto en los entornos médicos como en los cotidianos. A lo largo del artículo se muestra el despliegue de los diferentes artefactos y procesos por los que la transexualidad se configura como espacio particular de gestión de lo patológico, siendo sus resultados extrapolables a algunos ámbitos en que las relaciones con lo experto están siendo transformadas. Así, los itinerarios corporales -marcados a través de las hormonas, las modificaciones quirúrgicas e identitarias, las vinculaciones colectivas y las relaciones de cuidado- generan un panorama en el que la distinción de la patología y la normalidad se torna porosa.

ABSTRACT The purpose of this paper is to examine Weetman Pearson’s clientelist strategies and the concession granted to Thomas F. E. Kinell for the installation of the textile company, in order to explain the institutional framework in which Santa Gertrudis was established. It also aims to investigate local and foreign conditions that allowed British investment in Mexico, and the concessions granted by the government to attract foreign capital. The main purpose of the article is use a case study of a British company to explain the range and scope of the modernization projects promoted by the Ministry of Development during the government of Porfirio Díaz. The Porfiriato has been considered as a period of peace and progress. During this period, the Ministry of Development promoted numerous development projects in the fields of communication, colonization, public education, agriculture, and irrigation. The Ministry established numerous contracts and granted many concessions on behalf of the executive. The Ministry of Foreign Affairs also promoted a strategy to attract foreign investment.

RESUMEN El propósito de este trabajo es examinar las estrategias clientelistas de Weetman Pearson y la concesión otorgada a Thomas F. E. Kinell para la instalación de la empresa textil Santa Gertrudis, a fin de explicar el marco institucional en el cual se estableció esta. También investiga las condiciones locales y extranjeras que posibilitaron la inversión británica en México y las concesiones otorgadas por el gobierno para atraer capital extranjero. El artículo parte de un caso de estudio de una empresa británica para explicar el alcance de los proyectos de modernización promovidos por el Ministerio de Desarrollo durante el gobierno de Porfirio Díaz. Cabe recordar que el porfiriato ha sido considerado como un periodo de paz y progreso. Durante este tiempo, el Ministerio de Desarrollo promovió numerosos proyectos de desarrollo en las áreas de comunicación, colonización, educación pública, agricultura e irrigación. El Ministerio estableció numerosos contratos y otorgó muchas concesiones en nombre del ejecutivo. Por su parte, el Ministerio de Relaciones Exteriores también promovió una estrategia para atraer inversiones extranjeras.

RESUMEN En los últimos años, el crecimiento de la población en las áreas urbanas de las ciudades de Latinoamérica ha causado aumento en la demanda eléctrica de manera dispersa, trayendo desafíos a la planificación de los sistemas de distribución, para satisfacer esta demanda. Además, los incentivos para instalación de generación distribuida hacen necesario realizar análisis con perspectiva espacial para determinar los lugares de mayor impacto en las redes de distribución eléctrica. Los sistemas de información geográfica son herramientas computacionales que permiten el procesamiento de datos con referencia geográfica. Estos sistemas pueden colaborar en la visualización de las características socioeconómicas y las variables distribuidas en la zona de estudio, proporcionando informaciones a los planificadores de distribución. Este trabajo muestra herramientas computacionales que ayudarán a las empresas de distribución, utilizando técnicas disponibles en sistemas de información geográfica para caracterizar las particularidades locales, en la zona de concesión, de las empresas de distribución.

ABSTRACT In recent years, the population growth in urban areas of Latin American cities has resulted in an increase in demand for electricity in a dispersed manner, bringing challenges to the planning of distribution systems to supply this demand. In addition, incentives for the installation of distributed generation make it necessary to carry out analyzes with a spatial perspective to determine the places of impact in the electricity distribution networks. Geographic information systems are computational tools that allow the processing of data with geographic reference. These systems can collaborate in the visualization of the socioeconomic characteristics and the variables distributed in the zone of study, being able to provide information to the distribution planners. This work shows computational tools that will help distribution utilities, using techniques available in geographic information systems to characterize the local factors in concession zone of the distribution utilities.

RESUMO Nos últimos anos, o crescimento da população nas áreas urbanas das cidades de Latino América, resultou no aumento da demanda elétrica de forma dispersa, trazendo desafios ao planejamento de sistemas de distribuição para atender essa demanda. Além disso, incentivos para a instalação de geração distribuída tornam necessária a realização de análises com caráter espacial para determinar os locais de maior impacto nas redes de distribuição de energia. Os sistemas de informação geográfica são ferramentas computacionais que permitem o processamento de dados com referência geográfica. Esses sistemas podem colaborar na visualização das características socioeconômicas e das variáveis distribuídas na zona de estudo, podendo fornecer informações aos planejadores de distribuição. Este trabalho mostra ferramentas computacionais que ajudarão os serviços de distribuição, usando técnicas disponíveis em sistemas de informação geográfica para caracterizar os fatores locais da zona de concessão dos serviços de distribuição.