BACKGROUND: In South Africa, graduate rehabilitation therapists undertake a compulsory community service (CS) year in public healthcare facilities, often entering this role without sufficient competency to work independently. They rely on supervision and support, which may come from senior therapists of different disciplines. This study, conducted in KwaZulu-Natal (KZN) province, explores the experiences of rehabilitation therapists regarding cross-disciplinary supervision and support during their CS year. METHODS: A qualitative, descriptive, and exploratory design was employed. Virtual semi-structured interviews were conducted with seven purposively sampled participants from five KZN districts. Data were audio recorded, transcribed verbatim, and analysed thematically. RESULTS: The findings revealed four themes and ten sub-themes, highlighting the challenges and benefits of cross-disciplinary supervision, dissatisfaction with existing support structures, and recommendations for improvement. The CS therapists, as junior staff, often lacked the experience and authority to deliver optimal patient care within resource-constrained settings. CONCLUSION: While discipline-specific supervision remains the preferred approach, cross-disciplinary supervision contributed positively to professional development, broadening therapists' understanding of other rehabilitation disciplines. However, the limited availability of accessible, discipline-specific supervisors remains a significant concern. Given their frequent isolation and minimal experience, CS therapists require consistent, discipline-specific support to meet service demands. CONTRIBUTION: This study emphasises need to address the experiences of CS therapists, who face high patient loads and limited support, in public health sector planning. Incorporating their insights can enhance their ability to deliver essential services, ensuring better outcomes for the populations served by the public health system.

This article examines the role of worship services and liturgy in the faith formation of children and adolescents. The first section explores how young children's experience of God can be nurtured within a worship-like environment, as opposed to the 'teaching-and-learning' structure typically associated with 'Sunday school'. The Godly Play approach is considered as a viable and creative option. The second section addresses the faith formation of adolescents, emphasising the need for open communication between Scripture, the faith community, culture, and youth culture. This open dialogue is essential for adolescents to perceive worship services and liturgy as engaging and safe spaces that support the development and maturation of their faith. Effective communication involves both listening and speaking. Adolescents should not be confined to a passive listening role within the faith community. Their voices, language, and the way in which they experience perspectives on faith and the world can enrich the spiritual growth of all worshippers and contribute to the missional identity of the faith community as a whole. INTRADISCIPLINARY AND/OR INTERDISCIPLINARY IMPLICATIONS: In this way, all worshippers, regardless of age, can be inspired to become the best person they can be and contribute to making the world a better place. A life of worship need not be limited to the church building. Young people, who have a vested interest in the future of the planet and humanity, can express their faith through acts of service and social justice; thus bridging the gap between worship and discipleship.

South Africa, a rich tapestry of diverse communities, is home to at least nine major ethnic groups (Zulu, Xhosa, Bapedi [North Sotho], Batswana, South Ndebele, Basotho [South Sotho], Venda, Tsonga, and Swati). Each group, deeply rooted in their culture and traditions, consumes a unique array of foods. Often considered indigenous, these foods are sourced from the wild and grown using traditional production techniques. The literature indicates indigenous foods have been a staple in many parts of the country for centuries. Although this study's findings are based on three districts in northern KwaZulu-Natal, similarities have been noted in previous studies conducted within and across regions, particularly in the Southern African Development Community (SADC). The research methodology involved using the Chi-square test method, a correlation analysis, and the computer-assisted qualitative data analysis software package Atlas. Ti. These methods were used to determine the existing relationship between extension services and the production of underutilised indigenous food crops (UIFCs). Theoretical findings then corroborated the statistical data. This research's findings imply that while several agricultural extension service providers (AESPs) advise on the production and utilisation of UIFCs, the inverse was true of others. Participants indicated that much of the knowledge passed to them mainly involved exotic vegetables such as Spinacia oleracea and Brassica oleracea and excluded local foods such as Bidens pilosa and Momordica foetida. One of the emerging themes was AESPs' invisibility in communities, which was found to be a contributing factor to non-inclusive food systems. Thus, the study contributes to the knowledge domain by outlining a need for AESPs' visibility in communities and accentuates opportunities that AESPs miss in not participating in building inclusive food systems. The paper concludes by recommending the inclusion of UIFCs in the continued professional development (CPD) of AESPs, wherein the significance of UIFCs would be enshrined.

O Município de Marechal Cândido Rondon, Paraná, Brasil, declara que toda a sua população é atendida pelo serviço de abastecimento de água, inclusive no meio rural, destacando-se frente ao cenário de déficit de atendimento observado no Brasil. Este trabalho se propõe a estudar esse caso de sucesso, buscando interpretar como o abastecimento de água universal em áreas rurais entrou na agenda do município para se efetivar em uma política pública exitosa. A fundamentação teórica utilizada foi o Modelo de Fluxos Múltiplos, apresentado por Kingdon. A coleta de dados foi realizada por meio de análise documental e de entrevistas semiestruturadas com informantes-chave. O material obtido foi submetido a uma análise de conteúdo qualitativa, que indicou a participação de três grupos de agentes como primordial para alinhamento dos fluxos decisórios. A atuação dos moradores contribuiu para a evidenciação dos problemas relacionados à ausência do abastecimento de água adequado. Membros do Serviço Autônomo de Água e Esgoto (SAAE), autarquia municipal, atuaram no desenvolvimento e na propagação de uma solução considerada viável, caracterizada pela gestão comunitária e pelo uso de tecnologias de operação simplificada. Por fim, anos após a concepção dos primeiros projetos, o Poder Executivo municipal, tornou o abastecimento de água universal uma prioridade no meio político, proporcionando a ascensão do tema à agenda. Constatou-se, então, que definir a universalização como um objetivo prioritário foi fundamental para sua obtenção, o que subsidia a atuação de agentes que buscam ascender a universalização à agenda em outras localidades.

El municipio de Marechal Cândido Rondon, Paraná, Brasil, informa que provee el abastecimiento de agua a toda su población, incluida la de zonas rurales, lo que se destaca frente al déficit de servicio en Brasil. Este trabajo tiene como objetivo analizar este caso de éxito para identificar cómo el abastecimiento universal de agua en zonas rurales se incluyó en la agenda de este municipio y logró ser una política pública exitosa. El marco teórico utilizado fue el Modelo de Corrientes Múltiples, presentado por Kingdon. La recopilación de datos se realizó mediante análisis documental y entrevistas semiestructuradas con informantes clave. El material obtenido fue sometido a un análisis de contenido cualitativo, que indicó la participación fundamental de tres grupos de agentes para alinear los flujos de la toma de decisiones. El desempeño de los residentes contribuyó a resaltar los problemas relacionados con la falta de suministro adecuado de agua. Los miembros del Servicio Autónomo de Agua y Alcantarillado (SAAE, por su sigla en portugués), entidad municipal, trabajaron en el desarrollo y propagación de una solución considerada viable, caracterizada por la gestión comunitaria y el uso de tecnologías de operación simplificadas. Tras años de la concepción de los primeros proyectos, el Poder Ejecutivo municipal convirtió el abastecimiento universal de agua en una prioridad en el entorno político, incluyendo el tema en la agenda. Por lo tanto, se constató que definir la universalización como un objetivo prioritario fue fundamental para su consecución, lo que subvenciona el desempeño de los agentes que buscan que la universalización de este acceso forme parte en la agenda en otras localidades.

The Marechal Cândido Rondon municipality, Paraná State, Brazil, declares that its entire population is served by its water supply service, including those in rural areas, standing out in the Brazilian service deficit scenario. This study proposes to evaluate this success story to interpret how the universal water supply in rural areas entered the agenda of the municipality toward an effective and successful public policy. The Multiple Streams Framework by Kingdon was used as the theoretical foundation. Data were collected by document analysis and semi-structured interviews with key informants. The obtained material was subjected to a qualitative content analysis that indicated the participation of three groups of agents as essential for aligning decision-making flows. Residents’ participation helped to highlight the problems related to the absence of adequate water supply. Members of the Autonomous Water and Sewage Service (SAAE, acronym in Portuguese), a municipal autarchy, developed and disseminated a viable solution characterized by community management and simplified operation technologies. Finally, years after the conception of the first projects, the municipal executive branch prioritized universal water supply in the political environment, providing the inclusion of the theme to the agenda. Defining universalization as a priority objective was fundamental for its achievement, subsidizing the performance of agents who seek to raise universalization to the agenda in other locations.

Die artikel fokus op ooreenkomste tussen verwante tale, onder andere Bildts en Afrikaans. Hierdie twee tale het 'n gemeenskaplike oorsprong en toon ooreenkomste op bepaalde terminologiese gebiede, veral die landbou. Die terminologies van hierdie tale en ander soortgelyke tale, soos Nederduits, Fries en Nederlands, kom onder die loep. Bepaalde ooreenkomste tussen Bildts, Afrikaans en die Suid-Afrikaanse amptelike Sintutale word ook bespreek. Dit is interessant dat verwante tale terme deur die prosesse van transliterasie en ontlening kan deel, hoewel die kontinente waarop hulle gebruik word, van mekaar verwyder is. 'n Taal, dialek of 'n taalvariëteit staan 'n beter kans om deur leksikografiese prosesse en terminologieskepping te ontwikkel (en te oorleef) as daardie taal of taalvariëteit gestandaardi-seer is en as sodanig erken word. Dit is dus van die uiterste belang om die woordvormingsbeginsels en skryf- en spelreëls van tale of taalvariëteite vas te lê. Hierdie proses, sowel as die opteken van die skriftelike vorm van 'n taal of taalvariëteit lei tot die ontwikkeling van leksikografiese en terminografiese produkte in daardie taal of taalvariëteit.

This article focuses on similarities between isolated but related language varieties, especially Bildts and Afrikaans, both of which developed spontaneously and managed to survive. They share a similar lexical heritage and show similarities in certain terminological areas, especially in agriculture. The terminologies of these and similar language varieties, such as Low German, Friesian and Dutch, will receive attention. Historically, these language varieties were mutually comprehensible. The different language families and their genealogical relationships are discussed in this article, with special emphasis on Low German, Friesian, Bildts and Afrikaans. In the case of Afrikaans, the development of Afrikaans from Cape Dutch to Standard Afrikaans is discussed in broad terms. All of these language varieties were initially only spoken languages that were eventually reduced to writing, which required that their word-formation principles and spelling and orthographic rules be recorded. This process, as well as the documentation of the written form of languages or language varieties, lead to the development of lexicographical and terminographical products. Certain similarities between Bildts, Afrikaans and the official African languages (i.e. the Sintu languages) of South Africa are also discussed. It is interesting to note that related languages can share terms even though they are used on different continents. In addition, it is noteworthy that non-related languages used on the same continent or on different continents can share terms, for instance through the processes of transliteration and borrowing. A language, dialect or language variety has a better chance of developing (and surviving) if it is standardised and the standard form is recognised and accepted, because the standard variety facilitates word and term creation. Language development stimulates the practice of lexicography and terminography. The attitude of language users, establishments dedicated to the promotion of the language concerned and governments also determines whether a language will develop and be used and standardised. In Friesland, the Fryske Akademy and in Het Bildt, the Bildtse Akademie, or Stichting Ons Bildt, are concerned with the furtherance ofthe languages for which they were founded, namely Friesian and Bildts, respectively. These bodies regulate the spelling and orthographic rules and dictionary compilation in their respective languages. In South Africa, the former dispensation of two official languages favoured the development of Afrikaans. Numerous general and technical bilingual dictionaries were compiled between 1925 and 1995. The Woordeboek van die Afrikaanse Taal ("Dictionary of the Afrikaans Language") is a comprehensive monolingual Afrikaans dictionary - an ongoing project since 1925. The current multilingual dispensation was introduced by the Constitution of the Republic of South Africa, 1993, section 3(9) ofwhich providedfor, among other things, the equal treatment of the eleven South African languages recognised as official languages. This was incorporated in the Constitution, 1996, as well. In 2023, South African Sign Language was included in section 6(1) of the Constitution, 1996, as an official language. Eleven National Lexicography Units were established to develop monolingual dictionaries for each of the official languages. The National Lexicography Unit for South African Sign Language is in the process of being established. South African terminology practice is coordinated by the Terminology Coordination Section, a directorate within the National Language Service of the Department of Sport, Arts and Culture. A national term bank serves as a national repository for the dissemination of multilingual polythematic terminology in South Africa. Several institutions develop terminology in their respective fields, but these activities are not properly coordinated, which leads to duplication of projects and results in a proliferation of terms for the same concept in the same subject field and/or language. In order to survive, a language should be developed and used and should enable communication in all spheres of human activity. If a language loses its ability so to function, its value diminishes and its linguistic community moves to another, more suitable language. The users of Afrikaans (and the other official South African languages) could learn much from the small number of users of the Bildts language as far as language maintenance and determination is concerned.

Resumen El uso indebido de plaguicidas en la agricultura supone un peligro para la salud humana, animal y ambiental. (Objetivo y Metodología) En fincas agrícolas de las provincias de Cartago y Guanacaste, en Costa Rica, se documentaron, a través de entrevistas y fotografías, prácticas inadecuadas de almacenamiento, selección incorrecta de plaguicidas y uso excesivo de formulaciones plaguicidas. (Resultados) Las características de los cuartos de almacenamiento en muchas fincas no siguen las normas de seguridad para estas instalaciones indicadas por el Ministerio de Agricultura y Ganadería de Costa Rica. Diferentes ingredientes activos con acción herbicida, fungicida, insecticida y bactericida son utilizados en especies de cultivo para las cuales no son recomendados. Entre ellos se encuentran sustancias pertenecientes a los grupos químicos carbamato, piridina, ciclohexanodiona, piretroide, conazol, benzotiazolinona, oxadiazina y ftalimida en la provincia de Cartago; y a los grupos químicos neonicotinoide y piretroide en la provincia de Guanacaste. Muchas formulaciones de plaguicidas se utilizan en cantidades superiores a las recomendadas por sus fabricantes, entre ellas bifentrina, captan, oxamilo, cipermetrina, mancozeb, dimetoato y deltametrina en la provincia de Cartago e imidacloprid en la provincia de Guanacaste. (Conclusiones) Estas sustancias y sus metabolitos secundarios tienen el potencial de desplazarse a través de diferentes matrices ambientales, como el agua, el suelo y el aire, y afectar negativamente la salud de miembros de la comunidad y no solo de quienes las aplican. Los programas de educación basados en visitas in situ pueden mejorar la concienciación en la aplicación de buenas prácticas y garantizar un uso racional de estas sustancias, on resultados positivos en organismos no diana como los seres humanos y los entes proveedores de servicios ecosistémicos, así como en los ecosistemas naturales y antropogénicos.

Resumo O uso indevido de pesticidas na agricultura representa um perigo para a saúde humana, animal e ambiental. (Objetivo e Metodologia) Em fazendas agrícolas das províncias de Cartago e Guanacaste, na Costa Rica, foram documentadas, por meio de entrevistas e fotografias, práticas inadequadas de armazenamento, seleção incorreta de agrotóxicos e uso excessivo de formulações de agrotóxicos. (Resultados) As características dos armazéns de muitas fazendas não seguem os padrões de segurança para estas instalações indicados pelo Ministério da Agricultura e Pecuária da Costa Rica. Diferentes princípios ativos com ação herbicida, fungicida, inseticida e bactericida são utilizados em espécies culturais para as quais não são recomendados. Entre eles estão substâncias pertencentes aos grupos químicos carbamato, piridina, ciclohexanodiona, piretroide, conazol, benzotiazolinona, oxadiazina e ftalimida na província de Cartago; e aos grupos químicos neonicotinoides e piretroides na província de Guanacaste. Muitas formulações de pesticidas são utilizadas em quantidades superiores às recomendadas pelos seus fabricantes, incluindo bifentrina, captan, oxamil, cipermetrina, mancozebe, dimetoato e deltametrina na província de Cartago e imidacloprida na província de Guanacaste. (Conclusões) Essas substâncias e seus metabólitos secundários têm o potencial de se mover através de diferentes matrizes ambientais, como água, solo e ar, e afetar negativamente a saúde dos membros da comunidade e não apenas daqueles que as aplicam. Programas de educação baseados em visitas in situ podem melhorar a conscientização na aplicação de boas práticas e garantir o uso racional dessas substâncias, com resultados positivos em organismos não-alvo, como seres humanos e entidades prestadoras de serviços ecossistêmicos, bem como em ecossistemas naturais e antropogênicos.

Abstract Pesticide misuse by farmers poses hazards to human, animal, and environmental health. (Objective) This study aimed to document potential pesticide formulation misuse in agricultural farms. (Methodology) Inadequate storage practices, incorrect pesticide selection, and pesticide formulation overuse were documented through interviews and photographs on 13 agricultural farms from the Cartago and Guanacaste provinces of Costa Rica between August 2022 and April 2023. (Results) Storage room characteristics in many farms do not comply with safety standards prescribed by the Costa Rican Ministry of Agriculture and Livestock. Different active ingredients with herbicidal, fungicidal, insecticidal, and bactericidal properties are used in crop species for which they are not recommended. These substances include those from the carbamate, pyridine, cyclohexanedione, pyrethroid, conazole, benzothiazinone, oxadiazine, and phthalimide chemical groups in Cartago province, and from the neonicotinoid and pyrethroid chemical groups in Guanacaste province. Many pesticide formulations are utilized in quantities exceeding the manufacturers’ recommendations. Among these formulations were bifenthrin, captan, oxamyl, cypermethrin, mancozeb, dimethoate, and deltamethrin in Cartago province, and imidacloprid in Guanacaste province. (Conclusions) These substances and their secondary metabolites have the potential to move across different environmental compartments such as water, soil, and air, thereby negatively affecting the health of community members rather than just the farmers applying these formulations. Well-established pesticide education programs based on on-site visits to farmers can enhance awareness about implementing good practices and ensure rational use of these substances, with positive results in non-target organisms such as humans and ecosystem service providers as well as natural and anthropogenic ecosystems.

Resumen Este estudio examina los itinerarios de salud y atención en la comunidad indígena Yvopey Renda del pueblo Guaraní Occidental, en el marco del sistema de Ayuda Mutua Hospitalaria (AMH) en Filadelfia, Paraguay. La investigación se centra en la experiencia de atención en la Clínica Indígena Filadelfia y explora cómo se implementa el seguro AMH, sus impactos en la atención médica de los indígenas, y cómo afecta la falta de este seguro a quienes no tienen acceso. Mediante un enfoque metodológico cualitativo con abordaje etnográfico, se realizaron observaciones participantes y entrevistas semi-estructuradas. Los resultados revelan que la autoatención es la primera opción ante los padecimientos, seguida por el sistema AMH para quienes cuentan con el seguro. Se identificaron limitaciones en el acceso y la atención, incluyendo la falta de cobertura para la mayoría de los miembros de la comunidad, atención limitada en la clínica, y horarios restringidos. El estudio también destaca la tensión entre el enfoque biomédico del AMH y las prácticas tradicionales de salud indígena, evidenciando una relación asimétrica que afecta la identidad cultural y la autonomía de los indígenas. Se concluye que, a pesar de las críticas, el sistema AMH representa un servicio privilegiado en comparación con la falta de acceso a servicios de salud pública de calidad. El trabajo subraya la necesidad de un sistema de salud público propio para cada comunidad indígena, con un enfoque integral que respete y se adapte a sus culturas tradicionales.

Abstract This study examines the health and care itineraries in the Yvopey Renda indigenous community of the Western Guaraní people, within the framework of the Mutual Hospital Aid (AMH) system in Filadelfia, Paraguay. The research focuses on the care experience at the Filadelfia Indigenous Clinic and explores how the AMH insurance is implemented, its impacts on indigenous medical care, and how the lack of this insurance affects those without access. Through a qualitative methodological approach with an ethnographic perspective, participant observations and semi-structured interviews were conducted. The results reveal that self-care is the first option for ailments, followed by the AMH system for those with insurance. Limitations in access and care were identified, including lack of coverage for most community members, limited attention at the clinic, and restricted hours. The study also highlights the tension between the AMH's biomedical approach and traditional indigenous health practices, evidencing an asymmetrical relationship that affects the cultural identity and autonomy of indigenous people. It concludes that, despite criticisms, the AMH system represents a privileged service compared to the lack of access to quality public health services. The work underscores the need for a public health system specific to each indigenous community, with a comprehensive approach that respects and adapts to their traditional cultures.

Abstract: This study aims to showcase the implementation of the Service-Learning methodology in a real-world context, specifically through the development of virtual stores for entrepreneurs in La Calera, Valparaíso, Chile. The objective is to design and implement an information technology solution, extending the learning experience beyond the classroom. The methodology involves five phases: 1) problem identification, 2) group motivation, 3) planning, 4) execution, and 5) evaluation. The sample consists of 16 students and four entrepreneurs. Results reveal significant values that emphasize positive perceptions among participants, reflected in high motivation, dedication, and satisfaction. In conclusion, Service-Learning emerges as a valuable alternative for impactful university projects, fostering practical skills and community engagement.

Resumen: Este estudio presenta la implementación de la metodología de Aprendizaje-Servicio en un contexto real, a través del desarrollo de tiendas virtuales para emprendedores en La Calera, Valparaíso (Chile). El objetivo de Aprendizaje-Servicio es diseñar e implementar una solución informática, llevando la experiencia de aprendizaje más allá del aula. La metodología abarca cinco fases: 1) la identificación del problema, 2) motivación grupal, 3) planificación, 4) ejecución y 5) evaluación. La muestra consiste de 16 estudiantes y 4 emprendedores. Los resultados revelan valores significativos que destacan percepciones positivas entre los participantes, reflejadas en una alta motivación, dedicación y satisfacción. En conclusión, Aprendizaje-Servicio se posiciona como una alternativa valiosa para proyectos universitarios impactantes, fomentando habilidades prácticas y compromiso comunitario.

Resumen Este artículo presenta la sistematización del programa de líderes, un ejercicio democrático implementado desde 2017 en la Preparatoria IBERO Puebla, México. El programa, basado en la simulación de procesos electorales mexicanos, busca que los estudiantes experimenten la democracia como una vivencia formativa. El objetivo es fomentar actitudes democráticas a través de la responsabilidad electiva, el servicio y el diálogo, promoviendo el consenso y la mediación para el bien común. Utilizando la metodología de Investigación Acción Participativa, el estudio involucra a toda la comunidad educativa en la construcción de su formación académica y personal. La implementación del programa ha presentado desafíos en la convivencia y el sentido comunitario, tanto en la resolución de problemas educativos cotidianos como en las relaciones interpersonales. Este ejercicio de ciudadanía, resultado de una evaluación crítica por parte de los actores educativos, ha permitido ampliar la perspectiva sobre cómo el diálogo y la reflexión en prácticas democráticas promueven la construcción social. El estudio contribuye a la creciente línea de investigación sobre estrategias pedagógicas que vinculan democracia y ciudadanía en la educación media superior.

Abstract Pedagogical strategies that link the topics of democracy and citizenship in upper secondary education represent a growing line of research (Mesa, 2019). This article contributes to the systematization of the “Leaders Program,” a democratic exercise,” a democratic exercise that has been carried out since 2017 at the IBERO Puebla High School, Mexico. The systematization was under the gaze of the Participatory Action Research methodology, where the dialogue and participation from all educational community members give meaning to their academic and personal development. The main objective is directed at the service students promotion of their democratic attitudes through elective responsibility, service, and dialogue to reach a consensus and mediate with a view toward the common good. The program is based on a line of action that emulates the processes of popular elections in Mexico, with the intention of experiencing democracy as a formative experience (Mir, 1998) . Its impact within the classroom has involved numerous challenges in community interactions and the sense of community in addressing solutions to everyday problems in education, as well as relationships within the community itself. This citizenship exercise the critical evaluation by educational actors, allowing for an expanded perspective and recognizes the result of the critical evaluation by educational actors, allowing for an expanded perspective and recognizing how dialogue and reflection on these democratic practices promote social construction.

Abstract Equitable and permanent access to public services is not always a priority for local management, especially in those territories and historically neglected populations. This contribution argues that in Copoya, a mostly ejido locality in the Metropolitan Zone of Tuxtla Gutiérrez, state and community service for drinking water supply is inefficient. The situation has worsened with urban growth and demand for land throughout the twentieth century. Interviews, field visits and press releases show that residents, due to the lack of water, look for alternatives such as purchasing pipes, backyard wells and untreated water systems. These alternatives do not solve the underlying issue and deepen their poverty and socio-territorial inequality. The article concludes that poor investment in projects does not allow a solution for the supply in the short and medium term.

Resumen El acceso equitativo y permanente a servicios públicos no siempre es una prioridad para la gestión local, en especial en territorios y poblaciones históricamente rezagadas. Esta contribución sostiene que en Copoya, localidad mayoritariamente ejidal de la Zona Metropolitana de Tuxtla Gutiérrez, el servicio estatal y comunitario por el suministro de agua potable no es eficiente. El problema se agudizó con el crecimiento urbano y la demanda por la tierra durante el siglo XX. A partir de entrevistas, recorridos de campo y notas de prensa, se destaca que la escasez del líquido lleva a sus residentes a buscar alternativas como la compra de pipas, pozos de traspatio y sistemas de agua no tratada que no resuelven el tema de fondo y que profundizan la pobreza y la desigualdad socioterritorial. Se concluye que la inexistencia de proyectos de inversión no permite una salida para el abastecimiento en el corto y mediano plazo.

Abstract Since 2010, there has been an approximate annual increase of 1% in CO2 emissions due to buildings. The reduction of energy consumption and consequently the mitigation of Greenhouse Gases are global goals due to the global issue of climate change. A key step in achieving these goals is to improve the energy performance of buildings, thereby reducing energy consumption and emissions generated by the built environment. In this regard, the present research focuses on identifying and estimating strategies to reduce energy consumption in buildings known as Community Police Units (UPCs) located in the city of Guayaquil, which corresponds to a very hot and humid climate zone. The study consists of statistical analysis of the historical energy performance of 43 buildings sharing the same architectural design. Additionally, the selection of a representative building was made for energy use monitoring and energy simulation. The results revealed a potential saving of 16 000 kWh per year by reducing the control temperature of the air conditioning system by 1°C and adjusting the on/off schedule. This is equivalent to 1 150 USD and 5 metric tons of CO2 emissions.

Resumen: Desde el 2010 existe un incremento aproximado del 1% anual respecto a las emisiones de CO2 a causa de los edificios. La disminución del consumo energético y consecuentemente la mitigación de los Gases de Efecto Invernadero son metas a nivel mundial debido a la problemática global del cambio climático. Un paso clave para alcanzar estas metas es mejorar el desempeño energético de las edificaciones y de esta manera reducir la energía consumida y las emisiones generadas por el parque edificado. En este sentido, la presente investigación se centra en identificación y estimación de estrategias para reducir el consumo de energía de los edificios llamados Unidades de Policía Comunitaria (UPC) localizadas en la ciudad de Guayaquil, y que corresponde a una zona climática húmeda muy calurosa. El estudio está compuesto por el análisis estadístico del rendimiento energético histórico de 43 edificios, que comparten el mismo diseño arquitectónico. Además, se realizó la selección de un edificio representativo para el monitoreo del uso de energía y simulación energética. Los resultados evidenciaron un potencial de ahorro de 16 000 kWh al año, al disminuir 1°C la temperatura de control del sistema de climatización y modificando el horario de encendido y apagado. Esto es equivalente a 1 150 USD y 5 toneladas equivalentes de CO2.

INTRODUCTION: The aim of this scoping review was to explore whether clear guidelines for the practice of occupational therapists in psychiatric day hospitals exist, both locally and globally. METHODOLOGY: Searches were conducted in January 2024; 38 articles were screened and 22 were identified for data extraction. Articles were imported onto Covidence software. Data charting was done, and data were exported into a Microsoft Excel sheet, where content analysis was performed based on the review's objectives. Synthesis of the results was done through discussion and reported according to the PRISMA for Scoping Reviews guidelines. RESULTS: Thirty-eight articles were included but only 22 were relevant. Group therapy, individualised therapy, vocational and community workshops were identified as common modes of intervention in psychiatric day hospitals. Occupation-based activities are integral to intervention. However, there was no explicit definition regarding the role of occupational therapy and practice guidelines for psychiatric day hospitals. CONCLUSION: The general scope of occupational therapy remains the same for overnight hospitals, day hospitals and community-based centres. It is mainly occupation-centred, function-orientated, and patient-centred. However, there remains ambiguity on specific practice principles and guidelines that clearly define the role of occupational therapists in day hospitals. There is a need for occupational therapy practice guidelines specific for psychiatric day hospitals. IMPLICATIONS FOR PRACTICE • The study provides valuable insights into the current knowledge and availability regarding the role and scope of practice for occupational therapy in the rapidly expanding psychiatric day hospital setting, emphasising areas for further development. • Tangible evidence was identified on therapeutic principles, practice approaches, program content, and guidance for resource allocation in psychiatric day hospitals, which can be translated into practical guidelines. • Ultimately, the results inform occupational therapy service delivery, solidify the profession's role in psychiatric care, and contribute towards National Health Insurance (NHI) policy development.

Abstract Background The LGBTQI + community encounters distinct healthcare challenges due to discrimination and inadequate understanding of their needs. Dermatologists play a crucial role in addressing this by fostering inclusiveness, recognizing individual concerns, and adopting tailored approaches, thereby promoting a more equitable healthcare system. Objective To address the need for an inclusive healthcare space, the authors established the first dermatological practice exclusively for transgender and non-binary patients. This article presents a comprehensive two-year experience in a public hospital. Methods The authors conducted a retrospective and descriptive study, analyzing the medical records of 114 patients evaluated at a specialized dermatological practice between June 2021 and May 2023. Key variables assessed included self-identified gender, age, residence, access to private healthcare, human immunodeficiency virus status, hormonal treatment, surgical interventions, consultation motives, employment stability, and family support during gender expression transition. Results The present study included 114 patients, 49.1% trans men, 39.5% trans women, and 8.8% non-binary individuals. Trans men, on average younger than trans women (p < 0.001), predominantly sought care for body modification-related concerns, particularly acne and androgenetic alopecia. In contrast, trans women exhibited a more diverse range of consultation motives typically unrelated to hormonal or surgical procedures. Study limitations This study is retrospective and limited in geographic scope. Additionally, the patient population lacked diversity in terms of Black ethnicity. Conclusions The pioneering dermatological practice for transgender and non-binary patients exemplifies healthcare equity and cultural competence. Effective LGBTQI + healthcare requires addressing unique dermatological concerns while fostering inclusiveness and continuous learning within the medical community. needs approaches system space nonbinary non binary twoyear two year hospital 11 202 2023 selfidentified self identified age residence status treatment interventions stability transition 491 49 1 49.1 men 395 39 5 39.5 88 8 8.8 individuals p 0.001, 0001 0.001 , 0 001 0.001) modificationrelated modification related alopecia contrast procedures scope Additionally ethnicity competence 20 4 49. 3 39. 8. 000 0.00 00 2 0.0 0.

Autonomous electric vehicles use camera sensors for vision-based steering control and detecting both roads and objects. In this study, road and object detection are combined, utilizing the YOLOv8x-seg model trained for 200 epochs, achieving the lowest segmentation loss at 0.53182. Simulation tests demonstrate accurate road and object detection, effective object distance measurement, and real-time road identification for steering control, successfully keeping the vehicle on track with an average object distance measurement error of 2.245 m. Route planning for autonomous vehicles is crucial, and the A-Star algorithm is employed to find the optimal route. In real-time tests, when an obstacle is placed between nodes 6 and 7, the A-Star algorithm can reroute from the original path (5, 6, 7, 27, and 28) to a new path (5, 6, 9, 27, and 28). This study demonstrates the vital role of sensor fusion in autonomous vehicles by integrating various sensors. This study focuses on sensor fusion for object-road detection and path planning using the A* algorithm. Real-time tests in two different scenarios demonstrate the successful integration of sensor fusion, enabling the vehicle to follow planned routes. However, some route nodes remain unreachable, requiring occasional driver intervention. These results demonstrate the feasibility of sensor fusion with diverse tasks in third-level autonomous vehicles.