Direct current flow through power transformers in HVDC systems can lead to significant half-cycle saturation issues, putting the power system at risk. The HVDC system can function in monopolar ground return and unbalanced bipolar without earth return conductors. During these two HVDC modes of operation, a substantial direct current flows through the HVDC ground terminals, creating a ground DC potential difference between the neutrally grounded transformers. As a result, DC flows through the neutrals into the transformer windings. The study presents a transformer-neutral DC compensating device incorporating a novel control to solve the issue. Using a proper control strategy, injecting reverse DC into the grounding grid can compensate for direct current flow in transformer windings to mitigate the biased operating flux of power transformers. In this article, an in-depth analysis of transformer response to DC bias was investigated. Then, an Interval type-II fuzzy logic control (IT2FLC) was proposed as an effective control strategy for managing the neutral DC compensating system. Its robustness was assessed and analysed by comparing it with type-I fuzzy logic-based (T1FLC) and a PI-based compensation system. The control performance is examined using MATLAB/Simulink models and validated with rapid control prototype tests conducted with a SpeedgoatTM real-time target machine, assessing the transient response, oscillations, and settling time of the compensation device under DC bias voltage variations. The outcomes indicate that the IT2FLC controls the compensation device more effectively than other controllers to mitigate half-cycle saturation. This approach introduces a novel strategy to prevent transformer half-cycle saturation.

ABSTRACT This paper proposes a composite indicator to identify levels of water security at the household-community interface. It analyses the hydro-social processes that give rise to water scarcity situations experienced by the rural population supplied by community organizations in rural Chile. The indicator is based on a case study of ten community organizations selected to represent the heterogeneity existing in the country, where semi-structured interviews with their leaders and field observations were applied. Two main findings emerge from the study: 1) there is no correlation between the size of organizations and the levels of observed water security; 2) cases with greater difficulty accessing sufficient resources are not the ones facing greater water insecurity, as organizations compensate for this difficulty with other components.

RESUMEN El presente artículo propone un indicador compuesto que permite identificar niveles de seguridad hídrica en la interfaz doméstica-comunitaria. Para ello analiza los procesos hidrosociales que dan origen a situaciones de escasez hídrica vividas por la población rural abastecida mediante organizaciones comunitarias en Chile rural. El indicador se basa en el estudio de caso de diez organizaciones comunitarias seleccionadas para representar la heterogeneidad existente en el país, a cuyos dirigentes se les aplicó entrevistas semiestructuradas en las cuales se realizaron, además, observaciones de campo. Del estudio se desprenden dos principales hallazgos: 1) No existe una correlación entre el tamaño de las organizaciones y los niveles de seguridad hídrica observados; 2) Los casos con mayores dificultades para acceder a recursos en cantidad suficiente no son los que enfrentan una inseguridad hídrica mayor, puesto que las organizaciones compensan esta dificultad con otros componentes.

RESUMEN El contexto universitario cubano precisa de la disponibilidad de textos actualizados que aborden la línea de pensamiento Martí-Fidel en torno a las clases sociales y a la integración Latinoamericana-Caribeña, para compensar la carencia de la interdisciplinariedad en los contenidos de las asignaturas Historia de América y Cuba acorde a los cambios sociales actuales. Por lo que se propone la elaboración de un material docente para la enseñanza universitaria en Historia de América y Cuba con la finalidad de elevar la preparación política ideológica de los estudiantes. Para el desarrollo de esta investigación y en correspondencia con las características de la misma se aplican diversos métodos y técnicas entre ellos: el análisis - síntesis para establecer los nexos de las relaciones entre el proceso de enseñanza - aprendizaje de las asignaturas del currículo base y del optativo. Inductivo - deductivo se aplicó en el análisis de distintas teorías para el cumplimiento de las tareas previstas. El método sistémico desde los fundamentos del materialismo dialéctico e histórico, que permite entrelazar los presupuestos teóricos para la elaboración de un material docente que enriquece la coincidencia en torno a la problemática planteada.

ABSTRACT The Cuban university context requires the availability of updated texts that address the Martí-Fidel line of thought regarding social classes and Latin American-Caribbean integration, to compensate for the lack of interdisciplinarity in the contents of the History of America and Latin American subjects. Cuba according to current social changes. Therefore, the development of teaching material for university teaching in the History of America and Cuba is proposed with the purpose of raising the ideological political preparation of students. For the development of this research and in correspondence with its characteristics, various methods and techniques are applied, including: analysis - synthesis to establish the links of the relationships between the teaching - learning process of the subjects of the base curriculum and the optional. Inductive - deductive was applied in the analysis of different theories for the fulfillment of the planned tasks. The systemic method from the foundations of dialectical and historical materialism, which allows the theoretical assumptions to be intertwined for the development of teaching material that enriches the coincidence around the problem raised.

Abstract: Launching and landing rockets on the Earth and in space have had intensive research and development in the last years. The idea of reducing costs is related regularly to the reusability of some mission stages. Though the launch has attracted attention due to including the main engines fundamental to boosting spacecraft onto an orbital or interplanetary trajectory, the landing takes relevance in space missions. While the rocket’s landing has been carried out on Earth using an autonomous spaceport drone ship, it is challenging to design intelligent model-free systems that can continuously learn and compensate for slight deviations until they meet the target. This paper focuses on studying vertical rocket landing using convolutional neural networks. Assuming that the rocket is near the landing area, an attitude rocket control is proposed using a vision system to recognize it and drive -the nozzle TVC. Experimental results show the attitude control commanded by a nozzle TVC of an experimental rocket under different conditions.

Abstract: The clay fraction of earthen plasters is the part responsible for the acquisition of cohesion and adherence that they possess against deterioration factors. Adherence is the property responsible for keeping the plaster together with the wall and is influenced by the percentage content of clay as well as by its mineralogy and the heterogeneity of minerals that may be present. However, it is still unknown in depth how clay minerals perform in the adherent properties of earthen plasters when the composition is heterogeneous in the material. The objective of this study is to evaluate the incidence of the mineralogical complexity of clay mineralogy in the variability of the adherence of earth plasters. To evaluate the variability, considering that the mineralogy of the soils depends directly on the place and the formation processes, eight soils from Tucumán (Argentina) corresponding to different physiographic units were analyzed. A methodology was designed for sample preparation that allows soils to be compared through adhesion tests. They were characterized by XRD to determine their mineralogical composition and by the hydrometric method to determine their granulometry. To evaluate the adherence of mixtures made with the respective soils, it was proposed in the first instance to compensate the granulometry of the soils to equate them and, once the plasters were made, this property was evaluated through shear and pull-off tests. The results showed that they allowed us to identify that the soils presented a pattern of mineralogical composition common to all the physiographic units, made up of the Ill and K pair, the former being predominant. For this pattern, it was observed in particular that there is a positive correlation between the increase in Ill content with the increase in the adhesive strength of the plasters. Clay minerals from the Sm group also contribute to the increase in adherence when the percentage is greater than or equal to 11%. On the contrary, K and Cl do not influence the increase in adhesive strength

ABSTRACT Alterations in blood cell counts are the most prominent and recurrent clinical findings among patients suffering from both acute and chronic liver disease. These changes are an important marker of liver failure and often play a key role in the evaluation and management of these patients. Together with the prolongation of coagulation tests, thrombocytopenia is the most common disorder among these individuals. This condition, as well as leukopenia, is largely attributable to hypersplenism, a disorder in which the spleen retains and destroys blood cells, including platelets. However, when the platelet count drops below 10x103/µl, it is essential to consider other causes, such as autoimmune factors that may be contributing to the development of thrombocytopenia. Anemia, defined as a decrease in red blood cell count or hemoglobin levels, is another common characteristic of liver disease. Although in most cases macrocytic anemia occurs, in some situations it can be secondary to hemolytic events, as observed in Zieve’s syndrome. This wide range of manifestations of anemia among liver patients highlights the complex interaction between liver and blood components. Despite advances in understanding the underlying causes of these cytopenias, treatment options remain limited. Therapeutic options generally focus on the transfusion of blood products to compensate for deficiencies in cell counts or on the use of thrombopoietin (TPO) analogues to temporarily stimulate platelet production in the bone marrow. However, these treatments tend to address the symptoms rather than the root causes of hematologic disorders in liver disease. The persistence and worsening of these disorders may serve as early indicators of the progression of liver failure. The complicated relationship between liver and hematological homeostasis remains the subject of research. A deeper understanding of these mechanisms could potentially open the door toward more targeted and effective therapeutic approaches to address cytopenias in the context of liver disease.

RESUMEN Las alteraciones en los recuentos celulares sanguíneos representan los hallazgos clínicos más notorios y recurrentes en pacientes que padecen enfermedad hepática, tanto aguda como crónica. Estos cambios constituyen un marcador importante de la disfunción hepática y, a menudo, desempeñan un papel crucial en la evaluación y manejo de estos pacientes. En conjunto con el alargamiento de las pruebas de coagulación, la trombocitopenia es la irregularidad más prevalente en estos individuos. Esta condición, así como las leucopenias, se le atribuye en gran medida al hiperesplenismo, una alteración en la que el bazo retiene y destruye las células sanguíneas, incluidas las plaquetas. Sin embargo, cuando el conteo plaquetario desciende por debajo de 10 x 103/µl, es fundamental considerar otras causas, como factores autoinmunitarios que pueden estar contribuyendo con la trombocitopenia. La anemia, definida como una disminución en el número de glóbulos rojos o en los niveles de hemoglobina, es otra característica constante que acompaña a la enfermedad hepática. Aunque en la mayoría de los casos la anemia es macrocítica, en algunas situaciones puede ser secundaria a eventos hemolíticos, como lo observado en el síndrome de Zieve. Esta diversidad en las manifestaciones de la anemia en pacientes hepáticos subraya la complejidad de las interacciones entre el hígado y los componentes sanguíneos. A pesar de los avances en la comprensión de las causas subyacentes de estas citopenias, las opciones del tratamiento siguen siendo limitadas. Generalmente, las opciones terapéuticas se enfocan en la administración de transfusiones de hemocomponentes para compensar las deficiencias en los recuentos celulares o en el uso de análogos de trombopoyetina (TPO) para estimular temporalmente la producción de las plaquetas en la medula ósea. No obstante, estos tratamientos tienden a abordar los síntomas más que las causas fundamentales de las alteraciones hematológicas en la enfermedad hepática. La persistencia y el empeoramiento de estas alteraciones pueden servir como indicadores tempranos de la progresión de la disfunción hepática. La relación intrincada entre el hígado y la homeostasis hematológica continúa siendo objeto de investigación, la compresión más profunda de estos mecanismos podría abrir potencialmente la puerta hacia enfoques terapéuticos más específicos y efectivos para abordar las citopenias en el contexto de la enfermedad hepática.

Abstract A study was established under the hypothesis that, in dryland vineyards, mulches improve the vigour of the vineyard and can compensate for the competitive effect caused by cover crops while constituting alternative methods to soil tillage for weed control. The study was carried out in a vineyard var. ‘Macabeo’ in the Urgell region (Lleida), considering the management under the lines (in-row tiller or mulch) and the presence or absence of cover-crops in the adjacent inter-rows. Two simultaneous complete randomized blocs designs were established in the inter-rows and under the vines. The cover crop sown was Hordeum vulgare L. at a rate of 150 kg/ha, while the mulch was based on almond shell. The cover crops and mulches exerted good control over weeds until the beginning of summer when the rains favoured the emergence of certain summer species. Despite this, the vines with mulch showed greater shoot diameter and greater leaf canopy (estimated by LiDAR) than with in-row tiller, but not when cover crops were sown in both adjacent inter-rows. The highest yield values were observed in vines with mulches, although without significant differences compared to those vines tilled.

Resumen Se realizó un estudio bajo la hipótesis que, en viñedos de secano, los acolchados orgánicos mejoran el vigor de la viña y pueden compensar el efecto competitivo causado por las cubiertas a la vez que constituyen métodos alternativos al laboreo del suelo para el control de las malas hierbas. El estudio se realizó en un viñedo de la comarca del Urgell (Lleida) de la variedad Macabeo, considerando el manejo bajo las líneas (intercepa o acolchado) y la presencia o no de cubierta en las calles adyacentes. El diseño experimental fue en bloques completamente aleatorizados de forma simultánea en las calles y bajo las cepas. La cubierta sembrada fue Hordeum vulgare L. a una dosis de 150 kg/ha, mientras que el acolchado fue a base de cáscara de almendra. Las cubiertas y acolchados ejercieron un buen control de las malas hierbas hasta inicios de verano, cuando las lluvias de junio favorecieron la emergencia de ciertas especies estivales. A pesar de ello, las cepas con acolchado mostraron mayor diámetro de sarmientos y mayor dosel foliar (estimado mediante LiDAR) que con intercepa, pero no cuando en ambas calles adyacentes se sembraron cubiertas. Los mayores valores de rendimiento se observaron en vides con acolchado, si bien sin diferencias significativas respecto a aquellas con manejo con intercepas.

Data assimilation has been widely used for improvement of crop models’ estimates, for example to incorporate the effects of external events or compensate calibration errors in large areas. The term describes multiple approaches for those who want to take advantage of satellite imagery to reduce uncertainty or improve accuracy of model estimates. Kalman Filters are among the most used methods for achieving these goals. But their use in new contexts, i.e., from open field to protected environments, requires untangling aspects of the pipeline that are often performed in many different ways without guidelines, such as which variables to assimilate or how to ascribe uncertainty to observations or model estimates. This study is then divided in two parts. In the first, we review details on how uncertainty is ascribed on crop model estimates and in observations for applications of the Kalman Filter and three variations of the method, i.e., the Extended, Unscented and Ensemble, as well as which state variables are often updated and the frequency with which assimilation may occur, as well as how these aspects are connected to each other. In the second part, we apply different approaches from the reviewed literature in a greenhouse tomato crop model. We use artificial data with controlled noise levels as well as artificial data generated by simulation using other tomato crop model. We assess the impacts of using different methods and different approaches for ascribing uncertainty in model estimates and in observations, by assimilating artificial observations of fruit and of mature fruit biomass. We note that covariances should not be fixed values, that there are trade-offs between ascribing model uncertainty to the state itself and to other elements of the process, that observation covariance may have been considered disproportionality higher when using some ensemble generation approaches in the EnKF, and that bias in model estimates may lead to worse outcomes even when observations are high-quality ones. While we discussed aspects that should be considered in a new environment, many of them are also important for field crops, and we concluded assimilation should follow an assessment of which variables could be useful for assimilation.

Resumo O pagamento por serviços ecossistêmicos (PES) é um mecanismo no qual um consumidor é capaz e está pronto para pagar pela proteção do serviço ecossistêmico preciso e deve haver um provedor, como sociedades locais, que recebe um recurso econômico, que, em troca, deve ter capacidade para manter esse serviço ecossistêmico. A avaliação econômica fornece a base para o pagamento de serviços ecossistêmicos. Portanto, o objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar os serviços de turismo e estoque de carbono do território da capital de Islamabad (ICT), Paquistão. Duas zonas florestais (Chirpine e Scrub) do território da capital de Islamabad (ICT) foram selecionadas para estimativa do estoque de carbono e seus créditos de carbono e valor de carbono. Uma pesquisa baseada em questionário foi realizada para turismo como pagamento por serviços ecossistêmicos. O método para avaliação do estoque de carbono foi a amostragem sistemática para a floresta de Chirpine, enquanto a amostragem aleatória foi feita para a floresta de cerrado. O tamanho da parcela de amostragem foi de 17,84 m de raio, e um total de 93 parcelas (49 zona Scrub e 44 zona Chirpine) foi considerado na área de estudo. O estoque de carbono de ambas as zonas (zona Chirpine e Scrub) é de 22.556,75 ton/ha (Chirpine 20.105,79, Scrub 2.450,96), e o dióxido de carbono total sequestrado por ambas as zonas é de 82.557,72 ton/ha (Chirpine 73.587,2, Scrub 8.970,52); créditos totais de carbono de ambas as zonas são 302.160,87 (Chirpine 269.328,97, Scrub 32.831,9), e o valor de carbono tanto do Chirpine quanto da zona de scrub é 4.532.418,92 $ (Chirpine 4.039.937,09 $, Scrub 492481,83 $). Da mesma forma, do ponto de vista do turismo, em Shakar Parian 94% dos turistas concordaram com o PES, enquanto 6% discordaram do PES (6% dos turistas não concordaram em contribuir para o PES, 40% concordaram com a contribuição de R$ 5 e 54% para R$ 10). além disso, no Lake View Park, 97% dos turistas concordaram e 3% discordaram (no Lake View Park, 5% dos turistas discordaram da contribuição do PES, enquanto 32% concordaram em R$ 5 e 63% foram em R$ 10). Em Damen e Koh, cerca de 87% dos turistas concordaram e 13% discordaram (24% concordaram com a contribuição de R$ 5 e 63% dos turistas concordaram com a contribuição de R$ 10). No Jardim Zoológico de Marghazar, 93% dos turistas concordaram (22% aceitaram a contribuição de R$ 5 e 71% dos turistas aceitaram contribuir com R$ 10) e 7% discordaram para PES. enquanto 7% turistas não foram acordados para contribuição. O PSA pode ser implementado para compensar o gestor florestal e de parques para garantir uma melhor gestão de florestas e parques. Devido à localização privilegiada e beleza cênica do ICT, possui enorme potencial para implementação de mecanismo de PSA para manejo e conservação florestal sustentável. Portanto, recomenda-se que a autoridade de desenvolvimento da capital (CDA) de Islamabad elabore um plano para implementação de PES em florestas e parques de ICT para sua gestão sustentável de recursos recreativos e florestais.

Abstract Payment for ecosystem services (PES) is a mechanism where a consumer is able and ready to pay for the protection of the precise ecosystem service and there must be a provider such as local societies receiving an economic resource, who in return, must have the ability to maintain that ecosystem service. Economic valuation provides basis for payment for ecosystem services. Therefore, objective of this study was to evaluate tourism and carbon stock services of the Islamabad Capital Territory (ICT), Pakistan. Two forest zones (Chirpine and Scrub) of Islamabad capital territory (ICT) were selected for estimation of carbon stock and their carbon credits and carbon worth, a questionnaire-based survey was conducted for tourism as a payment for ecosystem services. The method for carbon stock assessment was systematic sampling for Chirpine forest whereas random sampling was done for scrub forest. The size of sampling plot was 17.84 m radius, and a total of 93 plots (49 Scrub zone and 44 Chirpine zone) was taken in the study area. The carbon stock of both zones (Chirpine and Scrub zone) is 22556.75 ton/ha (Chirpine 20105.79, Scrub 2450.96) and total carbon dioxide sequestered by both zone is 82557.72 ton/ha (Chirpine 73587.2, Scrub 8970.52), total carbon credits of both zone is 302160.87 (Chirpine 269328.97, Scrub 32831.9) and the carbon worth of both Chirpine and scrub zone is 4532418.92 $ (Chirpine 4039937.09$, Scrub 492481.83$). Similarly, from tourism point of view, in Shakar Parian, 94% tourists were agreed for PES whereas 6% were disagreed for the PES (the 6% tourist were disagreed to contribute for PES, 40% were agreed for Rs.5 contribution and 54% for Rs.10.). moreover, in Lake view Park, 97% tourists were agreed and 3% are disagreed (In Lake View Park 5% tourists were disagreed for the PES contribution whereas 32% were agreed for Rs.5 and 63% were for Rs.10). In Damen e Koh, around 87% tourist were agreed and 13% were disagreed, (24% were agreed for the contribution of Rs.5 and 63% tourists were agreed for the contribution of Rs.10). In Marghazar Zoo, 93% tourists were agreed (22% were agreed for contribution of Rs.5 and 71% tourist were agreed for contribution of Rs.10) and 7% are disagreed for PES whereas 7% tourists were not agreed for contribution. PES may implement to compensate forest and parks manager to ensure better management of the forests and parks. Due to prime location and scenic beauty of the ICT, it has huge potential for implementation of PES mechanism for sustainable forest management and conservation. Therefore, it is recommended that Capital Development Authority (CDA) Islamabad should devise a plan for implementation of PES in forests and parks of ICT for its sustainable management of recreational and forest resources.

Resumen: Antecedentes: El uso de alcohol se asocia a mayor desinhibición, pero estos hallazgos podrían no ser representativos de toda la población ya que predominan estudios en contextos especializados y casos severos. Aquí, incorporamos una nueva batería de evaluación de la desinhibición (Cognitive Impulsivity Suite o CIS) en una web de tratamiento online con acceso a una población más amplia (https://www.counsellingonline.org.au/). Método: Participantes de 18 a 64 años (N = 137; 109 mujeres) completaron vía web el “Alcohol-Use Disorders Identification Test” y la CIS, que evalúa tres componentes de la desinhibición (Control Atencional, Acumulación de Información y Monitorización / Cambio). Clasificamos en grupos de alto-riesgo versus bajo-riesgo aplicando un análisis de clases latentes sobre las puntuaciones del AUDIT. Usamos análisis de regresión para asociar las dos clases resultantes con las medidas de la CIS. Resultados: Alto-riesgo en el consumo de alcohol se asoció con peor rendimiento en Control Atencional y Monitorización / Cambio. La pertenencia al grupo de alto-riesgo se asoció con menor eficiencia en la acumulación de información en participantes de mayor edad. Conclusiones: Revelamos nuevas asociaciones entre el consumo de alcohol de riesgo y el rendimiento cognitivo en distintos componentes de la desinhibición en participantes que buscaban asistencia en una web de tratamiento online.

Abstract: Background: Cognitive disinhibition underpins alcohol and drug use problems. Although higher-risk substance use is consistently associated with poorer disinhibition, current findings may be limited by narrow recruitment methods, which over-represent individuals engaged in traditional treatment services with more severe presentations. We embedded a novel gamified disinhibition task (the Cognitive Impulsivity Suite; CIS) in a national online addiction support service (https://www.counsellingonline.org.au/). Method: Participants aged 18 to 64 (N = 137; 109 women) completed the Alcohol-Use Disorders Identification Test (AUDIT) and Drug Use Disorders Identification Test (DUDIT) along with the CIS, which measures three aspects of disinhibition (Attentional Control, Information-Sampling, and Feedback Monitoring/Shifting). The majority of the sample comprised people with alcohol use, and AUDIT scores were differentiated into ‘higher-risk' or ‘lower-risk' groups using latent-class analysis. These classes were then regressed against CIS performance measures. Results: Compared to lower-risk, higher-risk alcohol use was associated with poorer attentional control and feedback monitoring/shifting. While higher-risk alcohol use was associated with slower information accumulation, this was only observed for older adults, who appeared to compensate with a more conservative response criterion. Conclusions: Our results reveal novel relationships between higher-risk alcohol use and specific aspects of disinhibition in participants who sought online addiction help services.

This paper draws on the concurring judgment of Froneman J in Agri SA to articulate a "new and fresh approach" to the power to expropriate and duty to compensate in section 25 of the Constitution. In Agri SA, the Constitutional Court had to consider whether the provisions in the Minerals and Petroleum Resources Development Act 28 of 2002 (MPRDA) expropriated property and, if so, what form of compensation was required as a result. The answers that Froneman J provides, rooted in his conception of "compensation in kind", offer a framework to enable rational, purposive and wide-ranging transformation of property through legislation. Work, though, is needed to clarify the structure and implications of his approach. This paper provides that clarity. After an introduction, Part 2 unpacks the transformative, i.e., radical, nature of the change effected by the MPRDA, distinguishing it from reform. Armed with this distinction, it is argued that Froneman J's concepts of expropriation and compensation are rooted in a practical concern for: (a) the good and bad forms of being that Parliament wanted to facilitate and frustrate by way of the MPRDA; (b) the relations constitutive of these forms; and (c) the property that is needed to facilitate or frustrate the relations and forms. Part 3 clarifies the nature of Froneman's approach, by focusing on s 25(3) of the Constitution of the Republic of South Africa, 1996, demonstrating that the factors it lists are concerned with maximally facilitating old and new goods, whilst always conscious of the fact that transformation by nature cannot avoid the need to sacrifice some goods for the sake of others. Part 4 offers some concluding thoughts.

Resumo: A inércia social percebida tem sido negativamente associada ao desempenho de equipas. No entanto, muito pouca atenção tem sido dada aos mecanismos subjacentes a esta associação. O objetivo do presente estudo é investigar não apenas a relação direta entre a inércia social percebida e o desempenho da equipa, mas também a relação indireta entre essas duas variáveis através do papel mediador do ‘efeito do idiota’ / compensação social e da inércia social continuada daqueles que são socialmente inertes. A pesquisa por questionários foi realizada com 360 estudantes de uma universidade pública do Vietname em 2021. Os resultados do presente estudo confirmam resultados anteriores em que a inércia social percebida influência negativamente o desempenho das equipas. O resultado mais surpreendente teve a ver com o ‘efeito do idiota’ que não apresentou correlações com nenhuma outra variável em estudo, enquanto que a compensação social e a inércia social continuada são mediadores na relação entre a inércia social percebida e o desempenho das equipas. Especificamente, quando os estudantes universitários percebiam inércia social nos seus colegas de equipa esforçavam-se mais para compensar essa inércia social e, dessa forma, os inertes sociais continuavam a esforçar-se menos, contribuindo para que o desempenho total da equipa fosse baixo.

Abstract: Perceived social loafing has been found to be negatively related to team performance. However, far too little attention has been paid to the underlying mechanism of this association. The purpose of the present study is to investigate not only the direct relationship between perceived social loafing and team performance but also the indirect relationship between these two variables via mediating roles of the sucker effect/social compensation and social loafer’s continuous social loafing. A questionnaire survey was conducted with 360 students of a public university in Vietnam in 2021. The current study confirmed the previous finding that perceived social loafing could negatively influence team performance. The most striking result to emerge from the data was that the sucker effect had no correlation with any other variables while social compensation and social loafer’s continuous social loafing were two serial mediators in the relationship between perceived social loafing and team performance. Specifically, when students perceived that their teammates engaged in social loafing, they exerted more effort to compensate for the social loafers, this way of reaction made the social loafers continue putting forth less effort and, in consequence, the overall team performance was low.

Abstract This paper investigates the Ricardian Equivalence (RE) under collateralized debt, default, transaction costs and incomplete markets. The public debt is neutral and the RE holds only if the collateral-transfer cost depends linearly on the lump-sum tax and is fully offset. Lenders and borrowers should enter in a voluntary agreement to compensate for any transfer cost under default. However, any perturbation in the assumed affine relation undermines the debt neutrality. It is not the transaction cost per se that invalidates the RE, but rather how this cost affects the households’ indebtedness and budget constraint. The underlying mechanism is the credit channel of the fiscal policy. Whenever the transfer cost is not fully offset, there is a net tax balance leftover that affects the budget set and real allocations. This is fundamentally different from a liquidity constrained economy because the credit channel of the fiscal policy is binding and uncompensated transaction costs lead to the RE failure. (RE default markets collateraltransfer collateral lumpsum lump sum offset However neutrality households constraint allocations failure

Resumo Este artigo investiga a Equivalência Ricardiana (ER) sob dívida colateralizada, inadimplência, custos de transação e mercados incompletos. A dívida pública é neutra e a RE é válida somente se o custo da transferência de garantias depender linearmente do imposto lump sum e for totalmente compensado. Credores e tomadores devem celebrar um acordo voluntário para compensar quaisquer custos de transferência em caso de descumprimento. Contudo, qualquer perturbação na relação afim assumida compromete a neutralidade da dívida. Não é o custo de transação em si que invalida a RE, mas sim a forma como este custo afeta o endividamento e a restrição orçamentária das famílias. O mecanismo subjacente é o canal de crédito da política fiscal. Sempre que o custo da transferência não é totalmente compensado, há uma sobra de saldo tributário líquido que afeta o conjunto orçamentário e as dotações reais. Isto é fundamentalmente diferente de uma economia com restrições de liquidez porque o canal de crédito da política fiscal é ativo e os custos de transação não compensados levam ao fracasso da ER. ER (ER colateralizada inadimplência incompletos compensado descumprimento Contudo famílias reais

SUMMARY Payment for ecosystem services (PES) is an economic tool that seeks to compensate landowners for the conservation of their forested lands and reduce the negative impacts of land use change in forest areas that are important for the provision of ecosystem services (ES). However, it is essential to verify that the implementation of this mechanism is focused on where it is most needed. In this study, an analysis of the evolution of PES in the Pixquiac sub-basin in Veracruz was carried out, and the degree of coincidence between the supported areas and hydrological priority areas was evaluated. Information regarding the fiscal years of PES in the region from 2003 - 2016 was statistically analyzed, and the priority areas and areas of PES were determined using geographic information systems. Results showed that payments amounted to USD 1,076,782 in an area of 5,450 ha during the period analyzed. However, only 881.58 ha (24.5 % of the total hydrological priority areas) were considered in this payment scheme. Decision-makers must have up-to-date information that allows them to focus available resources at a more precise spatial scale. In addition, efforts must be made by the actors involved to ensure greater participation by forest owners and ecosystem service users.

RESUMEN El pago por servicios ambientales (PSA) es una herramienta de mercado que busca compensar a los dueños por la conservación de sus terrenos forestales y aminorar la problemática del cambio de uso de la tierra en zonas boscosas importantes para la provisión de servicios ambientales (SA). Sin embargo, en su implementación, resulta fundamental verificar que este mecanismo se focalice a donde realmente se requiere. En el presente estudio se analizó la evolución del PSA en la subcuenca Pixquiac, Veracruz y evaluó el grado de coincidencia entre las áreas apoyadas y áreas prioritarias hidrológicas. Para ello, se analizó estadísticamente la información de los ejercicios fiscales del PSA en la región durante 2003 - 2016, con sistemas de información geográfica se determinaron las áreas prioritarias y áreas de PSA. Los resultados mostraron que el monto de pago ascendió a USD $1.076.782 en una superficie de 5.450 ha durante el periodo analizado. Sin embargo, solo 881,58 ha (24,5 % del total de áreas prioritarias hidrológicas) fueron consideradas en este esquema de pago. Es necesario que los tomadores de decisiones cuenten con información oportuna que permita focalizar los recursos disponibles a una escala espacial más precisa. Además, se deben conjuntar esfuerzos por parte de los actores involucrados para que exista mayor participación de los dueños de los bosques y usuarios de los SA.

Resumen Actualmente la inteligencia artificial se encuentra en un punto de desarrollo nunca visto prometiendo grandes beneficios que trascienden en las distintas esferas sociales. Una problemática al respecto es la aparente neutralidad de los algoritmos utilizados en su programación y su impacto a gran escala en relación con la discriminación generada a partir de los sesgos inmersos en ellos, provenientes de sus diseñadores. Esto como resultado de una mirada parcial a la realidad y la persona misma. La solución a la segregación es posible hallarla no solo en las llamadas paridades, que son una respuesta que pretende compensar errores en la programación y trae como consecuencia desigualdades en oportunidades y privilegios para ciertos grupos, sino en una mirada a la totalidad de la persona.

Abstract Artificial intelligence is currently at a point of development never seen before, promising great benefits that transcend into different social spheres. One problem in this regard is the apparent neutrality of the algorithms used in their programming and their impact on a large scale in relation to the discrimination generated from the biases immersed in them, coming from their designers. This is the result of a partial view of reality and the person himself. The solution to segregation can be found not only in the so-called parities, which are a response intended to compensate for errors in programming and result in inequalities in opportunities and privileges for certain groups, but in a look at the whole person.