Universities face the challenges of substantial reforms such as new managerialism, corporatism, neoliberalism, McDonaldisation, entrepreneurialism, massification, decolonisation, and many other approaches, philosophies, and practices that influence the original idea of the university. In competitive environments, new managerialism in the public sector can be a means of achieving more efficient, flexible, and adaptable management, thus, the permeation and manifestation of new managerialism in public higher education engender business practices and private-sector ideas. Furthermore, these transformations include globalisation and internationalisation, mass participation and vocational credentialing; business-like administration and internal product and performance regimes; quasi-market competition between institutions; and the part marketisation of teaching and research and services. These managerialist ideas, embedded in a neo-liberal conception of globalisation, have specific implications for higher education in the sense that they have the potential to limit contribution to future public administration research and graduate products to serve as public servants. Compounding the situation is academic capitalism, academic entrepreneurs, entrepreneurial academics and the commodification and commoditisation of a public good (education). Furthermore, even research universities seem to be giving way to entrepreneurial universities and are associated with the emergence of corporate universities. The university's entrepreneurial behaviour is seen in professors' perspectives on the university's role in knowledge dissemination -innovation agents being entrepreneurial academics and academic entrepreneurs - the former resembles innovative university members, while the latter resembles a typical start-up entrepreneur. This "Stalinist plan or new managerialism or new functionalism" and entrepreneurialism represents a healthy capitalist enterprise and propel thinking about whether or not universities pursue epistemologies, ontological scholarship, research and curriculum to improve public administration. This conceptual paper identifies complexities in propelling universities to a higher fitness landscape in producing public administration research and graduates. This is because a public university now fends for itself as it influences distinctive segments of the economy and militates against origins of public administration.

Abstract The Aprendizados Agrícolas [Agricultural Learnings] were created based on Decree no. 8.319 of 1910, with the objective of elementary agricultural training. Until 1934, such institutions were in competition with another model of elementary agricultural education, the Patronatos Agrícolas. In this article, using laws, decrees, regulations and ministerial reports, I present a reflection on the reform of agricultural education that occurred in 1934, which created a specific body within the Ministry of Agriculture, Industry and Commerce (MAIC) to manage the agricultural education, the Agricultural Education Directorate (DEA). This reform demonstrated a change in the thinking of those who created the laws, with a resumption of the Learning model, consolidating it.

Resumo Os Aprendizados Agrícolas foram criados a partir do Decreto nº 8.319, de 1910, com o objetivo de formação elementar agrícola. Tais instituições tiveram até o ano de 1934 a concorrência de um outro modelo de ensino agrícola elementar, os Patronatos Agrícolas. Neste artigo, utilizando-me de leis, decretos, regulamentos e relatórios ministeriais, apresento uma reflexão sobre a reforma do ensino agrícola ocorrida em 1934, a qual criou um órgão específico dentro do Ministério da Agricultura, Indústria e Comércio (MAIC) para gerenciar o ensino agrícola, a Diretoria de Ensino Agrícola (DEA). Esta reforma demonstrou uma mudança no pensamento dos que confeccionavam as leis, havendo uma retomada do modelo de Aprendizados, consolidando-o.

Resumen Los Aprendizados Agrícolas [Aprendizajes Agrícolas] fueron creados con base en lo Decreto No. 8.319 de 1910, con el objetivo de la formación agrícola elemental. Hasta 1934, tales instituciones competían con otro modelo de educación agrícola elemental, los Patronatos Agrícolas. En este artículo, a partir de leyes, decretos, reglamentos e informes ministeriales, presento una reflexión sobre la reforma de la educación agrícola ocurrida en 1934, que creó un organismo específico dentro del Ministerio de Agricultura, Industria y Comercio (MAIC) para gestionar la educación agrícola, la Dirección de Educación Agropecuaria (DEA). Esta reforma demostró un cambio en el pensamiento de quienes crearon las leyes, con una retomada del modelo de Aprendizados, consolidándolo.

BACKGROUND: Ideas have become the new battleground for small and medium enterprises' (SME) success. In the digital age, competition is no longer focussed on information but on how they can compete to generate inventive ideas. AIM: This study investigates the impact of founders' imaginativeness on SME performance. The mediating influence of strategic flexibility, moderating SME resources and intra-organisational knowledge sharing determines the relationship between imaginativeness and SME performance. SETTING: The evolving landscape of competition in the digital age, where the ability to generate innovative ideas has become paramount for SMEs. Recognising the significance of founders' imaginativeness in driving business performance, the study seeks to delve deeper into this relationship. METHODS: The study employed a quantitative approach to investigate the relationship between founder imaginativeness and SME performance, utilizing data from 98 Indonesian SMEs. RESULTS: The findings indicate that founder imaginativeness is one of the important points in SME performance. Furthermore, strategic flexibility mediates the impact of imaginativeness on SME performance, whereas intra-organisational knowledge sharing and resources moderate the impact of imaginativeness on SME performance. CONCLUSION: The findings offer practical insights for SMEs navigating the digital age, highlighting the importance of fostering founder imaginativeness. enhancement strategies. Using a psychoanalysis lens and a combination of several theories, this study emphasises the significance of fostering a culture conducive to imaginative thinking and knowledge sharing within SMEs. CONTRIBUTION: By cultivating a culture that values creativity, collaboration, and continuous learning, SMEs can create an environment that fosters innovation and long-term success, driving organisational performance and growth.

Tans word die aarde en sy inwoners met 'n dreigende omgewingskatastrofe gekonfronteer. Ten spyte van merkwaardige tegnologiese vooruitgang en gesofistikeerde ekonomiese strategiee versleg die situasie teen 'n ontstellende tempo. Die toenemende vraag na hoer lewenstandaarde vererger die uitbuiting van hulpbronne, wat tot omgewingsagteruitgang bydra. Menslike hebsug en interpersoonlike kompetisie dryf die vinnige onttrekking van natuurlike hulpbronne, wat tot die degradasie van die planeet se ekologiese grondslag lei. Juis hierom lê die oplossing nie in verhoogde of gematigde tegnologiese vooruitgang, intensiewe opvoedingsprogramme of in vernuwende ekonomiese teoriee nie, maar eerder in die verandering van menslike houdings en aspirasies. Laasgenoemde word deurdringend deur sosio-ekonomiese en kultureel-historiese kontekste beïnvloed. In hierdie konteks speel godsdiens 'n deurslaggewende rol in die vorming van individue se wêreldbeskouings. Die meeste godsdienstige leerstellings bepleit die verantwoordelike gebruik van hulpbronne, sowel as liefde en respek teenoor ander mense. Indien omgewingsbewaring en sorg vir ander as kernbeginsels tesame met waarskuwing teen hebsug en die gevare van rykdom meer aktief omarm is, kon die huidige omgewingskrisis vermy gewees het.

The earth and its inhabitants are facing an impending environmental catastrophe. Despite remarkable technological advancements and sophisticated economic strategies, the situation continues to worsen at an alarming rate. The growing demand for higher living standards exacerbates the exploitation of resources, contributing to environmental degradation. Human greed and interpersonal competition drive the rapid extraction of natural resources, leading to the degradation of the planet's ecological foundation. Therefore, the solution does not lie in enhanced or restrained technological progress, educational programmes or new economic theories but in transforming human attitudes and aspirations, profoundly shaped by socio-economic and cultural-historical contexts. In this context, religion plays a crucial role in shaping individuals' worldviews. Most religious teachings advocate for the responsible use of resources, together with love and respect towards other human beings. If these core principles of environmental stewardship and care for others, along with the warnings against greed and the dangers of wealth, were more actively embraced, the current environmental crisis could have been avoided.

RESUMO O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar a interação competitiva entre híbridos de milho na presença de D. insularis, por meio de experimentos em série substitutiva. Os experimentos foram conduzidos em delineamento de blocos ao acaso, com quatro repetições. Seis híbridos de milho foram utilizados, e a densidade de plantas dos híbridos de milho e D. insularis foi previamente determinada para uma produção final constante de 463 plantas m-2. A competição foi prejudicial ao crescimento das plantas para ambas as espécies. A competição e a demanda por recursos ambientais foram as mesmas para híbridos de milho em competição com D. insularis. Digitaria insularis afetou negativamente as características fisiológicas dos híbridos de milho, independentemente da densidade de plantas na associação. Os híbridos apresentaram maior crescimento relativo do que a planta daninha. No entanto, o aumento da densidade de plantas daninhas diminuiu a concentração de nutrientes, principalmente P e K, nos híbridos de milho. Observou-se que existe competição entre milho e D. insularis pelos mesmos recursos no ambiente. A competição interespecífica foi mais pronunciada para os nutrientes N, P e K, e a competição intraespecífica foi mais pronunciada para Ca e Mg. D substitutiva acaso repetições utilizados 46 m2. m2 m 2. 2 m-2 espécies associação daninha entanto K Observouse Observou se ambiente N Mg 4 m-

ABSTRACT This study aimed to evaluate the competitive interaction between maize hybrids in the presence of Digitaria insularis through experiments in a series of substitutions. The experiments were conducted in a randomized block design with four replicates. Six maize hybrids were used, and the plant density of maize and D. insularis hybrids was set for constant final production of 463 plants m-2. Competition had a detrimental effect on plant growth in both species. Competition and demand for environmental resources were the same for maize hybrids competing with D. insularis. Digitaria insularis had a negative effect on the physiological characteristics of maize hybrids, regardless of the plant density in the association. The hybrids showed greater relative growth than the weed. However, the increase in weed density decreased the nutrient concentration, especially P and K, in maize hybrids. There was competition between maize and D. insularis for the same resources in the environment. Interspecific competition was more pronounced for nutrients N, P, and K, whereas intraspecific competition was more pronounced for Ca and Mg. substitutions replicates used D 46 m2. m2 m 2. 2 m-2 species association However concentration K environment N Mg 4 m-

ABSTRACT There is great interest in varieties with greater competitive ability against weeds. This can be facilitated by path analysis, which involves the statistical evaluation and interpretation of the relationship between yield and its components. In this analysis, the occurrence of multicollinearity results in inconsistent estimates of the coefficients, and overestimates of the direct effects of the explanatory variables on the response variable. The aim of this study was to identify the characteristics with the greatest direct effect on pod yield and green and dry bean yields in traditional cowpea varieties, evaluated in competition with weeds in two experiments. In addition, the presence of multicollinearity was investigated in the analyses. In Experiment-1, twelve varieties with the highest bean yields in a preliminary evaluation were assessed in a randomized block design with five replications. In Experiment-2, six varieties, selected in the preliminary evaluation, were assessed using two methods of weed management: three of the most productive and three of the least productive. Randomized blocks and split plots were used, with five replications. Multicollinearity, indicated by the number of conditions and the variance inflation values, was greater in Experiment-2. In the six cases under study (three yields x two experiments), the number of pods per plant had the greatest direct effect on yield. analysis components coefficients variable experiments addition analyses Experiment1, Experiment1 Experiment 1, 1 Experiment-1 replications Experiment2, Experiment2 2, 2 Experiment-2 management used Multicollinearity values Experiment2. 2. experiments, , experiments) Experiment-

Résumé Quel est le rôle de la Justice Électorale au Brésil ? Cette question a guidé de nombreux travaux sur la période démocratique actuelle. Cependant, la connaissance de la phase initiale de la Justice Électorale est presque inexistante. Cet article constitue une tentative préliminaire visant à élucider les “premiers pas” de la Justice Électorale dans la conduite de l’élection de 1933. En partant d’un cadre analytique centré sur quatre aspects - l’organisation de l’élection, l’impartialité, l’indépendance et l’élaboration des règles -, et grâce à une collecte de données inédites dans les journaux et les sources officielles, l’étude montre qu’à l’époque, la Justice Électorale présentait 1) un fort engagement dans les aspects organisationnels, bien qu’elle agissait dans des conditions de 2) partialité relative, surtout au niveau administratif local. Je conclus en proposant un programme de recherche pour les années à venir dans lequel le rôle de la Justice Électorale dans la conduite des élections est considéré comme l’axe central pour problématiser la démocratisation au Brésil au-delà des dimensions classiques (suffrage, vote secret, compétition politique) discutées dans la littérature. actuelle Cependant inexistante premiers pas lélection l élection 1933 dun d lorganisation organisation lélection, élection, limpartialité, limpartialité impartialité, impartialité l’impartialité lindépendance indépendance lélaboration élaboration , officielles létude étude quà qu lépoque, lépoque époque, époque l’époque 1 organisationnels quelle elle 2 relative local laxe axe audelà delà suffrage, suffrage (suffrage secret politique littérature 193 19

Abstract What is the role of the Electoral Justice in Brazil? This question has guided several studies on the current democratic period. However, there is almost no knowledge about the initial phase of the Electoral Justice. This article is a preliminary attempt to elucidate the “first steps” of the Electoral Justice in the conduct of the 1933 election. Based on an analytical framework centered on four aspects - organization of the election, impartiality, independence and rule-making - and through a survey of unpublished data from newspapers and official sources, the study shows that at the time the Electoral Justice was highly committed to organizational aspects, even though it acted in conditions of relative partiality, especially at the local administrative level. I conclude by proposing a research agenda for the coming years in which the role of the Electoral Justice in the conduct of elections is considered as a central axis for problematizing democratization in Brazil beyond the classic dimensions (suffrage, secret ballot, political competition) discussed in the literature. period However first steps 193 election impartiality rulemaking rule making sources partiality level suffrage, suffrage (suffrage ballot competition literature 19 1

Resumo Qual o papel da Justiça Eleitoral na condução das eleições? Esta pergunta orientou vários trabalhos sobre o período democrático atual. Entretanto, o conhecimento sobre a fase inicial da Justiça Eleitoral é quase que inexistente. Este artigo constitui uma tentativa preliminar de elucidar os “primeiros passos” da Justiça Eleitoral na condução da eleição de 1933. Partindo de um arcabouço analítico centrado em quatro aspectos – organização da eleição, imparcialidade, independência e rule-making –, e por meio de um levantamento de dados inéditos em jornais e fontes oficiais, o estudo revela que em 1932 a Justiça Eleitoral apresentava 1) um elevado comprometimento nos aspectos organizacionais, ainda que atuasse em condições de 2) relativa parcialidade, sobretudo no âmbito administrativo local. O artigo conclui propondo que o tema da democratização no Brasil deva ir além das dimensões clássicas discutidas pela literatura (sufrágio, voto secreto, competição política) e passe a incorporar o papel da Justiça Eleitoral, contribuindo para a construção de uma agenda de pesquisa em torno deste ramo especializado do Poder Judiciário. eleições atual Entretanto inexistente primeiros passos 1933 imparcialidade rulemaking rule making oficiais 193 1 organizacionais 2 parcialidade local sufrágio, sufrágio (sufrágio secreto política Judiciário 19

Resumen ¿Cuál es el papel de la Justicia Electoral en Brasil? Esta cuestión ha guiado varios trabajos sobre el actual periodo democrático. Sin embargo, los conocimientos sobre la fase inicial de la justicia electoral son casi inexistentes. Este artículo es un intento preliminar de dilucidar los “primeros pasos” de la Justicia Electoral en la conducción de las elecciones de 1933. A partir de un marco analítico centrado en cuatro aspectos – organización de la elección, imparcialidad, independencia y elaboración de normas – y mediante un estudio de datos inéditos procedentes de periódicos y fuentes oficiales, el estudio demuestra que en aquella época la Justicia Electoral estaba 1) muy comprometida con sus aspectos organizativos, aunque actuaba en condiciones de 2) relativa parcialidad, especialmente en el ámbito administrativo local. Concluyo proponiendo una agenda de investigación para los próximos años en la que sea considerado el papel de la Justicia Electoral en la conducción de las elecciones como un eje central para problematizar la democratización en Brasil más allá de las dimensiones clásicas (sufragio, voto secreto, competencia política) discutidas en la literatura. Cuál democrático embargo inexistentes primeros pasos 1933 elección imparcialidad oficiales 1 organizativos 2 parcialidad local sufragio, sufragio (sufragio secreto política literatura 193 19

Résumé Dans cette note technique, nous introduisons une base de données innovante qui résout une lacune importante dans l’étude des stratégies électorales : l’absence de données permettant d’identifier où, quand et comment les candidats réalisent des activités pendant la campagne électorale. Le Tribunal Supérieur Électoral (TSE) a rendu disponibles les enregistrements des revenus et des dépenses de chaque candidat pendant la campagne. Parmi les nombreuses informations contenues, nous avons collecté le numéro de la banque et de l’agence du bénéficiaire des transactions indiquées par les candidats et les avons croisés avec une liste d’adresses des agences bancaires au Brésil. Grâce à ces croisements, nous avons pu géoréférencer les dépenses des candidats au législatif national pour tout le pays et ainsi construire une proxy des stratégies de campagne dans la compétition électorale. Cette nouvelle base de données nous permettra de mieux comprendre comment se structurent les campagnes électorales, les stratégies adoptées, et la relation entre les représentants et les citoyens, en permettant de dissocier les efforts de campagne des résultats électoraux. technique létude l étude labsence absence didentifier d identifier où électorale TSE (TSE contenues lagence agence dadresses adresses Brésil croisements adoptées citoyens électoraux

Abstract In this technical note, we present an unprecedented database that solves a major problem in the study of electoral strategies: The lack of data to identify where, when, and how candidates carry out activities during the electoral campaign. The Superior Electoral Court (TSE) has made available the records of income and spending during each candidate’s campaign. Among the many pieces of information contained therein, we collected the bank and branch numbers of the beneficiaries of the transactions indicated by the candidates and cross-referenced them with a list of bank branch addresses in Brazil. From these cross-references, we were able to georeference the spending of candidates for the national legislature for the whole country and thus build a proxy of campaign strategies in the electoral contest. This unprecedented database will allow us to advance our understanding of how electoral campaigns are designed, what strategies are employed, and how the relationship between representatives and citizens takes place, since it will be possible to dissociate campaign efforts from the outcome of the election. note where when TSE (TSE candidate s therein crossreferenced cross referenced Brazil crossreferences, crossreferences references, references cross-references contest designed employed place election

Resumo

Resumen En esta nota técnica, presentamos una base de datos sin precedentes que soluciona un gran problema en el estudio de las estrategias electorales: la falta de datos que permitan identificar dónde, cuándo y cómo los candidatos realizan actividades durante la campaña electoral. El Tribunal Supremo Electoral (TSE) ha puesto a disposición de los ciudadanos los registros de ingresos y gastos durante la campaña de cada candidato. Entre las muchas informaciones que contienen, recogimos los números de banco y de sucursal de los beneficiarios de las transacciones indicadas por los candidatos y los cruzamos con una lista de direcciones de sucursales bancarias en Brasil. A partir de estas referencias cruzadas, pudimos georreferenciar los gastos de los candidatos a las legislativas nacionales para todo el país y construir así un proxy de las estrategias de campaña en la contienda electoral. Esta base de datos sin precedentes nos permitirá avanzar en la comprensión de cómo se construye la campaña electoral, qué estrategias se emplean y también cómo se produce la relación entre representantes y ciudadanos, ya que será posible disociar los esfuerzos de campaña del resultado de las elecciones. técnica electorales dónde electoral TSE (TSE candidato contienen Brasil cruzadas elecciones

Resumo Em 1922, o concurso para a construção da nova sede do jornal Chicago Tribune se tornaria o cenário do primeiro grande fracasso do Movimento Moderno na Europa. Nele, alguns dos melhores arquitetos europeus e americanos da época - incluindo a equipe vencedora de Raymond Hood e John Mead Howells e a formada por Walter Gropius e Adolf Meyer - testemunhariam um combate intelectual que, no primeiro período do pós-guerra na Europa, colocaria em confronto duas formas de ver a arquitetura, que na realidade eram duas formas de ver o mundo: Europa versus América, o plano livre versus a segregação do plano, a tabula rasa versus a nostalgia historicista, e a reivindicação de um recomeço histórico versus a necessidade de reivindicar um tempo que nunca existiu.

Abstract In 1922 the competition for the construction of the new headquarters of the Chicago Tribune newspaper was to become the scene of the first great failure of the Modern Movement in Europe. In it, some of the best European and American architects of the time - including the winning team of Raymond Hood and John Mead Howells and the one formed by Walter Gropius and Adolf Meyer - were to bear witness to an intellectual combat that, in times of the first European postwar period, would confront two ways of looking at architecture that were in reality two ways of looking at the world: Europe versus America, the free plan versus the segregation of the plan, the tabula rasa versus historicist nostalgia, and the vindication of a historical recommencement versus the need to vindicate a time that never existed.

Resumen En el año 1922 la convocatoria del concurso para la construcción de la nueva sede del periódico Chicago Tribune iba a convertirse en el escenario del primer gran fracaso del Movimiento Moderno en Europa. En ella, algunos de los mejores arquitectos europeos y americanos del momento - entre los que se encontraban el equipo finalmente ganador compuesto por Raymond Hood y John Mead Howells y el configurado por Walter Gropius y Adolf Meyer - iban a dar testimonio de un combate intelectual que, en tiempos de la primera posguerra europea, enfrentaría dos maneras de ver la arquitectura que eran en realidad dos maneras de ver el mundo: Europa frente América, la planta libre frente a la segregación de la planta, la tabula rasa frente a la nostalgia historicista, y la reivindicación de un recomienzo histórico frente a la necesidad de reivindicar un tiempo que nunca existió.

In the digital era, start-ups benefit from expanded reach, faster scaling, and access to vast data sets, yet face heightened competition and the challenge of staying current with emerging innovations. Their role in the modern economy is amplified as they collaborate with incubators, investors, and academic institutions to foster innovation and growth. Agile development methods and disruptive innovation bolster their competitiveness against larger incumbents. Leveraging digital technologies and combining resources are further recognised as pivotal success factors driving disruptive innovations in start-ups.

In die digitale era trek beginnerondernemings voordeel uit uitgebreide reikwydte, vinniger skaal en toegang tot groot datastelle, maar staar verhoogde mededinging in die gesig en die uitdaging om op hoogte te bly van opkomende innovasies. Hul rol in die moderne ekonomie word versterk namate hulle met broeikaste, beleggers en akademiese instellings saamwerk om innovasie en groei te bevorder. Behendige ontwikkelingsmetodes en ontwrigtende innovasie versterk hul mededingendheid teenoor groter posbekleèrs. Die gebruik van digitale tegnologieè en die kombinasie van hulpbronne word verder erken as deurslaggewende suksesfaktore wat ontwrigtende innovasies in beginners aandryf.

Resumen. La discusión sobre la regulación de plataformas se ha centrado, tanto en la academia, como en organismos internacionales y agencias de la competencia, en las herramientas del modelo neoclásico de regulación: cuotas de mercado y análisis de bienestar, entre otras. Más recientemente el big data y los algoritmos han pasado a ser centrales en estos debates. El objetivo de este artículo es analizar, desde una perspectiva crítica, la evolución de esta discusión, su impacto en las diferentes propuestas legislativas, y el largo período que llevó a la Unión Europea a adoptar, en 2022, la regulación de estas corporaciones. Adicionalmente, se sugieren nuevos instrumentos de políticas públicas que puedan superar estas nuevas normativas.

Abstract. The discussion on platform regulation has focused, both in academia and in international organizations and competition agencies, on the tools of the neoclassical regulatory model: market shares and welfare analysis, among others. More recently, big data and algorithms have become central to these debates. The aim of this article is to analyze, from a critical perspective, the evolution of this discussion; its impact on the different legislative proposals, and the long period that led the European Union to adopt, in 2022, the regulation of these corporations. In addition, new public policy instruments are suggested to overcome these new regulations.

Resumo. A discussão sobre a regulamentação das plataformas tem se concentrado, tanto na academia, quanto em organismos internacionais e agências de concorrência, nas ferramentas do modelo neoclássico de regulamentação: quotas de mercado e análise de bem-estar, entre outras. Mais recentemente, o big data e os algoritmos passaram a ser centrais nesses debates. O objetivo deste artigo é analisar, a partir de uma perspectiva crítica, a evolução dessa discussão, seu impacto nas diferentes propostas legislativas e o longo período que levou a União Europeia a adotar, em 2022, a regulamentação dessas corporações. Adicionalmente, sugerem-se novos instrumentos de políticas públicas que possam superar essas novas normativas.

Resumen Antes de que en el país se establecieran los primeros estudios de grabación, a mediados de la década de 1950, músicos y cantantes usaban las instalaciones de los radioteatros para grabar sus discos. Que las emisoras y las disqueras usaran el sonido como materia prima llevó a que, además de tecnologías y espacios físicos, en ocasiones también compartieran trabajadores y fuentes de capital. A pesar de tener recursos e intereses en común, en Colombia no se dio una integración entre ambos sectores, como sí sucedió en Estados Unidos. El artículo defiende la hipótesis de que la raíz de las divergencias entre la industria radial y la industria discográfica en Colombia se encuentra en la particular cronología de la introducción e incorporación de las tecnologías de reproducción del sonido al país y en la dificultad de mantener la competencia entre un gran número actores del mismo sector industrial en un contexto de dependencia tecnológica.

Abstract Before the establishment of the first recording studios in Colombia in the mid-1950s, musicians and singers used the facilities of radio theaters to record their songs. The fact that radio stations and record labels used sound as raw material meant that, in addition to technologies and physical spaces, they sometimes also shared workers and sources of capital. Despite having common resources and interests, in Colombia there was no integration between both sectors, as happened in the United States. The article defends the hypothesis that the root of the divergence between the radio industry and the recording industry in Colombia is found in the chronology of the introduction and incorporation of sound reproduction technologies in the country and in the difficulty of maintaining a competition between an abundant number of agents of the same industrial sector in a context of technological dependency.

Resumo Antes da criação dos primeiros estúdios de gravação na Colômbia, em meados da década de 1950, músicos e cantores utilizavam as instalações das rádios para gravar seus discos. O facto de as rádios e as editoras discográficas utiiizarem o som como matéria-prima fez com que, para aiém das tecnoiogias e dos espaços físicos, por vezes também partilhassem trabalhadores e fontes de capital. Apesar de terem recursos e interesses comuns, na Colômbia não houve integração entre os dois setores, como aconteceu nos Estados Unidos. O artigo defende a hipótese de que a raiz das divergências entre a indústria radiofônica e a indústria fonográfica na Colômbia se encontra na cronologia particular da introdução e incorporação de tecnoiogias de reprodução sonora no país e na dificuidade de manter a competição entre um número abundante de de atores do mesmo setor industrial num contexto de dependência tecnológica.

ABSTRACT The maximum crown area is an important variable in the estimation of the level of competition that affects the growth potential and productivity of species. Therefore, the objective of the present study was to adjust regression models to predict the maximum crown diameter for Pinus cooperi Blanco in the forest region of El Salto, in the state of Durango. In particular, 95 trees of different diameter categories and growing free of competition were used. Independently, three regression models were analyzed, simple linear, second-degree polynomial and potential, to predict the maximum canopy diameter as a function of normal diameter, total height, height at the base of the crown, age and total length of the crown. The results showed that the second-degree polynomial model with the inclusion of normal diameter as an independent variable presented the best fit in the prediction of the maximum crown diameter. In general, normal diameter was the most significant variable for the prediction of maximum crown diameter in Pinus cooperi. Based on the results, two forest productivity scenarios related to crown competition factor (CCF) can be identified; when the CCF is 100 % or higher, timber productivity is optimal and when it is less than 100 %, productivity is not optimal, which can be attributed to little or no competition and deficiency in land use..

RESUMO A área máxima do dossel é uma variável importante na estimativa do nível de competição que afeta o potencial de crescimento e produtividade das espécies. Portanto, o objetivo deste estudo foi ajustar modelos de regressão para prever o diâmetro máximo da copa de Pinus cooperi Blanco na região florestal de El Salto, no estado de Durango. Em particular, serão utilizadas 95 árvores de diferentes categorias de diâmetro, criando limites à concorrência. De forma independente, foram analisados três modelos de regressão, linear simples, polinomial de segundo grau e potencial, para determinação do diâmetro máximo da copa em função do diâmetro normal, altura total, altura na base da copa, idade e comprimento total da copa. a xícara Os resultados mostraram que o modelo polinomial de segundo grau com a inclusão do diâmetro normal como variável independente apresentou o melhor ajuste na predição do diâmetro máximo da coroa. De modo geral, o diâmetro normal foi a variável mais significativa para predizer o diâmetro máximo da copa em Pinus cooperi. A partir dos resultados podem ser identificados cenários de produtividade florestal relacionados ao FCC; Quando o FCC é 100 % ou superior, a produtividade da produção é ótima e quando é inferior a 100 %, a produtividade não é ótima e pode ser atribuída a esse tempo ou à falta de competição e à deficiência no uso da terra.

RESUMEN El área máxima de copa es una variable importante en la estimación del nivel de competencia que afecta al potencial de crecimiento y productividad de las especies. Por lo tanto, el objetivo del presente estudio fue ajustar modelos de regresión para predecir el diámetro máximo de copa para Pinus cooperi Blanco en la región forestal de El Salto, en el estado de Durango. Particularmente se utilizaron 95 árboles de diferentes categorías diamétricas y creciendo libres de competencia. De manera independiente, se analizaron tres modelos de regresión, lineal simple, polinómico de segundo grado y potencial, para predecir el diámetro máximo de copa en función del diámetro normal, altura total, altura a la base de la copa, edad y longitud total de la copa. Los resultados evidenciaron que el modelo polinómico de segundo grado con la inclusión del diámetro normal como variable independiente presentó el mejor ajuste en la predicción del diámetro máximo de copa. En general el diámetro normal fue la variable más significativa para la predicción del diámetro máximo de copa en Pinus cooperi. Con base a los resultados se pueden identificar dos escenarios de productividad del bosque relacionados con factor de competencia de copa (FCC), cuando este es del 100 % o superior, la productividad maderable es óptima y cuando es menor al 100 % la productividad no es óptima pudiendo estar atribuido a la poca o nula competencia y deficiencia en el uso del suelo.

Resumen Introducción: La comunicación acústica es esencial en las comunidades de anuros, especialmente para la reproducción. No obstante, el espacio acústico es limitado y las interferencias bioacústicas, como la competencia por apareamiento y recursos, afectan la eficacia de la comunicación. El bosque seco tropical en Colombia alberga especies de anuros que han sido resilientes a la gran reducción, fragmentación y transformación de este en las últimas décadas. La investigación escasa en este tema subraya la importancia de la caracterización acústica de los ensamblajes de anuros, para comprender la coexistencia de especies, monitorear cambios en la comunidad y evaluar el impacto tanto de especies invasoras como de la actividad humana en el ecosistema. Objetivo: Caracterizar acústicamente un ensamblaje de anuros del valle del río Cauca. Métodos: De septiembre a noviembre de 2022 (temporada lluviosa), se tomaron registros acústicos con sensores acústicos pasivos y activos de una comunidad de anuros del valle geográfico del río Cauca, en el flanco occidental de la cordillera central de Colombia. Se analizaron los cantos de anuncio en tres dimensiones: parámetros espectrales, temporales y patrones de actividad acústica. Resultados: Se registraron cinco especies de anuros, sus cantos presentaron un alto solapamiento en actividad, pero grandes diferencias estructurales, las especies tuvieron actividad nocturna a excepción de una de la familia Dendrobatidae. Conclusiones: Cada especie presenta un nicho acústico particular que evita el traslape en las señales acústicas, y estos resultados proporcionan una línea base para evaluar futuros cambios en el ensamblaje.

Abstract Introduction: Acoustic communication is essential in anuran communities, particularly for reproduction. However, the acoustic space is limited, and bioacoustic interferences, such as competition for mating and resources, impact the effectiveness of communication. The tropical dry forest in Colombia hosts resilient anuran species that have endured significant reduction, fragmentation, and transformation over the past decades. The scarce research on this topic underscores the importance of acoustically characterizing anuran assemblages to understand species coexistence, monitor changes in the community, and evaluate the impact of both invasive species and human activity on the ecosystem. Objective: To acoustically characterize an anuran assemblage in the Cauca River Valley. Methods: From September to November 2022 (rainy season), acoustic recordings were obtained using passive and active acoustic sensors from an anuran community in the geographical Cauca River Valley, on the western flank of the Central Cordillera in Colombia. Anuran advertisement calls were analyzed in three dimensions: spectral parameters, temporal patterns, and acoustic activity. Results: Five anuran species were recorded, exhibiting high overlap in activity but significant structural differences in their calls. The species were predominantly nocturnal, except for one from the dendrobatid family. Conclusions: Each species presents a distinct acoustic niche, avoiding overlap in acoustic signals. These findings establish a baseline for assessing future changes in the assemblage.

Resumen La antracnosis causada por Colletotrichum gloeosporioides provoca defoliación, aborto de flores, lesiones en frutos y reduce la producción y calidad de maracuyá. Aunque es controlada con fungicidas químicos, éstos contaminan el medio ambiente y son peligrosos para la salud, por lo que se ha incrementado la investigación en el control biológico con Trichoderma spp. Los objetivos de la investigación fueron aislar, identificar, determinar la patogenicidad del agente causal de la antracnosis y evaluar el antagonismo frente a cepas nativas mexicanas: T. asperellum (TaCh y TaST), Trichoderma sp. (TsRV, TsCo, TsCh y TsLF); además, frente a especies foráneas: Trichoderma virens G-41® , T. harzianum T-22® , Trichoderma sp. (Bactiva®) y Trichoderma sp. (Fithan®), mediante la técnica de cultivo dual. Se evaluaron: el día del primer contacto entre hifas, el antagonismo y el porcentaje de esporulación e inhibición de Trichoderma spp., contra el hongo patógeno. De frutos de maracuyá infectados se aisló e identificó C. gloeosporioides, el cual provocó infección en los frutos sanos a los 10 días después de la inoculación del aislado fungoso. Trichoderma y el patógeno hicieron contacto entre 1,6 (TsLF) y 3,8 (TaST) días. Todas las cepas evaluadas excepto TsLF y Bactiva®, presentaron entre 97,56 y 100 % de esporulación. TsRV, TsCh, Fithan®, TaCh, G-41® y T-22® sobrecrecieron al patógeno y cubrieron toda la superficie del PDA (antagonismo 1). Asimismo, TsRV, Bactiva®, Fithan® y TaChinhibieron 88,1; 76,0; 73,5 y 72,8 % el crecimiento miceliar de C. gloeosporioidesy se consideran candidatas para el manejo integrado de la antracnosis en maracuyá.

Abstract Anthracnose caused by Colletotrichum gloeosporioides can cause defoliation, flower abortion, fruit lesions and reduce the production and quality of passion fruit. Although it is controlled with chemical fungicides, they contaminate the environment and are dangerous to health, which is why research into biological control with Trichoderma spp has increased. This research had the objectives of isolating, identifying and testing the pathogenicity of the causal agent of fruit anthracnose and comparing it with native Mexican strains: T. asperellum (TaCh and TaST), Trichoderma sp. (TsRV, TsCo, TsCh and TsLF); and, against foreign and commercial species: Trichoderma virens G-41®, T. harzianum T-22®, Trichoderma sp. (Bactiva®) and Trichoderma sp. (Fithan®), using the dual culture technique. The following was evaluated: the day of the first contact among hyphae, the type of antagonism and percentages of sporulation and inhibition of Trichodermaspp. against the pathogenic fungus. From infected diseased passion fruit fruits, C. gloeosporioides was isolated and identified, which caused infection in healthy fruits 10 days after inoculation of the fungal isolate. Trichoderma and the pathogen made contact between 1,6 (TsLF) and 3,8 (TaST) days. All the Trichoderma spp., strains evaluated, except TsLF and Bactiva®, presented abundant sporulation between 97.56 and 100 % of sporulation. The TsRV, TsCh, Fithan®, TaCh, G-41® and T-22® strains also had level 1 antagonism, overgrown the pathogen and covered the entire surface of the PDA (antagonism 1). Likewise, the strains TsRV, Bactiva®, Fithan® and TaCh caused the greatest inhibition with 88,1 inhibitions; 76,0; 73,5 and 72,8 % of the mycelial growth of C. gloeosporioides, respectively, and are considered the most promising candidates for the integrated management of anthracnose in passion fruit.