Abstract Introduction. Cocoa cultivation in tropical areas is a commercially viable agroecological alternative that allows for productive diversification and sustainable soil management through the use of organic fertilization. Objective. To evaluate the development of four cocoa varieties (INIFAP 4, INIFAP 8, INIFAP 9, and Almendra Blanca) under the climatic conditions of the Úrsulo Galván region, Veracruz, Mexico. Materials and methods. An experiment was conducted between winter (December 2021) and summer (June 2022), using a completely randomized design with four treatments and ten replications. Conventional agronomic management was employed, with the addition of 10 kg of compost per tree, followed by 3 kg of vermicompost. At four months into the study, 50 g of urea, 50 g of ammonium diphosphate, and 50 g of potassium chloride were incorporated. The study included analysis of variance and Tukey’s tests (α 0.05). Results. Statistical equality was found for height, diameter, and number of branches. The cocoa’s response to temperature, precipitation, relative humidity, and wind showed that these factors influenced the expression of its productive potential, as well as its morphology and yield, without adapting to the climatic conditions under study. Conclusion. The development of the studied varieties was homogeneous based on the climatic conditions of the Ursulo Galvan region, with the Almendra Blanca variety standing out.

Resumen Introducción. El cultivo del cacao en las zonas tropicales es una alternativa comercial de interés agroecológico, que permite la diversificación productiva y el manejo sustentable de los suelos al emplear abonado orgánico. Objetivo. Evaluar el desarrollo de cuatro variedades de cacao (INIFAP 4, INIFAP 8, INIFAP 9 y Almendra Blanca) en las condiciones climatológicas de la región de Úrsulo Galván, Veracruz, México. Materiales y métodos. Se realizó un experimento, entre invierno (diciembre 2021) y verano (junio 2022), bajo un diseño completamente al azar, distribuido en cuatro tratamientos y diez repeticiones. El manejo agronómico fue convencional, se agregaron 10 kg de composta por árbol, seguidos de 3 kg de vermicompost. A los cuatro meses del estudio se incorporaron 50 g de urea, 50 g de difosfato de amonio y 50 g de cloruro de potasio. El estudio incluyó análisis de varianza y pruebas de Tukey (α 0,05). Resultados. Se encontró igualdad estadística para altura, diámetro y número de ramas. La respuesta del cacao a temperatura, precipitación, humedad relativa y viento, demostró que afectaron la expresión de su potencial productivo, así como su morfología y rendimiento, no adaptándose a las condiciones climáticas en estudio. Conclusión. El desarrollo de las variedades en estudio fue homogéneo, con base en las condiciones climatológicas de la región Úrsulo Galván, destacándose la variedad Almendra Blanca.

Summary: In recent decades, water scarcity has increased considerably in Cuauhtémoc, Chihuahua - the most important apple-growing region of Mexico. Thus, the objective of this research is focused on evaluating growth and development responses in apple rootstocks graf ted with Golden Delicious subjected to four drought cycles, comparing them with the continuous irrigation treatment. Ten rootstocks were evaluated (B.9, M.9Nic29, G.41, G.202, G.890, G.210, G.30, M.7, MM.111 and MM.109) used in the commercial apple orchards in the area, where all the rootstocks were obtained during the 2020 growing season. The planting was carried out in 20-L pots in March 2020 and a substrate composed of compost, soil and sand was used in a ratio of 1:1:1. The recorded variables measured were moisture percentage in the soil, the leading branch growth, leaf water potential, total biomass, and ef ficient water use. The rootstocks B.9 and M.9 Nic29 showed good results in most of the variables studied. Rootstocks with good recovery of leaf water potential af ter recovery irrigation were found. These rootstocks were; B.9, M.9Nic29, MM.111 and G.210. The total biomass was statistically the same in G.30, G.41, MM.111, MM.109, G.202 and B.9. In conclusion, rootstocks tolerate a certain degree of drought and can contribute to improving water use, highlighting B.9.

Resumen: La escasez de agua en la región manzanera más importante de México; Cuauhtémoc, Chihuahua, se ha incrementado considerablemente en las últimas décadas. El objetivo de esta investigación se concentró en evaluar la respuesta en crecimiento y desarrollo de portainjertos de manzano injertados con Golden Delicious, sometidos a cuatro ciclos de sequía, comparándolos con el tratamiento de riego continuo. Se evaluaron 10 portainjertos (B.9, M.9Nic29, G.41, G.202, G.890, G.210, G.30, M.7, MM.111 y MM.109), los cuales son utilizados en las huertas comerciales de manzano de la zona de Cuauhtémoc. Todos los portainjertos se obtuvieron de viveros comerciales durante la estación de crecimiento 2019. La plantación se realizó en macetas de 20 L en el mes de marzo de 2020 y se utilizó un sustrato compuesto por composta, suelo y arena en proporción 1:1:1. Las variables registradas fueron; porcentaje de humedad en el suelo, crecimiento de la rama líder, potencial hídrico de la hoja, biomasa total, y uso eficiente del agua. Los portainjertos B.9 y M.9Nic29 mostraron buenos resultados en la mayoría de las variables estudiadas. Los portainjertos B.9, M.9Nic29, MM.111 y G.210 mostraron buena recuperación del potencial hídrico de la hoja después del riego de recuperación. La biomasa total fue estadísticamente igual en G.30, G.41, MM.111, MM.109, G.202 y B.9. Se concluye que existen portainjertos que toleran cierto grado de sequía y que pueden contribuir a mejorar el uso del agua, destacando B.9.

Summary: In different trials have shown that the use of both vermicompost (VC) and plastic mulch has favored the yield and productivity of a large number of crops. The purpose of our study was to compare synthetic fertilization vs the incorporation of VC on the development of triploid watermelon with plastic mulch in the spring-summer 2019 agricultural cycle at the experimental field of the Universidad Autónoma Agraria Antonio Narro. The treatments evaluated, each with three repetitions, were: exploratory application of VC, at a rate of 30 and 60 Mg ha-1, and as a control, the regional recommendation 240-120-00 ha-1 (N-P-K). The sowing was carried out in planting beds of 2 × 8 m (width and length, respectively) covered with black plastic. The sowing of the triploid watermelon seeds of the Crunchy Red variety, was carried out in Styrofoam trays with 200 cavities filled with Peat Moss. When the seedlings had two to three true leaves, they were transplanted 1.0 m apart on planting beds of 2 × 8 m (width and length, respectively) covered with black plastic. For the supply of water, drip irrigation was used. To evaluate the effect of the treatments, a completely randomized experimental design was used, the DMS0.05 test was applied for comparisons of the means. Due to the effect of the treatments evaluated, five of the variables studied: equatorial and polar diameters, pulp thickness, soluble solids and fruit weight presented highly significant differences, while yield registered a significant difference. The highest yield of 29 932 Mg ha-1 was recorded with the incorporation of 60 Mg ha-1 of VC confirming that this natural fertilizer was able to satisfy the nutritional needs of triploid watermelon without synthetic fertilization.

Resumen: En diferentes ensayos se ha evidenciado que el empleo, tanto del vermicompost (VC) como del acolchado plástico ha favorecido el rendimiento y la productividad de una gran cantidad de cultivos. El propósito del estudio fue equiparar la fertilización sintética vs la incorporación del VC sobre el desarrollo de la sandía triploide con acolchado plástico en el ciclo agrícola primavera-verano 2019, en el campo experimental de la Universidad Autónoma Agraria Antonio Narro. Los tratamientos evaluados, cada uno con tres repeticiones, fueron: aplicación exploratoria de VC, a razón de 30 y 60 Mg ha-1, y como testigo, la recomendación regional 240-120-00 ha-1 (N-P-K). La siembra de semillas de sandía triploide, variedad Crunchy Red, se realizó en bandejas de unicel de 200 cavidades, rellenas con Peat Moss, cuando las plántulas tuvieron de dos a tres hojas verdaderas se realizó el trasplante, colocándolas a 1.0 m, entre éstas, sobre camas de siembra, de 2 × 8 m (ancho y largo, respectivamente) cubiertas con plástico negro. Para el suministro de agua se utilizó riego por cintilla. Para evaluar el efecto de los tratamientos se utilizó un diseño experimental completamente al azar, mientras que para las comparaciones de las medias se aplicó la prueba DMS0.05. Debido al efecto de los tratamientos evaluados cinco de las variables estudiadas: diámetros polar y ecuatorial, espesor de pulpa, sólidos solubles y peso del fruto registraron diferencias altamente significativas, mientras que el rendimiento presentó diferencia significativa. El mayor rendimiento de 29 932 Mg ha-1 se registró con la aplicación de 60 Mg ha-1 de VC, confirmándose que este producto logró cubrir la demanda nutritiva de la sandía triploide sin fertilización sintética.

Abstract The study of soil respiration (microbial CO2 emission) due to the incorporation of organic waste (RO) from agroindustry (bagasse and bagasse compost), allows estimating the environmental effect in relation to the CO2 emission, due to carbon mineralization during its decomposition process, which must be considered from the climate change point of view. Therefore, the objective was to evaluate the CO2 emission dynamics due to the mineralization of four lignocellulosic materials, incorporated into soils of different textures. Using the alkaline respiration technique, CO2 respiration was quantified in Regosol and Luvisol by incorporating two bagasse (TBD and TBA) and their composts (TCD and TCA) for 30 d under controlled humidity and temperature conditions. The TBD and TBA treatments increased microbiological activity with higher emissions, while the TCD and TCA treatments increased the soil organic C (COS) content with lower emissions. The CO2 emission was related to the mineralization of the RO and this in turn to its chemical composition and resistance to decomposition; in addition, the dynamics of the emissions were different by type of material and of soil. The incorporation of bagasse type RO is an option to increase soil microbial activity, but with greater greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions; while composted RO generates an increase in the capture of COS and, therefore, a greater store of C and a lower emission of CO2.

Resumen El estudio de respiración del suelo (emisión microbiana de CO2) por incorporación de residuos orgánicos (RO) provenientes de la agroindustria (bagazo y composta de bagazo), permite estimar el efecto ambiental en relación a la emisión de CO2 por la mineralización del carbono durante su proceso de descomposición, lo cual debe ser considerado desde el punto de vista de cambio climático. Por lo anterior, el objetivo fue evaluar la dinámica de emisión de CO2 por la mineralización de cuatro materiales lignocelulósicos, incorporados en suelos de diferente textura. Mediante la técnica de respiración alcalina se cuantificó la respiración de CO2 en Regosol y Luvisol por incorporación de dos bagazos (TBD y TBA) y sus compostas (TCD y TCA) durante 30 d bajo condiciones controladas de humedad y temperatura. Los tratamientos TBD y TBA incrementaron la actividad microbiológica con mayores emisiones; mientras que los tratamientos TCD y TCA incrementaron el contenido de C orgánico suelo (COS) con menores emisiones. La emisión de CO2 se relacionó con la mineralización de los RO y ésta a su vez con su composición química y su resistencia a la descomposición, además la dinámica de las emisiones fue diferente por tipo de material y por tipo de suelo. La incorporación de RO de tipo bagazos es una opción para incrementar la actividad microbiana edáfica, pero con mayor emisiones de gases de efecto invernadero (GEI); mientras que los RO de compostas generan un incremento en la captura de COS y, por ende, mayor almacén de C y una menor emisión de CO2.

Abstract The soil-crop systems of the peri-urban area allow the recovery of chemical elements from the manure generated in intensive livestock production, reducing the risk of contamination of groundwater. This study evaluated the effect of the application of different doses of feedlot waste compost on the lettuce crop (Lactuca sativa L.) and on the chemical, physicochemical, and biological properties of the soil. In two consecutive years, greenhouse experiments were carried out applying doses equivalent to 128 and 500 kg ha-1 of nitrogen, determining fresh weight and apparent efficiency of nitrogen recovery in the crop, and in the soil, nitrate content, organic matter, activity overall biological, electrical conductivity, and pH. The yield of the lettuce crop increased between 29 and 55%, with apparent N recovery efficiencies of less than 5%. In the soil, the effects were mainly manifested in the first centimeters, with increases in the contents of organic matter, global biological activity, and electrical conductivity. On the other hand, there were no significant changes in the pH or nitrate content at depths greater than those reached by the roots of the crop.

Resumen Los sistemas suelo-cultivo del periurbano permiten recuperar elementos químicos del estiércol generado en la producción pecuaria intensiva, disminuyendo el riesgo de contaminación de aguas subterráneas. Este estudio evaluó el efecto de la aplicación de diferentes dosis de compost de residuos de feedlot en el cultivo de lechuga (Lactuca sativa L.) y en propiedades químicas, fisicoquímicas y biológicas del suelo. En dos años consecutivos se realizaron experimentos en invernadero, aplicando dosis equivalentes a 128 y 500 kg ha-1 de nitrógeno, determinando peso fresco y eficiencia aparente de recuperación de N en el cultivo, y en el suelo, contenido de nitratos, materia orgánica, actividad biológica global, conductividad eléctrica y pH. El rendimiento del cultivo de lechuga se incrementó entre el 29 y 55%, con eficiencias de recuperación aparente de nitrógeno menores al 5%. En el suelo, los efectos se manifestaron principalmente en los primeros centímetros, con aumentos en los contenidos de materia orgánica, actividad biológica global y conductividad eléctrica. Por otro lado, no hubo cambios significativos en el pH ni en el contenido de nitratos a profundidades mayores a la alcanzada por las raíces del cultivo.

Resumen Os sistemas solo-cultivo do periurbano permitem recuperar elementos químicos do estrume gerado na produção pecuária intensiva, disminuindo o risco de contaminação de águas subterrâneas. Este estudo avaliou o efeto da aplicação de diferentes doses de compost de resíduos de feedlot no cultivo de alface (Lactuca sativa L.) e nas propiedades químicas, fisicoquímicas e biológicas do solo. Em dois anos consecutivos realizaram-se experimentos em estufa, aplicando doses equivalentes a 128 e 500 kg ha-1 de nitrogênio, determinando peso fresco e eficiência aparente de recuperação de N no cultivo, e no solo, conteúdo de nitratos, matéria orgânica, atividade biológica global, condutividade elétrica e pH. O rendimento do cultivo de alface incrementou-se entre o 29 e 55%, com eficiências de recuperação aparente de nitrogênio menores ao 5%. No solo, os efeitos manifestaram-se principalmente nos primeiros centímetros, com aumentos nos conteúdos de matéria orgânica, atividade biológica global e condutividade elétrica. Por outro lado, não teve câmbios significativos no pH nem no conteúdo de nitratos em profundidades maiores à conseguida pelas raizes do cultivo.

Abstract Hydrogels are materials that absorb large amounts of water and have been used for horticultural purposes. This work aimed to make a technical and economic assessment of the use of potassium acrylate (PA) hydrogel to reduce water consumption in tomato cultivation by using three doses of PA (0, 3 and 6 g L-1 substrate), two substrates (sand and mixture: 50% sand - 40% compost - 10% perlite) and two varieties (Aquiles and Moctezuma). The experimental work was carried out in one of the greenhouses of the Antonio Narro Autonomous Agrarian University, Laguna Unit, in the city of Torreón, Coahuila, Mexico, during the spring-summer cycle of 2020. The experimental design was in randomized blocks, 12 treatments and four repetitions. The variables evaluated were: plant height, stem thickness, polar and equatorial diameter of the fruit, pulp thickness, number of locules, degrees Brix, yield, and water footprint. The economic analysis was based on the partial budget methodology proposed by the International Maize and Wheat Center for the analysis of experiments. No statistical differences were found in fruit quality. Yield increased with PA and the water footprint decreased. Marginal income (MgI) exceeded marginal cost (MgC) in the two doses of PA analyzed. PA saved water (20.1% and 21.1%) when incorporated into the substrate mixture, increased yield (25.1 t ha-1), improved income (MgI>MgC) and maintained fruit quality.

Resumen Los hidrogeles son materiales que absorben grandes cantidades de agua y se han utilizado para fines hortícolas. El objetivo de este trabajo fue hacer una evaluación técnica y económica del uso del hidrogel acrilato de potasio (AP) para reducir el consumo de agua en el cultivo de tomate utilizando tres dosis de AP (0, 3 y 6 g L-1 de sustrato), dos sustratos (arena y la mezcla: 50% arena - 40% compost - 10% perlita) y dos variedades (Aquiles y Moctezuma). El trabajo experimental se llevó a cabo en uno de los invernaderos de la Universidad Autónoma Agraria Antonio Narro, Unidad Laguna, en la ciudad de Torreón, Coahuila, México durante el ciclo primavera verano de 2020. El diseño experimental fue en bloques al azar, 12 tratamientos y cuatro repeticiones. Las variables evaluadas fueron: altura de planta, grosor del tallo, diámetro polar y ecuatorial del fruto, grosor de pulpa, número de lóculos, grados Brix, rendimiento y huella hídrica. El análisis económico se basó en la metodología de presupuesto parcial propuesta por el Centro Internacional de Maíz y Trigo para el análisis de experimentos. No se encontraron diferencias estadísticas en la calidad de fruto. El rendimiento se incrementó con AP y la huella hídrica se redujo. El ingreso marginal (Img) superó al costo marginal (Cmg) en las dos dosis de AP analizadas. El AP ahorró agua (20.1% y 21.1%) cuando se incorporó a mezcla de sustrato, aumentó el rendimiento (25.1 t ha-1), mejoró el ingreso (Img> Cmg) y mantuvo la calidad de los frutos.

Abstract The Habanero chilli peppers are one of the most important vegetables in Mexico's culinary culture due to its unique aromatic characteristics. Its cultivation is concentrated in the south and southeast of Mexico, typically using the principles of conventional agriculture. According to this model, large quantities of fertilizers and pesticides are used, affecting production safety. In order to evaluate two proportions of compost as substrate (100 and 50 %) in addition to a control, with and without the application of efficient microorganisms (EM), under a completely randomized design, a trial was conducted in Villaflores, Chiapas, Mexico (N 16º 32' and W 93º 45'). The six treatments had five replicates, each with five plants. Seedlings were transplanted 21 days after sowing (DAS) in polyethylene bags with the indicated proportions. Organic management was based on the application of biofertilizer every eight days until 64 days after sowing. The parameters evaluated were plant height, stem diameter, fruit number and weight, as well as polar and equatorial diameter. Analysis of variance, mean tests (Tukey p ≤ 0.05) and simple correlations (Pearson) were performed. Statistical superiority was determined for the parameters evaluated in the treatments using organic amendment in its two proportions, improving phenological and yield variables with the application of EM, in symmetries of 5 to 20 %. Correlations showed correspondence of phenological variables and yield components of Habanero chili peppers.

Resumen El chile habanero constituye una de las hortalizas más importantes en la cultura culinaria de México debido a sus características aromáticas singulares. Su cultivo se concentra en el sur y sureste de México, usándose típicamente los principios de la agricultura convencional. Bajo este modelo se utilizan grandes cantidades de fertilizantes y plaguicidas, lo que afecta la producción con inocuidad. Con el objetivo de evaluar dos proporciones de composta como sustrato (100 y 50 %), además de un testigo, con y sin la aplicación de microorganismos eficientes (EM), bajo un diseño completamente al azar, se realizó un ensayo en Villaflores, Chiapas, México (N 16º 32’ y W 93º 45’). Los seis tratamientos tuvieron cinco repeticiones, cada una con cinco plantas. Las plántulas se trasplantaron a los 21 días después de la siembra (DDS) en bolsas de polietileno con las proporciones señaladas. El manejo orgánico se fundamentó en la aplicación del biofertilizante cada ocho días, hasta los 64 DDS. Los parámetros evaluados fueron altura de planta, diámetro de tallo, número y peso de frutos, así como diámetro polar y ecuatorial. Se realizó análisis de varianza, pruebas de medias (Tukey p ≤ 0,05) y correlaciones simples (Pearson). Se determinó superioridad estadística de los parámetros evaluados en los tratamientos de uso de la enmienda orgánica en sus dos proporciones, mejorándose las variables fenológicas y de rendimiento con la aplicación de los EM, en simetrías del 5 al 20 %. Las correlaciones señalaron correspondencia de las variables fenológicas y de los componentes de rendimiento del chile habanero.

Resumo Um dos desafios que a sociedade atual deve enfrentar tem a ver com a acumulação, gestão, tratamento e eliminação final de resíduos orgânicos e inorgânicos. Portanto, no panorama contemporâneo, é necessária a implementação de técnicas que visem a mitigação deste problema, a fim de promover a melhoria do ambiente ambiental. Em relação ao tratamento de resíduos de origem orgânica, podem ser citadas estratégias como o processo de compostagem, método que promove a transformação da matéria orgânica por meio da decomposição aeróbica, que gera um produto final estabilizado. Este produto, quando integrado ao solo, enriquece suas propriedades físicas e químicas, que podem ter sido diminuídas devido às atividades agrícolas. Posto o exposto, o objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar a qualidade dos produtos resultantes da compostagem (composto e chorume) obtidos dentro de um protótipo de compostor, que é nutrido por resíduos orgânicos provenientes da cozinha, bem como componentes orgânicos leves. Além disso, utiliza adjuvante microbiano e processos mecânicos para reduzir o tempo de compostagem em até 600% em relação aos métodos convencionais, sem comprometer a qualidade do produto final, de acordo com os parâmetros de qualidade vigentes. Concluindo, os resultados mostram que o fertilizante orgânico obtido através deste procedimento apresenta umidade de 73%, um pouco superior ao estipulado, e carece de alta concentração de metais pesados que ultrapasse os limites permitidos. Além disso, confirma-se que a relação C/N atinge um valor de 6,5, o que o torna um aditivo orgânico ideal para melhorar as condições dos solos agrícolas.

Abstract One of the problems of human activity is the continuous accumulation of garbage, both inorganic and organic, its management, treatment and final disposal. Currently is possible to implement techniques to reduce them and promote the environment improvement. One of these processes is the treatment of organic waste through the composting process, which is a method that transforms organic matter via aerobic decomposition, to gives a stable product, which adds nutrients to the soil, improving its physical and chemical properties that have been attenuated by agricultural activities. The present work evaluates the quality of the final composting products (compost and leachates) generated within a prototype composter from organic kitchen waste and organically light components that, supported by a microbial accelerator and mechanical processes, reduce the process time by 600% compared to conventional processes with a similar product quality according to existing quality parameters. The results show that the organic fertilizer has a humidity of 73% slightly higher than established, does not present a high concentration of toxic heavy metals that are below the permissible limit and a C/N ratio of 6.5 that is adequate to be used as an additive. organic soil improver.

Resumen Uno de los desafíos que debe enfrentar la sociedad actual tiene que ver con la acumulación, gestión, tratamiento y disposición final de desechos orgánicos e inorgánicos. Por eso, en el panorama contemporáneo se requiere de la implementación de técnicas destinadas a mitigar esta problemática con el fin de promover la mejora del entorno ambiental. En cuanto al tratamiento de residuos de origen orgánico, se pueden mencionar estrategias como el proceso de compostaje, un método que propicia la transformación de la materia orgánica mediante la descomposición aeróbica, lo cual genera un producto final estabilizado. Este producto, al ser integrado al suelo, enriquece sus propiedades físicas y químicas, las cuales pueden haberse visto mermadas debido a actividades agrícolas. Explicado lo anterior, el objetivo del presente estudio fue evaluar la calidad de los productos resultantes del compostaje (composta y lixiviados) obtenidos en el seno de un prototipo de compostero, el cual se nutre de desechos orgánicos provenientes de la cocina, así como de componentes orgánicos ligeros. Además, se vale de un coadyuvante microbiano y procesos mecánicos para reducir el tiempo de compostaje hasta en 600 % en comparación con los métodos convencionales, sin menoscabo de la calidad del producto final, según los parámetros de calidad vigentes. En conclusión, los resultados evidencian que el abono orgánico obtenido mediante este procedimiento presenta una humedad del 73 %, ligeramente superior a la estipulada, y carece de una concentración elevada de metales pesados que supere los límites permitidos. Además, se confirma que la relación C/N alcanza un valor de 6.5, lo cual lo convierte en un aditivo orgánico idóneo para mejorar las condiciones de los suelos agrícolas.

Resumen Antecedentes: El reto actual consiste en producir alimentos en sistemas resilientes al cambio climático y cuidar el medio ambiente. Objetivo: Evaluar la biofertilización orgánica y mineral en el crecimiento y desarrollo de posturas de Tithonia diversifolia durante la fase de vivero. Materiales y métodos: Se llevaron a cabo dos ensayos: E-I en la CPA “Renato Guitar” y E-II: en la Estación Experimental de Pastos y Forrajes Indio Hatuey (EEPFIH). Para el desarrollo de los mismos se empleó un diseño experimental totalmente aleatorizado con 15 y 10 réplicas, experimento I y II respectivamente. E-I se llevaron a cabo tres tratamientos: T-1: suelo 100% sin abonar, T-2: suelo 50% + biochar 50%, T-3: suelo 50%+ biochar 25% + ceniza de bagazo de caña 25%. El biochar se obtuvo de marabú (D. cinerea) y siempre fue embebido en microorganismos eficientes IHPLUS®BF. Se midieron parámetros fisiológicos del metabolismo primario y secundario a los 30 días, e indicadores morfológicos de crecimiento a los 30 y 60 días. En el E-II se trabajó con 5 tratamientos: T-1: Suelo sin abonar, T-2: Combinación de 50%suelo-50%compost + Rhizobium, T-3: Combinación de 50%suelo-50%compost + Trichoderma, T-4: Combinación de 50%suelo-50%compost con dolomita micronizada + Rhizobium y T-5: Combinación de 50%suelo-50%compost con dolomita micronizada + Trichoderma. Se midieron indicadores morfológicos de crecimiento a los 60 días y producción de biomasa aérea seca en el momento del trasplante. Resultados: los resultados arrojan que en el Ensayo- I la mejor variante fue T-3: suelo 50%+Biochar enriquecido IHPLUS®BF 25%+cenizas 25%. Ensayo- II, todas las variantes estudiadas fueron superior que el testigo. Conclusión: Los resultados permitieron confirmar la efectividad de dichas alternativas para cultivar plantas de T. diversifolia en condiciones de vivero.

Abstract Background: The current challenge is to produce food in systems that are resilient to climate change and take care of the environment. Aim. Evaluate organic and mineral biofertilization in the growth and development of Tithonia diversifolia positions during the nursery phase. Materials and methods: Two trials were carried out: E-I at the “Renato Guitar” CPA and E-II: at the Indio Hatuey Pasture and Forage Experimental Station (EEPFIH). For their development, a completely randomized experimental design was used with 15 and 10 replications, experiment I and II respectively. E-I, three treatments were carried out: T-1: 100% unfertilized soil, T-2: 50% soil + 50% biochar, T-3: 50% soil + 25% biochar + 25% cane bagasse ash. The biochar was obtained from marabou (D. cinerea) and was always embedded in efficient IHPLUS®BF microorganisms. Physiological parameters of primary and secondary metabolism were measured at 30 days, and morphological growth indicators at 30 and 60 days. In E-II, 5 treatments were used: T-1: Unfertilized soil, T-2: Combination of 50% soil-50% compost + Rhizobium, T-3: Combination of 50% soil-50% compost + Trichoderma, T-4: Combination of 50% soil-50% compost with micronized dolomite + Rhizobium and T-5: Combination of 50% soil-50% compost with micronized dolomite + Trichoderma. Morphological growth indicators were measured at 60 days and production of dry aerial biomass at the time of transplant. Results: the results show that in Trial-I the best variant was T-3: soil 50%+IHPLUS®BF enriched Biochar 25%+ash 25%. Test-II, all the variants studied were superior to the control. Conclusion: The results confirmed the effectiveness of these alternatives to grow T. diversifolia plants under nursery conditions.

Abstract The concept of adapting agro-economic practices in order to improve production and environmental conditions transforms our agroecosystems. In recent years, there has been an increased interest in regenerative practices for this purpose. We carried out a study funded by Aland Foundation and the AlVelAl initiative. To achieve this, ALVelAl association gives technical support to farmers, working on the restoration of farmlands using regenerative techniques, organising training workshops that guarantee an open exchange of knowledge between farmers, technicians, and companies. In collaboration with AlVelAl, we explore the suitability of regenerative techniques in semiarid agro ecological systems. We carried out a monitoring project in one almond orchard in Illana (Guadalajara), and coordinated the implementation of regenerative techniques co-designed with the land manager. The aim of the regenerative techniques employed in this project improve the soil fertility and water content. We implemented six techniques: 1) minimum tillage, standard practice for the area (MT); 2) minimum tillage with organic amendments (MT&Compost); 3) minimum tillage with a legume crop as green manure (MT&Leg); 4) minimum tillage with mixed wheat and legume crops as green manure (MT&Mix); 5) minimum tillage with Brachypodium as green manure (MT&Bra) and 6) minimum tillage with wheat as green manure (MT&Ce). The total area of the trial is 5.400 m2. We aim to study the impacts of regenerative practices on soil parameters (bulk density and soil moisture) and on weed biomass and leaf area of almond trees. We presents the first results of the project obtained during the campaign 2022-23.

Resumen: La búsqueda de prácticas agroeconómicas que mejoren la producción en nuestros agroecosistemas de secano ha conllevado un aumento del interés por la agricultura regenerativa. Dicha agricultura está basada en prácticas que fomentan un manejo agrícola que restaura suelo, mejora la gestión del agua y fomenta la biodiversidad. La iniciativa de la Fundación Aland en las comunidades agrícolas locales de Andalucía y Murcia fomenta un agroecosistema productivo integrado denominado ‘Almendrehesa’. Este agroecosistema combina el cultivo de almendro con técnicas regenerativas promocionando la transformación y comercialización de la materia prima con valor añadido. En colaboración con el Territorio AlVelAl, exploramos la idoneidad de las técnicas regenerativas en sistemas agroecológicos semiáridos. Llevamos a cabo un proyecto de seguimiento en un huerto de almendros en Illana (Guadalajara), en el centro de España, y coordinamos la aplicación de técnicas regenerativas co-diseñadas por los investigadores y los gestores de la tierra. Se aplicaron seis técnicas: 1) mínimo laboreo (ML), práctica habitual para la zona; 2) mínimo laboreo con enmiendas orgánicas (ML&Compost); 3) mínimo laboreo con cultivo de leguminosas como abono verde (ML& Leg); 4) mínimo laboreo con cultivos mixtos de cereal y leguminosas como abono verde (ML& Mix); 5) mínimo laboreo con Brachypodium como abono verde (ML& Bra) y 6) mínimo laboreo con cereal como abono verde (ML& Ce). Se pretende estudiar el impacto de las prácticas regenerativas en parámetros del suelo (densidad aparente y humedad del suelo) y en la biomasa de las mala hierbas y área foliar del almendro. En este trabajo se presentan los primeros resultados del proyecto obtenidos durante la campaña 2022-23.

ABSTRACT Municipal biowaste has a high potential for agricultural use. However, it requires an additional amendment to increase the nutritional content used during the composting process. The purpose of this study was to investigate the selection of compost-enhancing amendments from municipal biowaste using bibliometric and multicriteria analysis. The municipality of Yopal (Casanare, Colombia) was chosen as a case study. Using a search equation in the Scopus and Web of Science databases over five years (2018-2022), 53 publications were discovered, from which 25 were chosen for a full review to identify alternatives for amendment. Ashes, rice husks, sawdust, sugarcane bagasse, tree pruning waste, and alfalfa hay were assessed as amendment substitutes. Criteria such as financial cost, accessibility to acquire the amendment, nitrogen, phosphorus, and carbon contribution were used in the analysis of hierarchical processes. Tree pruning waste was the best option based on the criteria chosen because it is easily accessible and contributes with carbon and nitrogen (C/N: 13) to composting. Factors such as cost and affordability influence the physical and chemical characteristics that an amendment brings to the composting of municipal biowaste. use However process compostenhancing compost enhancing Casanare, Casanare (Casanare Colombia 20182022, 20182022 2018 2022 , (2018-2022) 5 discovered 2 Ashes husks sawdust bagasse substitutes phosphorus processes C/N CN C N (C/N 13 2018202 201 202 (2018-2022 1 201820 20 (2018-202 20182 (2018-20 (2018-2 (2018- (2018 (201 (20 (2 (

RESUMO Os biorresíduos municipais têm um elevado potencial para utilização agrícola. No entanto, requer uma alteração adicional para aumentar o conteúdo nutricional utilizado durante o processo de compostagem. O objetivo deste estudo foi investigar a seleção de aditivos melhoradores de compostagem a partir de resíduos biológicos municipais, utilizando análise bibliométrica e multicritério. O município de Yopal (Casanare, Colômbia) foi escolhido como estudo de caso. Utilizando uma equação de busca nas bases de dados Scopus e Web of Science ao longo de cinco anos (2018-2022), foram descobertas 53 publicações, das quais 25 foram escolhidas para uma revisão completa para identificar alternativas de alteração. Cinzas, cascas de arroz, serragem, bagaço de cana-de-açúcar, podas de árvores e feno de alfafa foram testados como substitutos de emendas. Critérios como custo financeiro, acessibilidade para aquisição do aditivo, aporte de nitrogênio, fósforo e carbono foram utilizados na análise dos processos hierárquicos. A poda de árvores foi a melhor opção pelos critérios escolhidos por ser de fácil acesso e contribuir com carbono e nitrogênio (C/N: 13) para a compostagem. Fatores como custo e acessibilidade influenciam as características físicas e químicas que uma alteração traz para a compostagem de biorresíduos municipais. agrícola entanto multicritério Casanare, Casanare (Casanare Colômbia caso 20182022, 20182022 2018 2022 , (2018-2022) 5 publicações 2 Cinzas arroz serragem canadeaçúcar, canadeaçúcar cana açúcar, açúcar cana-de-açúcar emendas financeiro aditivo hierárquicos C/N CN C N (C/N 13 2018202 201 202 (2018-2022 1 201820 20 (2018-202 20182 (2018-20 (2018-2 (2018- (2018 (201 (20 (2 (

Abstract Mining environmental liabilities generate environmental pollution. The objective of the present study was to determine the yield of white clover (Trifolium repens) and orchard grass (Dactylis glomerata) cultivated in mining environmental passives adding black earth and compost as a substrate in the Buenaventura Julcani Huancavelica Company. The treatments were the combinations: 4: 3.1: 3.1: 3:1.1 kg of RP: RP, TN: RP, C: RP, TN, C respectively. They were distributed in four treatments with twelve experimental units for each species of leguminous and gramineous grass, we worked according to the completely randomized design (DCA) with a 2 x 4 factorial arrangement, the experimental unit being a treatment with twelve repetitions. The variables evaluated were: germination percentage (TG) and stem survival percentage (TST). For the statistical analysis, the SPSS software was used. pollution Trifolium repens Dactylis glomerata Company combinations 3.1 31 3 1 31.1 311 1.1 3:1. RP TN respectively DCA (DCA arrangement repetitions TG (TG TST. TST . (TST) analysis used 3. 31. 11 1. 3:1 (TST 3:

Resumo O passivo ambiental da mineração gera poluição ambiental. O objetivo do presente estudo foi determinar a produtividade de trevo-branco (Trifolium repens) e capim-dos-pomares (Dactylis glomerata) cultivados em passivos ambientais de mineração adicionando terra preta e composto como substrato na Empresa Buenaventura Julcani Huancavelica. Os tratamentos foram as combinações: 4: 3,1: 3,1: 3:1,1 kg de RP: RP, TN: RP, C: RP, TN, C respectivamente. Foram distribuídos em quatro tratamentos com doze unidades experimentais para cada espécie de leguminosa e gramínea, trabalhou-se segundo o delineamento inteiramente casualizado (DCA) com arranjo fatorial 2 x 4, sendo a unidade experimental um tratamento com doze repetições. As variáveis avaliadas foram: porcentagem de germinação (TG) e porcentagem de sobrevivência do colmo (TST). Para a análise estatística foi utilizado o software SPSS. trevobranco trevo branco Trifolium repens capimdospomares capim dos pomares Dactylis glomerata Huancavelica combinações 4 3,1 31 3 1 31,1 311 1,1 3:1, RP TN respectivamente gramínea trabalhouse trabalhou se DCA (DCA repetições TG (TG TST. TST . (TST) SPSS 3, 31, 11 1, 3:1 (TST 3:

Resumo O aumento dos preços dos fertilizantes foi de 20% após a pandemia, o que aumentou o custo da produção agrícola no Peru. Por esse motivo, foi realizada uma pesquisa com o objetivo de analisar as características químicas e biológicas e sua relação com o rendimento do rabanete nutrido com composto à base de resíduos vegetais. Baseia-se na metodologia aplicada com abordagem experimental; portanto, foi empregado o modelo estatístico do Delineamento em Blocos Completamente Casualizados, que consistiu em 3 blocos e 5 tratamentos que foram T1 com 0, T2 com 4, T3 com 6, T4 com 8 e T5 com 10 t/ha de composto à base de resíduos vegetais, e as doses foram aplicadas 14 dias após a semeadura. Foram avaliadas as características físicas (comprimento total da planta, peso da planta, diâmetro equatorial do bulbo e produtividade comercial), concentrações de nutrientes (nitrogênio, potássio, fósforo, cálcio, magnésio, enxofre, molibdênio, ferro, manganês, cobre, zinco, boro, cloretos e sódio) nas folhas e densidade de estômatos. Os resultados determinaram que o T5 se destacou em comprimento total da planta com 28,07 cm, peso da planta com 75 g, diâmetro equatorial do bulbo com 4,52 cm e produtividade comercial com 22,53 t/ha. Na contribuição total de nitrogênio em relação à produtividade com 300,44 kg/ha. Rentabilidade com 186,8%. Quantificação de estômatos por tratamento com 598 estômatos/mm2 e concentração de nutrientes nas folhas no T3 com nitrogênio, potássio, fósforo e magnésio. Conclui que o T5, que possui concentração adequada de nutrientes nas folhas como magnésio, manganês, zinco e densidade de estômatos de 598 estômatos/mm2, influenciou reações bioquímicas ótimas que resultaram na maior produtividade com 22,53 t/ha, diferindo em 31,38% em relação ao T1. 20 pandemia Peru motivo vegetais Baseiase Baseia experimental portanto Casualizados T 0 4 6 1 tha t ha semeadura comercial, , comercial) (nitrogênio potássio cálcio magnésio enxofre molibdênio ferro manganês cobre boro sódio 2807 28 07 28,0 7 g 452 52 4,5 2253 22 53 22,5 30044 300 44 300,4 kgha kg kg/ha 1868 186 186,8% 59 estômatosmm2 estômatosmm mm2 mm estômatos/mm 3138 31 38 31,38 2 280 28, 45 225 22, 3004 30 300, 18 186,8 313 31,3 186, 31,

Abstract The increase in fertilizer prices was 20% after the pandemic, which increased the cost of crop production in Peru. For this reason, research was conducted on the analysis of the chemical and biological characteristics and their relationship with the yield of radish nourished with compost based on plant residues. The objective was to analyze the chemical and biological characteristics and their relationship with the yield of radish nourished with vegetable waste-based compost. It is based on the methodology applied with an experimental approach; therefore, the statistical model of the Completely Randomized Block Design was used, which consisted of 3 blocks and 5 treatments that were T1 with 0, T2 with 4, T3 with 6, T4 with 8 and T5 with 10 t/ha of compost based on vegetable residues, and the doses were applied 14 days after sowing. Physical characteristics (total plant length, plant weight, bulb equatorial diameter and marketable yield), nutrient concentrations (nitrogen, potassium, phosphorus, calcium, magnesium, sulfur, molybdenum, iron, manganese, copper, zinc, boron, chlorides and sodium) in leaves and stomata density were evaluated. The results determined that T5 stood out in total plant length with 28.07 cm, plant weight with 75 g, bulb equatorial diameter with 4.52 cm and commercial yield with 22.53 t/ha. In the total contribution of nitrogen in relation to yield with 300.44 kg/ha. Profitability with 186.8%. Quantification of stomata per treatment with 598 stomata/mm2 and concentration of nutrients in leaves at T3 with nitrogen, potassium, phosphorus and magnesium. It concludes that T5, which has an adequate concentration of nutrients in leaves such as magnesium, manganese, zinc and stomata density of 598 stomata/mm2 influenced optimal biochemical reactions that resulted in the highest yield with 22.53 t/ha, differing by 31.38% in relation to T1. 20 pandemic Peru reason residues wastebased waste approach therefore used T 0 4 6 1 tha t ha sowing yield, , yield) (nitrogen potassium calcium magnesium sulfur molybdenum iron manganese copper boron sodium evaluated 2807 28 07 28.0 7 g 452 52 4.5 2253 22 53 22.5 30044 300 44 300.4 kgha kg kg/ha 1868 186 186.8% 59 stomatamm2 stomatamm mm2 mm stomata/mm 3138 31 38 31.38 2 280 28. 45 4. 225 22. 3004 30 300. 18 186.8 313 31.3 186. 31.

Resumo A pitaia vermelha (Hylocereus costaricensis) é uma promissora espécie, com elevado potencial de cultivo devido às qualidades organolépticas e funcionais de seus frutos. Entretanto, a salinidade da água de irrigação pode afetar o rendimento produtivo da cultura. Diante disso, materiais ricos em substâncias orgânicas podem minimizar os danos provocados pelo excesso de sais no solo e/ou na água. Assim, o objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar a influência de fontes de matéria orgânica como atenuante do estresse salino na produção e respostas bioquímicas de mudas de pitaia vermelha. O delineamento inteiramente casualizado em esquema fatorial 4 × 5, com cinco fontes de matéria orgânica (húmus, esterco ovino, biofertilizante, composto orgânico e areia + solo) e quatro salinidade (0.6, 2.6, 4.6 e 6.6 dS m-1), com quatro repetições e duas plantas por vaso foi utilizado. O comprimento da parte aérea, comprimento da raiz, diâmetro do cladódio, número de cladódios, número de brotos, volume da raiz, massa seca da parte aérea, massa seca da raiz e massa seca total, razão da massa seca da raiz e da parte aérea, clorofila a, b e total, aminoácidos e os açúcares solúveis foram avaliados aos 120 dias após o início da aplicação dos tratamentos. A pitaia vermelha é moderadamente tolerante a salinidade. O composto orgânico e estrume ovino atenuam os efeitos nocivos da salinidade nas mudas de pitaia vermelha. Sob condições de estresse salino, as plantas aumentam os níveis de aminoácidos e açúcares totais.

Abstract Red pitaya (Hylocereus costaricensis) is a promising species, with high cultivation potential due to the organoleptic and functional qualities of its fruits. However, irrigation water salinity can affect the crop yield. Therefore, materials rich in organic substances can minimize the damage caused by excess salts in soil and/or water. Thus, the objective of this study was to evaluate the influence of organic matter sources as attenuators of salt stress on the production and biochemical responses of red pitaya seedlings. A completely randomized design in 4 × 5 factorial scheme, with five sources of organic matter (humus, sheep manure, biofertilizer, organic compost and sand + soil) and four salinities (0.6, 2.6, 4.6 and 6.6 dS m-1) with four replicates and two plants per plot was used. The shoot length, root length, cladode diameter, number of cladodes, number of sprotus, root volume, shoot dry mass, root dry mass and total dry mass, root and shoot dry mass ratio, chlorophyll a, b and total, amino acids and soluble sugars were evaluated at 120 days after the treatments began to be applied. Red pitaya is moderately tolerant to salinity (ECw from 4.0 to 6.0 dS m-1). Organic compost and sheep manure attenuate the harmful effects of salinity on red pitaya seedlings. Under salt stress conditions, red pitaya plants increase their levels of proline, amino acids and total sugars.

Abstract The crop-livestock farming system in paddy fields is integrated between rice crops and beef cattle (rice-beef cattle CLFS). Rice plants will produce straw and rice bran that can be used for animal feed, and livestock will produce compost/manure that can be used for rice nutrition. Some other benefits of implementing CLFS are increasing crop productivity, increasing the value of farmers' income, farming cost efficiency, and preserving the environment. The probability of the sustainability of CLFS application in paddy fields can be measured by calculating the system proximity index ratio using the SPIR formula. This research aims to demonstrate the accuracy of the SPIR formula in predicting the probability of CLFS sustainability in paddy fields. This study compares CLFS programs in several regions in Indonesia. It uses an independent sample t-test analysis tool with one-way rejection criteria to see the difference in SPIR scores on sustainable and unsustainable CLFS. The results showed that the SPIR formula could predict the sustainability of the CLFS program in Indonesia. However, further studies are needed to prove its ability to predict CLFS sustainability in other parts of the world. croplivestock ricebeef . CLFS) feed compostmanure compost manure nutrition productivity farmers income efficiency environment Indonesia ttest t test oneway one way However world

Resumen El sistema agrícola en cultivos de arroz es un sistema integrado entre cultivos de arroz y ganado vacuno (arroz-vacuno CLFS). Las plantas de arroz producirán paja y salvado de arroz que se pueden usar como alimento para animales, y el ganado producirá compost/estiércol que se puede usar para la nutrición del arroz. Algunos de los otros beneficios de implementar CLFS son el aumento de la productividad de los cultivos, el aumento del valor de los ingresos de los agricultores, la eficiencia de los costos agrícolas y la preservación del medio ambiente. La probabilidad de sostenibilidad de la aplicación de CLFS en los campos de arroz se puede medir calculando la relación del índice de proximidad del sistema utilizando la fórmula SPIR. El objetivo de esta investigación es demostrar la precisión de la fórmula SPIR para predecir la probabilidad de sostenibilidad de CLFS en arrozales. Este estudio compara los programas CLFS en varias regiones de Indonesia y utiliza una herramienta de análisis de prueba t de muestra independiente con criterios de rechazo unidireccionales para ver la diferencia en las puntuaciones SPIR en CLFS sostenible e insostenible. Los resultados mostraron que la fórmula SPIR puede predecir la sostenibilidad del programa CLFS en Indonesia. Sin embargo, se necesitan más estudios para demostrar su capacidad para predecir la sostenibilidad de CLFS en otras partes del mundo. arrozvacuno CLFS. . CLFS) animales compostestiércol compost estiércol agricultores ambiente arrozales insostenible embargo mundo