RESUMEN Entre las malezas que interfieren en el crecimiento y desarrollo del sorgo dulce se destaca el amor seco, especialmente por presentar alta capacidad competitiva por los recursos disponibles en el medio. El objetivo de este estudio es comparar la capacidad competitiva del sorgo dulce (Sorghum bicolor) frente al papunga (Bidens pilosa), en función de la proporción de cultivo y planta. Los experimentos se realizaron en un invernadero en un diseño completamente al azar, con cuatro repeticiones. Los tratamientos se organizaron en series de reemplazo en las proporciones de 100: 0, 75:25, 50:50, 25:75 y 0: 100% (sorgo: maleza) que correspondieron a 20:0, 15:5, 10:10, 5:15 y 0:20 plantas por maceta con volumen de 8 dm3 de sorgo dulce (cultivares BRS 506, BRS 509 o BRS 511) contra B. pilosa. Cincuenta días después de la emergencia, se evaluaron el área foliar de la planta (LA), la masa seca de los brotes (MS), la fotosíntesis (A) y la transpiración (E). La capacidad competitiva se analizó utilizando el método de análisis gráfico, construyendo diagramas basados en la productividad total y relativa. También se determinaron la competitividad, el coeficiente de agrupamiento y la agresividad. Los cultivares de sorgo, en general, fueron menos competitivos en todas las proporciones de B. pilosa. Hubo pequeñas diferencias en la capacidad competitiva entre los cultivares de sorgo; BRS 509 demostró ser ligeramente más competitivo que BRS 506 y BRS 511 frente al B. pilosa a. Sin embargo, es poco probable que esto proporcione una ventaja competitiva para BRS 509 en los campos de producción, por lo que B. pilosa a debe controlarse de manera eficiente al principio del ciclo de cultivo para evitar pérdidas de productividad, independientemente del cultivar de sorgo.

ABSTRACT Among the weeds that interfere with the growth and development of sweet sorghum, beggar ticks stands out, because it has a high competitive capacity for the available resources. This study aims to compare the competitive ability of sweet sorghum (Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench) against hairy beggarticks (Bidens pilosa L.), as a function of cultivar and plant proportion. Experiments were conducted in a greenhouse in a completely randomized design with four replications and six treatments. Treatments were arranged in replacement series in the proportions of 100:0, 75:25, 50:50, 25:75, and 0:100% (sorghum:weed) equivalent to 20:0, 15:5, 10:10, 5:15 and 0:20 plants per pot with 8 dm3 capacity of sweet sorghum (cultivars ‘BRS 506’, ‘BRS 509’ or ‘BRS 511’) against hairy beggarticks. Fifty days after emergence, plant leaf area (LA), aboveground dry mass (DM), photosynthesis (A), and transpiration rates (E) were measured. Competitive ability was analyzed by using the graphical analysis method and building diagrams based on total and relative productivity. Competitiveness, clustering coefficient, and aggressiveness were also determined. Sorghum cultivars, in general, showed losses independently of the proportion of hairy beggarticks. Statistical analysis showed small differences in competitive ability among sorghum cultivars; ‘BRS 509’ was also demonstrated to be slightly more competitive than ‘BRS 506’ and ‘BRS 511’ against hairy beggarticks. This, however, is unlikely to provide a competitive advantage for ‘BRS 509’ in production fields, and hairy beggarticks should be efficiently controlled early in the crop cycle to avoid productivity losses, independently of the sorghum cultivar.

ABSTRACT Background: Factors determining the coexistence of species have been recognized since Darwin, but empirical studies have brought the relationship between niche similarity and competition into question. Knowing the mechanisms of coexistence makes it possible to predict biological invasions and determine better species combinations for the restoration and recovery of degraded areas. The aim of this study was to test the competition-relatedness hypothesis for semiarid tree species. Thus, an experiment was carried out with a phylogenetic gradient of tree species, planted in pairs. The phylogenetically closest pair consisted of congeneric species of the same clade, the intermediate pair comprised congeneric species of distinct clades, and the more distant pair were species of the same family. Results: Our results show that the phylogenetically closest and the more distant pairs corroborated the competition-relatedness hypothesis, but the presence of one species with high competitive ability in the intermediate pair caused an unexpected pattern. Conclusion: Niche differences are important for coexistence, but it is necessary to know the competitive ability of each species and the specific associations that are more productive to improve the efficiency of restoration programs and to reveal the degree of aggressiveness in the case of invasive species.

This study analyzes the relationship between entrepreneurial orientation and performance, moderated by the absorptive capacity of hotels, evaluating the impact that these variables generate on the performance of the hotels surveyed. Descriptive research was carried out by means of a survey, with a quantitative approach, with 88 hotel managers located in the city of Florianópolis, in the state of Santa Catarina / Brazil. The constructs were measured using seven-point scale indicators. The dimensionality of the scales was evaluated by means of factorial analysis. The tests of influence of the absorptive capacity on the entrepreneurial orientation were carried out through analyzes elaborated with the factorial scores generated from the factors extracted in the Exploratory Factor Analysis. The results showed that there is a direct correlation between the independent variable "Entrepreneurial Orientation" (EO) and the dependent variable "Business Performance" (BP) and between the variable absorbing capacity (ACAP*EO) and the dependent variable "Business Performance" (BP). However, no direct relationship was found between the independent variable absorptive capacity (ACAP) and the dependent variable "Business Performance" (BP). Thus, it is concluded that the relationship found in this work can be considered as moderator pure. However, the regression coefficient of the interaction was negative, evidencing, for the sample surveyed, that the absorptive capacity decreased the effects of the entrepreneurial orientation on the performance of the hotels located in the beaches, which may be related to the competitive aggressiveness adopted by these companies. It was observed that the EO dimensions of "innovation, risk-taking, proactivity and autonomy" positively influence performance.

Este estudio analiza la relación entre la orientación emprendedora y el desempeño moderada por la capacidad absortiva de los hoteles, evaluando el impacto que esas variables generan en el desempeño de los hoteles investigados. Se realizó una investigación descriptiva por medio del levantamiento de datos, con un abordaje cuantitativo junto a 88 gestores de hoteles localizados en la ciudad de Florianópolis, en el estado de Santa Catarina (Brasil). Los constructos fueron medidos a través de indicadores formados por una escala de siete puntos. La dimensión de las escalas fue evaluada por medio del análisis factorial. Los tests de influencia de la capacidad absortiva sobre la orientación emprendedora fueron realizados por medio de análisis elaborados con los escores factoriales generados a partir de los factores extraídos en el Análisis Factorial Exploratorio. Los resultados revelaron que existe una correlación directa entre la variable independiente Orientación Emprendedora (OE) y la variable dependiente Desempeño Empresarial (DE), y entre la variable moderadora capacidad absortiva (ACAP*OE) y la variable dependiente Desempeño Empresarial (DE). Aunque no se encontró una relación directa entre la variable independiente capacidad absortiva (ACAP) y la variable dependiente Desempeño Empresarial (DE). De esa forma, se concluye que la relación encontrada en este trabajo puede ser considerada como moderadora pura. En tanto que el coeficiente de regresión de la interacción fue negativo, evidenciando para la muestra investigada, que la capacidad absortiva disminuyó los efectos de la orientación emprendedora sobre el desempeño de los hoteles localizados en las playas, lo que puede estar relacionado con la agresividad competitiva adoptada por estas empresas. Se observó que las dimensiones de OE innovación, capacidad de asumir riesgos, proactividad y autonomía influyen de manera positiva en el desempeño.

RESUMO: Este trabalho teve como objetivo determinar a interação competitiva de cultivares de sorgo sacarino com biótipos de papuã e de leiteiro. Os ensaios foram instalados em delineamento completamente casualizado, replicados quatro vezes. Os tratamentos foram dispostos em série substitutiva nas proporções de 100:0, 75:25, 50:50, 25:75 e 0:100%, o que equivaleu a 20:0, 15:5, 10:10, 5:15 e 0:20 plantas vaso-1 de sorgo sacarino (cultivares BRS 506, BRS 509 e BRS 511) com as plantas daninhas (papuã ou leiteiro). A área foliar (AF) e a massa seca (MS) das plantas de sorgo sacarino, do papuã e do leiteiro foram determinadas aos 50 dias após emergência das espécies. Os dados relativos às habilidades competitivas foram analisadas através do método da análise gráfica, construindo-se diagramas baseados nas produtividades ou variações relativas e totais. Determinaram-se também os índices de competitividade, coeficiente de agrupamento e agressividade, todos eles relativos. Ocorreu competição pelos mesmos recursos do meio entre os cultivares de sorgo sacarino e as plantas daninhas, com prejuízo mútuo às espécies envolvidas na comunidade. O leiteiro e o papuã modificaram de forma negativa a AF e a MS da cultura, demonstrando habilidade competitiva superior pelos recursos do ambiente. O leiteiro foi menos competitivo que os cultivares de sorgo sacarino, enquanto o papuã apresentou maior competitividade do que eles. Os maiores prejuízos para as variáveis AF e MS foram observados quando as espécies estiveram em competição interespecífica, em relação à competição intraespecífica.

ABSTRACT: The objective of this work was to determine the competitive interaction of sweet sorghum cultivars BRS 506, BRS509, and BRS 511 with biotypes of Alexandergrass and wild poinsettia. The adopted experimental design was the randomized block one, with four replications. Treatments were arranged in a substitution series by proportions of 100:0, 75:25, 50:50, 25:75, and 0:100%, corresponding to 20:0, 15:5, 10:10, 5:15 and 0:20 plant per pot of sweet sorghum (cultivars BRS 506, BRS 509 and BRS 511) withweeds (Alexander grass/wild poinsettia). The leaf area (LA) and dry matter (DM) of sweet sorghum, Alexandergrass and wild poinsettia plants were determined 50 days after emergence. Data about competitive abilities were analysed through the graphical analysis method, constructing diagrams based on yield or relative and total variations. Indices of relative competitiveness, clustering coefficient and aggressiveness were also determined; all of them were relative indices. There was competition for the same environmental resources between sweet sorghum cultivars and weeds, with mutual injury to the species involved in the community. Wild poinsettia and Alexandergrass negatively modified the LA and DM of the crop, demonstrating a greater competitive ability for the resources that are available in the environment. Wild poinsettia was less competitive than sweet sorghum cultivars, while Alexandergrass showed higher competitive ability than them. The highest losses for the LA and DM variables were observed when species were in interspecies competition rather than intraspecies competition.

Un nuevo tipo de trabajador viene siendo requerido por las organizaciones de la actualidad en función del clima psicosocial intenso de competencia y rivalidad. En este duro contexto, los trabajadores necesitan detener no solo las habilidades técnicas, sino también un fuerte espíritu competitivo y de agresividad para mantener sus empleos, lo que puede generar situaciones de acoso laboral. El acoso laboral es una violencia que puede denigrar la imagen, descalificar y humillar a la víctima, en función de haber un desequilibrio de poderes entre el agresor y el asediado. Al entender la gestión de personas como área responsable por los procesos organizacionales referentes a la relación del conocimiento humano en las organizaciones, se tiene la comprensión del papel fundamental de ésta en la prevención y combate al acoso laboral. Este trabajo tuvo como objetivo presentar las relaciones entre políticas y prácticas de gestión de personas y la prevención y combate del acoso laboral en organizaciones saludables. Estas relaciones fueron demostradas por medio de construcciones teóricas a partir de una revisión bibliográfica. Se comprende las organizaciones como construcciones humanas y la manera como las personas hacen operativo los modos de gestión es que se puede o no favorecer el acoso laboral. En organizaciones cuyos gestores prioricen la felicidad, los trabajadores son comprendidos como un factor contributivo y decisivo a la construcción de organizaciones tenidas como saludables y con un ambiente no propicio al acoso laboral.

A new type of worker is being requested these days by organizations due to the intense organizational culture and psychosocial environment of today’s competitive world. In this context, workers need not only to possess technical skills, but also a strong sense of competition and aggressiveness to keep their jobs, which could lead to bullying. Bullying is a form of violence which can disqualify, humiliate and degrade the victim’s image owing to the presence of an unbalanced power between the aggressor and the bullied. Since employee relations is an area responsible for organizational processes referring to human behavior in these organizations, it is possible to understand the important role this area plays in the prevention and counteracting of bullying. This paper addresses the relations between policies and practices in employee relations and the prevention and management of bullying in healthy organizations, using a theoretical framework based on a review of the literature. Organizations are created by human beings, and the way people operationalize these forms of management may or may not lead to bullying. In companies where managers prioritize happiness, workers are seen as a contributing and decisive factor to build healthy organizations, in an environment that discourages bullying.

Resumo O artigo analisou a orientação empreendedora (OE) em suas dimensões – comportamento inovador, assunção de riscos, proatividade, autonomia, agressividade competitiva e redes de relações – e sua associação com o desempenho das empresas graduadas das incubadoras brasileiras. De modo específico, objetivou-se comparar os resultados desse estudo com o encontrado por A. C. M. Z. Santos e Alves (2009), a partir dos modelos de Miller (1983) e Lumpkin e Dess (1996). Utilizou-se a abordagem quantitativa e a técnica de modelagem de equações estruturais para uma amostra de 128 empresas do Brasil. Os principais resultados evidenciaram que a OE constitui-se como um modelo unidimensional, divergente do encontrado por A. C. M. Z. Santos e Alves (2009) em empresas incubadas. Verificou-se que a dimensão que contribuiu mais fortemente para a existência da OE foi a autonomia, e que as redes de relações, dimensão não mencionada até então pelos estudos anteriores, colaboraram de forma análoga às demais dimensões para a composição da OE.

Abstract The article analyzed the entrepreneurial orientation (EO) in its dimensions - innovative behavior, risk taking, proactiveness, autonomy, competitive aggressiveness and networks of relationships - and its association with the performance of firms that have graduated from Brazilian incubators. Specifically, this study aimed to compare its results with those found by A. C. M. Z. Santos and Alves (2009), from Miller's models (1983) and Lumpkin and Dess (1996). We used a quantitative approach and the technique of structural equation modeling for a sample of 128 Brazilian firms. The main results showed that EO is on a unidimensional model, which diverges from that found by A. C. M. Z. Santos and Alves (2009) in incubated firms. We found that the dimension which strongly contributed to the existence of EO was independence and that networks of relationships, a dimension heretofore unmentioned in previous studies, worked similarly to other dimensions for EO composition.

A espécie Solanum americanum (maria-pretinha) é considerada planta daninha; por possuir elevada habilidade competitiva e agressividade, ela reduz a produtividade dos cultivos. O trabalho foi conduzido em casa de vegetação e objetivou analisar o crescimento e a partição de assimilados em plantas de maria-pretinha submetidas a três níveis de sombreamento. As plantas foram coletadas em intervalos regulares de sete dias após o transplante até o final do ciclo, sendo determinada a massa seca e a área foliar. A partir dos dados primários, foi aplicada a análise de crescimento, sendo calculados a massa seca total (Wt), as taxas de produção de matéria seca (Ct), crescimento relativo (Rw) e assimilatória líquída (Ea), o índice de área foliar (L), as razões de área foliar (Fa) e massa foliar (Fw), a área foliar específica (Sa), a partição de matéria seca entre órgãos e o número de frutos. Plantas de maria-pretinha cresceram e se desenvolveram melhor sob condição intermediária de luz (65%), em que atingiram maior Wt, Ct, L, Fa, matéria seca de caule, matéria seca de fruto e maior número de frutos, enquanto a luz plena e a redução da luminosidade em nível acentuado, de maneira mais marcante, afetaram negativamente o crescimento e o desenvolvimento, o que possivelmente pode influenciar a habilidade competitiva da maria-pretinha.

The species Solanum americanum (mary-nightshade) is considered a weed whose highly competitive ability and aggressiveness reduce crop productivity. This work was conducted under greenhouse conditions aiming to analyze the growth and partitioning of assimilates in mary-nightshade plants subjected to three levels of shading. The plants were collected at regular intervals of seven days after transplantation until the end of the cycle, with dry mass and leaf area being determined. Based on primary data , growth analysis was carried out to calculate total dry matter production (Wt), dry matter production rates (Ct), relative growth (R-w), net assimilation (Ea), leaf area index (L), relative growth of leaf area and ratios of leaf area (Fa) and leaf mass (Fw), specific leaf area (Sa) and dry matter partitioning between organs. Mary-nightshade plants showed a better growth and development under intermediate light conditions (35% shade), reaching higher Wt, Ct, L, Fa, stem dry matter, fruit dry matter and number of fruit. Full light and reduction of light at a more accentuated level had a negative effect on growth and development, a fact that may influence the competitive ability of these plants.

Este artigo apresenta proposições preliminares sobre ações para o desenvolvimento da Orientação Empreendedora OE em empresas de software. Para isso, apresenta, após uma retomada conceitual, um breve panorama da OE no setor de Tecnologia de Informação TI , a partir da visão de especialistas. Num segundo momento, explora como se dá esse comportamento em 2 empresas de software; e finalmente apresenta proposições preliminares para o desenvolvimento desse comportamento em empresas do setor. O método de pesquisa consistiu em estudo exploratório e qualitativo, realizado em 2 etapas: a primeira envolveu entrevista em profundidade com 3 especialistas do setor de TI do estado do Rio Grande do Sul, na busca de uma percepção sobre a OE no setor; a segunda contou com entrevistas em profundidade com 2 empresários do setor de software, buscando melhor compreender como ocorre a OE nessas empresas. Os resultados apontam proposições iniciais sobre o desenvolvimento da OE em empresas do setor, contribuindo, assim, para o debate sobre ações de estímulo ao empreendedorismo no contexto de empresas de software.

The article presents preliminary propositions on actions for developing Entrepreneurial Orientation (EO) in companies which are in the software business. Therefore it brings a conceptual retaken on EO before stating a brief panorama of the entrepreneurship in the sector of Information Technology (IT) from the perspective of specialists. In the sequence the EO is exploited in 2 software businesses company and finally preliminary propositions for developing this behavior in this sector are presented. The researching method is constituted by an exploratory and qualitative study carried out in 2 stages: the first one involves interviews in depth with 3 specialists of the sector of IT in the state of the Rio Grande do Sul, that aims at searching perceptions about EO in the sector; the second step conveys interviews in depth with 2 entrepreneurs from software firms in order to search better understanding on how EO in these organizations occurs. The results point to initial propositions on developing EO in software companies in order to contribute with the debate about which actions stimulate the entrepreneurship in the context of those companies.

A construção da barragem de Itaipu, 150 km a jusante do salto de Sete Quedas, resultou no afogamento da barreira geográfica natural com conseqüente invasão de Serrasalmus marginatus no trecho superior do rio. Este evento foi seguido pela redução na abundância da espécie nativa, S. spilopleura. A análise da atividade reprodutiva dessas espécies revelou que, nos ambientes lóticos, S. marginatus apresentou atividade reprodutiva muito intensa enquanto a atividade de S. spilopleura foi nula. Isto provavelmente possibilitou à espécie invasora ocupar novos ambientes do alto rio Paraná, usando o rio como porta de entrada. No período de 1987-1988 ocorreu forte redução na atividade reprodutiva de S. spilopleura, interpretada como reflexo do efeito negativo da interação com a espécie invasora. A agressividade de S. marginatus no cuidado da prole e na defesa do território de alimentação pode ter sido o fator determinante de sua superioridade competitiva e, conseqüentemente, de seu sucesso na colonização do Paraná superior. Além da interferência negativa de S. marginatus, uma possível falha no recrutamento de S. spilopleura pode ter beneficiado a colonização da planície de inundação pela espécie invasora.

Construction of the Itaipu Dam, 150 km downstream from Sete Quedas Falls, resulted in the drowning of that natural geographic barrier, with consequent invasion of Serrasalmus marginatus in the upper stream. This event was followed by the reduction in the abundance of the native species, S. spilopleura. Analyzes of reproductive activity these species revealed that in lotic waters S. marginatus had a very intense reproductive activity while activity of S. spilopleura was nil. This, probably made it possible for the invading species to occupy new environments into the Upper Paraná River, using the river as an entry port. In the 1987-1988 period there was a marked decline in reproductive activity of S. spilopleura reflecting the negative effects of its interaction with the invading species, S. marginatus. The assertiveness of S. marginatus in caring for its offspring and aggressiveness in establishing its feeding territory may be the determining factor for its competitive superiority over S. spilopleura, and consequently its success in colonizing the Upper Paraná River. In addition to the negative interference of S. marginatus, a possible recruitment failure of S. spilopleura could have benefited the colonization of the floodplain by the invader species.

Se determinó el comportamiento agresivo a corto plazo de los corales escleractinios del arrecife La Blanquilla, Sistema Arrecifal Veracruzano, en el Golfo de México por medio de pares experimentales interespecíficos en condiciones de acuario y campo, así como de la observación directa de encuentros interespecíficos naturales. Las especies de coral fueron caracterizadas como altamente agresivas, moderadamente agresivas y no muy agresivas, estableciéndose una jerarquía en la que se incluyen dos anillos competitivos en los cuales las especies tienen una capacidad agresiva similar. La digestión extracelentérica fue el mecanismo de agresión más frecuentemente observado. La especie más agresiva fue Mussa angulosa y la menos agresiva Oculina diffusa. Aparentemente existe una relación directa entre la capacidad agresiva y la cobertura relativa de las tres especies más abundantes a profundidades entre 4-9 m Montastraea cavernosa, Colpophyllia natans y M. annularis, ya que todas fueron clasificadas como altamente agresivas, tienen un crecimiento masivo y una cobertura relativa alta. Siderastrea siderea es la única especie dominante que no fue clasificada como altamente agresiva, por lo que su cobertura alta es debida a otros factores.

The short-term aggressive behavior of scleractinian corals from La Blanquilla Reef, Veracruz Reef System, Gulf of Mexico was determined. Unilateral aggression, bilateral aggression and indifference were observed through experimental interspecific encounters in situ, in aquarium conditions and through direct observation of natural encounters on the reef. Species were characterized as highly aggressive, moderately aggressive and not very aggressive establishing a hierarchy with two competitive rings representing similar aggressive abilities among some species. Most observations of aggression were of extracoelenteric digestion. Mussa angulosa was the most aggressive species and Oculina diffusa the least. Apparently there is a direct relationship among aggressiveness and relative coverage as three of the most abundant corals at dephts of 4-9 m Montastraea cavernosa, Colpophyllia natans and Montastraea annularis, are all highly aggressive, have massive growth and have a high relative coverage. Siderastrea siderea is the only dominant species that was not ranked as highly aggressive; its high coverage is due to other reasons.