Resumen Esta investigación planteó como objetivo identificar recomendaciones para reducir la contaminación visual en entornos urbanos mediante la comparación de la "Ley Ciudad Limpia" de Londrina, Brasil y la "Ordenanza que Regula la Instalación de Medios Publicitarios y Propaganda Electoral en el Espacio Público y Privado" de Portoviejo, Ecuador. Se llevó a cabo un análisis detallado y comparativo, destacando similitudes y diferencias entre ambas regulaciones, subrayando la necesidad de una adecuada gestión para proteger el paisaje urbano y a los ciudadanos que lo habitan. Se sugirió la implementación de medidas derivadas de la "Ley Ciudad Limpia" en Portoviejo para lograr un mejor manejo y control sobre aspectos técnicos de la rotulación comercial y de igual manera reducir el impacto ambiental causado en los espacios públicos de la urbe.

Abstract This research aimed to identify recommendations to reduce visual pollution in urban environments by comparing the "Clean City Law" of Londrina, Brazil and the "Ordinance Regulating the Installation of Advertising Media and Electoral Propaganda in Public and Private Space" from Portoviejo, Ecuador. A detailed and comparative analysis was carried out, highlighting similarities and differences between both regulations, underlining the need for adequate management to protect the urban landscape and the citizens who inhabit it. The implementation of measures derived from the "Clean City Law" in Portoviejo was suggested to achieve better management and control over technical aspects of commercial signage and likewise reduce the environmental impact caused in the city's public spaces.

Abstract Fashion as a cultural expression involves a great amount of goods that circulate internationally. The designs, shapes, and utilities are the result of the creative work of people, interdisciplinary teams, researchers, and companies. The fruit obtained in this activity is protected by the WTO Agreement on Trade-Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights (TRIPS). Intangible rights are an integral part of the value of goods and therefore have an impact on Customs Law since they are the basis of valuation for the purposes of applying taxes to foreign trade. The protection of copyright and the correct use of commercial and industrial trademarks has been presented as a control activity of the customs and in that mission the World Customs Organization made recommendations to optimize the control and thus prevent the flow of infringing goods. In Argentina, according to these parameters, a mechanism has been implemented to prohibit the circulation of goods in trademark fraud or pirated or unauthorized copies.

Resumen La moda como expresión cultural involucra a una gran cantidad de mercaderías que circulan internacionalmente. Los diseños, formas, utilidades son el fruto de un trabajo creativo de personas, equipos interdisciplinarios, investigadores, y de empresas. El fruto obtenido en esa actividad tiene tutela en virtud del Acuerdo de la OMC sobre los Aspectos de los Derechos de Propiedad Intelectual relacionados con el Comercio (ADPIC). Los derechos intangibles son una parte integrante del valor de las mercaderías y por tal motivo tiene impacto en el Derecho Aduanero ya que integran la base de valoración a los fines de la aplicación de los tributos al comercio exterior. La tutela de respetar los derechos de autor y el uso correcto de las marcas comerciales e industriales se ha presentado como una actividad de control propia de las aduanas y en esa misión la Organización Mundial de Aduanas realizó recomendaciones para optimizar el control y de esta manera impedir el flujo de mercaderías en infracción. En la Argentina conforme a estos parámetros ha implementado un mecanismo de prohibición de circulación de mercaderías en fraude marcario o copia pirata o no autorizada.

Resumo A moda, como expressão cultural, envolve uma grande quantidade de bens que circulam internacionalmente. Os desenhos, formas e utilidades são o resultado do trabalho criativo de pessoas, equipes interdisciplinares, pesquisadores e empresas. Os frutos obtidos desta atividade são protegidos pelo Acordo da OMC sobre Aspectos dos Direitos de Propriedade Intelectual Relacionados ao Comércio (TRIPS). Os direitos intangíveis são parte integrante do valor das mercadorias e, por esta razão, têm um impacto no Direito Aduaneiro, pois são a base da avaliação para fins de aplicação de impostos ao comércio exterior. A proteção dos direitos autorais e o uso correto das marcas comerciais e industriais foi apresentada como uma atividade de controle da alfândega e, nesta missão, a Organização Mundial das Alfândegas fez recomendações para otimizar o controle e assim evitar o fluxo de mercadorias infratoras. De acordo com estes parâmetros, a Argentina implementou um mecanismo para proibir a circulação de mercadorias em fraudes de marcas ou cópias piratas ou não autorizadas.

The evolution of technology has changed business practices all over the world. Owing to technological and e-commerce developments, businesses can now transact with each other instantaneously across borders. The digitalisation of commerce and other traditional working methods has created a new "digital age" in human history. Digitalisation has taken over many economic activities and industries and is slowly finding its way into the legal system. Several businesses are now concluding commercial transactions and contracts electronically. Electronic signatures have consequently become essential tools for concluding legal agreements and conducting other daily business and legal practices. These new innovations have brought into question the legal validly of these transactions, and in particular the legitimacy and security of electronically signed documents.

Resumo: Durante a pandemia, os países latino-americanos sofreram o colapso de seus sistemas de saúde. Isso foi causado pela alta demanda de atendimento aos infectados pelo SARS-CoV-2, que somou-se, em paralelo, ao atendimento de pacientes com outros tipos de doenças. O aumento significativo na demanda por serviços de saúde levou à rápida diminuição dos suprimentos médicos e laboratoriais. A pandemia de COVID-19 acelerou, nos países em desenvolvimento, uma crise sanitária causada principalmente por uma política sistemática e insuficiente de apropriação do conhecimento científico. O atual governo colombiano deve formular uma Lei de Soberania Biotecnológica ou de Biossegurança que garanta a autonomia científica, o que leva à autonomia que garante que a Colômbia seja autossuficiente em Ciência, Tecnologia e Inovação. O governo da Colômbia também deve se concentrar em estabelecer e desenvolver a produção de produtos químicos farmacêuticos, adquirindo ingredientes químicos ativos de outros países. Essa estratégia reduz os custos de produção e o preço final dos medicamentos, além de gerar empregos de alto nível e riqueza para o país. Desta forma, não haveria escassez de medicamentos essenciais, nem estaríamos sujeitos a aumentos excessivos de preços por intermediação comercial. Em conclusão, o manuscrito foca na fracassada soberania biotecnológica na Colômbia. Propomos um modelo de ecossistema latino-americano de Ciência e Tecnologia para alcançar a soberania biotecnológica por meio do financiamento estatal do fortalecimento da pesquisa das universidades, com a participação de empresas privadas e Ministérios da Ciência, Educação, Comércio e Saúde. A autonomia científica é baseada em processos de inovação que fortalecem a autonomia biotecnológica.

Resumen: Durante la pandemia, los países latinoamericanos vieron colapsar sus sistemas de salud. Esto se debió a la alta demanda de atención para las personas contagiadas con SARS-CoV-2 y a la atención de pacientes con otros tipos de enfermedades. El aumento significativo de la demanda de los servicios de salud llevó a la rápida disminución de los suministros médicos y de laboratorio. La pandemia de la COVID-19 intensificó la crisis sanitaria en los países en desarrollo, principalmente por una política sistemática e insuficiente de apropiación del conocimiento científico. Si el actual gobierno colombiano formulara una Ley de Soberanía Biotecnológica o de Bioseguridad por la cual se garantizaría la autonomía científica, esto conduciría a una autonomía de Colombia en Ciencia, Tecnología e Innovación. El Gobierno de Colombia también debería centrarse en fomentar y desarrollar la producción de productos químicos farmacéuticos mediante el abastecimiento de ingredientes químicos activos de otros países. Esta estrategia favorece la reducción de costos de producción y del precio final de los medicamentos, además de generar empleos de alto nivel y riqueza para el país. De esta manera, no habría escasez de medicamentos esenciales, ni alzas excesivas de precios en la intermediación comercial. Pero, la realidad es que hay una débil soberanía biotecnológica en Colombia. En este texto se propone un modelo de ecosistema basado en Ciencia y Tecnología para que Latinoamérica logre la soberanía biotecnológica mediante el financiamiento estatal a la investigación en universidades, con la participación de entidades privadas y Ministerios de Ciencia, Educación, Comercio y Salud. La autonomía científica se basa en procesos de innovación que implican el fortalecimiento de la autonomía biotecnológica.

Abstract: During the pandemic, Latin American countries suffered the collapse of their health systems. This was caused by the high demand for care of patients infected with SARS-CoV-2, which was added to the care of patients with other diseases. The significant increase in demand for health services caused medical and laboratory supplies to decline rapidly. The COVID-19 pandemic exacerbated a health crisis in several developing countries, mainly caused by insufficient systematic policies for integrating scientific knowledge. The current Colombian government must formulate a Biotechnological or Biosecurity Sovereignty Law that guarantees scientific autonomy, ensuring that Colombia is self-sufficient in Science, Technology, and Innovation. Colombian government should also focus on establishing and developing pharmaceutical chemical production by acquiring active chemical ingredients from other countries. This strategy could reduce the production costs and final prices of medicines, as well as generate high-level employment and wealth for the country. In this way, the Colombian government could prevent shortage of essential medicines and excessive price increases by commercial intermediation. In conclusion, the manuscript focuses on the lack of biotechnological sovereignty in Colombia. We propose a model of a Latin American Science and Technology ecosystem to achieve biotechnological sovereignty via state funding of research, strengthening universities, and fostering participation among private companies and Ministries of Science, Education, Trade, and Health. Scientific autonomy based on innovative processes that strengthen biotechnological independence can contribute to the economy by generating gross added value, creating high-quality employment, and facilitating the appropriation and social dissemination of knowledge, and cost reduction.

South African law under the Labour Relations Act 66 of 1995 (LRA), as amended, confers on the Labour Court the power to adjudicate on issues relating to strikes and to grant an interdict and/or order the payment of just and equitable compensation for any loss attributable to the strike or lockout. At least 48 hours before the strike, workers or their trade unions must give written notice of their intention to strike to the employer, the applicable negotiating council, and the Commission for Conciliation, Mediation, and Arbitration. If a strike follows the law, workers who take part in it are shielded from being fired for no other reason than that they are striking. Employees on strike and their trade unions are shielded from lawsuits for any losses or harm sustained while on the protected strike. During an unprotected strike, workers lose the legal protections afforded by labour laws, leaving them open to legal action and possible termination. In the case under review - Massmart Holdings and Others v South African Commercial Catering and Allied Workers Union [2022] ZALCJHB 119 - the trade union, from whom the employer sought compensation for damages caused during a protected strike, objected to the Labour Court's jurisdiction as derived from the LRA. This article provides a critical review of the Labour Court's jurisdiction, particularly in the light of section 68 of the LRA, to order compensation. The analysis revisits previous judgments to test the correctness of the judgment given in the Massmart case.

Our understanding of contracts continues to evolve. Electronic contracts that have typically taken the form of shrink-wrap, click-wrap, web-wrap, scroll-wrap, multi-wrap and sign-in-wrap agreements have undergone further developments with the introduction of automation in electronic contractual engagements and, more recently, the advent of the so-called "smart contract". Different types of smart contracts exist, including smart contracts that operate on blockchain technology. Despite these developments in commercial and contractual activities, the South African legal framework does not officially recognise smart contracts. The use of the Electronic Communications and Transactions Act, 2002 (ECTA) as a mechanism for the regulatory oversight of smart contracts in South Africa is, in its current form, woefully inadequate and limited in its application to smart contracts. Other jurisdictions, like the European Union (EU), have passed draft legislative and regulatory documentation called the Data Act to address smart contracts, whilst the UK Law Commission has provided recommendations to regulate smart contracts. As South Africa currently has no equivalent to the EU's draft Data Act and has not considered the operation of smart contracts in South Africa, the position in the EU and United Kingdom (UK) is considered in this paper to provide guidelines as to the aspects that it would be necessary to regulate in a South African context.

In practice issues may arise when a party other than the designated beneficiary makes a call for payment, leading to a non-conforming demand. This has threatened the commercial use of demand guarantees due to demands for payment being rejected for non-conformity. Notably, the party calling for payment may or may not be the designated beneficiary stated in the demand guarantee. It could be a third party or an authorised agent acting on behalf of the beneficiary or a party entitled to receive payment under the guarantee. Also, when the demand guarantee is transferred it is the transferee (the new beneficiary) who may sign and issue a demand for payment. This article undertakes a comparative analysis of the approach in South African and Australian case law and international instruments applicable to demand guarantees to address problems associated with the identity of the beneficiary. The approach followed in resolving such issues emphasises a purposive approach to compliance with the demand. A party other than the beneficiary can demand payment on behalf of the beneficiary if it has been authorised to do so. Imposing strict compliance would contradict well-established contract law and sound business practices. For this reason, if the parties do not wish it to be possible for an agent or a party other than the beneficiary to demand payment on behalf of the beneficiary, this should be stated in the guarantee itself. However, if the presenter of a demand is not the beneficiary but demands payment in its own right, it is suggested that a strict approach is entirely proper.

This article joins the growing discourse in search of a responsive governance model for state-owned companies (SOCs) in South Africa capable of engendering corporate governance and financial viability. The Singaporean state-holding company model of the ownership and control of SOCs (Temasek model), at the heart of which is Temasek Holdings, is widely considered the gold standard of corporate governance and financial viability across the SOCs landscape. Policymakers and scholars alike have proposed adopting this model in South Africa. However, the proposals have fallen short of critically examining the model's salient attributes, the legal and regulatory environment within which it operates, and the model's socio-political and economic logic to test its viability in the South African context. This article closes this gap by conducting a four-pronged examination of the model. First, it provides a nuanced understanding of the nature of the so-called "Singapore Inc". Secondly, it delves deeper into the model's anchoring legal and regulatory framework. Penultimately, the promise and pitfalls of the model are identified. In conclusion, it is argued that the Temasek model is exceptional in many respects and that its exceptionalism necessitates a cautious and nuanced adoption that considers the idiosyncratic circumstances of South Africa. In this regard the article proposes adapting the Temasek model and argues that the model can apply only to SOCs with commercial orientation. It proposes a super-agency akin to the Chinese State-Owned Assets Supervision and Administration Commission of the State Council (saSAC) for non-commercial entities to discharge centralised ownership and control functions. In essence the article argues that a viable model of ownership and control for SOCs capable of engendering sound corporate governance and financial viability in South Africa's SOCs is not a single entity model in the form of a state-holding company but rather a twin-track model with one track catering for commercial entities and another for non-commercial entities.

Abstract: Since there is a globalized and essentially changing economic environment, both natural and legal persons change their domicile, residence or headquarters, and with this, this controversy is being raised for the latter, including their nationality. The big question is whether notions such as nationality or domicile are comparable between both types of people. And although from integration environments such as those sponsored by MERCOSUR and other Latin American regions, as well as by the European Union (EU), the facilitating process of movements of for-profit legal entities has reached levels of great intensity (even reaching the European case to previously unthinkable aspects such as total changes of headquarters or the loss of personality in the country of founding or origin), the participating States in the aforementioned areas, and in contrast to other aspects of Private International Law that have been unified (in the EU through Regulations, the only ones in charge of this management), there are significant unknowns to be revealed on both sides of the Atlantic Ocean, specifically, the adoption of common rules to determine the headquarters or nationality of those same commercial companies. in mobility. This constitutes a pending task for both the EU and Latin American integration initiatives such as MERCOSUR, so that a calm study is required to find promising shared results that glimpse the necessary reflective framework with respect to such a complex problem.

Resumo: Dado que existe um ambiente económico globalizado e essencialmente em mudança, tanto as pessoas singulares como as pessoas colectivas mudam de domicílio, residência ou sede, e com isso, levanta-se esta polémica para estas últimas, incluindo a sua nacionalidade. A grande questão é se noções como nacionalidade ou domicílio são comparáveis entre os dois tipos de pessoas. E embora a partir de ambientes de integração como os patrocinados pelo MERCOSUL e outras regiões latino-americanas, bem como pela União Europeia (UE), o processo facilitador de movimentos de pessoas jurídicas com fins lucrativos tenha atingido níveis de grande intensidade (alcançando até mesmo o nível europeu caso a aspectos antes impensáveis, como mudanças totais de sede ou perda de personalidade no país de fundação ou origem), os Estados participantes nas áreas acima mencionadas, e em contraste com outros aspectos do Direito Internacional Privado que foram unificados (no UE através dos Regulamentos, os únicos responsáveis por esta gestão), existem incógnitas significativas a revelar em ambos os lados do Oceano Atlântico, nomeadamente, a adopção de regras comuns para determinar a sede ou nacionalidade dessas mesmas empresas comerciais na mobilidade. . Isto constitui uma tarefa pendente tanto para as iniciativas de integração da UE como da América Latina, como o MERCOSUL, de modo que é necessário um estudo calmo para encontrar resultados partilhados promissores que vislumbrem o quadro reflexivo necessário no que diz respeito a um problema tão complexo.

Resumen: Desde que existe un entorno económico globalizado y por esencia cambiante, las personas tanto físicas como jurídicas cambian su domicilio, residencia o sede, y con ello, cuestión esta polémica para las segundas, inclusive su nacionalidad. La gran cuestión es saber si son equiparables nociones como nacionalidad o domicilio entre ambos tipos de personas. Y si bien desde entornos de integración como son los auspiciados desde MERCOSUR y otras regiones latinoamericanas, así como por la Unión Europea (UE), el proceso facilitador de movimientos las personas jurídicas con ánimo de lucro ha alcanzado cotas de gran intensidad (llegando inclusive en el caso europeo a aspectos antes impensable como los cambios totales de sede o la pérdida de personalidad en el país de fundación u origen), los Estados participantes en los referidos ámbitos, y en contraste a otros aspectos de Derecho Internacional Privado que se han venido unificando (en la UE mediante Reglamentos, los únicos al frente de esta gestión), quedan significativas incógnitas por desvelar a uno y otro lado del Océano Atlántico, en concreto, la adopción de unas reglas comunes para determinar la sede o nacionalidad de esas mismas sociedades mercantiles en movilidad. Ello constituye una tarea pendiente tanto para la UE y las iniciativas integradoras latinoamericanas como es la de MERCOSUR, de manera que se impone el estudio sosegado para hallar resultados prometedores compartidos que atisben el necesario marco reflexivo con respecto a tan compleja problemática.

Dyeing of cellulose with reactive dyes (RDs) is an important commercial process because the fibers/fabrics have vivid colors with excellent fastness, since the RD is covalently bonded to cellulose. The subject of the present study is dying of cotton-polyethylene terephthalate (PET) blends using a flow system where the RD absorbance is contentiously monitored by UV-Vis spectroscopy. This allows the collection of extensive data points (≥ 300) to calculate the rate constants, hence the corresponding activation parameters. At a fixed pH = 11.2, a pseudo second-order rate law fits the absorbance vs. time data satisfactorily. At a constant temperature, the order of the dyeing rate constant (k2) is higher for the blend containing 88.9% cotton. The dyeing activation energy, on the other hand, is higher for the blend containing 50% cotton. These results were attributed to the adverse effects of (hydrophobic) PET on the diffusion of RD into the blend. We calculated an equation that shows the dependence of k2 on the temperature and cotton wt.% of the blend.

Abstract: The number of air travelers has increased over the past years, and after the limitations imposed by the COVID-19 pandemic, are expected to increase further. Given these conditions, the possibility for a health professional to find himself needing to assist an in-flight cardiac arrest is also increased. The present work describes some of the most common problems in managing an inflight cardiac arrest and emphasizes the relevance of cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) performance and automated external defibrillators (AED) use on board of commercial airliners.

Resumen: El número de viajeros por avión ha aumentado en años pasados, y después de las limitaciones impuestas por la pandemia de COVID-19, se espera que esas cifras crezcan aún más. En vista de esta situación, la posibilidad de que un profesional sanitario se encuentre en posición de tener que asistir una parada cardiaca durante un vuelo comercial es también mayor. El presente trabajo describe algunos de los problemas más frecuentes en el tratamiento de un paro cardiaco durante un vuelo y enfatiza la relevancia de realizar reanimación cardiopulmonar y emplear un desfibrilador automático externo a bordo de una aeronave comercial.

Resumo A Rota de Integração Latino-Americana (RILA) é uma proposta de desenvolvimento regional baseada na integração econômica, política e social dos países da América Latina. Ela tem como objetivo aprimorar a interação entre os países e o aproveitamento dos recursos e oportunidades regionais, buscando o fortalecimento do desenvolvimento econômico e social. O Direito de Integração é a área do Direito Internacional e Comunitário que regulamenta as relações entre os países na implementação da integração regional. Ele contempla as normas e princípios que regulamentam as relações comerciais, políticas, culturais e sociais entre os países integrantes da RILA. Nesse sentido, o presente artigo tem como objetivo principal trazer aspectos conceituais acerca do Direito de Integração e da Harmonização Jurídica, bem como a traçar uma reflexão do papel desempenhado pelos mesmos no contexto da integração latino-americana. O texto em tela se configura como uma abordagem qualitativa e pesquisa do tipo bibliográfica, com a fundamentação de teóricos que trazem a temática do Direito de Integração e da Harmonização Jurídica para o cenário da integração económica regional. Conclui-se que o Direito Internacional é fundamental para o funcionamento e a integração económica dos países membros do MERCOSUL, uma vez que cria normas e princípios básicos norteadores das relações jurídicas entre os integrantes do bloco (nações e a sociedade civil).

Abstract The Latin American Integration Route (RILA) is a proposal for regional development based on the economic, political, and social integration of Latin American countries. Its objective is to better develop the interaction between countries and the utilization of regional resources and opportunities, aiming at strengthening economic and social development. Integration Law is the field of International and Community Law responsible for governing relations between countries during the implementation of regional integration. It encompasses the norms and principles regulating the commercial, political, cultural, and social relations among the member countries of RILA. In this context, the main goal of this article is to present conceptual aspects of Integration Law and Harmonization of Law, and to reflect on their roles within the context of Latin American integration. The current text is a qualitative approach and bibliographical research, drawing from thinkers that bring the Integration Law and Harmonization of Law scheme to the regional economic integration scenario. It comes to the conclusion that International Law is fundamental to the maintenance and economic integration of the member countries of MERCOSUL, since it creates norms and principles by which the members of this bloc (nations and civil society) can guide themselves.

Resumen La Ruta de Integración Latinoamericana (RILA) es una propuesta de desarrollo regional basada en la integración económica, política y social de los países de América Latina. Su objetivo es mejorar la interacción entre los países y aprovechar los recursos y oportunidades regionales, buscando fortalecer el desarrollo económico y social. El Derecho de la Integración es el área del Derecho Internacional y Comunitario que regula las relaciones entre los países en la realización de la integración regional. Contempla las normas y principios que regulan las relaciones comerciales, políticas, culturales y sociales entre los países miembros de la RILA. En este sentido, el objetivo principal de este artículo es acercar aspectos conceptuales sobre el Derecho de Integración y la Armonización Jurídica, así como esbozar una reflexión sobre el papel que jugaron los mismos en el contexto de la integración latinoamericana. El texto en cuestión se configura como un enfoque cualitativo y una investigación bibliográfica, fundamentado en teóricos que introducen la temática del Derecho de Integración y de la Armonización Jurídica al escenario de la integración económica regional. Se concluye que el Derecho Internacional es fundamental para el funcionamiento y la integración económica de los países miembros del MERCOSUR, ya que crea normas y principios rectores básicos de las relaciones jurídicas entre los miembros del bloque (naciones y sociedad civil).

Resumé: Le contrat d’agence commerciale qui peut être défini comme celui régissant les rapports entre l’agent et le principal est né avec l'évolution du commerce et le besoin naturel d'expansion des affaires sur le territoire national ou international. En effet, l'impossibilité d’ouvrir un établissement sur tous les territoires, en plus d'autres obstacles comme la langue, font de l'agent commercial une figure importante et présente, notamment dans le cadre du commerce international. Dans cette perspective, cette étude problématisera, la question de savoir quelle est la place actuellement de l’autonomie de la volonté dans les contrats internationaux d’agence commerciale au sein de l’Union européenne (UE) et du Mercosur et son importance, compte tenu de l’inexistence à ce jour d’un droit international uniforme en la matière. La recherche se caractérise comme exploratoire, avec une approche qualitative, élaborée à partir de recherches bibliographiques. A partir d’une révision de la littérature spécialisée, de la jurisprudence et des lois applicables, l’étude permet d’affirmer que l’autonomie de la volonté a encore une place limitée dans l’ordre juridique, notamment au sein des pays du Mercosur.

Abstract: The agency contract, which can be defined as the one governing the relationship between the agent and the principal, was born with the evolution of trade and the natural need for business expansion on national or international territory. Indeed, the impossibility of opening an establishment in all territories, in addition to other obstacles such as language, make the commercial agent an important and common figure, particularly in the context of international trade. Thus, this study will problematize the question of the current place of parties' autonomy in international commercial agency contracts within the European Union (EU) and Mercosur and its importance, given the absence of a uniform international law in this area. Based on a review of the specialized literature, case law and positive law, the study confirms that parties' autonomy still has a limited place in the legal order, particularly in the countries of the Mercosur.

ABSTRACT Cassava crops have always been fundamental in human nutrition and industry. Nowadays, the development of new cultivars with specific properties has become a major research area. In this research, amylose-free cassava starch (WXCS) extracted from clone AM206-5 was evaluated with respect to its physicochemical, morphological, and thermorheological properties. The waxy nature of cassava starch was verified (0.54 ± 0.09% w/w amylose), showing a 16.92±0.20 µm average granule size and elliptical or spherical truncated shapes without granule aggregation. There were significant differences in the pasting profiles evaluated, with WXCS being thermally less stable (Breakdown = 698±2 cP) generating less viscous final pastes (731±16 cP) compared to a commercial amylose-free corn starch. The WXCS shear viscosity was determined in a capillary rheometer (Rheoplast®), showing an inverse linear temperature dependence, decreasing by a factor larger than 3 when the temperature changed from 100 to 120 °C, with a pseudoplastic flow described by the power law (n: 0.25-0.40), consistency index (32607 - 6695 Pa.s) and specific mechanical energy (124 - 75 J/g). The extensional viscosity was always higher than the shear viscosity, where increasing the strain rate and temperature enlarged the Trouton number (25-145). Complete WXCS transformation under real process conditions was achieved with a 30% w/w moisture content and 100 °C, which induced full granular integrity loss and crystalline structure destruction. The results confirmed a potential utilization for this new starch to obtain extruded-type food products or to serve as a biothickening agent. industry Nowadays area amylosefree amylose free (WXCS AM2065 AM AM206 5 AM206- physicochemical morphological 0.54 054 0 54 (0.5 009 09 0.09 ww w amylose, , amylose) 1692020 16 92 20 16.92±0.2 aggregation Breakdown 6982 698 2 698± cP 731±16 73116 731 (731±1 Rheoplast®, Rheoplast Rheoplast® (Rheoplast®) dependence 10 12 C °C n (n 0.250.40, 025040 0.25 0.40 25 40 0.25-0.40) 32607 (3260 669 Pa.s Pas Pa s 124 (12 7 J/g. Jg J/g . J g J/g) 25145. 25145 145 (25-145) 30 destruction extrudedtype extruded type agent AM20 0.5 05 (0. 00 0.0 169202 1 9 16.92±0. 69 731±1 7311 73 (731± (Rheoplast® 250 0.250.40 02504 025 0.2 040 0.4 4 0.25-0.40 3260 (326 66 (1 2514 14 (25-145 AM2 0. (0 16920 16.92±0 6 731± (731 (Rheoplast 0.250.4 0250 02 04 0.25-0.4 326 (32 ( 251 (25-14 1692 16.92± (73 0.250. 0.25-0. 32 (3 (25-1 169 16.92 (7 0.250 0.25-0 (25- 16.9 0.25- (25 16. (2

RESUMO A cultura da mandioca sempre foi fundamental na alimentação humana e na indústria. Atualmente, o desenvolvimento de novas cultivares com propriedades específicas tornou-se uma grande área de pesquisa. Nesta investigação, o amido de mandioca sem amilose (WXCS) extraído do clone AM206-5 foi avaliado com respeito às suas propriedades físico-químicas, morfológicas e termorreológicas. Foi verificada a natureza cerosa do amido de mandioca (0.54 ± 0.09% p/p de amilose), mostrando um tamanho médio do grânulo de 16.92±0.20 µm e formas elípticas ou truncadas esféricas sem agregação de grânulos. Houve diferenças significativas nos perfis de colagem avaliados, sendo o WXCS termicamente menos estável (decomposição = 698±2 cP) gerando pastas finais menos viscosas (731±16 cP) em comparação com um amido de milho comercial sem amilose. A viscosidade de cisalhamento do WXCS foi determinada num reômetro capilar (Rheoplast®), mostrando uma dependência linear inversa da temperatura, diminuindo por um factor superior a 3 quando a temperatura mudou de 100 para 120 °C, com um fluxo pseudoplástico descrito pela lei de potência (n: 0.25-0.40), índice de consistência (32607 - 6695 K - Pa.s) e energia mecânica específica (124 - 75 J/g). A viscosidade de extensão foi sempre superior à viscosidade de cisalhamento, onde o aumento da taxa de deformação e da temperatura aumentou o número de Troutões (25-145). A transformação completa do WXCS sob condições reais de processo foi alcançada com um teor de humidade de 30% p/p e 100 °C, o que induziu a perda total da integridade granular e a destruição da estrutura cristalina. Os resultados confirmaram o uso potencial deste novo amido para a obtenção de produtos alimentares do tipo extrudido ou para servir como um agente bioespessante. indústria Atualmente tornouse tornou se pesquisa investigação (WXCS AM2065 AM AM206 5 AM206- físicoquímicas, físicoquímicas físico químicas, químicas físico-químicas termorreológicas 0.54 054 0 54 (0.5 009 09 0.09 pp p amilose, , amilose) 1692020 16 92 20 16.92±0.2 grânulos avaliados decomposição 6982 698 2 698± cP 731±16 73116 731 (731±1 Rheoplast®, Rheoplast Rheoplast® (Rheoplast®) 10 12 C °C n (n 0.250.40, 025040 0.25 0.40 25 40 0.25-0.40) 32607 (3260 669 Pa.s Pas Pa s 124 (12 7 J/g. Jg J/g . J g J/g) 25145. 25145 145 (25-145) 30 cristalina bioespessante AM20 0.5 05 (0. 00 0.0 169202 1 9 16.92±0. 69 731±1 7311 73 (731± (Rheoplast® 250 0.250.40 02504 025 0.2 040 0.4 4 0.25-0.40 3260 (326 66 (1 2514 14 (25-145 AM2 0. (0 16920 16.92±0 6 731± (731 (Rheoplast 0.250.4 0250 02 04 0.25-0.4 326 (32 ( 251 (25-14 1692 16.92± (73 0.250. 0.25-0. 32 (3 (25-1 169 16.92 (7 0.250 0.25-0 (25- 16.9 0.25- (25 16. (2