Resumen: Los asfaltenos son mezclas ultracomplejas que impactan negativamente la refinación, producción y transporte del petróleo. El interés en su estudio abarca desde su caracterización para definir su estructura molecular, hasta la comprensión de su comportamiento interfacial. Los asfaltenos presentan una gran diversidad de grupos funcionales y diferentes tipos de asociaciones como las de tipo no covalentes, enlaces de hidrógeno, complejo de coordinación e interacciones entre núcleos aromáticos paralelos. El objetivo de este trabajo fue analizar la composición presente en asfaltenos extraídos de crudos pesados y extrapesados mediante espectroscopía derivada. Se prepararon soluciones de asfaltenos en el rango de concentración de 20 mg/L a 100 mg/L y se analizaron con espectroscopía UV-Vis. La selección de los espectros de orden cero para el procesamiento se realizó con base en la nitidez presente. Los espectros fueron procesados con OriginPro 8.5, para la obtención de espectros derivados de primer y segundo orden. El procesamiento de los espectros de orden cero fue realizado con los filtros Savitsky-Golay y transformada rápida de Fourier (FFT). Los espectros derivados obtenidos presentaron señales nítidas con presencia de poco ruido, lo que hizo posible la identificación de grupos funcionales aromáticos, de 1 a 4 anillos en el rango de longitudes onda de 200 nm a 450 nm. El uso de filtros mejoró la calidad de las señales y permitió la identificación de componentes y estructuras presentes en asfaltenos. El filtro de Savitsky-Golay incrementó la resolución de los espectros derivados de asfaltenos extraídos de crudos pesados y el filtro FFT de asfaltenos de crudos extrapesados. Se observaron diferencias morfológicas entre los asfaltenos extraídos de crudos pesados y extrapesados mediante SEM, que pueden ser relacionadas con la composición y estructuras aromáticas presentes en asfaltenos.

Abstract: Asphaltenes are ultra-complex mixtures that negatively impact oil refining, production and transportation. The interest in its study ranges from its characterization to define its molecular structure, to the understanding of its interfacial behavior. Asphaltenes present a great diversity of functional groups and different types of associations such as non-covalent ones, hydrogen bonds, coordination complexes and interactions between parallel aromatic nuclei. The objective of this work was to analyze the composition present in asphaltenes extracted from heavy and extra-heavy crude oils using derivative spectroscopy. Asphaltene solutions were prepared in the concentration range of 20 mg/L to 100 mg/L and analyzed with UV-Vis spectroscopy. The selection of zero-order spectra for processing was made based on the sharpness present. The spectra were subsequently processed with OriginPro 8.5, to obtain first and second-order derived spectra. The processing of the zero order spectra was performed with the Savitsky-Golay and Fast Fourier transform (FFT) filters. The derived spectra obtained presented clear signals with the presence of little noise, which made possible the identification of aromatic functional groups, from 1 to 4 rings in the wavelength range of 200 nm to 450 nm. The use of filters improved the quality of the signals and allowed the identification of components and structures present in asphaltenes. The Savitsky-Golay filter increased the resolution of the spectra derived from asphaltenes extracted from heavy crude oils and the FFT filter increased the asphaltenes extracted from heavy crude oils. Morphological differences between asphaltenes extracted from heavy and extra-heavy crude oils were observed by SEM, which maybe related to the composition and aromatic structures present in asphaltenes.

ABSTRACT: Rhododendron fortune belongs to a scented Rhododendron species native to China, which produces fragrant flowers of great ornamental and environmental values for landscaping or indoor beautification. However, the scents in Rhododendron fortuneihave not yet been investigated, let alone the mechanism of the formation of these fragrance in the flowers. In this study, we measured the scents in terms of its volatile components and contents (VOC) in Rhododendron fortuneiat four different flowering stages and in different tissues of the plant by headspace solid-phase micro-extraction combined (HS-SPME) with gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). Then the characteristic aromatic values, which reflects the degree of scent perception by human, of each VOC in the plant was calculated according to its respective aromatic thresholds. Results showed that three main VOCs measured from highest to lowest are methyl benzoates, terpenes and fatty acid derivatives. Their content increased after the flower bud opening and reached the highest at half to full blossom. In a flower most VOC contents were measured in petals and only trace amount in other tissues such as stamen, pistil. A small amount of VOCs was determined in leaves as well.All aromatic values were almost corresponded to the contents of three main VOCs, indicating that the flower fragrance arises truly from these VOC components. S-adenosyl-L-methionine: benzoic acid carboxyl methyl transferase (BAMT) catalyzes the final step to form methyl benzoates. To understand the mechanism of the formation of this main type fragrance and its regulation, we firstly isolate a gene of RfBAMT from petal of Rhododendron fortuneiby using homologous cloning and RACE technology. The full length of its cDNA was 1383 bp，with an open reading frame of 1104 bp, encoding a total of 368 amino acids. The phylogenetic tree analysis showed that RfBAMT was the closest to the BSMT of Camellia japonica, belonging to methyltransferases family. Then we measured the expression level of RfBAMT again at four flower developmental stages and in different flower tissues and leaves. The results showed that the expression level of this gene was highly positively correlated with the emitted content of methyl benzoates in the flowering, implying that RfBAMT plays a pivotal role in the formation and regulation of methyl benzoates in Rhododendron fortune.Thisresearchshowed that the RfBAMT was cloned and identified in our study and its expression level was highly positively correlated with the emitted content of methyl benzoates in the flowers and leaves, which indicated this gene may play an important role on regulation of methyl benzoate synthesis in Rhododendron fortunei. ABSTRACT China beautification However investigated (VOC solidphase solid phase microextraction micro extraction HSSPME HS SPME (HS-SPME chromatographymass chromatography mass GCMS. GCMS GC MS . (GC-MS) human thresholds derivatives blossom stamen pistil wellAll well All SadenosylLmethionine S adenosyl L methionine S-adenosyl-L-methionine BAMT (BAMT technology 138 bpwith bp 110 36 acids japonica family fortuneThisresearchshowed Thisresearchshowed fortunei (GC-MS 13 11 3 1

RESUMO: Rhododendron fortunei pertence a uma espécie de rododendro perfumada nativa da China, que produz flores perfumadas de grande valor ornamental e ambiental para paisagismo ou embelezamento de interiores. No entanto, os aromas em Rhododendron fortunei ainda não foram investigados, muito menos o mecanismo de formação dessas fragrâncias nas flores. Neste estudo, medimos os aromas em termos de seus componentes e conteúdos voláteis (VOC) em Rhododendron fortunei em quatro diferentes estágios de floração e em diferentes tecidos da planta por microextração em fase sólida headspace combinada com cromatografia gasosa-espectrometria de massa. Em seguida, foram calculados os valores aromáticos característicos, que refletem o grau de percepção olfativa pelo ser humano, de cada VOC na planta de acordo com seus respectivos limiares aromáticos. Os resultados mostraram que três COVs principais medidos do mais alto ao mais baixo são benzoatos de metila, terpenos e derivados de ácidos graxos. Seu conteúdo aumentou após a abertura do botão floral e atingiu o máximo na metade da floração total. Em uma flor, a maioria dos teores de COV foram medidos em pétalas e apenas traços em outros tecidos, como estame, pistilo. Uma pequena quantidade de COVs foi determinada nas folhas também. Todos os valores aromáticos foram quase correspondentes aos teores de três COVs principais, indicando que a fragrância da flor surge verdadeiramente desses componentes de COV. Para entender o mecanismo de formação deste tipo principal de fragrância e sua regulação, primeiramente isolamos um gene de RfBAMT da pétala de Rhododendron fortunei usando clonagem homóloga e tecnologia RACE. O comprimento total de seu cDNA era de 1383 bp, com um quadro de leitura aberto de 1104 bp, codificando um total de 368 aminoácidos. A análise da árvore filogenética mostrou que RfBAMT foi o mais próximo do BSMT de Camellia japonica, pertencente à família das metiltransferases. Em seguida, medimos o nível de expressão de RfBAMT novamente em quatro estágios de desenvolvimento da flor e em diferentes tecidos e folhas de flores. Os resultados mostraram que o nível de expressão deste gene foi altamente correlacionado positivamente com o conteúdo emitido de benzoatos de metila na floração, implicando que RfBAMT desempenha um papel fundamental na formação e regulação de benzoatos de metila em Rhododendron fortune foi clonado e identificado em nosso estudo e seu nível de expressão foi altamente correlacionado positivamente com o conteúdo emitido de benzoatos de metila nas flores e folhas, o que indicou que este gene pode desempenhar um papel importante na regulação da síntese de benzoato de metila em Rhododendron fortunei. RESUMO China interiores entanto investigados (VOC gasosaespectrometria gasosa espectrometria massa seguida característicos humano graxos estame pistilo também RACE 138 bp 110 36 aminoácidos japonica metiltransferases 13 11 3 1

ABSTRACT The daily variation of organic contaminants, both gaseous and associated with suspended particulate matter (PM), was investigated within the estate of the National Company of Paintings in Lakhdaria, Algeria, spanning the period 2014-2015. The research emphasizes the chemical characterization of suspended PM, analyzing a range of organic compounds, including n-alkanes, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), and highly polar organics (HPOC), such as phthalate esters and heterocyclic compounds. Vapors of PAHs and polychlorobiphenyls (PCBs) were also analyzed. Low molecular weight compounds were primarily associated with the gas phase (two-ring PAHs, approximately 95%; three-ring PAHs, around 70%), while high molecular weight congeners were mainly associated with the particle phase (six-ring PAHs, 55%). The concentrations of PCBs (ranging from 0.6 to 42 ng m-3) were higher than those reported in other cities in Algeria and Europe. The source reconciliation of organic contaminants through principal component analysis (PCA) demonstrated that the primary sources were petroleum combustion, industrial manufacturing, tobacco smoking, and vehicular traffic. The significance of tobacco smoke was further confirmed by the analysis of PAH diagnostic ratios. Differences in the rates of diagnostic ratios between gaseous and particulate PAHs were attributed to distinct contributions from sources such as industrial processes. Health risks for workers exposed to PAHs and PCBs in PM < 10 μm (PM10) were quantitatively assessed in terms of benzo[a]pyrene equivalent concentration and incremental lifetime cancer risk (ILCR). The ILCR presents novel findings showcasing heightened risks among workers exposed to specific PAHs within production areas, whereas those related to PCBs suggested a high potential of health risks for laboratory workers.

RESUMEN La variación diaria de contaminantes orgánicos, tanto gaseosos como asociados a partículas suspendidas, fue investigada dentro de las instalaciones de la Compañía Nacional de Pinturas en Lakhdaria, Argelia, durante el periodo 2014-2015. La investigación enfatiza la caracterización química de las partículas suspendidas, analizando una gama de compuestos orgánicos que incluye n-alcanos, hidrocarburos aromáticos policíclicos (HAP) y compuestos orgánicos altamente polares (COAP), como ésteres de ftalato y compuestos heterocíclicos. También se analizaron vapores de HAP y bifenilos policlorados (PCB). Los compuestos de bajo peso molecular estaban principalmente asociados con la fase gaseosa (HAP de dos anillos, aproximadamente el 95 %; HAP de tres anillos, alrededor del 70 %), mientras que los congéneres de alto peso molecular estaban principalmente asociados con la fase de partículas (HAP de seis anillos, 55 %). Las concentraciones de PCB (que fluctuaban entre 0.6 y 42 ng m-3) fueron más altas que las reportadas en otras ciudades de Argelia y Europa. La reconciliación de fuentes de contaminantes orgánicos a través del análisis de componentes principales (ACP) demostró que las fuentes primarias eran la combustión de petróleo, la fabricación industrial, el tabaquismo y el tráfico vehicular. La importancia del humo de tabaco fue confirmada además por el análisis de las relaciones diagnósticas de los HAP. Las variaciones en las tasas de relaciones diagnósticas entre los HAP gaseosos y particulados se atribuyeron a contribuciones distintas de fuentes como procesos industriales. Los riesgos para la salud de los trabajadores expuestos a HAP y PCB contenidos en PM10 fueron evaluados cuantitativamente en términos de concentración equivalente de benzo[a]pireno (BaPeq) y riesgo incremental de cáncer a lo largo de la vida (ILCR). El ILCR presenta hallazgos novedosos, mostrando riesgos elevados entre los trabajadores expuestos a HAP específicos dentro de áreas de producción, mientras que el relacionado con los PCB sugirió un alto riesgo potencial para los trabajadores de laboratorio.

ABSTRACT Introduction/framework/objectives: Evidence that Laryngeal Cancer may originate at work or be influenced by behaviors carried out in the workplace has been increasing, although this relationship is still undervalued by health professionals. In this sense, the aim of this study is to identify occupational risk factors for laryngeal cancer, so that occupational health professionals can have information available to facilitate workers' health promotion and disease prevention tasks or, at the limit, suspect the problem earlier. Methodology: This is a Bibliographic Review, initiated through a search carried out in January 2022, in the databases “CINALH plus with full text, Medline with full text, Database of Abstracts of Reviews of Effects, Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials, Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, Cochrane Methodology Register, Nursing and Allied Health Collection: comprehensive, MedicLatina and RCAAP”. Content: Laryngeal Cancer is the most prevalent at the aerodigestive level; that is, about 130.000 new cases per year worldwide in males and 21.000 in females, although with some differences between countries. Although the main risk factors are alcohol and tobacco consumption, which contribute synergistically to the problem, there are activities, mainly in the primary and secondary sectors, which, due to their exposure to physical and chemical agents (such as silica, asbestos, asbestos, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, heavy metals and other components of paints and cement, for example). Discussion and Conclusions: There are some risk factors with suspected or proven association with the etiology of Laryngeal Cancer. It is essential that professionals in the sector acquire a minimum of knowledge regarding what the bibliography describes, to be able to take collective and individual protection measures that can mitigate the risk. It is essential that professionals in the sector acquire a minimum of knowledge regarding what the bibliography describes, to be able to implement collective and individual protection measures that manage to mitigate the risk. It would also be desirable for occupational health teams, with workers exposed to these working conditions, to be able to investigate the topic, releasing innovative and/or more complete data to the bibliography than what is currently published, including giving a perspective of the state of the art in our country.

RESUMO Introdução/enquadramento/objetivos: A evidência de que o Cancro da Laringe pode ter origem no trabalho ou ser influenciado pelos comportamentos realizados em meio laboral tem vindo a aumentar, embora essa relação seja ainda pouco valorizada. Nesse sentido, pretende-se com este estudo identificar fatores de risco laborais para cancro da laringe, para que os profissionais de saúde ocupacional possam ter disponível, informações que facilitem as tarefas de promoção da saúde e prevenção da doença dos seus trabalhadores. Metodologia: Trata-se de uma Revisão Bibliográfica, iniciada através de uma pesquisa realizada em janeiro de 2022, nas bases de dados “CINALH plus with full text, Medline with full text, Database of Abstracts of Reviews of Effects, Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials, Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, Cochrane Methodology Register, Nursing and Allied Health Collection: comprehensive, MedicLatina e RCAAP”. Conteúdo: O Cancro da Laringe é o mais prevalente a nível aerodigestivo; ou seja, cerca de 130.000 novos casos por ano, mundialmente, no sexo masculino e 21.000 no feminino, ainda que com algumas diferenças entre países. Apesar dos principais fatores de risco serem os consumos de álcool e tabaco, que contribuem sinergicamente para o problema, existem atividades, principalmente nos trabalhadores de colarinho azul que, pela sua exposição a agentes físicos e químicos (como eventualmente a sílica, asbestos, amianto, hidrocarbonetos aromáticos policíclicos, metais pesados e outros componentes de tintas e do cimento, por exemplo). Discussão e Conclusões: Existem alguns fatores de risco com associação suspeita ou comprovada em relação à etiologia do Cancro da Laringe. É fundamental que os profissionais do setor adquiram conhecimentos mínimos relativos ao que a bibliografia descreve, para ser possível implementar medidas de proteção coletiva e individual que consigam atenuar o risco. Seria também desejável que as equipas de saúde ocupacional, com trabalhadores expostos a estas condições de trabalho, conseguissem investigar o tema, lançando para a bibliografia dados inovadores e/ou mais completos dos que o que estão presentemente publicados, incluindo dar uma perspetiva do estado da arte no nosso país.

ABSTRACT The production of cachaça in Brazil is a historical and cultural practice that has been gaining ground in the commercial sector with the marketing of its product with new labels, derivatives and different types of packaging for the beverage. Polyethylene Terephthalate (PET) packaging has been used by some producers because of its lower cost and greater durability for transport. The influence of storage on 15 samples of commercial cachaça packed in polymeric packaging was investigated. The physical-chemical quality and the presence of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons (PAH’s) in the beverages were evaluated. Of these samples, 60% contained concentrations of components that were outside the limits of the Quality Standards established by Ministry of Agriculture, Livestock and Supply (MAPA), and most of the samples contained low alcohol concentrations. The samples showed concentrations of ethyl carbamate below the limit established by MAPA (210 µg L-1). All samples studied contained concentrations of PAHs higher than those found in the literature for cachaça stored in other types of packages. Contamination by PAHs can be associated with the thermal processes involved in the production of packages. Sample R12 contained the highest total concentration of the PAHs (20.90 µg L-1), followed by samples R7 (17.23 µg L-1) and R8 (17.61 µg L-1). The mean concentration was 10.91 µg L-1. Fluorene was the PAH found in the largest quantity with a concentration of 18.61 µg L-1 in the R12 sample. Therefore, cachaças stored in PET packaging are unsuitable for consumption and commercialization, as they present high concentrations of contaminants. labels beverage (PET transport 1 investigated physicalchemical physical chemical s (PAH’s evaluated 60 Agriculture MAPA, , (MAPA) 210 (21 L1. L1 L . packages R R1 20.90 2090 20 90 (20.9 L1, 17.23 1723 17 23 (17.2 17.61 1761 61 (17.6 1091 10 91 10.9 1. 1861 18 18.6 L- sample Therefore commercialization contaminants 6 (MAPA 21 (2 20.9 209 2 9 (20. 17.2 172 (17. 17.6 176 109 10. 186 18. ( 20. (20 17. (17 (1

RESUMO A produção de cachaça no Brasil é uma prática histórica e cultural que vem ganhando espaço no setor comercial com a comercialização de seu produto com novos rótulos, derivados e diferentes tipos de embalagens para a bebida. As embalagens de Polietileno Tereftalato (PET) têm sido utilizadas por alguns produtores devido ao seu menor custo e maior durabilidade para o transporte. A influência do armazenamento em 15 amostras de cachaça comercial acondicionada em embalagens poliméricas foi investigada. A qualidade físico-química e a presença de Hidrocarbonetos Policíclicos Aromáticos (HPA’s) nas bebidas foram avaliadas. Destas amostras, 60% continham concentrações de componentes que estavam fora dos limites dos Padrões de Qualidade estabelecidos pelo Ministério da Agricultura, Pecuária e Abastecimento (MAPA), e a maioria das amostras continha baixas concentrações de álcool. As amostras apresentaram concentrações de carbamato de etila abaixo do limite estabelecido pelo MAPA (210 µg L-1). Todas as amostras estudadas continham concentrações de HPA’s superiores às encontradas na literatura para cachaça armazenada em outros tipos de embalagens. A contaminação por HPA’s pode estar associada aos processos térmicos envolvidos na produção das embalagens. A amostra R12 continha a maior concentração total de HPA’s (20,90 µg L-1), seguida pelas amostras R7 (17,23 µg L-1) and R8 (17,61 µg L-1). A concentração média foi de 10,91 µg L-1. O fluoreno foi o HPA encontrado em maior quantidade com concentração de 18,61 µg L-1 na amostra R12. Portanto, as cachaças armazenadas em embalagens PET são impróprias para consumo e comercialização, pois apresentam altas concentrações de contaminantes. rótulos bebida (PET transporte 1 investigada físicoquímica físico química HPAs s (HPA’s avaliadas 60 Agricultura MAPA, , (MAPA) álcool 210 (21 L1. L1 L . R R1 20,90 2090 20 90 (20,9 L1, 17,23 1723 17 23 (17,2 17,61 1761 61 (17,6 1091 10 91 10,9 1. 1861 18 18,6 L- Portanto contaminantes 6 (MAPA 21 (2 20,9 209 2 9 (20, 17,2 172 (17, 17,6 176 109 10, 186 18, ( 20, (20 17, (17 (1

ABSTRACT: Late spring frosts is one of the most important restricting abiotic stress factors of apricot growing worldwide. In this study; some physical, biochemical fruit quality characteristics and volatile aroma compounds were determined in fresh fruit samples of thirteen late spring frost tolerant apricot hybrids recently obtained from Turkish apricot breeding programme. A wide variation was reported among apricot genotypes in all of the evaluated physical and biochemical fruit characteristics and also volatile aroma compounds.Fruit size varied between 27.2 and 60.5 g, total soluble solids between 13.6 and 17.4 %, total carotene 26.6 and 42.8 (mg.100 g-1), and total phenolics content 354.2 and 673.1 (GAE.100 g-1). A total of 42 flavor components belonging to various flavor compound groups were identified. The main volatile aroma compound groups detected in the assessed apricot genotypes were; aldehydes, ketones, esters, alcohols, terpenes, acids, and other compounds. Among the detected compounds; Hexanal, 2-Hexenal, 1-Hexanol, 2-Hexen-1-ol, Limonene were the most abundant compounds in terms of concentration. Hexanal varied between 55.8 and 528.5 µg.kg-1, and 2-Hexen-1-ol changed between 25.7 and 297.9 µg.kg-1 fresh weight. Correlation analysis revealed significant correlations among some aroma compounds and biochemical fruit quality characteristics. Significant correlations were reported for esters with titratable acidity (r=0.79) and total carotene (r=-0.61) and aldehydes were found as highly correlated with total soluble solids (r=-0.69). The results of the study will be beneficial in terms of food analysis, cultivation, and breeding studies of apricot. ABSTRACT worldwide programme compoundsFruit Fruit 272 27 2 27. 605 60 5 60. g 136 13 6 13. 174 17 4 17. % 266 26 26. 428 8 42. mg.100 mg100 mg 100 (mg.10 g1, g1 1 , g-1) 3542 354 354. 6731 673 673. GAE.100 GAE100 GAE (GAE.10 g1. . identified ketones alcohols terpenes acids 2Hexenal, 2Hexenal Hexenal Hexenal, 2-Hexenal 1Hexanol, 1Hexanol Hexanol Hexanol, 1-Hexanol 2Hexen1ol, 2Hexen1ol Hexenol Hexen ol, ol concentration 558 55 55. 5285 528 528. µg.kg1, µgkg1 µgkg µg.kg 1, µg kg 257 25 7 25. 2979 297 9 297. µg.kg1 µg.kg- weight r=0.79 r079 r 0 79 (r=0.79 r=0.61 r061 r= 0.61 61 (r=-0.61 r=0.69. r069 0.69 69 (r=-0.69) cultivation mg.10 mg10 10 (mg.1 g-1 35 67 GAE.10 GAE10 (GAE.1 52 kg1 29 r=0.7 r07 (r=0.7 r=0.6 r06 061 0.6 (r=-0.6 r=0.69 069 (r=-0.69 mg.1 mg1 (mg. g- 3 GAE.1 GAE1 (GAE. r=0. r0 (r=0. 06 0. (r=-0. mg. (mg GAE. (GAE r=0 (r=0 (r=-0 (r= (r=- (r

RESUMO: As geadas do final da primavera são um dos fatores de estresse abiótico restritivos mais importantes do cultivo de damasco em todo o mundo. Neste estudo, algumas características físicas e bioquímicas de qualidade da fruta e compostos aromáticos voláteis foram determinados em amostras de frutas frescas de 13 híbridos de damasco tolerantes à geada da primavera, recentemente obtidos do programa de melhoramento de damasco turco. Uma grande variação foi encontrada entre os genótipos de damasco em todas as características físicas e bioquímicas dos frutos avaliados e também nos compostos aromáticos voláteis. O tamanho dos frutos variou entre 27.2 e 60.5 g, sólidos solúveis entre 13.6 e 17.4 %, caroteno total 26.6 e 42.8 (mg.100 g-1) e teor de fenólicos totais 354.2 e 673.1 (GAE.100 g-1). Um total de 42 componentes aromatizantes pertencentes a vários grupos de compostos aromatizantes foram identificados. Os principais grupos de compostos aromáticos voláteis detectados nos genótipos de damasco avaliados foram: aldeídos, cetonas, ésteres, álcoois, terpenos, ácidos e outros compostos. Os compostos: Hexanal, 2-Hexenal, 1-Hexanol, 2-Hexen-1-ol e Limoneno foram os mais abundantes em termos de concentração. O hexanal variou entre 55.8 e 528.5 µg.kg-1, e o 2-Hexen-1-ol variou entre 25.7 e 297.9 µg.kg-1 demassa fresca . A análise de correlação revelou correlações significativas entre alguns compostos aromáticos e características bioquímicas de qualidade do fruto. Correlações significativas foram encontradas para ésteres com acidez titulável (r=0.79) e caroteno total (r=-0.61) e aldeídos foram encontrados como altamente correlacionados com sólidos solúveis totais (r=-0.69). Os resultados do estudo serão benéficos em termos de análise de alimentos, cultivo e estudos de melhoramento de damasco. RESUMO mundo 1 turco 272 27 2 27. 605 60 5 60. g 136 6 13. 174 17 4 17. % 266 26 26. 428 8 42. mg.100 mg100 mg 100 (mg.10 g1 g-1 3542 354 354. 6731 673 673. GAE.100 GAE100 GAE (GAE.10 g1. identificados cetonas álcoois terpenos Hexanal 2Hexenal, 2Hexenal Hexenal Hexenal, 2-Hexenal 1Hexanol, 1Hexanol Hexanol Hexanol, 1-Hexanol 2Hexen1ol Hexenol Hexen ol concentração 558 55 55. 5285 528 528. µg.kg1, µgkg1 µgkg µg.kg 1, µg kg 257 25 7 25. 2979 297 9 297. µg.kg1 µg.kg- fruto r=0.79 r079 r 0 79 (r=0.79 r=0.61 r061 r= 0.61 61 (r=-0.61 r=0.69. r069 0.69 69 (r=-0.69) alimentos mg.10 mg10 10 (mg.1 g- 35 67 GAE.10 GAE10 (GAE.1 52 kg1 29 r=0.7 r07 (r=0.7 r=0.6 r06 061 0.6 (r=-0.6 r=0.69 069 (r=-0.69 mg.1 mg1 (mg. 3 GAE.1 GAE1 (GAE. r=0. r0 (r=0. 06 0. (r=-0. mg. (mg GAE. (GAE r=0 (r=0 (r=-0 (r= (r=- (r

Abstract A remediation strategy using three non-toxic availability enhancers (two cyclodextrins and a rhamnolipid biosurfactant) was applied to various soils artificially contaminated with a mix of 14 Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons (PAHs) considered priority pollutants (from 3 to 6 rings). The high number of experimental factors (soil type, availability enhancers and incubation time) allowed to conduct a multivariate statistical analysis. Principal Component Analysis separated the studied PAHs in 3 groups, in relation with their molecular weight and Kow. The first principal component (PC1) was related with lower molecular weight PAHs, those with lower Kow and that have shown a high dissipation rate with final negligible contents. In this way, PC1 was related with the PAHs dissipated during the remediation process, and accordingly, the effect of incubation time was significantly associated to PC1, with decreasing values whereas time increases. Even more, this component was able to clearly separate the RAMEB (ramdomized methyl-β-cyclodextrin) from the other availability enhancers used. Otherwise, the second principal component was correlated with the higher molecular weight PAHs (5 and 6 rings) and was able to separate soils with different characteristics. The third principal component grouped two PAHs with intermediate molecular weight and more erratic dissipation pattern.

Resumen A varios suelos contaminados artificialmente con una mezcla de 14 hidrocarburos aromáticos policíclicos (PAHs) considerados contaminantes prioritarios (de 3 a 6 anillos) se les aplicó una estrategia de recuperación utilizando tres compuestos no tóxicos que aumentan su disponibilidad (dos ciclodextrinas y un biosurfactante ramnolípido). El elevado número de factores experimentales (tipo de suelo, potenciadores de la disponibilidad y tiempo de incubación), y contaminantes permitió realizar un análisis estadístico multivariante. El análisis de componentes principales separó los PAHs estudiados en 3 grupos, en relación con su peso molecular y Kow. El primer componente principal (PC1), se relacionó con los PAHs de menor peso molecular, aquellos con menor Kow y los que habían mostrado una alta tasa de disipación con muy bajos contenidos finales. De este modo, PC1 se relacionó con los PAHs disipados durante el proceso de recuperación, y, en consecuencia, el efecto del tiempo de incubación se asoció significativamente a PC1 con valores decrecientes conforme aumenta el tiempo. Además, este componente fue capaz de separar claramente la RAMEB (β-ciclodextrina aleatoriamene metilada) de los otros compuestos utilizados para aumentar la disponibilidad. Por otra parte, el segundo componente principal se correlacionó con los PAHs de mayor peso molecular (5 y 6 anillos) y fue capaz de separar suelos con características diferentes. El tercer componente principal agrupó a dos PAHs de peso molecular intermedio y con un patrón de disipación más errático.

Resumen La repelencia al agua del suelo (RAS) se atribuye a la acumulación de compuestos hidrofóbicos (lípidos), pero su extracción no siempre elimina la RAS, lo que sugiere que componentes macromoleculares no extraíbles también pueden estar relacionados con una RAS. Se han estudiado suelos quemados (B) y control (UB) del Parque Nacional de Doñana (Huelva, España) bajo dos tipos de vegetación (alcornoque y brezo) y fracciones de suelo: gruesa (1-2 mm) y fina (<0.05 mm). La composición molecular de la materia orgánica del suelo (MOS) se analizó mediante espectrometría de masas de ultra-alta resolución. Además, se empleó la regresión por mínimos cuadrados parciales (PLS) para explorar la relación entre la RAS y la MOS definida por la abundancia de los 1221 compuestos orgánicos comunes. También se utilizaron índices para obtener gráficas que faciliten la identificación de biomarcadores de la RAS. En los suelos quemados, la RAS estaba significativamente relacionada (P<0.05) con compuestos aromáticos y condensados, mientras que, en los suelos control, la MOS incluía compuestos aromáticos y ligninas. En las fracciones finas, la RAS estuvo relacionada principalmente con lípidos, pero, no se encontró correlación en las fracciones gruesas. Los resultados permiten concluir que la hidrofobicidad depende de varias famílias de compuestos orgánicos. La combinación de la FT-ICR/MS con herramientas estadísticas ha facilitado la obtención de nuevos biomarcadores de RAS.

Abstract Soil water repellency (SWR) is often attributed to the accumulation of hydrophobic organic compounds, mainly lipids. Nonetheless, lipid extraction not always suppress SWR and unextractable soil constituents may be related with residual SWR. Burnt (B) and unburnt (UB) soils (Doñana National Park, Huelva) under two vegetations (cork oak and heather) and two soil fractions, coarse (1-2 mm) and fine (<0.05 mm) were studied. Soil organic matter (SOM) molecular composition was studied by ultra-high resolution mass spectrometry. Partial least squares regression (PLS) was employed to explore SWR in function the abundance of the 1221 common compounds found. An omic approach using various indices (e.g., factor loadings of PLS models, etc,) was applied to identify compounds which could be used as proxies for SWR. In the case of B soils, SWR was related (P< 0.05) to aromatic and condensed compounds, while in UB soils it relied mainly on aromatics and lignins. In the fine fractions, lipids were associated with SWR, and no correlation was found in the coarse fractions. In conclusion, hydrophobicity was related to lipids as expected, but also to lignin and aromatic components. The combination of FT-ICR/MS with graphical statistical approach was effective in finding molecular predictors of SWR.

RESUMEN La quimotripsina en crustáceos es una enzima cuya importancia no ha sido del todo reconocida a lo largo del tiempo, a pesar de ser un componente fundamental en la digestión de las proteínas de sus alimentos. Las enzimas son componentes catalíticos básicos del metabolismo celular, de gran diversidad clasificadas acorde a la función que ejercen (hidrolisis, oxido-reducción, síntesis, isomerización, entre otros). La quimotripsina pertenece a las hidrolasas, que cataliza la ruptura de enlaces peptídicos adyacentes a los grupos carboxilo de los aminoácidos aromáticos triptófano, tirosina y fenilalanina. Desde la década de 1980 se han realizado pocos estudios relacionados con esta enzima en crustáceos, concentrando un tercio de estos (13 estudios) en los últimos cinco años. Por lo anterior, el presente artículo tiene como objetivo el presentar una revisión acerca de la información existente de estas enzimas en crustáceos desde una perspectiva general, contribuyendo a identificar las áreas de oportunidad para ampliar el conocimiento de su función y propiedades en estos invertebrados, así como las implicaciones ecológicas, etológicas, de manejo, alimentación y nutrición acuícola.

ABSTRACT Chymotrypsin in crustaceans is an enzyme whose importance has not been fully recognized over time, despite being a fundamental component in the digestion of proteins in their food. Enzymes are basic catalytic components of cellular metabolism; of great diversity classified according to the function they exert (hydrolysis, oxidation-reduction, synthesis, isomerization, among others). Chymotrypsin belongs to hydrolyses, which catalyzes the breaking of peptide bonds adjacent to the carboxyl groups of the aromatic amino acids tryptophan, tyrosine and phenylalanine. Since the 1980s there have been few studies related to this enzyme in crustaceans, concentrating a third of these (13 studies) in the last five years. Therefore, the paper aims to present a review about the existing information on these enzymes in crustaceans from a general perspective, helping to identify areas of opportunity to expand the knowledge of their function and properties in these invertebrates, as well such as the ecological, ethological, management, feeding and nutrition implications of aquaculture.

ABSTRACT The genus Tecoma consists of 14 species, distributed throughout the Americas; grows in tropical areas. In the Arequipa - Peru region, there are three species, one of them being T. fulva subsp. arequipensis, which was collected in the Sogay district at 2 600 m.s.n.m. of the Arequipa region. The volatile components were extracted by steam distillation in water, the yield was 0.40% in fresh sample leaves and flowers, obtaining a whitresin, density 0.85 g / mL, refractive index 1.464 at 20°C and soluble in ethanol; the presence of terpenes was detected by thin layer chromatography. By the extraction method of maceration in dichloromethane and petroleum ether of leaves and flowers of a dry sample with 13 % residual humidity, it was concentrated in a rotary evaporator obtaining 5.4 % of dry extract, the extract was analyzed by gas chromatography coupled to In a mass spectrum (GC/MS), 11 components were identified in leaves, the majority component being terpinen-4-ol with 37.45% abundance, of the dichloromethane extract. In the ether extract of flowers, 18 constituents were identified, the main component being phytol with 16.38 % abundance. In the ethanolic extract of leaves of T. fulva subsp. arequipensis purified by CC-GC/ MS in three fractions the presence of was detected: fraction 1 γ-sitosterol was identified with 50.1% abundance, fraction 3 hexadecanoic acid was identified with 55.2 % abundance and in fraction 4 1,3-dihydro-3,3-dimethyl-2H-indol-2-one was identified with 36.1% abundance. The Fourier transform infrared spectrum (FTIR) confirmed the presence of: alcohols, phenols, carboxylic acids, α, β unsaturated ketones, alkenes, aromatic hydrocarbons and amines; It is important to highlight that the components detected and identified are terpenoids and sesquiterpenoids.

RESUMEN El género Tecoma consta de 14 especies, distribuidas en toda América; crece en zonas tropicales. En la región Arequipa - Perú, existen tres especies, siendo una de ellas la T. fulva subsp. arequipensis, la cual fue recolectada en el distrito de Sogay a 2 600 m.s.n.m. de la región Arequipa. Los componentes volátiles fueron extraídos por destilación con arrastre de vapor en agua, el rendimiento fue del 0,40 % en hojas y flores de muestra fresca obteniendo una resina blanca, densidad 0,85 g/mL, índice de refracción 1,464 a 20°C y soluble en etanol; se detectó la presencia de terpenos por cromatografía en capa fina. Por el método de extracción de maceración en diclorometano y éter de petróleo de hojas y flores de muestra seca con 13% de humedad residual, se concentró en rotaevaporador obteniendo 5,4 % de extracto seco, el extracto fue analizado por cromatografía de gases acoplado a un espectro de masas (GC/ EM), se identificó 11 componentes en hojas, siendo el componente mayoritario el terpinen- 4-ol con 37,45 % de abundancia, del extracto diclorometánico. En el extracto etéreo de flores se identificaron 18 constituyentes, siendo el componente mayoritario el fitol con 16,38 % de abundancia. En el extracto etanólico de hojas de T. fulva subsp. arequipensis purificado por CC - CG/EM en tres fracciones se detectó la presencia de: fracción 1 se identificó γ-sitosterol con 50,1 % de abundancia, fracción 3 se identificó ácido hexadecanoico con 55,2% de abundancia y en la fracción 4 se identificó 1,3-dihidro-3,3-dimetil-2H-indol-2-ona con 36,1 % de abundancia. El espectro infrarrojo con transformada de Fourier (FTIR) confirmó la presencia de: alcoholes, fenoles, ácidos carboxílicos, cetonas α, β insaturadas, alquenos, hidrocarburos aromáticos y aminas; es importante resaltar que los componentes detectados e identificados son terpenoides y sesquiterpenoides.

ABSTRACT Since 2004, the electronic cigarette (EC) is available, a device that heats nicotine and administers it as part of a vapor. We present a narrative review of the EC and its effect on health. Its use is to stop smoking, in which the evidence is low, and ends up being used at the same time as the cigarette they could not quit. In addition, those who never smoked, mainly teenagers and young people, begin consumption. Its use rais es the levels of nicotine, particles, volatile organic compounds, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, carbo nyls and metals such as aluminum. In vitro, the EC causes inflammation, oxidative stress and is toxic to multiple cell types, including lung, endothelial and stem cells. Produces increased susceptibility to viral and bacterial infections. Compared to cigarettes, the EC produces a larger and more intense number of deleted genes. At bronchoscopy the airways are friable and erythematous, and the bronchial epithelium with a differentiated protein expression. It has been associated with cough, bronchitis symptoms and the respiratory failure by pneumonitis epidemic that has led several dozen people to death. Because of its harmful effects, the EC should only be used by medical prescription, as a measure to help quit tobacco, and its use in indoor and public environments be prohibited. As the EC components responsible for the associated deaths have not been determined, their use should be banned until these factors are known.

RESUMEN Desde el 2004 se dispone del cigarrillo electrónico (CE), dispositivo que calienta nicotina y la administra formando parte de un vapor. Presentamos una revisión narrativa del CE y su efecto en la salud. Su uso es para dejar de fumar, en lo que la evidencia es baja, terminando usándolo a la vez que el cigarrillo que no pudieron dejar. Además, los que nunca fumaron, principalmente adolescentes y jóvenes, se inician en su consumo. Su uso eleva en el aire los niveles de nicotina, partículas, compuestos orgánicos volátiles, hidrocarburos aromáticos policíclicos, carbonilos y metales como aluminio. In vitro el CE causa infla mación, estrés oxidativo y es tóxico para múltiples tipos de células, incluyendo células pulmonares, en doteliales y células madre. Produce incremento de la susceptibilidad a infecciones virales y bacterianas. Comparado con cigarrillos, el CE produce un número mayor y más intenso de genes suprimidos. A la broncoscopia las vías aéreas están friables y eritematosas, y el epitelio bronquial con expresión diferen ciada de proteínas. Se le ha asociado con tos, síntomas de bronquitis y con la epidemia de insuficiencia respiratoria por neumonitis que ha llevado a varias decenas de personas a la muerte. Por sus efectos dañinos el CE debería solo usarse por prescripción médica, como una medida para ayudar a dejar el tabaco, y estar prohibido su uso en interiores y ambientes públicos. Como no se han determinado los componentes del CE responsables de las muertes asociadas, su uso debería ser proscrito hasta que se conozcan cuáles son estos factores.

ABSTRACT Since 2004, the electronic cigarette (EC) is available, a device that heats nicotine and administers it as part of a vapor. We present a narrative review of the EC and its effect on health. Its use is to stop smoking, in which the evidence is low, and ends up being used at the same time as the cigarette they could not quit. In addition, those who never smoked, mainly teenagers and young people, begin consumption. Its use rais es the levels of nicotine, particles, volatile organic compounds, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, carbo nyls and metals such as aluminum. In vitro, the EC causes inflammation, oxidative stress and is toxic to multiple cell types, including lung, endothelial and stem cells. Produces increased susceptibility to viral and bacterial infections. Compared to cigarettes, the EC produces a larger and more intense number of deleted genes. At bronchoscopy the airways are friable and erythematous, and the bronchial epithelium with a differentiated protein expression. It has been associated with cough, bronchitis symptoms and the respiratory failure by pneumonitis epidemic that has led several dozen people to death. Because of its harmful effects, the EC should only be used by medical prescription, as a measure to help quit tobacco, and its use in indoor and public environments be prohibited. As the EC components responsible for the associated deaths have not been determined, their use should be banned until these factors are known.

RESUMEN Desde el 2004 se dispone del cigarrillo electrónico (CE), dispositivo que calienta nicotina y la administra formando parte de un vapor. Presentamos una revisión narrativa del CE y su efecto en la salud. Su uso es para dejar de fumar, en lo que la evidencia es baja, terminando usándolo a la vez que el cigarrillo que no pudieron dejar. Además, los que nunca fumaron, principalmente adolescentes y jóvenes, se inician en su consumo. Su uso eleva en el aire los niveles de nicotina, partículas, compuestos orgánicos volátiles, hidrocarburos aromáticos policíclicos, carbonilos y metales como aluminio. In vitro el CE causa infla mación, estrés oxidativo y es tóxico para múltiples tipos de células, incluyendo células pulmonares, en doteliales y células madre. Produce incremento de la susceptibilidad a infecciones virales y bacterianas. Comparado con cigarrillos, el CE produce un número mayor y más intenso de genes suprimidos. A la broncoscopia las vías aéreas están friables y eritematosas, y el epitelio bronquial con expresión diferen ciada de proteínas. Se le ha asociado con tos, síntomas de bronquitis y con la epidemia de insuficiencia respiratoria por neumonitis que ha llevado a varias decenas de personas a la muerte. Por sus efectos dañinos el CE debería solo usarse por prescripción médica, como una medida para ayudar a dejar el tabaco, y estar prohibido su uso en interiores y ambientes públicos. Como no se han determinado los componentes del CE responsables de las muertes asociadas, su uso debería ser proscrito hasta que se conozcan cuáles son estos factores.

Resumen Se identificaron los componentes aromáticos activos provenientes de muestras comerciales del aceite de sacha inchi, obtenidos de cultivos de Santa Rosa de Osos (Antioquia, Colombia), mediante la técnica de microextracción en fase sólida acoplada a cromatografía de gases, espectrometría de masas y olfatometría (HS-SPME-GC-MS-O). En la optimización de la técnica de extracción se definieron las siguientes condiciones: fibra de SPME de divinilbenceno/ carboxen/polidimetilsiloxano (DVB/CAR/PDMS), temperatura de extracción de 50 °C y tiempo de exposición de 40 min. Bajo estas condiciones, se encontraron un total de 20 compuestos aromáticos activos, donde se destacan el E-2-octenal, E-heptanal, (E,E)-3,5-octadien-2-ona, ácido hexanóico y (E,E)-2,4-heptadienal como los componentes con mayor aporte a la formación del aroma del aceite de sacha inchi.

Abstract The active aromatic components from commercial samples of sacha inchi oil obtained from Santa Rosa de Osos (Antioquia, Colombia) crops were identified by solid phase microextraction technique coupled to gas chromatography, mass spectrometry, and olfactometry (HS -SPME-GC-MS-O). In the optimization of the extraction technique, the following conditions were defined: SPME fiber of divinylbenzene/carboxen/ polydimethylsiloxane (DVB/CAR/PDMS), extraction temperature 50 °C, and exposure time 40 min. Under these conditions, a total of 20 active aromatic compounds were found, which include E-2-octenal, E-heptanal, (E,E)-3,5-octadien-2-one, hexanoic acid and (E,E)-2,4-heptadienal as the components with the greatest contribution to the aroma formation of sacha inchi oil.

Resumo Os componentes de aroma ativos de amostras comerciais de óleo de sacha inchi obtidos de Santa Rosa de Osos (Antioquia, Colômbia) foram separados pela técnica de microextração em fase sólida acoplada a cromatografia gasosa, espectrometria de massas e olfatometria para a identificação (HS-SPME-GC-MS-O). Na otimização da técnica de extração, foram definidas as seguintes condições: fibra de SPME de divinilbenzeno/carboxeno/polidimetilsiloxano (DVB/CAR/PDMS), temperatura de extração 50 °C e tempo de exposição de 40 min. Nestas condições, foi encontrado um total de 20 compostos de aroma ativos no óleo, que incluem E-2-octenal, E-heptanal, (E,E)-3,5-octadien-2-ona, ácido hexanoico e (E,E)-2,4 heptadienal como os componentes com maior contribuição para a formação do aroma.

Resumen Como consecuencia del proceso de conversión profunda empleado en el Complejo Petroquímico General de División José Antonio Anzoátegui- Venezuela, se obtiene actualmente un sub producto de refinación denominado coque de petróleo, al cual se le ha dado poca aplicabilidad en el país. Ante esta premisa se planteó el uso del coque de petróleo como aditivo dispersante en fluidos de perforación base agua. Así, una vez molido, tamizado y desulfurado el coque de petróleo, se conocieron sus componentes mediante una Espectroscopia de Infrarrojo (IR), observándose grupos carboxilos, alifáticos, aromáticos y coque. Seguidamente se formularon 4 tipos de fluidos de perforación a concentración de coque de petróleo de 1,5; 2; 2,5; y 3 (g) para conocer el cambio de las propiedades reológicas a partir de un fluido blanco (sin dispersante), se asumió una reducción de 50% de dichas propiedades como criterio de calidad, obteniéndose una reducción máxima de 47,76 % al adicionar 2 g de coque. No obstante, mediante la prueba estadística no paramétrica de Friedman, se demostró que no existe diferencia significativa entre las propiedades reológicas obtenidas a esta concentración (2 g) y el obtenido utilizando lignosulfonato comercial como dispersante. Concluyéndose que el coque de petróleo puede considerarse un eficiente dispersante.

Abstract As a result of profound conversion process used in the General Petrochemical Complex Jose Antonio Anzoátegui- Venezuela, you are currently obtains a sub product called petroleum coke refining, which has been given little applicability in the country. Given this premise the use of petroleum coke was raised as a dispersant additive in drilling fluids water base. Thus a milling sieving and desulfurized petroleum coke time, its components met by Infrared Spectroscopy (IR), showing carboxyl groups, aliphatic, aromatic and coke. Then they made 4 types of drilling fluids varying concentrations of petroleum coke in 1.5; 2; 2.5; and 3 (g) for the change of rheological properties from a white fluid (no dispersant), a 50% reduction of properties such as quality criterion assumed, resulting in a reduction of 47.76% maximum by adding 2 g of coke. However, by the non-parametric Friedman statistical test, it was shown that there is no significant difference between the rheological properties obtained at this concentration (2 g) and obtained using commercial lignosulfonate as a dispersant. It concluded that petroleum coke can be considered an efficient dispersant.

Resumen Los hidrocarburos aromáticos policíclicos (HAPs) causan problemas en la salud de los seres humanos y seres vivos, por lo que se requiere un monitoreo de estos compuestos en matrices ambientales. Este trabajo propone un método analítico para analizar el antraceno (AN) y el benzopireno (BAP), los hidrocarburos más representativos en concentraciones de ultra trazas en el agua, empleando inyección directa en grandes volúmenes en muestras acopladas a la fase inversa con cromatografía líquida de alto rendimiento. Por tal razón, se utilizó el análisis de componentes principales para examinar el comportamiento de AN y BAP en el sistema cromatográfico. Los resultados mostraron que el comportamiento cromatográfico de AN y BAP podría describirse por medio de tres modelos que representan su identificación, la cuantificación de AN y de BAP, respectivamente. Se examinaron los factores que afectan a los modelos obtenidos, como el volumen de inyección, la temperatura de la columna, la tasa de flujo, la fuerza de la fase móvil, y las longitudes de las ondas de excitación y emisión, y se optimizaron mediante el diseño de experimentos. Finalmente, se validó el método analítico, obteniendo límites de detección y cuantificación. Se demostró que el método analítico desarrollado fue útil para el análisis sensible de los analitos en matrices de agua natural relativamente limpia.

Abstract Due to the health risks for both humans and living beings caused by polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), the monitoring of these compounds in environmental matrices is mandatory. This work proposes an analytical method for analyzing anthracene (AN) and benzo[a]pyrene (BaP), two of the most representative PAHs, at ultra-trace concentrations in water, employing direct injection of large volumes of samples coupled with reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatography. For this purpose, principal component analysis was used to examine the behavior of AN and BaP within the chromatographic system. Results showed that AN and BaP chromatographic behavior can be described by three models representing their identification, the quantification of AN and that of BaP, respectively. The factors affecting the obtained models, such as the injection volume, column temperature, flow rate, strength of the mobile phase, and the excitation and emission wavelengths, were examined and optimized by means of design of experiments. Finally, the analytical method was validated, obtaining promising limits of detection and quantification. The developed analytical method was demonstrated to be useful for a sensitive analysis of the target analytes in relatively clean natural water matrices.

Resumo Devido aos riscos para a saúde tanto para humanos como para os seres vivos em geral causados pelos hidrocarbonos aromáticos policíclicos (HAPs), o monitoramento de estes compostos em matrizes ambientais é prioritário. Este trabalho propõem um método analítico para analisar antraceno (AN) e benzo[a]pireno (BaP), dois dos hidrocarbonos mais representativos, em concentrações de ultra traços em água, empregando injeções diretas de grandes volumes de amostra acoplada a cromatografia líquida de alta eficiência em fase reversa. Usando Análises por Componentes Principais e desenho experimental, foram avaliados os efeitos de diversos fatores que afetam o sistema cromatográfico, tais como o volume de injeção, a temperatura da coluna, fluxo, forca da fase móvel e comprimentos de onda de excitação e emissão. Os resultados demonstraram que o comportamento cromatográfico de AN e BaP pode ser descrito por meio de três que representam sua identificação, quantificação de AN e de BaP, respectivamente. Os resultados mostraram que o comportamento cromatográfico de NA e BAP poderia ser descrito por meio de três modelos que representam sua identificação, a quantificação de NA e de BAP, respectivamente. Examinaram-se os fatores que afetam aos modelos obtidos, como o volume de injeção, a temperatura da coluna, a taxa de fluxo, a forca da fase móvel, e as longitudes das ondas de excitação e emissão, e se otimizaram mediante o desenho experimental. Finalmente, se validou o m todo analítico, obtendo os limites de detecção e quantificação. O método analítico desenvolvido demonstrou ser útil para uma análise sensível para os compostos de interesse em matrizes de água natural relativamente limpas.