Resumen El uso racional del recurso hídrico está plasmado como una meta global en los objetivos de desarrollo sostenible (ODS), lo cual trae múltiples beneficios a los diferentes actores involucrados en la gestión integral de los recursos hídricos. Los programas de uso eficiente y ahorro del agua (PUEAA) contemplan una serie de actividades y metas que tienen por propósito contribuir a la sostenibilidad del recurso hídrico; de ahí la importancia de hacer un seguimiento a través de indicadores de cumplimiento que permitan recopilar información, tanto de las empresas como de las autoridades ambientales, con relación a su gestión. En este artículo se analiza la aplicación de la Ley 373 de 1997, en lo que se refiere al seguimiento de los PUEAA, en el Departamento de Nariño, durante el periodo 2015 a 2018. Para el desarrollo de esta investigación se realizó un inventario de los términos de referencia municipales de los proyectos formulados y ejecutados por las empresas de servicios públicos de agua (ESP). Se aplicaron indicadores de eficiencia y efectividad y se evaluaron los resultados con una matriz de cumplimiento. Los resultados mostraron que la línea estratégica de reducción de pérdidas presenta las deficiencias más significativas en la formulación y seguimiento de los PUEAA en el departamento (0% de cumplimiento). Mientras que la línea estratégica de educación y sensibilización ambiental para uso eficiente del agua presentó mejores resultados en sus indicadores (cumplimento mayor al 50%). Dentro de las conclusiones se tiene que, los bajos niveles observados en los indicadores están relacionados con la pérdida y falta de organización en la información de los expedientes de los PUEAA, tanto por la autoridad ambiental como por los usuarios (ESP), debido a la falta de conocimiento de los términos y exigencias de la Ley 373 de 1997.

Abstract. The rational use of water resources has been established as a global goal within the sustainable development goals (SDGs), offering numerous advantages to different stakeholders engaged in the comprehensive management of water resources. Water-use efficiency and conservation programs (PUEAAs, for their Spanish acronym) encompass a range of activities and objectives aimed at fostering the sustainability of water resources. Consequently, monitoring these programs through compliance indicators is of paramount importance, allowing data collection from companies and environmental authorities concerning their administration. This paper examines the implementation of the Law 373 of 1997, specifically focusing on the oversight of the PUEAA at the Department of Nariño from 2015 to 2018. For this purpose, an inventory of municipal terms of reference was compiled for projects developed and executed by water utility companies (ESPs, for their Spanish acronym). In addition, efficiency and effectiveness indicators were employed, and the indicators outcomes were assessed using a compliance matrix. The results indicated that the strategic initiative to reduce losses exhibited the most notable shortcomings in terms of the formulation and oversight of PUEAA within the department (0% compliance). Conversely, another strategic approach to educate and develop environmental awareness regarding the efficient use of water showcased more favorable outcomes in terms of its indicators (compliance exceeding 50%). In conclusion, it is evident that the deficient levels in the indicators stem from the mismanagement and disorganization of PUEAA records, on the part of the environmental authority and users (ESP). This deficiency is attributed to a lack of familiarity with the terms and stipulations outlined in the Law 373 of 1997.

RESUMEN Introducción: La historia clínica constituye un documento de alto valor para los profesionales. Su correcta gestión contribuye a mejorar la calidad de la atención, proteger intereses legales del paciente, trabajadores y entidades, y proporcionar información con fines de investigación y docencia. Objetivo: Diseñar un modelo de registro de monitorización de enfermería del paciente crítico en la Unidad de Cuidados Intensivos del Hospital Universitario Clínico Quirúrgico Comandante Faustino Pérez Hernández, de Matanzas. Materiales y métodos: Se realizó un estudio analítico, observacional, descriptivo y transversal, entre enero de 2022 y julio de 2023. El universo estuvo conformado por 50 enfermeros, y la muestra por los que se encontraban laborando de manera física en el servicio durante el período de estudio, para un total de 31. Resultados: Se pudo diagnosticar, con el estudio, deficiencias en el registro de las pérdidas insensibles y extraordinarias de agua endógena. Conclusiones: Se logró diseñar un modelo de registro de monitorización de enfermería en la atención al paciente crítico, que cohesiona información científica del monitoreo integral y adecuado del paciente crítico desde el punto de vista fisiológico y terapéutico. El mismo se organizó en una estructura multidimensional, apropiado al contexto cubano que sustenta el proceso del cuidado.

ABSTRACT Introduction: The clinical record is a document of high value for professionals. Its correct management contributes to improving the quality of care, protecting the legal interests of the patient, workers and entities; in addition it provides information for research and teaching purposes. Objective: To design a nursing monitoring record model of the critical patients in the Intensive Care Unit of the Clinical Surgical University Hospital Comandante Faustino Pérez of Matanzas. Materials and methods: An analytical, observational, descriptive and cross-sectional study was carried out between January 2022 and July 2023. The universe was made up of 50 nurses and the sample was made up of those who were physically working in the service during the study period, for a total of 31. Results: It was possible to diagnose, with the study, deficiencies in the recording of insensible and extraordinary losses of endogenous water. Conclusions: It was possible to design a nursing monitoring record model in the care of critical patients, which brings together scientific information on the comprehensive and adequate monitoring of critical patients from the physiological and therapeutic point of view. It was organized in a multidimensional structure, appropriate to the Cuban context that supports the care process.

Abstract Purpose: The study proposes to analyse the water governance process of the Bitury weir, located in the Ipojuca river basin, in Pernambuco. Design/methodology/approach: A methodological approach with qualitative predominance was used, guided by comprehensive paradigms. It was an exploratory and descriptive case study, with the research corpus consisting of: (i) bibliographical and documentary research and (ii) semi-structured interviews. The Bitury weir, located in the hydrographic basin of the Ipojuca river, in Pernambuco, was adopted as a reference space for the research. The interviews were carried out with 10 subjects, from October 2020 to February 2021 and were treated through simplified content analysis — defined a priori and based on the OECD principles for water governance — were grouped into three dimensions: “effectiveness”, “efficiency” and “trust and commitment”. Findings: The roles and responsibilities of the management bodies are clear, however, the management practices are not compatible, in their entirety, with the local conditions of the hydrographic basin; the actors demonstrate to have technical skills and the data and information produced prove to be consistent, but the application of financial resources in the basin is deficient; and water allocation is carried out in the management of the weir, however, greater transparency and involvement of the actors is needed, as well as expanding inspection actions. Practical implications: Conception and implementation of public policies to face the challenges related to the management of water resources. Originality/value: The study contributes to the improvement of institutional models of water governance, based on knowledge of the water resources management model in force and the proposal for adjustments. Purpose weir Pernambuco Design/methodology/approach Designmethodologyapproach Design methodology used paradigms i (i ii (ii semistructured semi structured 1 subjects 202 dimensions effectiveness, effectiveness , “effectiveness” efficiency “efficiency trust commitment. commitment . commitment” Findings clear however compatible entirety consistent deficient needed actions implications Originality/value Originalityvalue Originality value adjustments 20 “effectiveness 2

Resumo Objetivo: O estudo se propõe a analisar o processo de governança da água do açude do Bitury, situado na bacia hidrográfica do rio Ipojuca, em Pernambuco. Desenho/metodologia/abordagem: Foi utilizada uma abordagem metodológica com predominância qualitativa, norteada por paradigmas compreensivos. Tratou-se de um estudo de caso exploratório e descritivo, sendo o corpus da pesquisa constituído de: (i) pesquisas bibliográfica e documental e (ii) entrevistas semiestruturadas. Adotou-se como espaço referencial da pesquisa o açude do Bitury, situado na bacia hidrográfica do rio Ipojuca, em Pernambuco. As entrevistas foram realizadas com 10 sujeitos, no período de outubro de 2020 a fevereiro de 2021, e foram tratadas por meio de análise de conteúdo simplificada. As categorias de análise — definidas a priori e tomando por base os princípios da OCDE para a governança da água — foram agrupadas em três dimensões: “eficácia”, “eficiência” e “confiança e compromisso”. Resultados: Os papéis e responsabilidades dos órgãos gestores são claros, porém, as práticas de gestão não são compatíveis, em sua totalidade, com as condições locais da bacia hidrográfica; os atores demonstram possuir competências técnicas e os dados e informações produzidos se mostram consistentes, mas a aplicação de recursos financeiros na bacia é deficitária; e a alocação de água é realizada na gestão do açude, contudo, é preciso maior transparência e envolvimento dos atores, assim como ampliar as ações de fiscalização. Implicações práticas: Concepção e implementação de políticas públicas para enfrentar os desafios relacionados à gestão de recursos hídricos. Originalidade/valor: O estudo contribui ao aperfeiçoamento de modelos institucionais de governança da água, a partir do conhecimento do modelo de gestão de recursos hídricos em vigor e da proposição de ajustes. Objetivo Bitury Ipojuca Pernambuco Desenho/metodologia/abordagem Desenhometodologiaabordagem Desenho metodologia qualitativa compreensivos Tratouse Tratou descritivo i (i ii (ii semiestruturadas Adotouse Adotou 1 sujeitos 202 2021 simplificada dimensões eficácia, eficácia , “eficácia” eficiência “eficiência confiança compromisso. compromisso . compromisso” Resultados claros porém compatíveis totalidade consistentes deficitária contudo fiscalização Originalidade/valor Originalidadevalor Originalidade valor ajustes 20 “eficácia 2

Abstract The increasing frequency and intensity of extreme weather events and their impact on aquatic ecosystems and fish species is concerning. This manuscript reports and analyzes two events, a drought in 2019 and a flood in 2024, providing valuable insights into the consequences of these events. The rescue of 269 individuals of 19 fish species during the 2019 drought highlights the significant impact of the extreme conditions on the ichthyofauna. Rising temperatures, isolation, and habitat fragmentation must have posed severe challenges for the fish species during this period. On the other hand, the observation of 53 dead individuals of 5 species during the 2024 flood indicates the detrimental effects of this event on the fish population. The association of mortality and dispersal of several species with the existing dam further underscores the complexity of the challenges faced by fish during extreme flood events. The correlation between rainfall, river regime, and the impact of land use and occupation provides an important context for understanding the dynamics of these extreme events. The low rainfall during the 2019 drought and the gradual increase in rainfall between 2022 and 2024 leading to the flood demonstrate the significant role of precipitation patterns in shaping the outcomes for fish species. Additionally, the analysis of land use and occupation, particularly the substantial increase in urbanization in the drainage basin over the last 30 years, highlights the human-induced factors contributing to the stress on aquatic ecosystems. Both extreme floods and droughts have significant implications for fish species. Extreme floods can alter riverbeds, cause direct mortality, and disrupt isolated populations, while extreme droughts can lead to fish kills, and habitat fragmentation, and exacerbate environmental stressors. This analysis emphasizes the urgent need for comprehensive measures to mitigate the impact of extreme weather events on aquatic ecosystems and fish species. Addressing factors such as land use and occupation, water management, and climate change adaptation strategies is crucial for promoting the resilience of fish populations in the face of ongoing environmental challenges. concerning 201 26 1 ichthyofauna temperatures isolation period hand 202 population regime Additionally 3 years humaninduced human induced riverbeds kills stressors management 20 2

Resumo É preocupante ver a frequência e intensidade crescentes de eventos climáticos extremos e seu impacto nos ecossistemas aquáticos e espécies de peixes. Este manuscrito relata e analisa dois eventos, um de seca em 2019 e de enchente em 2024 fornecendo insights valiosos sobre as consequências desses eventos. O resgate de 269 indivíduos de 19 espécies de peixes durante a seca de 2019 destaca o impacto significativo das condições extremas na ictiofauna. O aumento das temperaturas, o isolamento e a fragmentação do habitat devem ter representado desafios severos para as espécies de peixes durante esse período. Por outro lado, a observação de 53 indivíduos mortos de 5 espécies durante a enchente de 2024 indica os efeitos prejudiciais desse evento na população de peixes. A associação da mortalidade e dispersão de várias espécies com a barragem existente ressalta ainda mais a complexidade dos desafios enfrentados pelos peixes durante eventos extremos de enchentes. A correlação entre precipitação, regime fluvial e o impacto do uso e ocupação da terra fornece um contexto importante para a compreensão da dinâmica desses eventos extremos. A baixa precipitação durante a seca de 2019 e o aumento gradual da precipitação entre 2022 e 2024, levando à enchente, demonstram o papel significativo dos padrões de precipitação na formação dos resultados para as espécies de peixes. Além disso, a análise do uso e ocupação da terra, particularmente o aumento substancial da urbanização na bacia de drenagem nos últimos 30 anos, destaca os fatores induzidos pelo homem que contribuem para o estresse nos ecossistemas aquáticos. É evidente que tanto as enchentes quanto as secas extremas têm implicações significativas para as espécies de peixes. As enchentes extremas podem alterar os leitos dos rios, causar mortalidade direta e interromper populações isoladas, enquanto as secas extremas podem levar à morte de peixes, fragmentação do habitat e exacerbação de estressores ambientais. Esta análise enfatiza a necessidade urgente de medidas abrangentes para mitigar o impacto de eventos climáticos extremos nos ecossistemas aquáticos e nas espécies de peixes. Abordar fatores como uso e ocupação da terra, gestão da água e estratégias de adaptação às mudanças climáticas é crucial para promover a resiliência das populações de peixes diante dos desafios ambientais contínuos. 201 202 26 1 ictiofauna temperaturas período lado disso 3 anos rios isoladas contínuos 20 2

Abstract This paper presents an analysis of the challenges associated with discoloration risk management and the impact of hydraulic transients on water quality within distribution systems. Focusing on the Metropolitan Region of Curitiba, Paraná, Brazil, the study employs a comprehensive methodology that combines the Characteristic Method for simulating hydraulic transients and real-time monitoring of water quality parameters, such as turbidity and chlorine levels. A framework for managing discoloration risk is proposed, highlighting strategies for identifying potential causes, assessing risk severity, developing prevention and mitigation strategies, and implementing continuous improvement processes. The experimental section details the impact of hydraulic transient events on water quality, with significant findings indicating a direct correlation between flow dynamics and water quality degradation, particularly in terms of increased turbidity and decreased chlorine levels during pump deactivation. The study contributes valuable insights into effective water distribution system management, emphasizing the importance of advanced monitoring and risk management techniques to maintain high-quality water standards. systems Curitiba Paraná Brazil realtime real time parameters proposed causes severity processes degradation deactivation highquality high standards

Resumo Este artigo apresenta uma análise dos desafios associados ao gerenciamento do risco de descoloração e o impacto dos transientes hidráulicos na qualidade da água dentro dos sistemas de distribuição. Concentrando-se na Região Metropolitana de Curitiba, Paraná, Brasil, o estudo emprega uma metodologia abrangente que combina o Método das Características para simular transientes hidráulicos e o monitoramento em tempo real de parâmetros de qualidade da água, como os níveis de turbidez e cloro. É proposto um quadro para o gerenciamento do risco de alteração de qualidade da água, destacando estratégias para identificar causas potenciais, avaliar a severidade do risco, desenvolver estratégias de prevenção e mitigação e implementar processos de melhoria contínua. A seção experimental detalha o impacto dos eventos transientes hidráulicos na qualidade da água, com achados significativos indicando uma correlação direta entre a dinâmica do fluxo e a degradação da qualidade da água, particularmente em termos de aumento da turbidez e diminuição dos níveis de cloro durante a desativação das bombas. O estudo contribui com insights valiosos para o gerenciamento eficaz de sistemas de distribuição de água, enfatizando a importância de técnicas avançadas de monitoramento e gerenciamento de riscos para manter padrões elevados de qualidade da água. Concentrandose Concentrando se Curitiba Paraná Brasil potenciais contínua bombas

ABSTRACT This study introduces an integrated model for water resources planning and management that accounts for both the quantity and quality of water in watersheds and reservoirs. Therefore, it provides a comprehensive approach for better understanding and assessing water systems. The model facilitates analyses of the spatial and temporal dynamics of hydrological processes, pollutant transport, and the behavior of rivers and reservoirs. The study evaluated pollutant load transport in the Upper Paranapanema Basin by applying the Soil Moisture Accounting Procedure (SMAP) model, Muskingum method, Streeter-Phelps buildup/washoff model, and zero-dimensional (0D) models to estimate inflows to the Jurumirim reservoir. A Python-based public library was developed to model all hydrological processes. The model calibration yielded a NSE, KGE, PBIAS and RMSE result of 0.746, 0.778, 6.5% and 73.3 m 3 s − 1, respectively. Indicating a robust simulation that attests to the versatility and reliability of the proposed approach. The methodology outlined in this research enables comprehensive water quality simulation at basin scale, thereby serving as a tool for understanding water quantity and quality dynamics and support decision-making regarding water resource planning and management. reservoirs Therefore systems processes SMAP (SMAP method StreeterPhelps Streeter Phelps buildupwashoff buildup washoff zerodimensional zero dimensional 0D D (0D reservoir Pythonbased Python based NSE KGE 0746 0 746 0.746 0778 778 0.778 65 6 5 6.5 733 73 73. 1 respectively scale decisionmaking decision making 074 74 0.74 077 77 0.77 6. 7 07 0.7 0.

RESUMO Este estudo apresenta um modelo integrado de planejamento e gestão de recursos hídricos que leva em conta tanto a quantidade quanto a qualidade da água em bacias hidrográficas e reservatórios. Portanto, fornece uma abordagem abrangente para uma melhor compreensão e avaliação dos sistemas hídricos. O modelo facilita análises da dinâmica espacial e temporal dos processos hidrológicos, do transporte de poluentes e do comportamento de rios e reservatórios. O estudo avaliou o transporte de cargas poluentes na Bacia do Alto Paranapanema aplicando o modelo Soil Moisture Accounting Procedure (SMAP), método Muskingum, modelos de acúmulo/lavagem, Streeter-Phelps e de dimensão zero (0D) para estimar afluências no reservatório de Jurumirim. Uma biblioteca pública baseada em Python foi desenvolvida para modelar processos hidrológicos. A calibração do modelo resultou em NSE, KGE, PBIAS e RMSE de 0,746; 0,778; 6,5% e 73,3 m 3 s − 1, respectivamente. Indicando uma simulação robusta que atesta a versatilidade e confiabilidade da abordagem proposta. A metodologia delineada nesta pesquisa permite uma simulação abrangente da qualidade da água à nível de bacia, servindo assim como uma ferramenta para compreender a dinâmica da quantidade e qualidade da água e subsidiar a tomada de decisões relativamente ao planeamento e gestão dos recursos hídricos. reservatórios Portanto hidrológicos SMAP, SMAP , (SMAP) Muskingum acúmulolavagem acúmulo lavagem acúmulo/lavagem StreeterPhelps Streeter Phelps 0D D (0D Jurumirim NSE KGE 0,746 0746 0 746 0,778 0778 778 65 6 5 6,5 733 73 73, 1 respectivamente proposta bacia (SMAP 0,74 074 74 0,77 077 77 6, 7 0,7 07 0,

South Africa produces significant quantities of brines but there is insufficient information on their biological and physicochemical characteristics and nature, which limits the ability to propose sustainable brine handling procedures. This study aimed to comprehensively characterize selected brines from major brine-producing industries in South Africa. This was achieved through an analysis of the majority of the brine constituents, thereby allowing for the proposal of suitable brine handling procedures, the identification and harnessing of potential economic value, as well as the identification of the environmental impact of the brines. The brines were analysed for physical, metallic, organic, and inorganic constituents using a variety of methods including inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry (ICP-MS) and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). The total dissolved solids (TDS) of most of the brines was below 35 000 mg/L and it was concluded that most South African brines may be brackish. All the brines contained toxic constituents in concentrations that exceeded set discharge and re-use limits. It was concluded that comprehensive characterization is crucial in understanding the quality of brines and is a crucial step in proposing suitable brine handling strategies.

Resumen: La calidad del agua superficial en cuencas con baja oferta y alta demanda de este recurso, debe evaluarse principalmente en países en desarrollo. Sin embargo, por la disponibilidad de recursos, únicamente se ha venido considerando a los parámetros fisicoquímicos para hacerlo, por lo que el relacionar elementos bióticos y abióticos permitirá conocer el estado ecológico, como una lectura más integral de la salud o calidad del ecosistema acuático. Por ello, el objetivo de este estudio fue estimar la calidad ecológica en microcuencas con diverso estado de conservación del suelo y que abastecen con agua para su potabilización en la ciudad de Loja al Sur del Ecuador. Para ello, fueron usados diversos índices bióticos, partiendo desde los más comunes como los índices de diversidad, el índice ABI (Andean Biotic Index) basado en el BMWP (Biological Monitoring Working Party), el EPT (Ephemeroptera, Plecoptera y Trichoptera); y el índice de calidad de hábitat SVAP (Stream Visual Assessment Protocol). Los resultados de estos índices ubican a las tres microcuencas que abastecen actualmente de agua (San Simón, El Carmen y Mendieta) con buena calidad; sin embargo, no se deben descuidar sus condiciones de uso, manejo y conservación. Para las dos microcuencas restantes, se estimó una calidad de agua dudosa debido al impacto de ciertas actividades antrópicas que se presentan en ellas. Por esta razón, usar el índice de calidad ecológica (ICE) en cuencas abastecedoras de agua, puede ser muy útil para la gestión integral de cuencas, el ordenamiento territorial, o generar normativa por parte de los gobiernos autónomos descentralizados (GAD) con una visión más holística y prospectiva.

Abstract: The quality of surface water in basins with low supply and high demand for this resource must be evaluated, mainly in developing countries. However, due to the availability of resources, only the physicochemical parameters have been considered to do it, in order that relating biotic and abiotic elements will allow knowing the ecological status, as a more comprehensive reading of the health or quality of the aquatic ecosystem. Therefore, the objective of this study was to estimate the ecological quality in micro-basins with different soil conservation status and that supply water for its purification in the city of Loja in southern Ecuador. For this, various biotic indices were used, starting from the most common as diversity indices, the ABI (Andean Biotic Index) based on the BMWP (Biological Monitoring Working Party), the EPT (Ephemeroptera, Plecoptera and Trichoptera); and the habitat quality index SVAP (Stream Visual Assessment Protocol). The results of these indices place the three micro-basins that currently supply water (San Simón, El Carmen and Mendieta), with good quality; however, their conditions of use, management and conservation should not be neglected. For the two remaining micro-basins, a doubtful water quality was estimated due to the impact of certain anthropic activities that occur in them. For this reason, using the ecological quality index (EQI) in water supply basins can be very useful for integral management watersheds, territorial ordering, or to generate regulations by decentralized autonomous governments (DAG), with a more holistic and prospective vision.

Abstract In recent years, the creation of measurement tools to evaluate the state of the environment worldwide has been increasing, and among them, environmental observatories stand out. These are presented as a valuable source of information for the study and monitoring of environmental problems. However, despite this growing popularity, no systematic analysis has yet been carried out to understand the diversity and characteristics of environmental observatories in Latin America. In order to address this research gap, the present study was proposed to analyze the environmental observatories developed in the region during the last three decades. To carry out this research, a systematic review of websites was used as a method to collect and analyze data related to environmental observatories in the region. The methodological framework known as Search, Assessment, Synthesis and Analysis (SALSA) was applied, which provides a multidimensional perspective in the exploration and description of these observatories. Eighty-four websites of environmental observatories in the Spanish and Portuguese-speaking Latin American region were identified. Among the most outstanding findings of the research were: a) diversity of topics and actors; b) data collection and technology; c) levels of development of the observatories; and d) areas of opportunity for the observatories, which are briefly detailed below. One of the most outstanding findings was the diversity of the issues addressed by these observatories. From monitoring environmental conflicts to water quality and biodiversity, a variety of critical areas are covered. Among these, environmental conflicts emerge as a priority issue in the region, reflecting the need to address disputes related to natural resources. The study also identified the diversity of actors involved in these observatories. Academia, government, and NGOs play significant roles in their development and operation. This diversified collaboration highlights the importance of a multi-sectoral approach to environmental management. Another key aspect identified in the observatories is the way in which data are collected. Manual collection and document review are the most common methods, while the use of advanced technologies, such as sensors and remote sensing, is limited. This suggests opportunities to improve the efficiency and accuracy of data collection through the adoption of advanced technologies. An important contribution of the study is the classification of observatories into different levels of development: basic, developed, and consolidated. This classification provides a clearer understanding of their evolution and effectiveness. The developed and consolidated observatories, which represent a significant part of the total, demonstrate that many projects have reached a solid implementation. The diversity in the duration of the observatories, including those that have been operational for more than 10 years, suggests a certain stability and continuity in their operation, which can be considered an indicator of success and effectiveness. As a final stage, the study identified several areas of opportunity to strengthen environmental observatories in Latin America, including the adoption of advanced technologies such as sensors and remote sensing to improve the efficiency of data collection. In addition, it highlights the importance of improving transparency in data collection and processing to ensure data quality and reliability. Emphasis is placed on the need to pay greater attention to emerging issues such as climate change and biodiversity loss. The active participation of a variety of stakeholders, including local communities, is considered essential to the effectiveness of the observatories, and it is emphasized that these observatories should focus on how the information collected can be used to support environmental decisionmaking and public policy. In summary, environmental observatories in Latin America play a fundamental role in environmental management and conservation in a region with a wide diversity. This study provides a comprehensive overview of their functioning, challenges and areas of opportunity. These results can be useful in improving the understanding and use of observatories, as well as in the interaction between different observatories to overcome and improve their data. As Latin America continues to face environmental challenges, these observatories will continue to be important tools to support informed decision making and the promotion of a sustainable future in the region.

resumen está disponible en el texto completo

Resumo Em vez do lixo doméstico típico, os complexos de metais pesados, produtos químicos orgânicos e outros venenos produzidos por grandes empresas ameaçam os sistemas de água em todo o mundo. Para proteger nossa água potável da poluição, devemos ficar de olho na situação. A nanotecnologia, especificamente nanomateriais bidimensionais (2D), é usada em certos sistemas de tratamento de águas residuais. Grafeno, g-C3N4, MoS2 e MXene são apenas alguns exemplos de nanomateriais 2D emergentes que exibem uma extraordinária proporção de superfície (m3), proporcionando consumo de material, consumo de tempo e técnica de tratamento para limpeza e observação da água. Neste trabalho, trataremos das maneiras pelas quais os nanomateriais 2D podem ser ajustados para desempenhar determinadas funções, ou seja, como eles podem ser usados para o gerenciamento de água. A seguir, uma breve visão geral dos materiais nanoestruturados e seu possível uso no gerenciamento de água. Serão também discutidas detalhadamente as aplicações de nanomateriais 2D na purificação de água, incluindo adsorção de poluentes, filtração, desinfecção e fotocatálise. Sensores de fluorescência, colorimétricos, eletroquímicos e transistores de efeito de campo são apenas alguns dos dispositivos que estão sendo estudados para uso potencial no monitoramento da qualidade da água usando nanomateriais 2D. A utilização de conteúdo 2D tem seus benefícios e armadilhas quando utilizada para gerenciamento de água. Novos desenvolvimentos neste negócio em rápida expansão visam aumentar a qualidade e a acessibilidade do tratamento de água em resposta à crescente conscientização sobre a necessidade de água limpa e fresca entre as gerações futuras. típico pesados mundo poluição situação nanotecnologia 2D, D , (2D) residuais Grafeno gC3N4, gC3N4 gCN g C3N4, C3N4 C N g-C3N4 MoS m3, m3 m (m3) material trabalho funções seja seguir poluentes filtração fotocatálise fluorescência colorimétricos futuras (2D gC gC3N CN C3N g-C3N (m3 (m

Abstract Instead of typical household trash, the heavy metal complexes, organic chemicals, and other poisons produced by huge enterprises threaten water systems across the world. In order to protect our drinking water from pollution, we must keep a close eye on the situation. Nanotechnology, specifically two-dimensional (2D) nanomaterials, is used in certain wastewater treatment systems. Graphene, g-C3N4, MoS2, and MXene are just a few examples of emerging 2D nanomaterials that exhibit an extraordinary ratio of surface (m3), providing material consumption, time consumption, and treatment technique for cleaning and observing water. In this post, we'll talk about the ways in which 2D nanomaterials may be tuned to perform certain functions, namely how they can be used for water management. The following is a quick overview of nanostructured materials and its possible use in water management: Also discussed in length are the applications of 2D nanomaterials in water purification, including pollutant adsorption, filtration, disinfection, and photocatalysis. Fluorescence sensors, colorimetric, electrochemical, and field-effect transistors are only some of the devices being studied for their potential use in monitoring water quality using 2D nanomaterials. Utilizing 2D content has its benefits and pitfalls when used to water management. New developments in this fast-expanding business will boost water treatment quality and accessibility in response to rising awareness of the need of clean, fresh water among future generations. trash complexes chemicals world pollution situation Nanotechnology twodimensional two dimensional D (2D Graphene gC3N4, gC3N4 gCN g C3N4, C3N4 C N g-C3N4 MoS2 MoS m3, m3 m , (m3) consumption post well ll functions management purification adsorption filtration disinfection photocatalysis sensors colorimetric electrochemical fieldeffect field effect fastexpanding fast expanding clean generations gC gC3N CN C3N g-C3N (m3 (m

RESUMO As alterações da qualidade da água são reflexo das dinâmicas de usos da água e do solo de uma bacia e é um desafio medi-las apropriadamente, especialmente quando se olha para variáveis bastante distintas, como os constituintes tradicionais da matéria orgânica e os compostos emergentes. Apesar de o monitoramento ser essencial para um planejamento adequado dos recursos hídricos e estratégias de gestão, uma abordagem metodológica abrangente é, em geral, demorada e cara, o que desencoraja o tomador de decisão a fazê-lo. O objetivo deste estudo foi identificar os parâmetros de qualidade da água mais representativos de uma bacia urbana crítica, incluindo concentrações de compostos emergentes. Os resultados destacaram a DBO e as séries de nitrogênio e fósforo como parâmetros químicos; e, condutividade, turbidez e sólidos dissolvidos totais como físicos. Concluiu-se que esses parâmetros representam os usos do solo e da água da bacia e podem contribuir para a definição de um monitoramento mais efetivo, subsidiando a tomada de decisão, o planejamento e a gestão. medilas medi las apropriadamente distintas emergentes gestão geral cara fazêlo. fazêlo fazê lo. lo fazê-lo crítica químicos condutividade físicos Concluiuse Concluiu efetivo

ABSTRACT Changes in water quality are a consequence of water and land use dynamics. Measuring these relationships is challenging, especially when looking at distinct variables such as traditional organic matter constituents and emerging compounds. Although monitoring is necessary for proper water resource planning and management strategies, a comprehensive methodological approach is in general time-consuming and costly, which discourages decision-makers. The goal of the study was to establish consistent water quality elements based on a statistical analysis to identify the most representative parameters of a critical urban basin. The results highlighted BOD, nitrogen, and phosphorus series as chemical representative parameters; and conductivity, turbidity, and total dissolved solids as the physical parameters. In this context, these parameters represent the most significant uses of the studied area and define a more effective monitoring system that will subsidize decision-making and water resources planning and management. dynamics challenging compounds strategies timeconsuming time consuming costly decisionmakers. decisionmakers decision makers. makers decision-makers basin BOD nitrogen conductivity turbidity context decisionmaking making

Abstract In order to evaluate the level of sustainability of an integrated waste management system (IWMS), it is necessary to analyze the impact criteria. Therefore, the purpose of this study is to provide a model for IWMS optimization with the two goals of minimizing the cost and the emission of greenhouse gases of the entire system. Environmental and health problems caused by the lack of proper waste management include the increase in disease, increase in stray animals, pollution of air, water, land, etc. Therefore, it is very important to identify the indicators and improve the efficiency of the waste management system. In the present research, with descriptive-analytical approach, it has been tried to clarify and evaluate the effective indicators in two dimensions of production-segregation and collection-transportation, and find ways to improve the efficiency of the system. In this article, five waste management systems including, incineration, landfill without gas extraction system, plasma incineration, recycling and aerobic decomposition are introduced and their performance in energy production and emission reduction are compared. The results of the evaluation of the basic waste management system (b) show that the amount of pollution is equivalent to 850 kg CO2 per ton of waste. While the amount of emission in the fifth comprehensive management system is reduced to 450 kg CO2 per ton of waste. According to the results obtained in this study, in all the management systems presented, the process of burying waste in sanitary landfills has the greatest effect in increasing pollution. This means that the pollution caused by burying the waste in the sanitary landfill will be reduced with the construction of the gas extraction system and the plasma method and use in electricity production. Despite the increase in initial costs, using the right technology and using the right waste system based on the type of waste and waste recycling has an effect on the efficiency of the system. IWMS, , (IWMS) criteria Therefore disease animals air water land etc research descriptiveanalytical descriptive analytical approach productionsegregation segregation collectiontransportation, collectiontransportation collection transportation, transportation collection-transportation article including incineration compared b (b 85 CO 45 presented costs (IWMS 8 4

Resumo Para avaliar o nível de sustentabilidade de um sistema integrado de gestão de resíduos (SGRI) é necessário analisar os critérios de impacto. Portanto, o objetivo deste estudo é fornecer um modelo de otimização do IWMS com os dois objetivos de minimizar o custo e a emissão de gases de efeito estufa de todo o sistema. Os problemas ambientais e de saúde causados pela falta de uma gestão adequada dos resíduos incluem o aumento de doenças, aumento de animais ociosos, poluição do ar, da água, da terra etc. Na presente pesquisa, com abordagem descritivo-analítica, procurou-se esclarecer e avaliar os indicadores eficazes em duas dimensões de produção-segregação e coleta-transporte, e encontrar formas de melhorar a eficiência do sistema. Neste artigo, são introduzidos cinco sistemas de gestão de resíduos, incluindo incineração, aterro sem sistema de extração de gás, incineração de plasma, reciclagem e decomposição aeróbica, e seu desempenho na produção de energia e redução de emissões é comparado. Os resultados da avaliação do sistema básico de gestão de resíduos (b) mostram que a quantidade de poluição é equivalente a 850 kg de CO2 por tonelada de resíduos. Enquanto a quantidade de emissões no quinto sistema de gestão abrangente é reduzida para 450 kg de CO2 por tonelada de resíduos. De acordo com os resultados obtidos neste estudo, em todos os sistemas de gestão apresentados o processo de enterramento de resíduos em aterros sanitários é o que tem maior efeito no aumento da poluição. Isto significa que a poluição causada pelo enterramento dos resíduos no aterro sanitário será reduzida com a construção do sistema de extração de gás e do método de plasma e utilização na produção de energia elétrica. Apesar do aumento dos custos iniciais, a utilização da tecnologia certa e do sistema de resíduos adequado com base no tipo de resíduos e na reciclagem de resíduos tem um efeito na eficiência do sistema. SGRI (SGRI impacto Portanto doenças ociosos ar água etc pesquisa descritivoanalítica, descritivoanalítica descritivo analítica, analítica descritivo-analítica procurouse procurou se produçãosegregação segregação coletatransporte, coletatransporte coleta transporte, transporte coleta-transporte artigo aeróbica comparado b (b 85 CO 45 elétrica iniciais 8 4

Resumen El COVID-19 ha visibilizado las inequidades sistémicas, multiplicado las condiciones de vulnerabilidad y descubierto la incapacidad de numerosas instituciones públicas para responder a la pandemia. El objetivo del presente trabajo fue analizar y contextualizar la gestión de la crisis sanitaria en Cuba, así como la atención a grupos vulnerables durante el primer año de la pandemia. La investigación se sustenta en un enfoque mixto que combina el análisis cualitativo de contenido con el de datos estadísticos procedentes de fuentes primarias y secundarias. Los hallazgos revelaron que más de la mitad de la población cubana es vulnerable ante COVID-19 por factores como edad, género, raza, salud física, condiciones del hogar y limitaciones para acceder a derechos básicos asociados a alimentación de calidad, vivienda digna y servicios de agua potable. Las estadísticas epidemiológicas recabadas entre marzo de 2020 y marzo de 2021 muestran una gestión de la crisis sanitaria adecuada a partir de la articulación gubernamental con la gestión científica y tecnológica y la infraestructura de salud pública y universal. Sin embargo, existen estrategias contradictorias en la atención a la población en riesgo, que profundizan desigualdades previamente existentes y dinamizan y amplían la condición de vulnerabilidad. COVID-19 constituye una ventana de oportunidad para pensar estrategias de desarrollo desde un modelo de política social integral.

Abstract COVID-19 has made visible systemic inequities, multiplied vulnerability conditions, and uncovered the lack of capacity of numerous public institutions to respond to the pandemic. The paper aims to analyze and contextualize the health crisis management, as well as vulnerable groups’ care in Cuba during the first year of the pandemic. For this purpose, a mixed approach was selected, which combines qualitative content analysis with statistical data obtained from primary and secondary sources. Findings revealed that more than half of the Cuban population is vulnerable to COVID-19 due to factors such as age, gender, race, physical health, living conditions, and limitations to access to basic rights associated to quality food, dignified housing, and potable water rights. Epidemiological statistics collected between March 2020 and March 2021, show an adequate management of the sanitary contingency based on the coordination of governmental structures with scientific and technological sectors and public and universal health infrastructure. However, there are contradictory strategies in caring for vulnerable populations that deepen previously existing inequalities and dynamize and extend vulnerability conditions. COVID-19 constitutes a window of opportunity to rethink country development strategies from a comprehensive social policy model.

Abstract The improper handling of used lubricating oil (ULO) in Tabasco, Mexico, and worldwide is a serious problem posing a high risk of soil and water pollution. Therefore, this study evaluated the handling of ULO in 10 municipalities in the state of Tabasco. Collection sites were chosen by simple random sampling. The ULO collected was assessed for solids, water, oil and density. The results show that small generators have the greatest potential to generate ULO in Tabasco. Huimanguillo, Comalcalco and Cardenas were the municipalities with the highest ULO generation. The ULO with the highest quality for its low water and solids content was collected in Jalpa de Mendez, Comalcalco and Car Dealerships. 1,287 automotive repair shops were tested in the 10 municipalities that were included.

Resumen El mal manejo de los aceites lubricantes usados (ALU) en Tabasco, México, y en el mundo es un problema serio que genera un alto riesgo de contaminación de suelo y agua. Por lo anterior, en el presente estudio se evaluó el manejo que reciben los ALU en 10 municipios del estado de Tabasco. Los sitios de recolecta se eligieron mediante muestreo simple aleatorio. A los ALU colectados se les determinó el contenido de sólidos, agua, aceite y densidad. Por los resultados encontrados se concluye que el mayor potencial de generación de ALU en Tabasco se debe a los pequeños generadores. Los municipios con mayor generación de ALU fueron Huimanguillo, Comalcalco y Cárdenas. El ALU de mejor calidad por el bajo contenido de agua y sólidos, se colectó en Jalpa de Méndez, Comalcalco y Agencias Automotrices. Se cuantificó un total de 1,287 talleres automotrices en los 10 municipios evaluados.

ABSTRACT In the study that is presented, a comprehensive diagnosis is carried out on the use of available water in livestock agroecosystems linked to the Project Environmental Bases for Local Food Sustainability (BASAL) of Jimaguayú Municipality, Camagüey Province and its possibilities of responding to the potential needs of the agricultural sector. As a result, it was found that the availability of groundwater is limited to flows below 3 L/s in most of the wells. In addition, it was determined that there are 4 dams and 25 micro dams in the municipality belonging to the Ministry of Agriculture (MINAG), which, however, cannot be used because they are distant from the study area. The available forecasts on the climate behavior in the studied area indicate that drought conditions must increase, due to which, in order to supply the water requirements of irrigation activities and of livestock, it will be necessary to apply measures for increasing water use efficiency. A plan of measures was drawn up that includes the installation of 10 sprinkler irrigation systems, the drilling of 18 wells, the colocation of 8 windmills, the repairing of 12 tanks and hydraulic installations and the maintenance of 16 reservoirs. The actions to be applied were specified through the Irrigation Advisory Service (IAS) to increase the efficiency in the use of available water.

RESUMEN En el estudio que se presenta se realizó un diagnóstico integral del uso del agua disponible en agroecosistemas ganaderos vinculados al Proyecto Bases Ambientales para la Sostenibilidad Alimentaria Local (BASAL) del municipio Jimaguayú en la provincia Camagüey y sus posibilidades de dar respuesta a las necesidades potenciales del sector agropecuario. Como resultado se comprobó que la disponibilidad de agua subterránea está limitada a caudales inferiores a 3 L/s en la mayoría de los pozos, además, se dispone en el municipio de 4 presas y 25 micro presas pertenecientes al Ministerio de la Agricultura (MINAG), sin embargo, no se pueden aprovechar por estar distantes del área de estudio. Los pronósticos disponibles sobre el comportamiento climático en el área estudiada indican que las condiciones de sequía deben incrementarse, debido a lo cual para suplir los requerimientos de agua de las actividades de riego y de abasto a la ganadería será necesario aplicar medidas que permitan un incremento en la eficiencia de uso del agua. Se elaboró un plan de medidas que incluye la instalación de 10 sistemas de riego por aspersión, perforación de 18 pozos, instalación de 8 molinos a viento, reparación de 12 tanques e instalaciones hidráulicas y mantenimiento a 16 embalses, y se precisaron las acciones a aplicar a través del Servicio de Asesoramiento al Regante (SAR) para lograr incrementar la eficiencia de uso del agua disponible.