Abstract Incorporating BIM in the education of professionals has become a demand and a topic of high importance for higher education. Several proposals for a curricular implementation of BIM exist. However, in most cases, they are specific to a single university or domain, do not consider academic policies or simplify practice by segmenting knowledge. This work proposes a protocol for the curricular implementation of BIM similar to the industry, considering aspects of process, technology, and policies aligned with the educational institution's mission and with existing competencies. Action research was the used method. Three actions were conducted: (1) proposition, (2) systematization and (3) application. The actions were executed in cycles incrementally, resulting in (1) guidelines, (2) supporting tools and (3) implementation plans. Two Brazilian universities participated in pilot studies of Project Construa Brasil. The pilot studies inspired a network of BIM cells that have synchronously applied curricular BIM implementation guidelines on a large scale. The guidelines proved to be generic and comprehensive, guiding the transformation with an empirical basis for the academics' decision-making. Leadership of a BIM specialist was confirmed as an essential factor of success. It is observed that even with a timid introduction of BIM competence in a limited scope of engineering solutions, the impact on the BIM maturity curriculum is significant. exist However cases domain knowledge industry process technology institutions institution s competencies method conducted 1 (1 proposition 2 (2 3 (3 application incrementally plans Brasil scale comprehensive academics decisionmaking. decisionmaking decision making. making decision-making success solutions significant (

Resumo Incorporar o BIM na formação de profissionais tornou-se uma demanda e um tema de grande importância para o ensino superior. Existem várias propostas de implementação curricular do BIM. No entanto, na maioria dos casos, são específicos de uma única universidade oudomínio, não contemplam políticas acadêmicas ou simplificam a prática segmentando o conhecimento. Este trabalho propõe um protocolo para a implementação curricular do BIM semelhante aoda indústria, considerando aspectos de processo, tecnologia e políticas alinhados com a missão da instituição de ensino e com as competências existentes. Pesquisa-ação foi o método utilizado. Três ações foram realizadas: (1) proposição, (2) sistematização e (3) aplicação. As ações foram realizadas em ciclos de forma incremental, resultando em (1) diretrizes, (2) ferramentas de apoio e (3) planos de implementação. Duas universidades brasileiras participaram de estudos-piloto do Projeto Construa Brasil. Os estudos-piloto inspiraram uma rede de células BIM que aplicaram as diretrizes curriculares de implementação BIM em larga escala. As diretrizes mostraram-se genéricas e abrangentes, orientando a transformação com base empírica para a tomada de decisão dos acadêmicos. A facilitação de um especialista BIM foi confirmada como fator essencial de sucesso. Observa-se que, mesmo com uma tímida introdução de competências BIM em um escopo limitado de soluções de engenharia, o impacto na maturidade BIM do currículo é significativo. tornouse tornou se superior entanto casos oudomínio conhecimento indústria processo existentes Pesquisaação Pesquisa ação utilizado 1 (1 proposição 2 (2 3 (3 aplicação incremental estudospiloto estudos piloto Brasil escala mostraramse mostraram abrangentes acadêmicos sucesso Observase Observa engenharia significativo (

Resumen: La ejecución de proyectos de construcción, a menudo presenta obstáculos y desviaciones, lo que genera incumplimientos. La necesidad de mejorar la gestión del desempeño del cronograma es crucial para el cumplimiento de las metas del proyecto. Este trabajo tuvo como objetivo identificar los factores clave del desempeño del cronograma en proyectos de construcción con el propósito de plantear estrategias de mejora. Se elaboró un cuestionario de escala con 54 factores seleccionados a partir de la literatura, el cual fue aplicado a profesionales que se desenvuelven en proyectos de construcción en el Perú. Posteriormente se aplicó el estadístico de análisis factorial a las respuestas de los encuestados en 2 conjuntos de datos: factores de éxito y fracaso. El análisis agrupó por separado en 6 factores comunes de éxito y 7 factores comunes de fracaso. Para identificar los factores clave se llevó a cabo una segunda encuesta en base a los factores comunes y se clasificó utilizando el Índice de Importancia Relativa. Los resultados revelaron cómo los 3 primeros factores de éxito clasificados a: compromiso de los involucrados del proyecto, competencia del gerente de proyecto y competencia del propietario. Los factores de fracaso encontrados fueron: conflicto entre los involucrados del proyecto, falta de conocimiento del gerente del proyecto y la incompetencia del propietario. Se plantearon estrategias de mejora, que pueden ser empleados por los involucrados, principalmente por los gerentes, pues en estos profesionales recae la toma de decisiones, por ello, es necesario invertir tiempo y experiencia para resolver los problemas del desempeño del cronograma.

Abstract: The execution of construction projects often presents obstacles and deviations, which generate non-compliance. The need to improve schedule performance management is crucial to meeting project goals. This work aimed to identify the key factors of schedule performance in construction projects with the purpose of proposing improvement strategies. A scale questionnaire was developed with 54 factors selected from the literature, which was applied to professionals who work in construction projects in Peru. Subsequently, the factor analysis statistic was applied to the responses of the participants in 2 sets of data: success and failure factors. The analysis grouped separately into 6 common success factors and 7 common failure factors. To identify the key factors, a second survey was carried out based on the common factors and classified using the Relative Importance Index. The results revealed how the top 3 success factors classified as: commitment of those involved in the project, competence of the project manager and competence of the owner. The failure factors found were: conflict between those involved in the project, lack of knowledge of the project manager and the incompetence of the owner. Improvement strategies were proposed, which can be used by those involved, mainly by managers, since decision-making falls on these professionals, therefore, it is necessary to invest time and experience to resolve schedule performance problems.

The leader plays a challenging role in public organizations. The context demands specific competencies from leaders to play their role effectively and contribute to achieving institutional objectives. However, measurement instruments still need to be used to meet this context. Thus, this research aimed to create and verify the psychometric validity of an instrument for measuring leadership skills for federal educational institutions. To achieve this objective, the study of a functionalist paradigm, exploratory and descriptive character, with a quantitative approach, adopted survey research. Following approval of the project by the Research Ethics Committee, the prepared electronic questionnaire was disseminated to 1,387 permanent and active employees of a Federal Higher Education Institution. The final sample consisted of 314 respondents. Data analysis was conducted using descriptive statistics, Exploratory Factor Analysis (AFE), and Confirmatory Factor Analysis (CFA). AFC validated a model with 06 factors, each competence measured originated 03 factors: one related to the knowledge variables; another of skills; and, a factor of attitudes. Furthermore, the AFC confirmed the theory's three basic elements of competence. The AFEs, in turn, indicated the independence between the two competencies, clearly demonstrated by the separation of factors. The study is relevant because it presents the creation process and psychometric properties of a scale for measuring leadership competencies in public higher education.

El líder desempeña un papel desafiante en las organizaciones públicas. El contexto exige de los líderes ciertas habilidades para que puedan desempeñar su rol de manera efectiva y contribuir al logro de los objetivos institucionales, sin embargo, aún no existen instrumentos de medición que atiendan a este contexto. Así, esta investigación tuvo como objetivo crear y verificar la validez psicométrica de un instrumento para medir habilidades de liderazgo para instituciones educativas federales. Para lograr este objetivo, el estudio de un paradigma funcionalista, de carácter exploratorio y descriptivo, con enfoque cuantitativo, adoptó la investigación por encuesta. Tras la aprobación del proyecto por el Comité de Ética en Investigación, el cuestionario electrónico preparado se distribuyó a 1.387 empleados permanentes y activos de una institución federal de educación superior. La muestra final estuvo compuesta por 314 encuestados. El análisis de los datos se realizó mediante estadística descriptiva, Análisis Factorial Exploratorio (AFE) y Análisis Factorial Confirmatorio (AFC). AFC validó un modelo con 06 factores, cada competencia medida originó 03 factores: uno relacionado con las variables de conocimiento; otro de habilidades; y, un factor de actitudes. Además, la AFC confirmó los tres elementos básicos de competencia que aporta la teoría. Las AFE, por su parte, señalaron la independencia entre ambas competencias, claramente demostrada por la separación de factores. El estudio es relevante porque presenta el proceso de creación y propiedades psicométricas de una escala para medir habilidades de liderazgo para la educación superior pública.

O líder exerce uma função desafiadora nas organizações públicas. O contexto demanda dos líderes algumas competências para que eles possam desempenhar seu papel de forma efetiva e possam contribuir ao alcance dos objetivos institucionais, porém, ainda não há instrumentos de mensuração que atendam esse contexto. Assim, esta pesquisa teve como objetivo criar e verificar a validade psicométrica de um instrumento de mensuração das competências de liderança para instituições de ensino federais. Para atingir este objetivo, o estudo de paradigma funcionalista, caráter exploratório e descritivo, com abordagem quantitativa, adotou pesquisa de levantamento (survey). A partir da aprovação do projeto pelo Comitê de Ética em Pesquisa, o questionário eletrônico elaborado foi divulgado aos 1.387 servidores efetivos e ativos de uma Instituição Federal de Ensino Superior. A amostra final foi composta por 314 respondentes. A análise dos dados ocorreu por meio da estatística descritiva, da Análise Fatorial Exploratória (AFE) e da Análise Fatorial Confirmatória (AFC). A AFC validou um modelo com 06 fatores, cada competência mensurada originou 03 fatores: um relativo às variáveis de conhecimento; outro das habilidades; e, um fator das atitudes. Além disso, a AFC confirmou os três elementos básicos da competência trazidos pela teoria. As AFE’s, por sua vez, indicaram a independência entre as duas competências, demonstrada de forma clara pela separação dos fatores. O estudo é relevante pois apresenta o processo de criação e as propriedades psicométricas de uma escala de mensuração de competências de liderança para o ensino superior público.

Resumen La investigación tiene como objetivo determinar el alcance de la seguridad como competencia complementaria de los Gobiernos Autónomos Descentralizados, con especial atención en el Municipio del Distrito Metropolitano de Quito. El trabajo se desarrolla desde un enfoque investigativo cualitativo, con principal énfasis en el análisis y revisión de material bibliográfico y normativo. Con base en la revisión bibliográfica, se concluye que la seguridad ciudadana, si bien está contemplada como competencia de los GAD, solo lo es a nivel de prevención, por lo que las acciones se limitan a políticas públicas, planes o proyectos. En tal sentido, el Gobierno Autónomo Descentralizado del Distrito Metropolitano de Quito concibe en su normativa un Sistema Metropolitano de Seguridad y Convivencia Ciudadana, dentro de la competencia concurrente que posee en materia de seguridad. El presente trabajo analiza la razón de ser y alcance de la mencionada competencia; y, describe cual es el sistema implementado por el GAD del Distrito Metropolitano de Quito.

Abstract The objective of the research is to determine the scope of security as a complementary competence of the Decentralized Autonomous Governments, with special attention to the Municipality of the Metropolitan District of Quito. The work is developed from a qualitative investigative approach, with main emphasis on the analysis and review of bibliographic and regulatory material. Based on the aforementioned review, it was possible to conclude that citizen security, although it is considered a competence of the GAD, is only at the level of prevention, so the actions that can be carried out are limited to public policies, plans or projects. In this sense, the Decentralized Autonomous Government of the Metropolitan District of Quito conceives in its regulations a Metropolitan System of Security and Citizen Coexistence, within the concurrent competence it has in matters of security. This work analyzes the reason for being and scope of the aforementioned competence and describes the system implemented by the GAD of the Metropolitan District of Quito.

It is human nature to see the world as imperfect, because people strive towards improving existing and designing new systems. The education system is one such system which is regarded as being a challenge in South Africa, since it affects the quality of education received by every young South African. The serious nature of dysfunctionality could be attributed to the lack of competent leadership in schools. Learners' education and examination results are being impaired by inadequate teaching, dysfunctional school management, inefficient procedures and poor resources, which foster low educational standards. Leadership practices make a significant contribution to the desired outcomes of a school. Department heads are responsible for educational leadership; however, as they rarely receive leadership training, it is impossible for them to acquire the knowledge and skills to prepare them for their task as educational leaders. There is a dire need for educational leaders who could run a school professionally. The principal and staff should be professional leaders and managers capable of establishing a culture of learning and effectiveness. The purpose of this study was to establish if department heads have the required knowledge and skills to prepare them for their leadership and management role in a secondary school, how they see their competence in this regard, to identify the gaps regarding their preparation as effective educational leaders, and to submit proposals for improving the preparation of department heads for their leadership role. The research methodology was based on quantitative research strategies whereby the research question could accordingly be answered by means of a once-off cross-sectional survey obtained from a random cluster sampling of secondary schools in a district with approximately 70 schools in the Free State province. Self-designed questionnaires, which had to be completed by all the department heads at the schools, were used. A total of 186 department heads participated in the investigation. Ethical approval to conduct the research was obtained from the North-West University. Descriptive statistics and exploratory factor analysis were used to identify latent variables. Cronbach's alpha coefficient was used to determine the reliability of the variables involved. Hierarchical linear models were used to determine relationships among variables. The results showed that the heads of department view training and development as important, but they also indicated that they did not receive management training before their appointment in their position. Finally, suggestions are provided for improving the preparation of department heads.

Alle bestaande stelsels, waaronder onderwysstelsels, verander voortdurend. Die onderwys-stelsel is een van die stelsels in Suid-Afrika wat as 'n uitdaging gesien word, omdat dit die gehalte van onderrig beïnvloed. Die ernstige aard van disfunksionaliteit kan toegeskryf word aan die gebrek aan bevoegde leierskap in skole. Leerders se opvoeding en eksamenuitslae word benadeel deur swak onderrig, disfunksionele skoolbestuur, ondoeltreffende prosedures en swak hulpbronne, wat lae onderwysstandaarde tot gevolg het. Leierskapspraktyke lewer 'n groot bydrae tot die gewenste uitkomste van 'n skool. Departementshoofde is verantwoordelik vir onderrigleierskap, maar aangesien hulle selde leierskapsopleiding ontvang, is dit vir hulle onmoontlik om kennis en vaardighede op te doen om hulle voor te berei vir hulle taak as onderrigleiers. Daar is 'n ernstige behoefte aan onderrigleiers wat 'n skool professioneel kan bestuur. Die skoolhoof en personeel moet professionele leiers en bestuurders wees, sodat 'n kultuur van leer en effektiwiteit geskep kan word. Die doel van hierdie ondersoek was om te bepaal of departementshoofde oor die nodige kennis en vaardighede beskik om die leierskap- en bestuursrol in 'n sekondêre skool te vervul, hoe departementshoofde hulle bevoegdheid in hierdie verband sien, wat die leemtes ten opsigte van die voorbereiding van departementshoofde vir hulle taak/rol as effektiewe onderrigleiers is, en om voorstelle ter verbetering van die voorbereiding van departementshoofde vir hul leierskapsrol te maak. Die navorsingsmetodologie is gebaseer op kwantitatiewe navorsingstrategieë waarvolgens die navorsingsvraag beantwoord kon word deur middel van 'n eenmalige dwarsdeursnitopname wat verkry is met behulp van ewekansige trossteekproefneming by sekondêre skole in 'n distrik in die Vrystaat. Daar is gebruik gemaak van selfontwerpte vraelyste wat deur al die departementshoofde van die betrokke skole voltooi moes word. 'n Totaal van 186 departements-hoofde het aan die ondersoek deelgeneem. Etiese goedkeuring om die studie te onderneem is van die Noordwes-Universiteit verkry. Beskrywende statistiek (frekwensies, persentasies, gemiddeldes en standaardafwykings) en eksploratiewe faktorontleding is gebruik om onderliggende latente veranderlikes te identifiseer. Cronbach se alfa-koëffisiënt is gebruik om die betroubaarheid van betrokke veranderlikes te bepaal. Hiërargiese lineêre modelle is gebruik om verbande met biografiese en demografiese veranderlikes te bepaal. In hierdie studie is bevind dat daar 'n duidelike verband tussen onderrig en leierskap is en dat die meeste van die departementshoofde kwaliteitonderrig belangrik ag en as 'n prioriteit in hul departemente sien. Die departementshoofde in hierdie studie is ook van mening dat die leiding van skoolbestuurspanne die kwaliteit van onderrig in die departement beïnvloed. Departementshoofde vir wie onderrig, leierskap en leerderprestasie belangrik is, heg ook hoë waarde aan opleiding en voorbereiding. In hierdie studie is ook bevind dat departementshoofde oor die algemeen nie bestuursopleiding ontvang het voor hul aanstelling in dié posisie nie. Sommige van die departementshoofde kon staatmaak op die kennis wat hulle opgedoen het tydens hul kollege- of universiteitsopleiding, wat hulle voorberei het vir hulle taak. 'n Klein aantal van die departementshoofde was oortuig dat hul voordiensopleiding nie van waarde was nie en dat hulle nie voorbereid was vir hul rol as beginnerdepartementshoofde nie.

Resumen El profesional de Pedagogía-Psicología tiene entre sus funciones profesionales la asesoría psicopedagógica, la cual exige eficiencia para estar a la altura de las exigencias socioeducativas. Así, esta competencia profesional precisa de vías efectivas que orienten la actuación consciente de los participantes en la búsqueda de soluciones a problemáticas que se presenten. Este artículo emana de una investigación científica, donde se emplea como método general el dialéctico materialista y la consulta a especialistas, seleccionados de acuerdo con su coeficiente de competencia, para determinar la factibilidad de la propuesta práctica. Se ofrece una metodología para la competencia asesoría psicopedagógica que favorece el desempeño del profesional de Pedagogía-Psicología. Como resultado se constata que es una vía factible y eficaz para la asesoría, es en sí una guía para el profesional en Pedagogía-Psicología que precise asesorar y transformar formas de sentir, pensar y actuar de los sujetos en sus contextos de actuación profesional. Se aporta un método particular que dinamiza el proceso, el reflexivo-colaborativo. Se concluye que la metodología constituye una herramienta valiosa, organiza y traza el camino en la asesoría psicopedagógica.

Abstract The professional of Pedagogy-Psychology has among its professional functions the psycho-pedagogical counseling, which demands efficiency to be at the height of the socio-educational demands. Thus, this professional competence requires effective ways to guide the conscious action of the participants in the search for solutions to problems that arise. This article emanates from a scientific research, where the dialectical materialist method and the consultation to specialists, selected according to their competence coefficient, are used as a general method to determine the feasibility of the practical proposal. A methodology is offered for the psychopedagogical counseling competence that favors the performance of the Pedagogy-Psychology professional. As a result, it is found that it is a feasible and effective way for counseling, it is in itself a guide for the professional in Pedagogy-Psychology who needs to advise and transform ways of feeling, thinking and acting of the subjects in their contexts of professional performance. A particular method that dynamizes the process, the reflexive-collaborative one, is provided. It is concluded that the methodology constitutes a valuable tool, organizes and traces the path in psycho-pedagogical counseling.

Resumen En el estudio se determinó la influencia del uso del Wix para fortalecer la competencia convivencia y participación democrática, en los educandos de secundaria de la Institución Educativa Saúl Cantoral Huamani. En la actualidad el proceso de aprendizaje en los educandos admite reflexionar sobre la necesidad de desarrollar competencias básicas para la vida como la sana convivencia entre pares y la comunidad educativa; siendo esta vital para el adecuado desarrollo en todos los aspectos del contexto social a su vez posibilita establecer las normas de conducta en el aula escolar basado en principios como el respeto, la disciplina, la responsabilidad, la convivencia y la solidaridad; en tal sentido la formación de los educandos se deberá fortalecer en pos de lograr una sociedad en la que se practique los valores esenciales entre las personas. El tipo de investigación fue aplicado, de diseño cuasiexperimental con pretest y postest. La muestra de estudio fue de 69 estudiantes. Se concluyó que mediante la aplicación de la estrategia didáctica Wix se logró establecer su influencia en la competencia convivencia y participación ciudadana dado que, se evidencia el fortalecimiento en el desarrollo de habilidades socioemocionales en los educandos de quinto grado de secundaria.

Abstract The study determined the influence of the use of Wix to strengthen the competence of coexistence and democratic participation in secondary school students of the Saúl Cantoral Huamani Educational Institution. Currently, the learning process in students allows reflecting on the need to develop basic competencies for life such as healthy coexistence among peers and the educational community; this being vital for the proper development in all aspects of the social context in turn makes it possible to establish standards of conduct in the classroom based on principles such as respect, discipline, responsibility, coexistence and solidarity; in this sense the training of students should be strengthened in order to achieve a society in which essential values are practiced among people. The type of research was applied, of quasi-experimental design with pretest and post-test. The study sample consisted of 69 students. It was concluded that through the application of the Wix didactic strategy it was possible to establish its influence on the competence of coexistence and citizen participation, given that the strengthening in the development of socioemotional skills in the students of the fifth grade of secondary school is evidenced.

Abstract Critical thinking is a fundamental competence in current educational approaches; however, it has been the subject of diverse definitions, requiring a comprehension from its epistemology, theorization, and praxis. The objective of this research was to analyze notions about critical thinking and pedagogical practices in a group of Latin American teachers. The qualitative-critical paradigm was used through the hermeneutic method. The selection of participants was carried out through theoretical saturation sampling, obtaining a group of eight teachers to whom in-depth non-directive interviews were applied. In the analysis of results, 5 categories emerged: 1) Notions about critical thinking, in which the tendency towards a cognitive and rational emphasis is evident; 2) Didactic praxis, expressing greater mastery of linguistic content subjects as appropriate to promote critical thinking; 3) Self-assessment and need for greater reflection and training on teaching praxis in the area, 4) Curriculum and educational policies, in which inconsistencies between curricula and classroom practice are exposed, and 5) Critical thinking and performance academic, which exposes a non-linear relationship between both concepts. It is concluded that it is essential to avoid determinisms based on skills that express critical thinking and instead promote complex approaches that allow including cultural, social and ethical experiences also inherent to the process.

Resumen El pensamiento crítico es una competencia fundamental en los actuales enfoques educativos, sin embargo, ha sido objeto de definiciones diversas, exigiendo un abordaje desde su epistemología, teorización y praxis. Esta investigación tuvo como objetivo analizar las nociones sobre el pensamiento crítico y las prácticas pedagógicas aplicadas en el aula por docentes latinoamericanos. Se acudió al paradigma cualitativo-crítico a través del método hermenéutico. La selección de participantes se realizó mediante el muestreo por saturación teórica, obteniéndose un grupo de ocho docentes a quienes se aplicaron entrevistas no directivas a profundidad. En el análisis de resultados emergieron cinco categorías: 1) nociones sobre pensamiento crítico, en las cuales se evidencia la tendencia a un énfasis cognitivo y racional; 2) praxis didáctica, expresando mayor dominio de las asignaturas de contenido lingüístico como adecuadas para promover el pensamiento crítico; 3) autoevaluación y necesidad de mayor reflexión y capacitación sobre la praxis docente en el área; 4) currículo y políticas educativas, en la cual se exponen incongruencias entre los currículos y la práctica de aula; 5) pensamiento crítico y rendimiento académico, que expone una relación no lineal entre ambos conceptos. Se concluye que es fundamental evitar los determinismos basados en habilidades que expresan el pensamiento crítico y en su lugar promover aproximaciones complejas que permitan incluir experiencias culturales, sociales y éticas que son también inherentes al proceso.

Abstract Student involvement through peer assessment can have important benefits for the development of competences in initial teacher education. Therefore, the aims of this research are: (i) to find out the characteristics of the peer assessment processes experienced by students during their training and their evaluation of these processes; (ii) to value their perception of the usefulness of using peer assessment processes for the development of teaching competences after a peer assessment experience; and (iii) to value their perception of the usefulness of using peer assessment processes for the development of assessment competences after a peer assessment experience. To this end, a case study was conducted with 10 participants in 2 teacher education subjects. In each subject, three workshops were held in which students had to peer assess the performance of their peers and give them feedback. The information was collected through a semi-structured interview at the end of the subjects. The results show that the students had hardly any experience of this kind, although they valued these processes positively for their learning, although they also encountered difficulties and uncertainties due to their lack of experience. Finally, they also emphasise the importance of carrying out these processes in initial training in order to develop assessment competence and to be able to transfer this learning to their future work context.

Resumen La implicación del alumnado a través de la coevaluación puede tener importantes beneficios para el desarrollo de las competencias en la formación inicial del profesorado. Por ello, esta investigación se plantea los siguientes objetivos: (i) Conocer las características de los procesos de coevaluación vivenciados por el alumnado durante su formación y la valoración que realizan de dichos procesos; (ii) Valorar la percepción que tienen sobre la utilidad del uso de procesos de coevaluación para el desarrollo de las competencias docentes tras el desarrollo de una experiencia de coevaluación; y (iii) Valorar la percepción que el alumnado tiene sobre la utilidad del empleo de procesos de coevaluación para el desarrollo de la competencia evaluadora tras la experiencia de coevaluación. Para ello, se desarrolló un estudio de caso con diez participantes de dos asignaturas dirigidas a la formación docente. En cada asignatura se realizaron tres talleres donde el alumnado debía coevaluar el desempeño de sus pares y darles retroalimentación. La información se recogió a través de una entrevista semi-estructurada al finalizar las asignaturas. Los resultados muestran que el alumnado apenas ha tenido vivencias de este tipo, aunque valora positivamente estos procesos para su aprendizaje, aunque también encuentran dificultades e inseguridad debido a su falta de experiencia. Finalmente, también destacan la importancia de realizar estos procesos en la formación inicial para desarrollar la competencia evaluativa y poder transferir estos aprendizajes a su futuro contexto laboral.

Abstract Teachers should have the competence to reflect on their own practice. The Ontosemiotic Approach offers as a tool for this purpose the “Didactic Suitability Criteria”. The objectives of the research are to refine the indicators of epistemic suitability and to deepen the epistemic dimension of the meta-didactic-mathematical knowledge of secondary school mathematics teachers in initial training. To this end, research on the object function in secondary education has been examined. In a mixed way, we have analysed, in 119 “Final Projects of the Master’s Degree (FPMD) in Secondary Mathematics Teacher Training (Catalonia, Spain)” on functions, the reflection that future teachers make on their teaching, from the epistemic suitability. Based on these analyses, the adequacy of the epistemic suitability for analysing the mathematical object function is designed. Finally, the FPMDs are reanalysed with this new guideline and it is found that their reflections present important weaknesses that could influence the quality of their instructional processes. It is concluded that if mathematics teachers were provided with a specialised guideline that makes it easier for them to consider all the meanings, representations and processes involved in the complexity of the functions, as well as the mathematical practices in which these emerge, it would improve the quality of the design, implementation, and reflection on their instructional processes.

Resumen El profesorado debe tener la competencia de reflexionar sobre su propia práctica. El enfoque ontosemiótico ofrece como herramienta para este propósito los “Criterios de Idoneidad Didáctica”. Los objetivos de esta investigación son refinar los indicadores de la Idoneidad Epistémica (IE) y profundizar en la dimensión epistémica del conocimiento meta didáctico-matemático de los profesores de matemáticas de secundaria en formación inicial. Para ello se han examinado las investigaciones sobre el objeto función en la educación secundaria. De forma mixta, se ha analizado, en 119 “Trabajos Finales del Máster (TFM) de Formación del Profesorado de Matemáticas de Secundaria (Catalunya, España)” sobre funciones, la reflexión que hacen los futuros profesores sobre su docencia, sobre la IE. A partir de estos estudios se realiza el diseño de la adecuación de la IE para analizar el objeto matemático función. Finalmente se reanalizan los TFM con esta nueva pauta y se constata que sus reflexiones presentan importantes carencias que podrían influir en la calidad de sus procesos de instrucción. Se concluye que, si se dotara al profesorado de una pauta especializada que les facilite considerar todos los significados, representaciones y procesos involucrados en la complejidad de las funciones, así como las prácticas matemáticas en las que estos emergen, mejoraría la calidad del diseño, implementación y reflexión sobre sus procesos de instrucción.

Abstract The following article critically reconstructs the central thesis that Alexander Stark develops in his recent book on the interdisciplinarity of legal dogmatics - Interdisziplinarität der Rechtsdogmatik -, still with no translation in Portuguese (and English). Before that, it presents the context of the German academic legal discussions in which the book was conceived. Moreover, it also suggests the importance of this debate for Brazilian legal science and its legal dogmatics. , English. English . English) conceived Moreover

Resumo O texto reconstrói criticamente os argumentos centrais defendidos por Alexander Stark no seu recente livro sobre “A Interdisciplinaridade da Dogmática Jurídica” - Interdisziplinarität der Rechtsdogmatik -, ainda sem tradução para o português. Antes disto, apresenta-se o contexto do surgimento do livro no âmbito da literatura jurídica de língua alemã. Sugere-se, ademais, a importância dessa discussão também para a ciência do direito brasileira e a sua dogmática jurídica. A Jurídica , português disto apresentase apresenta se alemã Sugerese, Sugerese Sugere se, Sugere-se ademais

A debate rages amongst educational technologists on keeping educational technology as a field of study, and non-educational technologists on defining educational technology as any usage of a technology in education. Since the emerging of the COVID-19, this debate has caused tension in higher education in terms of technology usage. This is because each of the two sides believes that its position in the debate represents an objective reality of quality educating. This tension has motivated this study to decolonise educational technology in a pragmatic curriculum based on scholarly publications published during or post the COVID-19 revolution. A pragmatic paradigm and the natural identity framework (NIF) were used to encase this study. A systematic review with text analysis and document review were applied in processing data from 15 purposively and conveniently sampled publications for this reported study. The findings indicate that most of the technology usage promoted a performance-based (field of study) and/or competence-based (solely technology usage) curriculum at the expense of the pragmatic or natural curriculum that promotes personal or natural identity. This suggests that higher education was only addressing professional needs in terms of "what" questions, and/or societal "how" questions. A pragmatic curriculum is driven by the importance of actions (educational technology as a field of study), beliefs behind the actions (pragmatic), and their outcomes (usage of a technology). This study therefore recommends the use of a pragmatic curriculum and awareness of natural forces/laws that promote natural actions, thus addressing personal needs through personal "who" questions, and natural needs through "why" questions.

Abstract: Although the great utility that phonetic-phonological competence generates in language teaching has been proven, as well as its importance in the communicative process, it has traditionally been relegated to the background. The CEFR involved the preparation of a language policy instrument with the aim of achieving European brotherhood and respect and tolerance among its members. However, the role of phonic competence was minimal, which meant the loss of the opportunity to take advantage of the social implications that language conveys through phonetics. Likewise, other negative aspects are attributed to it, such as the absence of prosody, conceptual inaccuracy or the role of accent as an error, among others. Consequently, the Council of Europe requested a critical report that has recently led to the publication of a companion volume of the CEFR, which updates and clarifies especially the phonological component. In this work, a critical review of this new document is made in relation to the main reference texts. The main conclusion is that great progress has been made in important aspects, but it is still necessary to strengthen concepts and highlight the role of phonetics more.

Resumen: A pesar de que se ha probado la gran utilidad que la competencia fonético-fonológica genera en la enseñanza de lenguas, así como su importancia en el proceso comunicativo, ha sido tradicionalmente relegada a un segundo plano. El MCER supuso la confección de un instrumento de política lingüística con el objetivo de lograr la fraternidad europea y la tolerancia entre sus miembros. Sin embargo, el papel de la competencia fónica fue casi testimonial, lo que supuso la pérdida de la oportunidad de aprovechar las ventajas de las implicaciones sociales que transmite el lenguaje mediante la fonética. Asimismo, se le achacan otros aspectos como la ausencia de la prosodia, la inexactitud conceptual o el papel del acento como error, entre otros. En consecuencia, el Consejo de Europa encargó un informe crítico que ha desembocado recientemente en la publicación de un volumen complementario del MCER, que actualiza y matiza especialmente el componente fonológico. En el presente trabajo, se realiza una revisión crítica de este nuevo documento en relación con los principales textos de referencia. La conclusión principal es que se ha avanzado en gran medida en aspectos importantes, pero sigue siendo necesario afianzar conceptos y resaltar más el papel de la fonética.

ABSTRACT Cuban education is focused on a series of transformations, named as the Third Improvement of the National Education System. The Pre-University is no exception due to the importance it has as a prelude to the university, the preparation of its teachers is necessary with emphasis on the formation of research competence to achieve the goal and objectives of the educational level. The article aims to socialize the diagnosis on the formation of research competence in the "Eduardo García Delgado" Urban Pre-University Institute, in the Trinidad municipality, Sancti Spíritus province. The result of the diagnosis on the formation of investigative competence in the Technical Council of the Pre-University was based on the theoretical study and the systematization of lived experiences about how the investigative work of teachers was conceived and their abilities to fulfill their scientific-research function. . The educational context in which the diagnostic study took place was the "Eduardo García Delgado" Urban Pre-University Institute, Trinidad municipality, Sancti Spíritus province. Theoretical methods such as analytical-synthetic and inductive-deductive and empirical methods such as document review, systematization of experiences, survey and interview were used. In addition, the descriptive statistics method was used to process the data obtained from the application of the diagnostic instruments. The results obtained allowed us to identify the strengths and weaknesses of the Pre-University Technical Council on the formation of investigative competence and to design proposed solutions, through the use of the scientific method.

RESUMO A educação cubana está focada em uma série de transformações, denominada Terceira Melhoria do Sistema Educacional Nacional. O Pré-Universitário não foge à regra pela importância que tem como prelúdio da universidade, é necessária a preparação dos seus docentes com ênfase na formação de competência de investigação para atingir a meta e os objetivos do nível educativo. O artigo tem como objetivo socializar o diagnóstico sobre a formação da competência de pesquisa no Instituto Pré-Universitário Urbano "Eduardo García Delgado", no município de Trinidad, província de Sancti Spíritus. O resultado do diagnóstico sobre a formação da competência investigativa no Conselho Técnico do Pré-Universitário baseou-se no estudo teórico e na sistematização de experiências vividas sobre como foi concebido o trabalho investigativo dos professores e suas capacidades para concretizar sua pesquisa científico-científica. função. O contexto educativo em que se realizou o estudo diagnóstico foi o Instituto Pré-Universitário Urbano "Eduardo García Delgado", município de Trinidad, província de Sancti Spíritus. Foram utilizados métodos teóricos como analítico-sintético e indutivo-dedutivo e métodos empíricos como revisão documental, sistematização de experiências, levantamento e entrevista. Além disso, utilizou-se o método da estatística descritiva para processar os dados obtidos a partir da aplicação dos instrumentos diagnósticos. Os resultados obtidos permitiram identificar os pontos fortes e fracos do Conselho Técnico Pré-Universitário na formação da competência investigativa e desenhar propostas de soluções, através da utilização do método científico.

RESUMEN La educación cubana está centrada en una serie de transformaciones, nombradas como Tercer Perfeccionamiento del Sistema Nacional de Educación. El Preuniversitario no es la excepción por la importancia que reviste como antesala de la universidad, se hace necesario la preparación de sus docentes con énfasis en la formación de la competencia investigativa para lograr el fin y los objetivos del nivel educativo. El artículo tiene como objetivo socializar el diagnóstico sobre la formación de la competencia investigativa en el Instituto Preuniversitario Urbano "Eduardo García Delgado", en el municipio Trinidad, provincia Sancti Spíritus. El resultado del diagnóstico sobre la formación de la competencia investigativa en el Consejo Técnico del Preuniversitario se basó en el estudio teórico y la sistematización de experiencias vividas acerca de cómo se concibió la labor investigativa de los docentes y sus habilidades para cumplir su función científico-investigativa. El contexto educativo en que tuvo lugar el estudio diagnóstico fue el Instituto Preuniversitario Urbano "Eduardo García Delgado", municipio Trinidad, de la provincia Sancti Spíritus. Se emplearon los métodos teóricos como el analítico"sintético e inductivo"deductivo y los empíricos como la revisión de documentos, sistematización de experiencias, la encuesta y la entrevista. Además, se empleó el método de estadística descriptiva para procesar los datos obtenidos de la aplicación de los instrumentos del diagnóstico. Los resultados obtenidos permitieron identificar las fortalezas y debilidades del Consejo Técnico del Preuniversitario sobre la formación de la competencia investigativa y diseñar propuestas de solución, a través del empleo del método científico.

ABSTRACT Intercultural Communicative Competence presupposes going beyond the linguistic aspects of the language, as it aims to develop knowledge as a fundamental basis for promoting values and skills to form intercultural speakers. Through this review, the current state of the development of Intercultural Communicative Competence in foreign language teaching in Cuba will be ascertained; what approaches, methodologies or techniques are used for its development; and from the results, assess how to contribute to the development of Intercultural Communicative Competence in students of the Foreign Language Teacher education Program. This review focused on articles in Cuban education journals.

RESUMO A Competência Comunicativa Intercultural pressupõe ir além dos aspectos linguísticos da língua, pois visa desenvolver o conhecimento como base fundamental para a promoção de valores e competências e para a formação de falantes interculturais. Através desta revisão será verificado o estado atual do desenvolvimento da Competência Comunicativa Intercultural no ensino de línguas estrangeiras em Cuba, quais abordagens, metodologias ou técnicas são utilizadas para o seu desenvolvimento e, com base nos resultados, avaliar como contribuir ao desenvolvimento da Competência Comunicativa Intercultural em estudantes de Bacharelado em Educação, Línguas Estrangeiras. Esta revisão concentrou-se em artigos de revistas educacionais cubanas.

RESUMEN La Competencia Comunicativa Intercultural presupone ir más allá de los aspectos lingüísticos de la lengua, pues tiene como objetivo desarrollar el conocimiento como base fundamental para fomentar valores y aptitudes y formar hablantes interculturales. A través de esta revisión se constatará el estado actual del desarrollo de la Competencia Comunicativa Intercultural en la enseñanza de lenguas extranjeras en Cuba, qué enfoques, metodologías o técnicas se usan para su desarrollo y, a partir de los resultados, valorar cómo contribuir al desarrollo de la Competencia Comunicativa Intercultural en estudiantes de Licenciatura en Educación, Lenguas Extranjeras. Esta revisión se enfocó en artículos en revistas cubanas de educación.