Abstract: This research proposes the tuning of a controller for a D-STATCOM distribution static synchronous compensator in order to improve the steady-state and dynamic state voltage profiles for a distribution network with the presence of distributed generation. In this study, a methodology is developed using the Power Factory-DigSILENT (DSL) simulation software and programming in the Python 3.6 environment, for the study, the IEEE 13-node test network is selected, which is an unbalanced distribution network and for the optimization process required in the methodology, the mean variance mapping heuristic optimization algorithm (MVMO) is used, in the case of the location of the FACT device in the test network, the bus with the highest load concentration is selected, the optimal location of the device according to any criterion is not addressed. This work focuses on the importance of using optimization techniques in the tuning of the parameters contained in a D-STATCOM controller, which allows to efficiently determine operating scenarios with voltage regulation that comply with the operating limits established by national regulations, making appropriate use of reactive power compensation in the operation of an electrical network.

Resumen: La presente investigación propone la sintonización de un controlador para un compensador síncrono estático de distribución D-STATCOM con el fin de mejorar los perfiles de voltaje en estado estacionario y estado dinámico para una red eléctrica de distribución con presencia de generación distribuida. En este estudio se desarrolla una metodología empleando de manera conjunta el software de simulación Power Factory-DigSILENT (DSL) y la programación en el entorno de Python 3.6, para el estudio, se selecciona la red de prueba IEEE de 13 nodos, que es una red de distribución desbalanceada y para el proceso de optimización requerido en la metodología , se utiliza el algoritmo de optimización heurística de mapeo de varianza media (MVMO), en el caso de la ubicación del dispositivo FACT en la red de prueba, se selecciona la barra con mayor concentración de carga, no se aborda la ubicación optima del dispositivo de acuerdo algún criterio especifico. Este trabajo se enfoca en la importancia del uso de técnicas de optimización en la sintonización de los parámetros que contiene el controlador de un D-STATCOM, lo que permite determinar de manera eficiente escenarios de operación con regulación de voltaje que cumplen con los límites operativos establecidos por la normativa nacional, haciendo un uso adecuado de la compensación de potencia reactiva en la operación de una red eléctrica.

Abstract This article examines research and development (R&D) funding, the advance purchase of COVID-19 vaccines and the complex contracts that states signed with pharmaceutical companies. Drawing on information from the Centre for Global Health and the European Court of Auditors, the findings suggest that pharmaceutical companies obtained public funds for vaccine development and took advantage of their privileged position to impose contractual clauses on countries, including production/distribution conditions and compensation for vaccine side effects. The findings suggest that the big winners during the pandemic were the pharmaceutical companies, that states did not benefit from the investment made in R&D, and that some Latin American countries accepted contractual impositions, including maintaining the confidentiality and non-disclosure of contracts.

Resumen Este artículo examina el financiamiento para la investigación y el desarrollo (I+D), la compra anticipada de vacunas contra la covid-19 y los contratos complejos que los Estados firmaron con las empresas farmacéuticas. A partir de información del Centro de Salud Global y el Tribunal de Cuentas Europeo, los hallazgos apuntan a que las farmacéuticas obtuvieron fondos públicos para el desarrollo de vacunas y aprovecharon su posición privilegiada para imponer cláusulas contractuales a los países. Las condiciones de la producción/distribución y las indemnizaciones por efectos secundarios de la vacuna son algunas de las cláusulas. Las conclusiones sugieren que los grandes ganadores durante la pandemia fueron las farmacéuticas, que los Estados no obtuvieron beneficios por la inversión realizada en la I+D y que algunos países de América Latina aceptaron imposiciones contractuales, entre ellas, mantener la confidencialidad y reserva de los contratos.

ORIENTATION: Human resource management (HRM) professionals and organisational leaders may maximise the performance of construction organisations by thoroughly understanding the implementation of HRM practices within these businesses RESEARCH PURPOSE: The purpose of this study was to empirically investigate the extent to which recruitment and selection, training and development, performance appraisal and compensation systems are implemented in construction organisations MOTIVATION OF THE STUDY: The reason for this study was that a paucity of empirical research on the implementation of HRM practices makes it difficult to provide recommendations about HRM to optimise performance in construction organisations. RESEARCH APPROACH/DESIGN AND METHOD: This quantitative study was based on primary data collected from 63 construction personnel in various South African construction organisations in Cape Town. A cross-sectional quantitative survey design, with a self-administered questionnaire as the data collection tool, was used to collect data by means of convenience and judgemental sampling. Collected data were processed using the Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS), version 28, and analysed using descriptive analysis and a one-sample t-test. MAIN FINDINGS: The perceived implementation of HRM practices that meet minimum expected standards was significant for (1) recruitment and selection (R), (2) training and development (T) and (3) compensation systems (COS). However, the perceived implementation of (4) performance appraisal (PEA) best practices was found to be insignificant PRACTICAL/MANAGERIAL IMPLICATIONS: The implementation of HRM in construction organisations needs to incorporate the tenets that are central to the successful delivery of HRM services. CONTRIBUTION/VALUE-ADD: This study emphasises the minimum expected HRM practices that should be observed in construction organisations.

RESUMO: O presente artigo objetiva avaliar o efeito da remoção da dominância apical em estádios fenológicos, nos caracteres agronômicos de cultivares de soja. O experimento foi implantado na área didática-experimental do Instituto Federal de Educação e Tecnologia do Rio Grande do Sul, Campus Ibirubá, na safra 2020/2021, sob delineamento de blocos ao acaso, em arranjo de parcelas subdivididas, com três repetições. As parcelas principais eram compostas pelos cinco cultivares (DM53i54 IPRO, Zeus IPRO, Lança IPRO, DM5958 IPRO e Delta IPRO) e as subparcelas, pelos estádios fenológicos de remoção de dominância apical (testemunha, V2, V4 e V6). As características morfológicas foram avaliadas em diferentes estádios. Como resultados, verificaram-se diferenças entre os cultivares, que seguiram suas morfologias pré-definidas. A remoção de dominância apical, reduziu aspectos como o número de nós e legumes na haste principal, além da altura de inserção do primeiro legume. Como estratégia de compensação, os cultivares desenvolvem mecanismos de ramificação, acrescendo até 130% no número de legumes nos ramos. Verifica-se que a remoção do ápice caulinar é capaz de modificar aspectos morfológicos em plantas de soja, contudo, seu rendimento tende a ser mantido. RESUMO soja didáticaexperimental didática experimental Sul Ibirubá 20202021 2020 2021 2020/2021 acaso subdivididas repetições DM53i54 DMi DM i (DM53i5 DM595 subparcelas testemunha, testemunha (testemunha V2 V V6. V6 . V6) resultados verificaramse verificaram se prédefinidas. prédefinidas pré definidas. definidas pré-definidas principal legume compensação ramificação 130 ramos Verificase Verifica contudo mantido 2020202 202 2020/202 DM53i5 (DM53i DM59 13 202020 20 2020/20 DM53i DM5 1 20202 2 2020/2 2020/

ABSTRACT: This study evaluated the effect of removing apical dominance at phenological stages on the agronomic traits of soybean cultivars. The experiment was conducted in the 2020/2021 growing season inthe teaching-experimental area of the Federal Institute of Education, Science and Technology of Rio Grande do Sul, Campus Ibirubá, under a randomized block design in a split-plot arrangement, with three replications. The main plots were composed of five soybean cultivars (DM53i54 IPRO, Zeus IPRO, Lanza IPRO, DM5958 IPRO, and Delta IPRO), and the subplots consisted of the phenological stages of apical dominance removal (control, V2, V4, and V6). Morphological traits were evaluated at different stages. Differences were observed between cultivars, which followed their pre-defined morphologies. Apical dominance removal reduced aspects such as the number of nodes and legumes on the main stem and the first legumeinsertion height. Cultivars developed branching mechanismsas a compensation strategy, increasing the number of legumes on the branches by up to 130%. The removal of the shoot apex can modify morphological aspects in soybean plants,but their yield tends to be maintained. ABSTRACT 20202021 2020 2021 2020/202 teachingexperimental teaching experimental Education Sul Ibirubá splitplot split plot arrangement replications DM53i54 DMi DM i (DM53i5 IPRO DM595 , IPRO) control, control (control V2 V V4 V6. V6 . V6) predefined pre defined morphologies height strategy 130 130% plantsbut plants but maintained 2020202 202 2020/20 DM53i5 (DM53i DM59 13 202020 20 2020/2 DM53i DM5 1 20202 2 2020/

RESUMO: A regularização ambiental da piscicultura continental no Brasil está intimamente ligada à ocupação e uso do solo, as áreas utilizadas para a atividade estão em sua maioria inseridas em áreas de preservação permanente (APP), próximas a rios e nascentes. Esse cenário demonstra a relação entre a atividade e o cumprimento da lei, referente às questões florestais no país. Santa Catarina é um dos estados líderes na piscicultura e um dos primeiros a regulamentar o uso de áreas de preservação permanente (APPs). Assim, foi avaliada a viabilidade de uma proposta de compensação ambiental para regularizar o uso de APPs em Santa Catarina para a piscicultura. Os resultados mostraram que 74% das pisciculturas analisadas precisam regularizar a ocupação das estruturas de produção em APPs. Com relação ao índice proposto de compensação pelo uso em APP, o fator de compensação ambiental (FCA), por meio da avaliação dos mapas individuais e posterior avaliação integrada, todas as pisciculturas identificadas com passivos ambientais em ocupação apresentavam relações de 1:2 e 1:3, sendo este índice uma alternativa viável para a regularização ambiental da atividade. No entanto, propõe-se que o ECF seja aplicado a pequenas pisciculturas, de até quatro módulos fiscais e que tenham um perfil de ocupação mínima padrão em relação à área total da propriedade, conforme avaliado no presente estudo. RESUMO solo APP , (APP) nascentes lei país . (APPs) Assim 74 FCA, FCA (FCA) integrada 12 1 2 1: 13, 13 3, 3 1:3 entanto propõese propõe se propriedade estudo (APP (APPs 7 (FCA

ABSTRACT: The environmental regulation of continental fish farming in Brazil is closely linked to land occupation and use. Areas used for this activity are mostly located in permanent preservation areas (PPA), close to rivers and springs, demonstrating the necessity of regulating this activity for its compliance with public policy. Santa Catarina is a leading state in fish farming and one of the first to regulate the use of PPAs. The feasibility of a proposal for environmental compensation to regularize the use of PPAs in Santa Catarina for fish farming; was therefore, assessed. The results showed that 74% of the fish farms analyzed need to regularize the occupation of production structures in PPAs. Regarding the proposed index of compensation for use in PPAs, the environmental compensation factor (ECF), through evaluation of the individual maps and subsequent integrated evaluation, all the fish farms identified with environmental liabilities in occupation had ratios of 1:2 and 1:3, and this index is a viable alternative for environmental regularization of the activity. It was further proposed that ECF be applied to small fish farms of up to four fiscal modules and that they have a standard minimum occupancy profile in relation to the total area of the property, as assessed in the present study. ABSTRACT PPA, PPA , (PPA) springs policy therefore 74 ECF, (ECF) 12 1 2 1: 13, 13 3, 3 1:3 property study (PPA 7 (ECF

Direct current flow through power transformers in HVDC systems can lead to significant half-cycle saturation issues, putting the power system at risk. The HVDC system can function in monopolar ground return and unbalanced bipolar without earth return conductors. During these two HVDC modes of operation, a substantial direct current flows through the HVDC ground terminals, creating a ground DC potential difference between the neutrally grounded transformers. As a result, DC flows through the neutrals into the transformer windings. The study presents a transformer-neutral DC compensating device incorporating a novel control to solve the issue. Using a proper control strategy, injecting reverse DC into the grounding grid can compensate for direct current flow in transformer windings to mitigate the biased operating flux of power transformers. In this article, an in-depth analysis of transformer response to DC bias was investigated. Then, an Interval type-II fuzzy logic control (IT2FLC) was proposed as an effective control strategy for managing the neutral DC compensating system. Its robustness was assessed and analysed by comparing it with type-I fuzzy logic-based (T1FLC) and a PI-based compensation system. The control performance is examined using MATLAB/Simulink models and validated with rapid control prototype tests conducted with a SpeedgoatTM real-time target machine, assessing the transient response, oscillations, and settling time of the compensation device under DC bias voltage variations. The outcomes indicate that the IT2FLC controls the compensation device more effectively than other controllers to mitigate half-cycle saturation. This approach introduces a novel strategy to prevent transformer half-cycle saturation.

RESUMEN. El presente artículo analiza la diferencia entre tutela inhibitoria y tutela resarcitoria, con especial énfasis en el ordenamiento jurídico peruano, con miras a establecer en qué casos se debería proceder por la vía civil y en cuáles por la vía constitucional, en particular cuando se trate de infracciones a los derechos de las personas.

ABSTRACT. This paper analyzes the contrast between injunctive relief and compensatory relief, specifically focusing on how it is regulated within the Peruvian legal system. The main goal is to determine when the civil process should be used over the constitutional process, especially when it comes to violations of individual rights.

RESUMEN. El objetivo de este artículo es presentar posibles estrategias jurídicas para la sostenibilidad financiera de los biobancos en Colombia. Para tal propósito, critica la posibilidad de comercializar muestras biológicas humanas mediante contratos onerosos y estudia algunas alternativas de sostenimiento basadas, por ejemplo, en la compensación económica por los costos asociados al mantenimiento, el servicio de colección de muestras a terceros o el compromiso político por parte del Estado.

ABSTRACT: The aim of this article is to present different legal strategies for the financial sustainability of Colombian biobanks. For that purpose, this work criticizes the sale of human biological samples as a means for sustainability, and proposes different legal alternatives based on, among others, the compensation for the costs associated with the maintenance of the biobank, services of sample collection for third parties or political commitment on the part of the State.

Resumen Objetivo: Analizar la relación entre el tipo de contrato laboral y los ingresos que generan las empresas manufactureras colombianas. Metodología: Para el desarrollo de la investigación se realizó un estudio con enfoque cuantitativo, de tipo no experimental, transversal y correlacional, para el que se tomó como insumo la Encuesta Anual Manufacturera 2019, publicada por el Departamento Administrativo Nacional de Estadísticas (DANE), conformada por 7631 empresas. Resultados principales: Los resultados permiten reflexionar sobre la importancia y el especial cuidado que los gerentes deben tener con el tipo de contrato que utilizan para vincular a sus trabajadores, principalmente en momentos de incertidumbre política y económica, donde los empresarios pueden optar por reducir sus costos mediante la vinculación con contratos de prestación de servicios que otorgan menos beneficios laborales y obligan a los trabajadores a pagar de sus ingresos los aportes a salud y pensión, sin derecho a vacaciones pagas, primas ni cesantías. Conclusiones: El estudio concluye que los ingresos de las empresas pueden mejorarse si se vincula al personal mediante contratos temporales con bolsas de empleo y contratos a término indefinido directamente con la empresa; los contratos a término fijo directos con la empresa reducen los ingresos de la misma.

Abstract Objective: To analyze the relationship between the type of employment contract and the income generated by Colombian manufacturing companies. Methodology: To develop the research, a quantitative, non-experimental, transversal study with a correlational approach was performed, whose input was the 2019 Annual Manufacturer Survey published by the National Administrative Department of Statistics (DANE, for its initials in Spanish), comprised of 7631 companies. Key findings: The results allow reflection on the importance and special care managers must take with the type of contract they use to hire their workers, mainly in times of political and economic uncertainty, where employers may choose to reduce their costs by employing them with service provision contracts that grant fewer labor benefits and force workers to pay health and pension contributions from their income, without the right to paid vacations, bonuses, and severance pay. Conclusions: The study concludes company income can be improved if staff are linked through temporary contracts with employment exchanges and indefinite-term contracts directly with the company; direct fixed-term contracts with the company reduce its income.

Resumo Objetivo: Analisar a relação entre o tipo de contrato de trabalho e a receita gerada pelas empresas manufatureiras colombianas. Metodologia: Para o desenvolvimento da pesquisa, foi realizado um estudo quantitativo, não experimental, transversal e correlacional, tendo como insumo a Pesquisa Anual de Manufatura de 2019, publicada pelo Departamento Administrativo Nacional de Estatística (DANE), compreendendo 7631 empresas tomadas em sua totalidade. Principais resultados: Os resultados nos permitem refletir sobre a importância e o cuidado especial que os gerentes devem ter com o tipo de contrato que utilizam para vincular seus trabalhadores, principalmente em tempos de incerteza política e econômica, em que os empregadores podem optar por reduzir seus custos vinculando-se a contratos de prestação de serviços que proporcionam menos benefícios empregatícios e que obrigam os trabalhadores a pagarem contribuições de saúde e previdência a partir de sua renda, sem direito a férias remuneradas, décimo-terceiro salário e indenização por demissão. Conclusões: O estudo conclui que a receita da empresa pode ser melhorada com a vinculação de funcionários por meio de contratos temporários com bancos de empregos e contratos de prazo indeterminado diretamente com a empresa; contratos de prazo fixo diretamente com a empresa reduzem a receita desta.

ABSTRACT Photosynthetic response studies at different light intensities facilitate understanding plant physiology, optimizing management and sustainable use of species. The purpose of the research was to evaluate the photosynthetic response of G. angustifolia and B. vulgaris at different light intensities. Photosynthetic assimilation measurements were performed using a portable iFL - LCpro-SD system. The compensation point (┌ ⁕) was determined by three A/Ci curves under three different light intensity levels. The evaluation of the photosynthetic response to increasing light intensity was from 25 to 1800 PPFD µmol m-2s-1. G. angustifolia presented a ┌ ⁕ of 73.9 µmol CO2 m-2s-1, indicating higher carbon capture efficiency at lower concentrations compared to B. vulgaris, which showed a ┌ ⁕ of 88.1 µmol CO2 m-2s-1. Furthermore, G. angustifolia exhibited a lower diurnal respiration rate (Rd) (0.33 µmol CO2 m-2s-1, which optimizes its energy efficiency, while B. vulgaris presented a higher Rd (1.08 µmol CO2 m-2s-1, implying higher energy consumption under low light intensity conditions. G. angustifolia did not show photoinhibition, as its photosynthetic assimilation rate increased continuously with light. In contrast, B. vulgaris experienced photoinhibition starting at 700 µmol m-2s-1 of PPFD. These findings show that G. angustifolia is better adapted to capture carbon under conditions of low CO2, concentrations and high light intensities, while B. vulgaris seems to be better adapted to environments with higher CO2 concentrations.

RESUMO Estudos da resposta fotossintética a diversas intensidades luminosas facilitam o entendimento da fisiologia vegetal, otimizam o manejo e o uso sustentável das espécies. O objetivo da pesquisa foi avaliar a resposta fotossintética de G. angustifolia e B. vulgaris a diferentes intensidades luminosas. As medidas de assimilação fotossintética foram realizadas utilizando um sistema portátil iFL - LCpro-SD. O ponto de compensação (┌ ⁕) foi determinado usando três curvas A/Ci sob três níveis diferentes de intensidade de luz. A avaliação da resposta fotossintética ao aumento da intensidade luminosa foi de 25 a 1800 PPFD µmol m-2s-1. G. angustifolia apresentou ┌ ⁕ de 73,9 µmol CO2 m-2s-1, indicando maior eficiência na captura de carbono em concentrações mais baixas em comparação com B. vulgaris, que apresentou ┌ ⁕ de 88,1 µmol CO2 m-2s-1. Além disso, G. angustifolia exibiu menor taxa de respiração diurna (Rd) (0,33 µmol CO2 m-2s-1, o que otimiza sua eficiência energética, enquanto B. vulgaris apresentou maior Rd (1,08 µmol CO2 m-2s-1, o que implica maior consumo de energia em condições de baixa intensidade luminosa. G. angustifolia não apresentou fotoinibição, pois sua taxa de assimilação fotossintética aumentou continuamente com a luz. Em contraste, B. vulgaris experimentou fotoinibição de 700 µmol m-2s-1 PPFD. Essas descobertas mostram que G. angustifolia está melhor adaptada para capturar carbono em condições de baixas concentrações de CO2 e altas intensidades luminosas, enquanto B. vulgaris parece se adaptar melhor a ambientes com maiores concentrações de CO2.

RESUMEN Los estudios de respuesta fotosintética a diversas intensidades lumínicas facilitan comprender la fisiología vegetal, optimizar el manejo y aprovechamiento sostenible de las especies. La investigación tuvo como fin evaluar la respuesta fotosintética de G. angustifolia y B. vulgaris a diferentes intensidades de luz. Las mediciones de asimilación fotosintética se realizaron utilizando un sistema portátil iFL - LCpro-SD. El punto compensación (┌ ⁕) se determinó mediante tres curvas A/Ci bajo tres niveles diferentes de intensidad lumínica. La evaluación de la respuesta fotosintética al incremento en la intensidad de luz fue de 25 a 1800 PPFD µmol m-2s-1. G. angustifolia presentó un ┌ ⁕ de 73.9 µmol CO2 m-2s-1, indicando mayor eficiencia en la captura de carbono a concentraciones más bajas en comparación con B. vulgaris, que mostró un ┌ ⁕ de 88.1 µmol CO2 m-2s-1. Además, G. angustifolia exhibió una menor tasa de respiración diurna (Rd) (0.33 µmol CO2 m-2s-1, lo que optimiza su eficiencia energética, mientras que B. vulgaris presentó una Rd más alta (1.08 µmol CO2 m-2s-1, lo que implica mayor consumo de energía en condiciones de baja intensidad lumínica. G. angustifolia no mostró fotoinhibición, ya que su tasa de asimilación fotosintética aumentó continuamente con la luz. En contraste, B. vulgaris experimentó fotoinhibición a partir de 700 µmol m-2s-1 de PPFD. Estos hallazgos evidencian que G. angustifolia está mejor adaptada para capturar carbono en condiciones de baja concentraciones de CO2, y altas intensidades de luz, mientras B. vulgaris parece adaptarse mejor a ambientes con mayor concentración CO2.

ABSTRACT If the world is to overcome the threat of climate change, a price must be set on carbon. A carbon tax is a means of creating a carbon price, and it is an ideal tax in that, unlike most taxes, it promotes economic efficiency. Yet many countries have no carbon tax. The reason is that there are strong political interests opposed to taxing carbon. I shall argue that these interests need to be appeased by fully compensating anyone who would otherwise be harmed by a carbon tax. This includes the owners and workers in the fossil fuel industries. If a carbon tax is to be successful, it needs to be introduced alongside an appropriate system of compensation. Some of the compensation will need to be paid out of public debt, and this will be feasible for many countries only if they are supported by a new financial institution: a World Climate Bank.

RESUMEN Si el mundo quiere superar la amenaza del cambio climático, se debe fijar un precio al carbono. Un impuesto al carbono es un medio para crear un precio al carbono y es un impuesto ideal, ya que, a diferencia de la mayoría de los impuestos, promueve la eficiencia económica. Sin embargo, muchos países no tienen un impuesto al carbono. La razón es que existen fuertes intereses políticos opuestos a la imposición del carbono. Argumentaré que estos intereses deben ser apaciguados compensando completamente a cualquier persona que de otro modo se vería perjudicada por un impuesto al carbono. Esto incluye a los propietarios y trabajadores de las industrias de combustibles fósiles. Para que un impuesto al carbono sea exitoso, debe introducirse junto con un sistema adecuado de compensación. Parte de la compensación deberá pagarse con deuda pública, y esto será factible para muchos países solo si son apoyados por una nueva institución financiera: un Banco Mundial del Clima.

Abstract Punitive damages are a controversial legal figure which has been present in English common law for almost 200 years, with a presence in its statutes for practically 800 years. Although Chilean Civil Law has certain punitive notions, the so-called punitive damages have gained relevance in the last decade. Interestingly, Civil Law may offer a more systematic and coherent treatment of this type of damages than that coined in English common law. This paper explores this by answering, from a civilian perspective, when it would be reasonable to award punitive damages.

Resumen Los daños punitivos son una figura legal controvertida que ha estado presente en el common law inglés por casi 200 años, y en sus estatutos por casi 800. Aunque en el derecho privado chileno es posible encontrar ciertas nociones punitivas, los llamados daños punitivos han tomado particular relevancia recién en la última década. Interesantemente, el derecho civil puede ofrecer un tratamiento más sistemático y coherente para este tipo de daños que el tradicionalmente ofrecido por el common law inglés. Así, este artículo explora lo anterior, analizando, desde el derecho civil, cuándo sería razonable otorgar daños punitivos.

Abstract: This work aims to establish reactive power compensation power element that works well together to reduce the proportion of harmonics in the radial distribution network. To improve the voltage and current affected when non-linear loads are integrated into the distribution network. The problem is reflected in growing energy demand, and harmonic disruptions caused by nonlinear loads that threaten energy quality. This method uses two types of filters one of them is the active power filter that is able to generate harmonics canceling signals, the next one is the passive filter which is less efficient in removing harmonics especially in wide frequency ranges. The analysis is carried out in a balanced radial distribution circuit in which a nonlinear charge is integrated into the 3rd bar of the distribution circle. In this case, the voltage and harmonic current are analyzed in bar 3 of the entire radial distribution network and in the load. The results obtained showed a significant reduction in the voltage and current harmonics in bar 3 of the system, decreasing from 3.63% THDv and 13.30% THDi to 0.86% THDV and 0.57% THDI as indicated by IEEE. 1159 and resolution No. ARCERNNR-017/2020.

Resumen: El presente trabajo tiene como objetivo es establecer elemento de potencia de compensación de potencia reactiva que funciona bien en conjunto para reducir la proporción de armónicos en la red de distribución radial. Para mejorar el voltaje y la corriente afectados cuando cargas que no son lineales se integran en la red de distribución. El problema se refleja en el crecimiento de la demanda energética, y las perturbaciones armónicas provocadas por cargas no lineales que amenazan la calidad energética. Este método emplea dos tipos de filtros uno de ellos es el filtro activo de potencia que es capaz de generar señales que cancelan armónicos, el siguiente es el filtro pasivo que es menos eficiente en la eliminación de armónicos especialmente en rangos de frecuencias amplios. Se realizo el análisis en un circuito de distribución radial balanceado en el cual se integra una carga no lineal en la 3ra barra del circuito de distribución. En este caso se analizó la tensión y la corriente armónica en la barra 3 de toda la red de distribución radial y en la carga. Los resultados obtenidos mostraron una reducción significativa de los armónicos de voltaje y corriente en la barra 3 del sistema disminuyendo del 3.63% THDv y 13.30% THDi al 0.86% THDv y 0.57% THDi como indica la norma IEEE. 1159 y la resolución Nro. ARCERNNR-017/2020.

Abstract: The present work focuses on a practical application of remote control for the opening and closing of the reactive compensation tuned to the fifth harmonic at the output of the 13.8 kV distribution feeder of the Novacero S.A. electrical substation, through the migration from local control to remote control by means of a Schneider Electric U27 series recloser as a switch for its location in the yard. The process includes the use of the recloser in one-shot mode which is performed by the operator from the control room, in addition a SEL-551 protection relay is implemented which commands the recloser to open in the event of possible overcurrent faults by means of an ADVC-IOEX card located on the recloser board. This device helps to open and close the filter remotely in conjunction with the WSOS software of the equipment for the supervision and operation from a level 2 substation automation system. The result obtained through this automation system is to safeguard the safety of the operator from level 0 to level 1 automation, in addition to being able to monitor and supervise the variables measured inside the control room from level 2.

Resumen: El presente trabajo se enfoca en una aplicación práctica de control remoto para la apertura y cierre de la compensación reactiva sintonizada a la quinta armónica en la salida del alimentador de distribución a 13,8 kV de la subestación eléctrica Novacero S.A., mediante la migración de control local a control remoto por medio de un reconectador marca Schneider Electric serie U27 como interruptor para su ubicación en patio. El proceso comprende con la utilización del reconectador en modo de un solo disparo que lo realiza el operador desde el cuarto de control, además se implementa un relé de protección SEL-551 que manda abrir el reconectador ante posibles fallas por sobrecorriente por medio de una tarjeta ADVC-IOEX ubicada en el tablero del reconectador, este dispositivo ayuda a la apertura y cierre del filtro de manera remota en conjunto con el software WSOS del equipo para la supervisión y operación desde un nivel 2 de sistemas de automatización de subestaciones. El resultado obtenido mediante este sistema de automatización es precautelar y salvaguardar la seguridad del operador llevando de un nivel 0 a nivel 1 de automatización, además de poder monitorear y supervisar las variables medidas dentro del cuarto de control desde un nivel 2.

ABSTRACT People with type 2 diabetes mellitus (DM2) experience difficulties in self-management. One of the variables involved is the low level of health literacy (HL) which corresponds to the degree to which people access, understand, evaluate and use information to engage with health demands in different contexts, in order to promote and maintain good health. Hypothesis: People diagnosed with diabetes mellitus who participate in an intervention to increase their level of health literacy improve their metabolic compensation measured in HBA1c. Aim: To evaluate the effect of an HL intervention program on metabolic control and self-efficacy of people with DM2, who are treated in primary care centers (CESFAM) in a commune in Santiago, Chile. Methods: A randomized controlled clinical trial in a cluster, in 4 CESFAM, 2 intervention group (IG) and 2 control group (CG). In addition to the usual intervention, the CESFAM-GI received face-to-face and telephone follow-up counseling, group sessions, and audiovisual support material for a period of 6 months. Pre- and post-intervention measurements were taken. Results: No differences were observed in the HbA1C values of the GI between baseline and final measurements; however, in the CG it increased by 1 point between both measurements, showing a deterioration compared to the IG. Attendance at the workshops in the IG is positively associated with the achievement of LS level. The results indicate that the intervention was more effective –than the usual intervention– in preventing the deterioration of HbA1C. Conclusions: An intervention that considers LS adapted to the Latin American sociocultural context with a combination of group and individual strategies can generate a difference in HBA1c.

RESUMEN Las personas con diabetes mellitus tipo 2 (DM2), experimentan dificultades para el automanejo. Una de las variables involucradas es el bajo nivel de literacidad en salud (LS) que corresponde al grado en que las personas acceden, comprenden, evalúan y utilizan información para comprometerse con las demandas de salud en diferentes contextos, con el fin de promover y mantener una buena salud. Hipótesis: Las personas con diagnóstico de diabetes mellitus que participan en una intervención para aumentar su nivel de literacidad en salud mejoran su compensación metabólica medida en HBA1c. Objetivo: Evaluar el efecto de un programa de intervención en LS, en el control metabólico y autoeficacia de personas con DM2, que se atienden en centros de atención primaria (CESFAM) de una comuna en Santiago de Chile. Métodos: Ensayo clínico controlado aleatorizado en clúster, en 4 CESFAM, 2 grupo intervenido (GI) y 2 grupo control (GC). Los CESFAM-GI recibieron además de la intervención habitual consejerías presenciales y telefónicas de seguimiento, sesiones grupales y material audiovisual de apoyo por un periodo de 6 meses. Se realizaron mediciones pre y post intervención. Resultados: No se observaron diferencias en los valores de HbA1C del GI entre medición basal y final; no obstante, en el GC aumenta en 1 punto entre ambas mediciones evidenciando un deterioro en comparación con el GI. La asistencia a los talleres en el GI, se asocia positivamente con el logro en nivel de LS. Los resultados indican que la intervención fue más efectiva –que la intervención habitual– para evitar el deterioro de la HbA1C. Conclusiones: Una intervención que considere LS adaptada al contexto sociocultural latinoamericano con combinación de estrategias grupales e individuales puede generar una diferencia en la HBA1c.