ABSTRACT The use of bioactive compounds from macroalgae in agricultural formulations is an emerging technology with great potential to reduce dependence on synthetic agrochemicals. Currently, seaweed extracts are considered a sustainable resource due to their biodegradable nature. This review discusses their potential to replace or reduce a variety of synthetic molecules in economically important crops, such as synthetic nitrogen and phosphate fertilisers, synthetic hormone growth regulators, and organochlorine and organophosphate pesticides. Due to the presence of a wide range of bioactive substances already reported in certain algae, they are foreseen as good candidates for the production of plant bioformulations. In this sense, the commercial and biotechnological exploitation of macroalgae could benefit the local economy. However, despite the potential of algae, there is very little information on their total metabolomic or chemical content. This literature review summarises information proposing the use of the macroalgae Kappaphycus alvarezii, Acanthophora spicifera and Hypnea spinella in the Ecuadorian agricultural sector as an alternative for pesticide reduction.

RESUMEN El empleo de compuestos bioactivos extraídos de macroalgas en forma de formulaciones agrícolas representa una tecnología emergente con gran potencial para reducir la dependencia de agroquímicos sintéticos. Al presente, los extractos de algas marinas se consideran un recurso sostenible debido a su carácter biodegradable. En esta revisión se discute su potencial para reemplazar o reducir a una variedad de moléculas sintéticas en cultivos económicamente importantes, tales como fertilizantes sintéticos nitrogenados y fosfatados, reguladores del crecimiento hormonales sintéticos y plaguicidas organoclorados y organofosforados. Por la presencia de una extensa gama de sustancias bioactivas ya registradas en ciertas algas se prevén como buenos candidatos para la producción de bioformulaciones vegetales. En este sentido, el aprovechamiento comercial y biotecnológico de las macroalgas podría beneficiar la economía local. Sin embargo, pese a todo el potencial de las algas existe muy poca información de su contenido metabolómico o químico total. Esta revisión bibliográfica resume información que propone el uso de las macroalgas Kappaphycus. alvarezii, Acanthophora spicifera e Hypnea spinella dentro del sector agrícola ecuatoriano como alternativa para la reducción de pesticidas.

Abstract Traditionally, scholars have pointed out the harmful effects of indigenous mercantile participation: acculturation, economic dependence and social polarization. In this article, we offer evidence that gives a more nuanced image in the case of the indigenous communities of the southeastern Pampas between the 18th and 19th centuries, where indigenous mercantile participation was neither forced, nor even induced, but enthusiastically spontaneous. Taking the evidence of a century of inter-ethnic trade, we observe that the indigenous peoples became avid consumers, skilled traders and industrious producers of goods. They zealously defended their freedom to trade, set up commercial ports in their territory and became part of local, regional and overseas trade networks. In short, the indigenous peoples of the southeastern Pampas created their own forms of mercantile participation that earned them the label of “trading peoples” in the transition between the Ancien Régime and economic liberalism.

Resumen Tradicionalmente, se han señalado los efectos desestructurantes de la participación mercantil indígena: aculturación, dependencia económica y polarización social. En este artículo brindamos indicios que permiten matizar esta imagen para el caso del mundo indígena del sudeste pampeano entre los siglos XVIII y XIX, donde la participación mercantil indígena no fue forzada, ni siquiera inducida, sino entusiastamente espontánea. Con la evidencia de un siglo de comercio interétnico, observamos que los indígenas se convirtieron en ávidos consumidores, hábiles traficantes e industriosos productores de mercancías; defendieron celosamente su libertad de comercio, habilitaron puertos de intercambio en su territorio y se insertaron en redes mercantiles locales, regionales y ultramarinas. En suma, los pueblos indígenas del sudeste pampeano gestaron sus propias modalidades de participación mercantil que les valieron el apelativo de “naciones comerciantes” en la transición entre el Antiguo Régimen y el liberalismo económico.

Resumo O objectivo do trabalho é analisar as relações políticas entre Moçambique e África do Sul no período 1975 e 1992 para perceber os seus reflexos na interacção económico-comercial bilateral. O desenvolvimento deste trabalho norteia-se pelas questões seguintes: Como é que as relações políticas entre Moçambique e África do Sul evoluíram durante o período 1975-1992? De que forma a evolução de tais relações se reflectiu na interacção económica e comercial entre os dois países? Do ponto de vista dos procedimentos técnicos, a pesquisa foi desenvolvida utilizando a documentação indireta com recurso do método histórico, o qual permitiu conhecer o dinamismo da interacção entre Moçambique e África do Sul em vários domínios, com destaque para as esferas económica e política. Conclui-se que África do Sul, no seu relacionamento com Moçambique entre 1975 e 1992 procurou sempre defender o seu interesse nacional (sobrevivência do regime do Apartheid), recorrendo a agressões militares directas e indirectas para a desestabilização política e económica, com intuito de manter Moçambique na posição de dependência e como fonte de mão-de-obra barata para as empresas mineiras. Em contraposição, Moçambique enveredou por uma via pacifista negocial, ciente da sua incapacidade militar e económica de enfrentar o poder hegemónico da África do Sul, mas com vontade de reduzir a sua dependência em relação a esse país.

Resumen El objetivo de este trabajo es analizar las relaciones políticas entre Mozambique y Sudáfrica entre 1975 y 1992, con el fin de comprender sus efectos en la interacción económico-comercial bilateral. Su desarrollo está guiado por las siguientes preguntas: ¿Cómo evolucionaron las relaciones políticas entre Mozambique y Sudáfrica durante el período 1975-1992? ¿Cómo se ha reflejado la evolución de tales relaciones en la interacción económica y comercial entre los dos países? Desde el punto de vista de los procedimientos técnicos, la investigación se desarrolló utilizando documentación indirecta y exploración histórica, lo que permitió descubrir el dinamismo de la interacción entre Mozambique y Sudáfrica en varios aspectos, con énfasis en las esferas económica y política. Se concluye que Sudáfrica, en su relación con Mozambique, entre 1975 y 1992, siempre buscó defender su interés nacional (en la persistencia del apartheid), recurriendo a la agresión militar directa e indirecta para la desestabilización política y económica, con el objetivo de mantener a Mozambique en una posición dependiente y como fuente de mano de obra barata para las empresas mineras. Al contrario, Mozambique emprendió un camino de negociación pacifista, consciente de su incapacidad militar y económica para hacer frente a la potencia hegemónica de Sudáfrica, pero dispuesto a reducir su dependencia de ese país.

Abstract The objective of this work is to analyze the political relations between Mozambique and South Africa between 1975 and 1992, in order to understand their effects on bilateral economic-commercial interaction. The development of this work was guided by the following questions: How did political relations between Mozambique and South Africa evolve during the period 1975-1992? How has the evolution of such relations affect the economic and commercial interaction between the two countries? From the point of view of technical procedures, the investigation was developed using indirect documentation and historical exploration, which made it possible to discover the dynamism of the interaction between Mozambique and South Africa in various domains, with emphasis on the economic and political spheres. The findings of this study reveal that South Africa's primary motive was to safeguard its national interests, the main of which was to preserve the Apartheid regime. As a result, South Africa resorted to direct and indirect military aggressions, leading to political and economic instability, in order to keep Mozambique in a dependent position, as a source of low-cost labour for mining companies. Conversely, Mozambique maintained a pacifist approach, recognizing its military and economic limitations, and opted for negotiations to reduce its dependence on South Africa.

ABSTRACT Understanding soil, plant attributes, and carrot crop dynamics is vital for optimizing site-specific management practices and enhancing crop yield and soil quality. This study aimed to ascertain the dependence and spatial variability between irrigated carrot yield and soil physical attributes in a clayey Oxisol. The research took place during the 2021 growing season in a commercial carrot production area in Campos Altos, MG, Brazil. One hundred sampling points were established within the irrigated area, distributed across a square expanse of 40,000 m², positioned at the centers of 20 × 20 m grids. The study revealed high yield in the irrigated carrot crop (99.74 t ha-1) with moderate variability. Soil attributes displayed a range of heterogeneity, ranging from low to extremely high, contingent on the variable assessed, as determined by the coefficient of variation. Among the variables exhibiting spatial dependence, particle density exhibited a minimum range of 40 m, which is recommended for further studies on irrigated carrot cultivation in a clayey Oxisol. Total soil water availability demonstrated a positive spatial correlation and proved to be the recommended variable for estimating the spatial variability of carrot crop yield. sitespecific site specific quality Oxisol 202 Altos MG Brazil 40000 000 40,00 m² 2 grids 99.74 9974 99 74 (99.7 ha1 ha 1 ha-1 heterogeneity assessed variation 4 4000 00 40,0 99.7 997 9 7 (99. ha- 400 0 40, 99. (99 (9 (

RESUMO Compreender o solo, os atributos das plantas e a dinâmica das culturas de cenoura é vital para otimizar praticas de manejo a sitio especifico e melhorar o rendimento das culturas e a qualidade do solo. Este estudo teve como objetivo verificar a dependência e a variabilidade espacial entre a produtividade da cenoura irrigada e os atributos físicos do solo em um Latossolo Argiloso. A pesquisa ocorreu durante a safra 2021 em uma área comercial de produção de cenoura em Campos Altos, MG, Brasil. Foram estabelecidos cem pontos amostrais dentro da área irrigada, distribuídos em uma área quadrada de 40.000 m², posicionados nos centros de grades de 20 x 20 m. O estudo revelou alta produtividade na cultura da cenoura irrigada (99,74 t ha-1) com variabilidade moderada. Os atributos do solo apresentaram uma gama de heterogeneidade, variando de baixa a extremamente alta, dependendo da variável avaliada, determinada pelo coeficiente de variação. Dentre as variáveis que apresentam dependência espacial, a densidade de partículas apresentou alcance mínimo de 40 m, o que é recomendado para futuros estudos de cultivo de cenoura irrigada em Latossolo Argiloso. A disponibilidade total de água no solo demonstrou correlação espacial positiva e mostrou-se a variável recomendada para estimar a variabilidade espacial da produtividade da cultura da cenoura. Argiloso 202 Altos MG Brasil 40000 000 40.00 m² m 2 99,74 9974 99 74 (99,7 ha1 ha 1 ha-1 moderada heterogeneidade avaliada variação 4 mostrouse mostrou se 4000 00 40.0 99,7 997 9 7 (99, ha- 400 0 40. 99, (99 (9 (

Resumen: El nitrógeno en el suelo es crucial para la agricultura, pero a menudo es limitante, afectando el rendimiento de los cultivos. La deficiencia requiere fertilizantes sintéticos, pero su uso inadecuado causa daños ambientales y costos elevados. Las bacterias del género Rhizobium, simbiontes de leguminosas, ofrecen una solución al fijar nitrógeno de manera sostenible, reduciendo la dependencia de fertilizantes. Esta investigación determinó el número más probable (NMP) de células de Rhizobium spp. procedente de dos biofertilizantes comerciales de origen ecuatoriano y mexicano en condiciones de invernadero. Para esto, se realizó la inoculación directa con disoluciones seriadas (10-1 a 10-10) en macetas con pomina esterilizada al vapor, donde se germinaron plantas de frijol ejotero (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) de la variedad Blue Lake. A los 45 días después de siembra (DDS) se evaluaron los siguientes indicadores morfológicos: área foliar, peso de la planta en húmedo, altura de planta y número de flores, determinándose diferencias estadísticas entre el tipo de biofertilizante y la concentración de cada dilución. El experimento se adecuó a un diseño de bloques completos al azar con arreglo de parcela dividida con tres repeticiones por dilución, en consideración de las fluctuaciones de temperatura presentes en la zona de estudio. El NMP, al 95% de confianza, fue de 4,45x107 rizobios g-1 de pomina en una dilución 10-5 para el biofertilizante mexicano, y 1,48x105 rizobios g-1 de pomina en una dilución 10-4 para el biofertilizante ecuatoriano. La dilución óptima estimada para ambos productos fue de 10-8.

Abstract: Soil nitrogen is crucial for agriculture, but it is often limited, affecting crop yields. Deficiency requires synthetic fertilizers, but their improper use results in environmental damage and high costs. Bacteria of the genus Rhizobium, symbionts of legumes, offer a sustainable solution by fixing nitrogen, thus reducing dependence on fertilizers. This research determined the most probable number (MPN) of cells of Rhizobium spp. from two commercial biofertilizers of Ecuadorian and Mexican origin under greenhouse conditions. For this, direct inoculation with serial dilutions (10-1 to 10-10) was performed in pots with steam-sterilized pumice where Blue Lake variety snap bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) plants were germinated. The following morphological indicators were evaluated at 45 days after sowing (DAS): leaf area, plant wet weight, plant height, and number of flowers, determining statistical differences between the type of biofertilizer and the concentration of each dilution. The experiment followed a randomized complete block design with a split-plot arrangement, with three replicates per dilution, considering temperature fluctuations in the study area. The MPN at 95% confidence was 4.45x107 rhizobia g-1 of pumice at a 10-5 dilution for the Mexican biofertilizer, and 1.48x105 rhizobia g-1 of pumice at a 10-4 dilution for the Ecuadorian biofertilizer. The estimated optimal dilution for both products was 10-8.

Dyeing of cellulose with reactive dyes (RDs) is an important commercial process because the fibers/fabrics have vivid colors with excellent fastness, since the RD is covalently bonded to cellulose. The subject of the present study is dying of cotton-polyethylene terephthalate (PET) blends using a flow system where the RD absorbance is contentiously monitored by UV-Vis spectroscopy. This allows the collection of extensive data points (≥ 300) to calculate the rate constants, hence the corresponding activation parameters. At a fixed pH = 11.2, a pseudo second-order rate law fits the absorbance vs. time data satisfactorily. At a constant temperature, the order of the dyeing rate constant (k2) is higher for the blend containing 88.9% cotton. The dyeing activation energy, on the other hand, is higher for the blend containing 50% cotton. These results were attributed to the adverse effects of (hydrophobic) PET on the diffusion of RD into the blend. We calculated an equation that shows the dependence of k2 on the temperature and cotton wt.% of the blend. RDs (RDs fibersfabrics fibers fabrics fastness cottonpolyethylene polyethylene (PET UVVis UV Vis spectroscopy ≥ ( 300 constants parameters 112 11 2 11.2 secondorder second vs satisfactorily k (k2 889 88 9 88.9 energy hand 50 hydrophobic (hydrophobic wt wt. 30 1 11. (k 8 88. 5 3

Abstract The article is about ethics and bioethics with a focus on the health worker and health work in the context of the pandemic of COVID-19 in Brazil. It brings in an unprecedented debate on social and economic inequalities, evidenced in the world, regarding access to vaccines, medicines, tests, PPE, among others, which brought suffering and death. The dispute for these products occurred on a global scale and producing countries closed their markets and commercial dependence led to dramatic situations. During the pandemic, several ethical issues were evidenced: conflicts, dilemmas, and ethical infractions occurred in different situations, such as in health care settings, in the relationship between managers and health care workers, within health care teams, and between health care teams and society. The article also brings the polemic debate whether the deaths caused by COVID-19 in Brazil should be seen as biological or social phenomena: fatality, homicide, mysthanasia or social euthanasia. The article concludes that in public management it is imperative that the Ethics of Responsibility and Humanization of Care be applied. In this context of uncertainties and challenges for humanity, it is fundamental the participation of society around an agenda guided by ethical principles, human dignity, environment, and democracy, with inclusive public and economic policies. COVID19 COVID 19 COVID-1 inequalities world vaccines medicines tests PPE others death situations conflicts dilemmas settings workers phenomena fatality homicide euthanasia applied humanity principles dignity environment democracy policies COVID1 1 COVID-

Resumo O artigo versa sobre ética e bioética com foco no trabalhador e no trabalho em saúde no contexto da pandemia de COVID-19 no Brasil. Traz de forma inédita o debate sobre as desigualdades sociais e econômicas, evidenciadas no mundo, quanto ao acesso a vacinas, medicamentos, testes, EPIs, entre outros, que trouxeram sofrimento e morte. A disputa por esses produtos ocorreu em escala global e países produtores fecharam seus mercados e a dependência comercial levou a situações dramáticas. Durante a pandemia, diversas questões éticas foram evidenciadas: conflitos, dilemas e infrações éticas ocorreram em diferentes situações como nos ambientes de assistência à saúde, na relação entre gestores e trabalhadores de saúde, no âmbito das equipes de saúde e destas para com a sociedade. O artigo também traz o polêmico debate se as mortes ocasionadas pela COVID-19 no Brasil devem ser encaradas como fenômenos biológicos ou sociais: fatalidade, homicídio, mistanásia ou eutanásia social. O artigo conclui que na gestão pública é imperativo que seja aplicada a Ética da Responsabilidade e a Humanização do Cuidado. Nesse contexto de incertezas e desafios para a humanidade é fundamental a participação da sociedade em torno de uma agenda pautada por princípios éticos, dignidade humana, meio ambiente e democracia, com políticas públicas e econômicas inclusivas. COVID19 COVID 19 COVID-1 mundo vacinas medicamentos testes EPIs outros morte dramáticas conflitos fatalidade homicídio social Cuidado éticos humana democracia inclusivas COVID1 1 COVID-

Resumo O artigo versa sobre ética e bioética com foco no trabalhador e no trabalho em saúde no contexto da pandemia de COVID-19 no Brasil. Traz de forma inédita o debate sobre as desigualdades sociais e econômicas, evidenciadas no mundo, quanto ao acesso a vacinas, medicamentos, testes, EPIs, entre outros, que trouxeram sofrimento e morte. A disputa por esses produtos ocorreu em escala global e países produtores fecharam seus mercados e a dependência comercial levou a situações dramáticas. Durante a pandemia, diversas questões éticas foram evidenciadas: conflitos, dilemas e infrações éticas ocorreram em diferentes situações como nos ambientes de assistência à saúde, na relação entre gestores e trabalhadores de saúde, no âmbito das equipes de saúde e destas para com a sociedade. O artigo também traz o polêmico debate se as mortes ocasionadas pela COVID-19 no Brasil devem ser encaradas como fenômenos biológicos ou sociais: fatalidade, homicídio, mistanásia ou eutanásia social. O artigo conclui que na gestão pública é imperativo que seja aplicada a Ética da Responsabilidade e a Humanização do Cuidado. Nesse contexto de incertezas e desafios para a humanidade é fundamental a participação da sociedade em torno de uma agenda pautada por princípios éticos, dignidade humana, meio ambiente e democracia, com políticas públicas e econômicas inclusivas.

Abstract The article is about ethics and bioethics with a focus on the health worker and health work in the context of the pandemic of COVID-19 in Brazil. It brings in an unprecedented debate on social and economic inequalities, evidenced in the world, regarding access to vaccines, medicines, tests, PPE, among others, which brought suffering and death. The dispute for these products occurred on a global scale and producing countries closed their markets and commercial dependence led to dramatic situations. During the pandemic, several ethical issues were evidenced: conflicts, dilemmas, and ethical infractions occurred in different situations, such as in health care settings, in the relationship between managers and health care workers, within health care teams, and between health care teams and society. The article also brings the polemic debate whether the deaths caused by COVID-19 in Brazil should be seen as biological or social phenomena: fatality, homicide, mysthanasia or social euthanasia. The article concludes that in public management it is imperative that the Ethics of Responsibility and Humanization of Care be applied. In this context of uncertainties and challenges for humanity, it is fundamental the participation of society around an agenda guided by ethical principles, human dignity, environment, and democracy, with inclusive public and economic policies.

Abstract Our research unveils how China’s food-related imports from 1992 to 2020 changed in composition by decreasing the imports of some commodities in favor of others. Their origins suggest that some countries are being substituted as commercial partners for specific commodities. We empirically identified outliers by setting interquartile limits at the commodity level and by origin. Unit-root and normality tests were applied. Finally, Spearman or Pearson correlation coefficients were computed where appropriate. Results indicate that imports are stabilizing during the studied period. China increased its imports of Sugar and cereals to the detriment of edible preparations, live animals, trees, and oilseeds. Some Asian countries are capturing part of the market once dominated by North America or Europe. Finally, lower dependence on partners was found for meat, gums, cocoa, and edible preparations. This methodology might help those analyzing the effects of trade agreements, country specialization, and strategic decisions.

Resumen Nuestra investigación revela cómo las importaciones chinas de productos alimenticios de 1992 a 2020 han cambiado en composición disminuyendo las importaciones de algunas mercancías a favor de otras. Sus orígenes sugieren que algunos países están siendo sustituidos como socios comerciales en mercancías específicas. Empíricamente identificamos anomalías estableciendo los límites intercuartiles a nivel de clasificación de mercancías y por su origen. Se aplicaron pruebas de raíces unitarias y de normalidad. Finalmente, se aplicaron coeficientes de correlación de Spearman o de Pearson cuando era apropiado. Los resultados indican que las importaciones se están estabilizando en el periodo estudiado. China incrementó sus importaciones de azúcar y cereales en detrimento de categorías como preparaciones comestibles, animales y plantas vivas, y oleaginosas. Algunos países asiáticos están capturando parte del mercado que era dominado por Norteamérica o Europa. Finalmente, se encontró una menor dependencia de los socios comerciales para las categorías carne, gomas, cacao y preparaciones comestibles. Esta metodología podría ayudar a quienes estudian los efectos de los acuerdos comerciales, la especialización del país, y decisiones estratégicas.

ABSTRACT Within the neoliberal model of development, Chile and Colombia allowed the private commercial exploitation of previously public goods and services through privatizations and/or concessions. In this context, the institutional framework, supply, and management of road infrastructure were modified, fostering road concessions in both countries. Through Comparative-Historical Analysis, the historical trajectory of the institutionality of road concessions in Chile and Colombia is reconstructed as path dependence cases in order to identify the influence of some Supranational Organizations, comparing both cases to indicate their differences. A greater number of operations and amounts are observed in Colombia, as well as tutelage programs. This allows us to point out that despite sharing characteristics, such as the development of dedicated institutions and multilateral financing, among others, the path dependence of the cases differ due to the greater intensity of the influence of Supranational Organizations there. The foregoing is presented as an alternative approach to the study of public policies and as a contribution to the sectoral discussion.

RESUMEN Dentro del modelo neoliberal de desarrollo, Chile y Colombia permitieron la explotación comercial privada de bienes y servicios anteriormente públicos mediante privatizaciones y/o concesiones. En este contexto, la institucionalidad, el suministro y la gestión de infraestructura vial se modificaron, y dieron paso a las concesiones viales en ambos países. Mediante el análisis histórico comparativo, se reconstruye la trayectoria histórica de la institucionalidad de concesiones viales de Chile y Colombia como path dependence, con el fin de identificar la influencia de algunas organizaciones supranacionales, comparando ambos casos para señalar similitudes y diferencias. Se observan en Colombia más operaciones y montos, así como programas de tutela, lo que permite señalar que a pesar de compartir características como el desarrollo de institucionalidad específica y el financiamiento multilateral, los path dependence difieren producto de la mayor intensidad de la influencia de organizaciones supranacionales en Colombia. Lo anterior se plantea como un enfoque alternativo para el estudio de políticas públicas y como contribución a la discusión sectorial.

ABSTRACT Cassava crops have always been fundamental in human nutrition and industry. Nowadays, the development of new cultivars with specific properties has become a major research area. In this research, amylose-free cassava starch (WXCS) extracted from clone AM206-5 was evaluated with respect to its physicochemical, morphological, and thermorheological properties. The waxy nature of cassava starch was verified (0.54 ± 0.09% w/w amylose), showing a 16.92±0.20 µm average granule size and elliptical or spherical truncated shapes without granule aggregation. There were significant differences in the pasting profiles evaluated, with WXCS being thermally less stable (Breakdown = 698±2 cP) generating less viscous final pastes (731±16 cP) compared to a commercial amylose-free corn starch. The WXCS shear viscosity was determined in a capillary rheometer (Rheoplast®), showing an inverse linear temperature dependence, decreasing by a factor larger than 3 when the temperature changed from 100 to 120 °C, with a pseudoplastic flow described by the power law (n: 0.25-0.40), consistency index (32607 - 6695 Pa.s) and specific mechanical energy (124 - 75 J/g). The extensional viscosity was always higher than the shear viscosity, where increasing the strain rate and temperature enlarged the Trouton number (25-145). Complete WXCS transformation under real process conditions was achieved with a 30% w/w moisture content and 100 °C, which induced full granular integrity loss and crystalline structure destruction. The results confirmed a potential utilization for this new starch to obtain extruded-type food products or to serve as a biothickening agent. industry Nowadays area amylosefree amylose free (WXCS AM2065 AM AM206 5 AM206- physicochemical morphological 0.54 054 0 54 (0.5 009 09 0.09 ww w amylose, , amylose) 1692020 16 92 20 16.92±0.2 aggregation Breakdown 6982 698 2 698± cP 731±16 73116 731 (731±1 Rheoplast®, Rheoplast Rheoplast® (Rheoplast®) dependence 10 12 C °C n (n 0.250.40, 025040 0.25 0.40 25 40 0.25-0.40) 32607 (3260 669 Pa.s Pas Pa s 124 (12 7 J/g. Jg J/g . J g J/g) 25145. 25145 145 (25-145) 30 destruction extrudedtype extruded type agent AM20 0.5 05 (0. 00 0.0 169202 1 9 16.92±0. 69 731±1 7311 73 (731± (Rheoplast® 250 0.250.40 02504 025 0.2 040 0.4 4 0.25-0.40 3260 (326 66 (1 2514 14 (25-145 AM2 0. (0 16920 16.92±0 6 731± (731 (Rheoplast 0.250.4 0250 02 04 0.25-0.4 326 (32 ( 251 (25-14 1692 16.92± (73 0.250. 0.25-0. 32 (3 (25-1 169 16.92 (7 0.250 0.25-0 (25- 16.9 0.25- (25 16. (2

RESUMO A cultura da mandioca sempre foi fundamental na alimentação humana e na indústria. Atualmente, o desenvolvimento de novas cultivares com propriedades específicas tornou-se uma grande área de pesquisa. Nesta investigação, o amido de mandioca sem amilose (WXCS) extraído do clone AM206-5 foi avaliado com respeito às suas propriedades físico-químicas, morfológicas e termorreológicas. Foi verificada a natureza cerosa do amido de mandioca (0.54 ± 0.09% p/p de amilose), mostrando um tamanho médio do grânulo de 16.92±0.20 µm e formas elípticas ou truncadas esféricas sem agregação de grânulos. Houve diferenças significativas nos perfis de colagem avaliados, sendo o WXCS termicamente menos estável (decomposição = 698±2 cP) gerando pastas finais menos viscosas (731±16 cP) em comparação com um amido de milho comercial sem amilose. A viscosidade de cisalhamento do WXCS foi determinada num reômetro capilar (Rheoplast®), mostrando uma dependência linear inversa da temperatura, diminuindo por um factor superior a 3 quando a temperatura mudou de 100 para 120 °C, com um fluxo pseudoplástico descrito pela lei de potência (n: 0.25-0.40), índice de consistência (32607 - 6695 K - Pa.s) e energia mecânica específica (124 - 75 J/g). A viscosidade de extensão foi sempre superior à viscosidade de cisalhamento, onde o aumento da taxa de deformação e da temperatura aumentou o número de Troutões (25-145). A transformação completa do WXCS sob condições reais de processo foi alcançada com um teor de humidade de 30% p/p e 100 °C, o que induziu a perda total da integridade granular e a destruição da estrutura cristalina. Os resultados confirmaram o uso potencial deste novo amido para a obtenção de produtos alimentares do tipo extrudido ou para servir como um agente bioespessante. indústria Atualmente tornouse tornou se pesquisa investigação (WXCS AM2065 AM AM206 5 AM206- físicoquímicas, físicoquímicas físico químicas, químicas físico-químicas termorreológicas 0.54 054 0 54 (0.5 009 09 0.09 pp p amilose, , amilose) 1692020 16 92 20 16.92±0.2 grânulos avaliados decomposição 6982 698 2 698± cP 731±16 73116 731 (731±1 Rheoplast®, Rheoplast Rheoplast® (Rheoplast®) 10 12 C °C n (n 0.250.40, 025040 0.25 0.40 25 40 0.25-0.40) 32607 (3260 669 Pa.s Pas Pa s 124 (12 7 J/g. Jg J/g . J g J/g) 25145. 25145 145 (25-145) 30 cristalina bioespessante AM20 0.5 05 (0. 00 0.0 169202 1 9 16.92±0. 69 731±1 7311 73 (731± (Rheoplast® 250 0.250.40 02504 025 0.2 040 0.4 4 0.25-0.40 3260 (326 66 (1 2514 14 (25-145 AM2 0. (0 16920 16.92±0 6 731± (731 (Rheoplast 0.250.4 0250 02 04 0.25-0.4 326 (32 ( 251 (25-14 1692 16.92± (73 0.250. 0.25-0. 32 (3 (25-1 169 16.92 (7 0.250 0.25-0 (25- 16.9 0.25- (25 16. (2

Abstract This study compares the profile of Brazilian and Chinese scientific publications in Information Science indexed in the Web of Science. The specific objectives are: (a) to survey the number of articles published by each country; (b) identify the characteristics of the journals in which the articles are published; and (c) identify the nationality and type of publishers that edit these journals. The Web of Science search yielded 6,417 articles, with 2,005 articles authored by Brazilian institutions and 4,412 articles authored by Chinese institutions. Of these articles, 29.5% of the Brazilian publications and the majority (99.9%) of the Chinese publications were in English. Brazilian production is published in 99 of the 221 journals, while Chinese is published in 122. Different access models were identified for the articles. Specifically, 91% of Chinese publications were accessible via subscription and 76% of the Brazilians via open access. The highest concentration of journals is in England, the United States, and the Netherlands, with an Impact Factor of less than one. Commercial publishers publish most Chinese articles (92.3%) while Brazilian articles are predominantly available through university publishers with open access repositories (72.3%). It is concluded that the scientific production in the field of Information Science from Brazil and China, as indexed in the Web of Science, exhibits diversified strategies. Brazil stands out for the indexing of national journals and publishing articles in Portuguese that are available through Open Access repositories. On the other hand, China is notable for its publication of articles in English, in journals that are already indexed in the Web of Science, and predominantly edited by commercial publishers. A more internationalized production than the Brazilian one, but with greater dependence on the system by the scientific community. a (a country b (b c (c 6417 6 417 6,41 2005 2 005 2,00 4412 4 412 4,41 295 29 5 29.5 99.9% 999 9 (99.9% English 22 122 Specifically 91 76 England States Netherlands one 92.3% 923 92 3 (92.3% 72.3%. 723 72.3% . 72 (72.3%) strategies hand community 641 41 6,4 200 00 2,0 441 4,4 29. 99.9 (99.9 12 7 92.3 (92.3 72.3 (72.3% 64 6, 20 0 2, 44 4, 99. (99. 1 92. (92. 72. (72.3 (99 (92 (72. (9 (72 ( (7

Resumo Este estudo compara o perfil da publicação científica brasileira e o da chinesa na área de Ciência da Informação indexada na Web of Science. Os objetivos específicos são: (a) levantar o número de artigos publicado por cada país; (b) identificar as características dos periódicos nos quais os artigos são publicados; e (c) identificar a nacionalidade e a tipologia dos publishers que editam os periódicos. A busca na Web of Science resultou em 6.417 artigos de autores vinculados às instituições brasileiras e chinesas, respectivamente, 2005 e 4.412, sendo 29,5% da publicação brasileira em inglês, e a maioria da chinesa (99,9%). Do total de 221 títulos, a produção brasileira é publicada em 99, e a chinesa em 122, majoritariamente via subscrição diferente do modelo de acesso identificado nos artigos: 91% dos chineses via subscrição e 76% dos brasileiros em acesso aberto. A maior concentração dos títulos ocorre na Inglaterra, nos Estados Unidos e na Holanda, com Fator de Impacto inferior a 1. Editoras comerciais publicam a maioria dos artigos chineses (92,3%), enquanto os artigos brasileiros concentram-se em editoras universitárias de acesso aberto (72,3%). Conclui-se que a produção científica em Ciência da Informação brasileira e chinesa na Web of Science apresenta estratégias diversificadas: a brasileira se destaca pela indexação dos periódicos nacionais, publicando artigos em português e em Acesso Aberto, enquanto a chinesa pela publicação em inglês, em periódicos indexados na base e majoritariamente editado por editoras comerciais. Na China, há uma produção mais internacionalizada que a brasileira, porém com maior dependência do sistema por parte da comunidade científica. (a país b (b publicados c (c 6417 6 417 6.41 chinesas respectivamente 200 4412 4 412 4.412 295 29 5 29,5 inglês 99,9%. 999 99,9% . 99 9 (99,9%) 22 122 91 76 Inglaterra Holanda 1 92,3%, 923 92,3% , 92 3 (92,3%) concentramse concentram 72,3%. 723 72,3% 72 (72,3%) Concluise Conclui diversificadas nacionais Aberto China 641 41 6.4 20 441 4.41 2 29, 99,9 (99,9% 12 7 92,3 (92,3% 72,3 (72,3% 64 6. 44 4.4 (99,9 92, (92,3 72, (72,3 4. (99, (92, (72, (99 (92 (72 (9 (7 (

Resumen Con la henificación, los forrajes pierden, entre otros, vitamina C, hasta niveles de carencia en la dieta diaria del cuy (Cavia porcellus). Es de conocimiento que esta vitamina es esencial para los cuyes en virtud a que el organismo de estos no sintetiza vitamina C por la carencia de la enzima L-gulono-1,4-lactona oxidasa, originando dependencia de forraje fresco o verde. En comparación a la información disponible sobre uso de forraje fresco en la alimentación de cuyes, es mucho menor la información con base a experiencias de alimentación con heno, situación que motivó realizar este estudio, con el propósito de evaluar la respuesta animal a la sustitución total o parcial de alfalfa fresca (Medicago sativa) por heno, complementado con concentrado comercial enriquecido con vitamina C. El ensayo se realizó con 27 cuyes machos destetados a las 3 semanas de nacidos, y tuvo una duración de 8 semanas. Los animales fueron divididos en 3 tratamientos con igual número de repeticiones distribuidos con base a diseño completamente al azar. Los tratamientos fueron: T1 Forraje fresco 15 % del peso corporal (PC), T2 Forraje fresco 7.5 % PC+heno 1.5 % PC, T3 Heno 3.0 % PC, complementado en todos los casos con concentrado comercial enriquecido con vitamina C administrado en este caso a libre discreción. Se determinó que mediante la sustitución total o parcial de forraje fresco por heno de alfalfa se obtienen resultados estadísticamente similares para el nivel de consumo de materia seca 3447, 3512 y 3738 g, incremento de peso corporal 790, 775 y 782 g, conversión alimenticia 4.36, 4.53 y 4.64 y, rendimiento de canal 70.0, 68.2 y 69.9%. Se concluye que el heno de alfalfa puede reemplazar total o parcialmente a la alfalfa fresca, teniendo el cuidado que otra parte de la ración (concentrado) aporte suficiente cantidad de vitamina C, modalidad de administración de forraje que podría adoptarse como nueva alternativa para la alimentación de cuyes principalmente durante la estación se estiaje.

Abstract During haymaking, fodder loses, among other things, vitamin C, to the extent that it is lacking in the daily diet of the guinea pig (Cavia porcellus). It is known that this vitamin is essential for guinea pigs because the guinea pig body does not synthesize vitamin C due to a lack of the enzyme L-gulono-1,4-lactone oxidase, resulting in a dependence on fresh or green fodder. In comparison to the information available on the use of fresh forage in guinea pig feeding, there is much less information based on experiences with hay feeding, a situation that motivated this study, with the purpose of evaluating the animal response to the total or partial substitution of fresh alfalfa (Medicago sativa) for hay, supplemented with commercial concentrate enriched with vitamin C. The trial was conducted with 27 male guinea pigs weaned at 3 weeks of age, and lasted 8 weeks. The animals were divided into 3 treatments with an equal number of replicates distributed according to a completely randomized design. The treatments were: T1 Fresh forage 15 % of body weight (BW), T2 Fresh forage 7.5 % BW + hay 1.5 % BW, T3 Hay 3.0 % BW, supplemented in all cases with commercial concentrate enriched with vitamin C administered at free choice. It was determined that by total or partial substitution of fresh forage by alfalfa hay, statistically similar results were obtained for dry matter intake level 3447, 3512 and 3738 g, body weight gain 790, 775 and 782 g, feed conversion 4.36, 4.53 and 4.64 and carcass yield 70.0, 68.2 and 69.9 %. It is concluded that alfalfa hay can totally or partially replace fresh alfalfa, taking care that another part of the ration (concentrate) provides a sufficient amount of vitamin C, a forage administration method that could be adopted as a new alternative for guinea pig feeding, mainly during the dry season.

Abstract Dynamic characterization of cement-based composites is crucial for understanding material behavior. When exposed to highly dynamic loading conditions, the strain-rate dependence of material causes the material response to differ significantly from that under quasi-static loading conditions. In this paper, a numerical investigation on the dynamic tensile behavior of cement-based materials. A gravitational split Hopkinson tension bar was used to characterize the dynamic tensile behavior of cement-based at high strain-rates. The commercial finite element software LS-Dyna is adopted to conduct the computations. The material specifications of cement-based are characterized by the Karagozian & Case (K&C) concrete model that accounts for shear dilation, strain-rate dependence, and strain softening. The model accuracy is verified with available experimental results in the form of strain signals, strain-rates, and tensile strengths. It was found that the results computed with the automatic generation version of K&C are slightly different from the experimental ones. Therefore, to achieve better agreement, the model was extended by calibrating a few parameters of the K&C material formulation. Finally, the simulation predictions were found to represent the experimental results with good agreement. cementbased cement based conditions strainrate rate quasistatic quasi static paper materials strainrates. strainrates rates. rates strain-rates LSDyna LS Dyna computations KC K C (K&C dilation softening signals strainrates, rates, strengths ones Therefore agreement formulation Finally

The use of essential oils constitutes an alternative to reduce or eliminate the dependence on antibiotics and synthetic growth promoters and also decrease the microbial resistance and residuality on pig’s carcass. With the purpose of evaluating the effect of essential oil of wild garlic (Mansoa alliacea L.) on the productive performance of post-weaning piglets, a total of 24 castrated male piglets, commercial cross (Blanco Belga x Duroc x Pietrain) of 28 days of age, with average live weight of 9.33 ± 0.34 kg were used. The animals were distributed according to a complete random design and each one constituted an experimental unit. The treatments consisted in a control diet (0); 500 mg of essential oil of wild garlic.kg DM-1 and 1000 mg of essential oil of wild garlic.kg DM-1, respectively. The variables food intake day (FID), weight gain per day (WGD), feed conversion (FC) and final weight (FW) were studied. There was not significant effect (p > 0.05) between treatments for the variables under study. It is concluded that under this research conditions is viable the use of essential oil of wild garlic as natural additive in post-weaning piglets diets, with the purpose of reducing the dependence on antibiotics and synthetic growth promoters of the food which are commercialize in Ecuador for this category.

El uso de aceites esenciales constituye una alternativa para reducir o eliminar la dependencia de antibióticos y promotores de crecimiento sintéticos y disminuir, además, la resistencia microbiana y residualidad en la canal de los cerdos. Con el objetivo de evaluar el efecto de la suplementación dietética de aceite esencial de ajo de monte (Mansoa alliacea L.) en el desempeño productivo de lechones en posdestete, se utilizaron 24 lechones machos castrados, cruce comercial (Blanco Belga x Duroc x Pietrain) de 28 días de edad, con peso vivo promedio de 9.33 ± 0.34 kg. Los animales se distribuyeron de acuerdo con un diseño completamente aleatorizado y cada uno constituyó una unidad experimental. Los tratamientos consistieron en una dieta control (0); 500 mg de aceite esencial de ajo de monte.kg MS-1 y 1000 mg de aceite esencial de ajo de monte.kg MS-1. Se estudiaron las variables consumo de alimento día (CAD), ganancia de peso por día (GPD), conversión alimentaria (CA) y peso final (PF). En esta investigación no hubo efecto significativo (p > 0.05) entre tratamientos para las variables objeto de estudio. Se concluye que en las condiciones de esta investigación es viable el uso de aceite esencial de ajo de monte como aditivo natural para uso en dietas destinadas a lechones en posdestete, con la finalidad de reducir la dependencia de antibióticos y promotores de crecimiento sintéticos de los concentrados que se comercializan en Ecuador para esta categoría.