Abstract The Plans for the Social Organization of Rural Property (POSPR) in Colombia would allow the implementation of the Integral Rural Reform (RRI), an essential component of the Peace Agreements. Specifically, POSPR’s institutional design in Ovejas (a municipality in the Department of Sucre) would enable the implementation of the RRI. Information from interviews with key actors, the review of national legislation, and the use of software to elaborate databases show that, in this locality, plans to incorporate hectares into the Land Fund and the delivery of land titles strengthen community participation with gender equity and guarantee territorial planning. However, the gradual suspension of these plans at the national level has halted the progress of rural reform. Ovejas would be the only municipality complying with this point of the Peace Agreements.

Resumen Los planes de ordenamiento social de la propiedad rural (POSPR) en Colombia permitirían la implementación de la reforma rural integral (RRI), componente esencial del Acuerdo de Paz. De manera puntual, se argumenta que el diseño institucional del POSPR de Ovejas, municipio del Departamento de Sucre, posibilitaría la ejecución de la RRI. La información de entrevistas a actores clave, la revisión de legislación nacional y la elaboración de matrices en un software muestran que, en esta localidad, los planes de incorporación de hectáreas al Fondo de Tierras y de entrega de títulos de propiedad fortalecen la participación comunitaria con equidad de género y garantiza el ordenamiento del territorio. No obstante, la suspensión paulatina a escala nacional de estos planes ha detenido el avance de la reforma rural. Ovejas sería el único municipio que estaría cumpliendo con este punto del Acuerdo de Paz.

Abstract: The urban-rural conflicts in the city of Santo Tomás have contributed to the disorderly growth of the population, due in part to the deficiencies of urban planning and especially due to the territorial conflict. The study has focused on the urban-rural relationship (district and provincial capital versus peasant community) that is framed in a scenario of rapid growth of the city towards the territory of the peasant community. The objective of this study was to identify deficiencies in territorial and urban management, as well as their relationship with regulatory mechanisms related to urban development. The work methodology consisted of the analysis of the legal instruments for urban management and territorial management by the peasant community; For this, interviews were carried out with key social actors. The results indicate a gap in these aspects in Peruvian legislation, as well as a complex network of interests that does not contribute to the resolution of urban management problems.

Resumen: Los conflictos urbano-rurales en la ciudad de Santo Tomás han contribuido al desordenado crecimiento de la población, debido en parte a las deficiencias de la planificación urbana y sobre todo por el conflicto territorial. El estudio se ha enfocado en la relación urbano-rural (capital distrital y provincial versus comunidad campesina) que se enmarca en un escenario de rápido crecimiento de la ciudad hacia el territorio de la comunidad campesina. El objetivo de este estudio fue identificar las deficiencias en la gestión territorial y urbana, como su relación con los mecanismos normativos conexos con el desarrollo urbano. La metodología de trabajo consistió en el análisis de los instrumentos legales para la gestión urbana como de la gestión territorial por la comunidad campesina; para ello se realizó entrevistas a los actores sociales claves. Los resultados indican un vacío en estos aspectos en la legislación peruana, así como un complejo entramado de intereses que no contribuye a la resolución de los problemas de la gestión urbana.

Autonomous electric vehicles use camera sensors for vision-based steering control and detecting both roads and objects. In this study, road and object detection are combined, utilizing the YOLOv8x-seg model trained for 200 epochs, achieving the lowest segmentation loss at 0.53182. Simulation tests demonstrate accurate road and object detection, effective object distance measurement, and real-time road identification for steering control, successfully keeping the vehicle on track with an average object distance measurement error of 2.245 m. Route planning for autonomous vehicles is crucial, and the A-Star algorithm is employed to find the optimal route. In real-time tests, when an obstacle is placed between nodes 6 and 7, the A-Star algorithm can reroute from the original path (5, 6, 7, 27, and 28) to a new path (5, 6, 9, 27, and 28). This study demonstrates the vital role of sensor fusion in autonomous vehicles by integrating various sensors. This study focuses on sensor fusion for object-road detection and path planning using the A* algorithm. Real-time tests in two different scenarios demonstrate the successful integration of sensor fusion, enabling the vehicle to follow planned routes. However, some route nodes remain unreachable, requiring occasional driver intervention. These results demonstrate the feasibility of sensor fusion with diverse tasks in third-level autonomous vehicles.

Resumen Ante los profundos cambios y necesidades en los entornos rurales, el turismo representa una alternativa de desarrollo holístico para el aprovechamiento de recursos y cohesión social que generen beneficios. En la Reserva de la Biosfera Sierra Gorda en Querétaro, México, recientemente se han integrado diversos emprendimientos turísticos de base comunitaria que trabajan inconexos, limitando su fortalecimiento y consolidación. El objetivo del presente estudio fue analizar si la integración de una red puede ser una herramienta que propicie el desarrollo local en la región. A través de la investigación-acción participativa con enfoque constructivista y técnicas como la entrevista semiestructurada, talleres comunitarios y observación participativa, se rescata la perspectiva visionaria de las comunidades, emprendedores, los principales actores institucionales públicos, privados y de gobierno a nivel local. Los resultados destacan al cooperativismo, desde la perspectiva teórica, como pieza medular del turismo comunitario, donde la cohesión social genera mejores resultados. Por otro lado, desde la práctica se conformó la Red con autogestión y protagonismo de la comunidad, en una actividad turística solidaria, viable y ambientalmente responsable. Se concluye visualizando que la planeación desde la cooperación entre diversos actores puede lograr un desarrollo con enfoque sustentable.

Resumo Diante das profundas mudanças e necessidades nos ambientes rurais, o turismo representa uma alternativa de desenvolvimento holístico para o uso de recursos e coesão social que gera benefícios. Na Reserva da Biosfera de Sierra Gorda, em Querétaro, México, várias empresas de turismo comunitário foram recentemente integradas, mas funcionam de forma desarticulada, limitando seu fortalecimento e consolidação. O objetivo deste estudo foi analisar se a integração de uma rede pode ser uma ferramenta para o desenvolvimento local na região. Por meio de pesquisa-ação participativa com uma abordagem construtivista e técnicas como entrevistas semiestruturadas, oficinas comunitárias e observação participativa, foi recuperada a perspectiva visionária das comunidades, dos empresários e dos principais atores institucionais públicos, privados e governamentais em nível local. Os resultados destacam o cooperativismo, a partir de uma perspectiva teórica, como a pedra angular do turismo de base comunitária, em que a coesão social gera melhores resultados. Por outro lado, do ponto de vista prático, a Rede foi formada com autogestão e protagonismo da comunidade, em uma atividade turística solidária, viável e ambientalmente responsável. Conclui-se visualizando que o planejamento baseado na cooperação entre diferentes atores pode alcançar o desenvolvimento com uma abordagem sustentável.

Abstract In the face of profound changes and needs in rural environments, tourism represents a holistic development alternative for the use of resources and social cohesion that generates benefits. In the Sierra Gorda Biosphere Reserve in Querétaro, Mexico, several community-based tourism ventures have recently been integrated but work in a disjointed manner, limiting their strengthening and consolidation. The objective of the present study was to analyze whether the integration of a network can be a tool for local development in the region. Through participatory action research with a constructivist approach and techniques such as semi-structured interviews, community workshops and participatory observation, the visionary perspective of the communities, entrepreneurs, and the main public, private and governmental institutional actors at the local level was rescued. The results highlight cooperativism, from a theoretical perspective, as a cornerstone of community tourism, where social cohesion generates better results. On the other hand, from practice, the Network was formed with self-management and protagonism of the community, in a solidary, viable and environmentally responsible tourism activity. It is concluded by visualizing that planning from the cooperation among diverse actors can achieve a development with a sustainable approach.

Abstract Peace education aims to influence the development of a healthy and peaceful coexistence, both in the classroom and in other broader social structures such as the family and the local and global community; It also involves motivating students to understand human rights, multiculturalism and conflict management. The funds of knowledge applied to education constitute a theoretical and methodological approach that values a nd takes into account the experiences and knowledge of families to enrich the design and implementation of sensitive and contextualized educational practices. Here we delve into the importance of implementing funds of knowledge in teaching practices as an approach that promotes peace, because it is based on the principles of inclusion, equity, participation, democracy, solidarity and respect for human rights. The funds of knowledge approach constitutes a contribution to socially just and culturally relevant education that promotes peace because, to live peacefully in a society where people of different cultures, ethnicities, ideologies and languages converge, it is important to live the experience of recognizing, value and respect diversity as the axis that drives the well-being of people and communities.

Resumen La educación para la paz tiene como objetivo incidir en el desarrollo de una convivencia sana y pacífica, tanto en el aula como en otras estructuras sociales más amplias como la familia y la comunidad local y global; implica, además, motivar a los estudiantes a comprender los derechos humanos, la multiculturalidad y el manejo de conflictos. Los fondos de conocimiento aplicados a la educación constituyen un enfoque teórico y metodológico que valora y toma en cuenta las experiencias y conocimientos de las familias para enriquecer el diseño e implementación de prácticas educativas sensibles y contextualizadas. Aquí se profundiza en la importancia de la implementación de los fondos de conocimiento en las prácticas docentes como un enfoque que promueve la paz, porque se basa en los principios de inclusión, equidad, participación, democracia, solidaridad y respeto a los derechos humanos. El enfoque de fondos de conocimiento constituye un aporte a la educación socialmente justa y culturalmente relevante que promueve la paz porque, para convivir de forma pacífica en una sociedad donde convergen personas de diferentes culturas, etnias, ideologías e idiomas, es importante vivir la experiencia de reconocer, valorar y respetar la diversidad como eje que impulsa el bienestar de las personas y las comunidades.

BACKGROUND: Despite inpatient rehabilitation many stroke survivors struggle with community reintegration on returning home. The environment to which the stroke survivor returns affects and may limit participation in home and community-based activities. AIM: To describe stroke survivors' lived experiences of the environmental barriers and facilitators to community reintegration in an under resourced urban metropolitan sub-district in the Western Cape, South Africa. METHODS: A descriptive, qualitative study design with a phenomenological emphasis used semi-structured interviews to collect the data from purposefully selected stroke survivors who had been discharged for more than one year following inpatient rehabilitation. Supporting data were collected from interviews with two occupational therapists providing rehabilitation services to the stroke survivors. Deductive priori coding of semi-structured interviews with 11 stroke survivors, based on the environment subsystems described in the Person-Environment-Occupation-Performance (PEOP) model explored the barriers and facilitators to their community reintegration. FINDINGS: Of the six environmental sub systems in the PEOP model the systems and policy, access to information and health education, social determinants of health in the form of poor rehabilitation planning and loss of income as well as the built and natural environment presented the greatest barriers to the stroke survivor participants' community reintegration. However, reintegration was facilitated by social support and social capital, social determinants of health in the form of support groups as well as assistive technologies. CONCLUSION: Community reintegration continues to be a challenge for stroke survivors in an under-resourced urban sub-district due to environmental barriers associated with factors such as poor social support, inadequate implementation of policies and systems, poor compliance with home programmes, low socioeconomic status, poor access within the built and natural environment and inappropriate assistive devices. Several facilitators that occupational therapists can focus on to enable community reintegration included ensuring effective social support, access to community-based organisations, the introduction of home visits and provision of appropriate assistive devices. IMPLICATIONS FOR PRACTICE All stroke survivors must receive a comprehensive discharge plan to facilitate adequate access to continued rehabilitation and support for successful community reintegration. • There must be a specific referral to primary health care rehabilitation services on discharge from hospital. • Occupational therapists at community level have the responsibility to: o advocate for, or assist stroke survivors to self-advocate, the removal of inter-sectoral environmental barriers that limit their community reintegration and community participation, o where possible provide services in the home and involve midlevel workers when conducting home visits to enable successful reintegration into the home and resumption of occupational roles where possible, o look to other resources in their community that can assist in facilitating the community reintegration of stroke survivors to enable access to health, education, productive activities, and social and leisure participation opportunities, o improve their collaboration with the communities that they service.

Resumen El artículo se centra en el análisis de la percepción del equipo docente sobre la utilización, desafíos y pertinencia de actividades lúdicas en bachillerato en la “Unidad Educativa Dr. Bruno Sánchez Carreño”, ubicada en Manabí, Ecuador. Se efectuaron encuestas y entrevistas a los 20 docentes que integran este equipo, buscando la exploración, evaluación y la descripción de sus opiniones para entender la relevancia de esta estrategia desde la mirada del profesorado. Mientras algunos ven estas actividades como efectivas para fomentar la participación y aprendizaje significativo, otros muestran resistencia y mantienen posturas tradicionales. Se destaca la planificación cuidadosa y la necesidad de abordar las preocupaciones y resistencias para garantizar su efectividad en el proceso educativo por medio de capacitación constante y participación activa de toda la comunidad educativa.

Abstract The article delves into the analysis of the teaching team’s perception regarding the use, challenges, and relevance of ludic activities in high school at the “Unidad Educativa Dr. Bruno Sánchez Carreño”, located in Manabí, Ecuador. Surveys and interviews were conducted with the 20 teachers comprising this team, aiming to explore, evaluate, and describe these opinions to understand the relevance of this strategy from the faculty’s perspective. While some view these activities as effective in fostering participation and meaningful learning, others show resistance and maintain traditional positions. Careful planning is highlighted, as well as the need to address concerns and resistance to ensure their effectiveness in the educational process through constant training and active participation of the entire educational community.

ABSTRACT Academic writing at the university level stands as one of the fundamental tools for conveying knowledge, thoughts, ideas, results, alternative solutions, etc., stemming from rigorous research, analysis, organization, and reflection within specialized thematic fields. Throughout their professional development, the student generates various types of academic texts, underscoring the importance of their accurate construction in terms of coherence, cohesion, and appropriateness to effectively convey the author's communicative intent. The objective of the article was to disseminate an analysis of the theoretical foundations related to the four stages of the academic writing process in university students. The research methodology employed involved a comprehensive review of literature pertaining to the four stages of academic review: planning, text production, revision, and editing, fundamental in producing coherent, clear, cohesive, and field-appropriate texts. Scientific articles from databases such as Scielo, Scopus, ERIC, and EBSCO were compiled for the study. Findings were associated with identifying the primary contributions to the cognitive approach of the writing process and systematizing the logical sequence of the writing process. It was concluded that there is a necessity to raise awareness within the university community about the application of planning, text production, revision, and editing stages to enhance the production of academic texts; therefore, the attention of authorities, professors, and students is required to foster high-quality academic production.

RESUMO A redação acadêmica, no nível universitário, é uma das ferramentas fundamentais para transmitir conhecimentos, pensamentos, ideias, resultados, alternativas de solução, etc., resultantes de uma rigorosa investigação, análise, organização e reflexão em campos temáticos especializados. Ao longo de sua formação profissional, o estudante elabora diversos tipos de textos acadêmicos, destacando-se a importância de sua correta produção em termos de coerência, coesão e adequação para transmitir efetivamente o propósito comunicativo do autor. O objetivo do artigo foi socializar a análise das bases teóricas relacionadas às quatro etapas do processo de redação acadêmica em estudantes universitários. A metodologia de pesquisa empregada envolveu uma revisão abrangente da literatura relacionada às quatro etapas de revisão acadêmica: planejamento, textualização, revisão e edição, fundamentais para produzir textos coerentes, claros, coesos e adequados ao campo científico. Para o estudo, foram compilados artigos científicos de bases de dados como Scielo, Scopus, ERIC, EBSCO. As descobertas estão associadas à identificação das principais contribuições para a abordagem cognitiva do processo de escrita e à sistematização da sequência lógica do processo de redação. Concluiu-se que há a necessidade de conscientizar a comunidade universitária sobre a aplicação das etapas de planejamento, textualização, revisão e edição para aprimorar a produção de textos acadêmicos; portanto, é necessária a atenção das autoridades, professores e alunos para promover a produção acadêmica de qualidade.

RESUMEN La redacción académica, a nivel universitario, es una de las herramientas fundamentales para transmitir conocimientos, pensamientos, ideas, resultados, alternativas de solución, etc., producto de una rigurosa investigación, análisis, organización y reflexión de los campos temáticos especializados. En el transcurso de su formación profesional, el estudiante elabora diversos tipos de textos académicos, de ahí la importancia de su correcta producción en cuanto a coherencia, cohesión y adecuación para lograr transmitir el propósito comunicativo del autor. El objetivo del artículo fue socializar el análisis de las bases teóricas relacionadas a las cuatro etapas del proceso de la redacción académica en estudiantes universitarios. La metodología de investigación empleada consistió en una revisión general de la bibliografía relacionada con los cuatro procesos de revisión académica: planificación, textualización, revisión y edición, fundamental para producir textos coherentes, claros, cohesionado y adecuados al campo científico. Para el estudio se recopilaron artículos científicos de bases de datos científicas como Scielo, Scopus, ERIC, EBSCO. Los hallazgos se relacionan a la identificación de los principales aportes al enfoque cognitivo del proceso escritura; y la sistematización de la secuencia lógica del proceso de redacción. Se concluyó que existe la necesidad de concienciar en la comunidad universitaria la aplicación de las etapas de planificación, textualización, revisión y edición para mejorar la producción de textos académicos, por ello, se requiere la atención de autoridades, docentes y estudiantes, para fomentar la producción académica de calidad.

Resumen (Introducción): La degradación ambiental y la pobreza son prioridad en las agendas de los organismos internacionales de desarrollo y conservación. Se plantea que la relación pobreza y conservación puede ser resuelta simultáneamente, sobre todo, en países en vías de desarrollo, según los Objetivos de Desarrollo del Milenio, y, actualmente, en los Objetivos de Desarrollo Sostenible. (Objetivo): Describir las relaciones que existen entre pobreza y conservación de los activos naturales dentro de los medios de vida en el área de estudio, y observar, si el establecimiento de una política de conservación y otra de desarrollo rural sustentable en un contexto neoliberal contribuyeron a resolver ambas problemáticas. (Metodología): Se realizó una investigación-acción-participativa, como estudio de caso. Se realizaron talleres participativos para el diagnóstico de los medios de vida sustentables en las microrregiones Sierra y Valles del municipio de Villaflores, Chiapas, México. (Resultados): Se observó la influencia de dos modelos de desarrollo rural imperantes, en distintos periodos, en los medios de vida de las comunidades. Fuerzas externas que presionan las estrategias de vida y que han fallado para sacar a las comunidades de la situación de pobreza; en el caso de los Valles, esto promovió la deforestación y la degradación de los activos naturales, y, en el caso de la Sierra, se logró conservar, pero las comunidades se encuentran en situación de pobreza extrema y alta vulnerabilidad. (Conclusión): Las políticas e iniciativas impuestas, de manera descendente (top down), han conducido no solo al deterioro ambiental, sino también a la vulnerabilidad y al proceso de precarización de las familias rurales.

Abstract (Introduction): Environmental degradation and poverty are high priority on the agendas of international organizations of development and conservation. It is proposed that the relationship between poverty and conservation can be solved simultaneously, according to the Millennium Development Goals, and currently in the Sustainable Development Goals. (Objective): To describe the relationships that exist between poverty and conservation of natural assets within livelihoods in the study area, and to observe whether the establishment of a conservation policy and another of sustainable rural development in a neoliberal context contributed to solving both problems. (Methodology): A participatory-action-research was carried out, as a case study. Participatory workshops were conducted for the diagnosis of sustainable livelihoods in the Sierra and Valleys micro-regions of the municipality of Villaflores, Chiapas, Mexico. (Results): The influence of two prevailing rural development models, in different periods, on community livelihoods was observed. External forces that put pressure on livelihood strategies and that have failed to lift communities out of poverty; in the case of the Valleys, this promoted deforestation and degradation of natural assets, and in the case of the Sierra, conservation was achieved, but communities are in a situation of extreme poverty and high vulnerability. (Conclusions): Policies and initiatives imposed in a top-down manner have led not only to environmental deterioration, but also to vulnerability and the process of precariousness of rural families.

Resumo A geografia humana desempenha um papel fundamental na adaptação das comunidades ao meio ambiente ao longo do tempo. Ela considera aspectos como a modificação do território, a organização social e as atividades econômicas como o turismo cultural que aborda a geografia, a história e a cultura, valorizando os conhecimentos e processos das comunidades. Portanto, o presente artigo propõe um projeto para criar um Ecomuseu da cultura Chorotega na comunidade de Matambú, localizada na Unidade de Planejamento Turístico Guanacaste Sul, na Costa Rica. A proposta surge como resposta a uma necessidade da comunidade indígena de se envolver no turismo para subsistir, com o objetivo de fomentar o ecoturismo, turismo cultural e criativo no Território Indígena Chorotega Matambú (TICM) e contribuir para a melhoria das condições socioeconômicas da comunidade indígena, preservando e resgatando o senso de pertencimento do patrimônio cultural e natural por parte dos habitantes do território. Após alcançar o objetivo de criar o Ecomuseu “Los Chorotegas” na comunidade de Matambú, haverá uma melhoria na qualidade de vida. Simultaneamente, a comunidade será mais respeitada e reconhecida como a única etnia de origem Mesoamericana presente na Costa Rica.

Abstract Over time, human geography has played a fundamental role in communities’ processes of adaptation to their environment. This involves considerations spanning the modification of territories, social organization, and economic activities such as cultural tourism. This also involves understanding the geographic context of their history and culture to add value to communities’ knowledge and processes. Therefore, this article proposes the creation of a Chorotega Culture Eco-Museum in Matambú, a community located within the South Guanacaste Unit of Touristic Planning, Costa Rica. This proposal arises from the necessity of this indigenous community to be part of the tourism industry as a survival strategy. The objective is to promote ecotourism and cultural and creative tourism in the Matambú Chorotega Indigenous Territory (TICM). This initiative serves as a method to enhance the socio-economic conditions of the indigenous community while helping to preserve and rescue the sense of belonging to its cultural and natural heritage. By achieving the objective of creating “Los Chorotegas” Eco-Museum in the Matambú community, this territory and indigenous group will be respected and valued as the only remaining ethnicity of Mesoamerican origin within Costa Rica, and this recognition can improve their quality of life.

Resumen La geografía humana desempeña un papel fundamental en la adaptación de las comunidades al medio ambiente a lo largo del tiempo, considerando aspectos como la modificación del territorio, organización social, actividades económicas como el turismo cultural que aborda el contexto geográfico, historia y cultura poniendo en valor los saberes y procesos de las comunidades. Por lo tanto, el presente artículo plantea una propuesta para diseñar un Ecomuseo de la cultura Chorotega en la comunidad de Matambú ubicada en la Unidad de Planeamiento Turístico Guanacaste Sur en Costa Rica. La propuesta surge en respuesta a una necesidad de la comunidad indígena de involucrarse en el turismo para subsistir, con el objetivo de fomentar el ecoturismo, turismo cultural y creativo en el Territorio Indígena Chorotega Matambú (TICM) y contribuir al mejoramiento de las condiciones socioeconómicas de la comunidad indígena, conservando y rescatando el sentido de pertenencia del patrimonio cultural y natural por parte de los habitantes del territorio. Cumplido el objetivo de crear el Ecomuseo “Los Chorotegas” en la comunidad de Matambú, mejorará la calidad de vida y a la vez serán más respetados, visibilizados como la única etnia de origen Mesoamericana presente en Costa Rica.

RESUMEN La planificación estratégica es un proceso fundamental en el desarrollo de las instituciones de educación superior, ya que permite a la institución identificar sus fortalezas, debilidades y otras situaciones para desarrollar estrategias que promuevan un mejoramiento continuo. En este estudio se propone la planificación estratégica en las universidades para lograr un desarrollo institucional exitoso. Se utilizó una metodología de investigación no experimental, con un enfoque mixto y análisis cuantitativo. Los resultados indican que la participación activa de la comunidad universitaria en los procesos de gestión institucional, desarrollo, crecimiento, planificación, ejecución, evaluación y rectificación de los procesos universitarios es esencial para llevar a cabo una planificación estratégica efectiva que promueva el desarrollo institucional. En conclusión, los grupos encuestados mostraron una percepción positiva sobre el mejoramiento continuo en las Universidades de Cuenca, lo que respalda la teoría de que la implementación de una planificación estratégica efectiva conduce a un desarrollo institucional exitoso. Estos resultados son alentadores, ya que demuestran el compromiso de las universidades con el crecimiento constante y la excelencia académica.

ABSTRACT Strategic planning is a fundamental process in the development of higher education institutions, since it allows the institution to identify its strengths, weaknesses and other situations in order to develop strategies that promote continuous improvement. This study proposes strategic planning in universities to achieve successful institutional development. A non-experimental research methodology was used, with a mixed approach and quantitative analysis. The results indicate that the active participation of the university community in the processes of institutional management, development, growth, planning, execution, evaluation and rectification of university processes is essential to carry out effective strategic planning that promotes institutional development. In conclusion, the groups surveyed showed a positive perception of continuous improvement in the Universities of Cuenca, which supports the theory that the implementation of effective strategic planning leads to successful institutional development. These results are encouraging, as they demonstrate the universities' commitment to constant growth and academic excellence.

RESUMEN El objetivo de esta investigación fue proponer un programa de habilidades blandas para la mejora del desempeño directivo de las I.E. de nivel inicial de Chiclayo, Perú. El método usado en la investigación es básico de diseño no experimental, la unidad de análisis es de 49 directores y subdirectores del distrito de Chiclayo, la misma que se consideró como muestra censal. En los resultados de la investigación se observó que solo un 12% de la muestra presentó un alto nivel de desempeño directivo, en cuanto a gestión de las condiciones para la mejora del aprendizaje solo un 18% de los encuestados presentaron la competencia de planificación estratégica y el fomento de un entrono educativo favorable, en cuanto a la orientación de los procesos pedagógicos solo un 8% de los directivos destaco en orientar de manera efectiva los procesos pedagógicos. Se concluye que al alcanzar niveles bajos en las competencias analizadas se hace imprescindible la ejecución del programa de habilidades blandas con la finalidad de que los directivos puedan ejercer un mejor liderazgo en beneficio de la institución y comunidad.

ABSTRACT The objective of this research was to propose a soft skills program for the improvement of the managerial performance of the initial level educational institutions of Chiclayo, Peru. The method used in the research is basic of non-experimental design, the unit of analysis is 49 directors and deputy directors of the district of Chiclayo, the same that was considered as a census sample. In the results of the research, it was observed that only 12% of the sample presented a high level of managerial performance, in terms of management of the conditions for the improvement of learning, only 18% of the respondents presented the competence of strategic planning and the promotion of a favorable educational environment, in terms of the orientation of pedagogical processes, only 8% of the managers stood out in guiding effectively pedagogical processes. It is concluded that when reaching low levels in the competencies analyzed, the execution of the soft skills program is essential so that managers can exercise better leadership for the benefit of the institution and community.

RESUMEN La investigación aborda barreras sociales, culturales y religiosas que dificultan la adopción de métodos anticonceptivos en la comunidad de El Chamanal. Utilizando enfoques cuantitativos y cualitativos, se aplican métodos teóricos y entrevistas estructuradas. Se identifican factores determinantes, incluyendo falta de educación sexual, presiones culturales, limitaciones económicas, estigma social y desconocimiento de servicios disponibles. La interconexión de estos factores resalta la necesidad de una estrategia educativa. Se propone la aplicación de Mapas Cognitivos Difusos para identificar el factor más influyente. La estrategia educativa propuesta, "Estrategia Integral de Educación en Planificación Familiar y Métodos Anticonceptivos", busca no solo informar sobre métodos anticonceptivos, sino también cambiar culturalmente las percepciones. La combinación de programas educativos, talleres, campañas de concientización y participación comunitaria se dirige a abordar las complejidades identificadas, promoviendo una toma de decisiones informada y un acceso efectivo a servicios de planificación familiar.

ABSTRACT The research addresses social, cultural, and religious barriers that hinder the adoption of contraceptive methods in the El Chamanal community. Utilizing quantitative and qualitative approaches, theoretical methods and structured interviews are applied. Determining factors are identified, including a lack of sexual education, cultural pressures, economic limitations, social stigma, and unawareness of available services. The interconnectedness of these factors emphasizes the need for an educational strategy. The application of Fuzzy Cognitive Maps is proposed to identify the most influential factor. The proposed educational strategy, "Comprehensive Strategy for Education in Family Planning and Contraceptive Methods," aims not only to inform about contraceptive methods but also to culturally shift perceptions. The combination of educational programs, workshops, awareness campaigns, and community involvement is directed at addressing identified complexities, promoting informed decision-making, and ensuring effective access to family planning services.

In the study reported on here we explored the influence of life-design counselling intervention on high school learners with career indecision who hail from resource-poor contexts in rural South Africa. Purposeful sampling was used to select 17 participants from a resource-constrained area. A mixed-methods group-based intervention embedded in social constructionism was used to address the research questions. The qualitative outcomes for the 17 participants who constituted the intervention group are reported in this article. Data were generated using life-design-based intervention strategies and qualitative (postmodern) techniques. The intervention enhanced the facets of career adaptability of participants and improved their ability to make career decisions. The results show that participants benefited in planning their future and preparing to leave school. The value of the intervention described in this article can be confirmed in longitudinal research with larger samples of diverse participants and contexts as well as different design and assessment measures.

BACKGROUND: Research on the impact of the US President's Emergency Plan for AIDS Relief (PEPFAR) transition in South Africa (SA) in 2012 found varying results in retention in care (RIC) of people living with HIV (PLWH OBJECTIVES: To investigate the factors that impacted RIC during the PEPFAR transition in Western Cape Province, SA, in 2012 METHODS: We used aggregate data from 61 facilities supported by four non-governmental organisations from 2007 to 2015. The main outcome was RIC 12 months after antiretroviral therapy initiation for two periods - during PEPFAR and post PEPFAR. We used adjusted quantile regression to estimate the effect of the PEPFAR pull-out on RIC RESULTS: Regression models (50th quantile) for 12-month RIC showed a 4.0% (95% CI -7.7 - -0.4%) decline in RIC post-direct service. Facilities supported by Anova/Kheth'impilo fared worst post PEFPAR, with a decline in RIC of -4.9% (95% CI -8.8 - -1.0%), while TB, HIV/AIDS, Treatment Support, and Integrated Therapy (that'sit) fared best (3.6% increase in RIC; 95% CI: -0.2 - 7.3%). There was a decrease in RIC when comparing urban with rural areas (-7.8%; 95% CI -12.8 - -2.9%). City of Cape Town combined with Western Cape Government health facilities showed a substantial decrease (-6.1%; 95% CI -10.6 - -1.7%), while community health clinic (v. central day clinics) declined (-6.4; 95% CI -10.6 - -2.1%) in RIC. We observed no RIC difference by facility size and a slight increase when two or more human resources transitioned from PEPFAR to the government CONCLUSIONS: When PEPFAR funding decreased in 2012, there was a decrease in RIC. To ensure the continuity of HIV care when a major funder withdraws sufficient and stable transition resources, investment in organisations that understand the local context, joint planning and co-ordination are required