Abstract In the context of the international political economy, the human rights protection regime and the foreign investor regime are in tension because of a legal architecture that privileges freedom of capital. A content analysis of the Escazú Agreement would reveal, with respect to access to justice in environmental matters, that individuals and civil society have access to judicial and administrative instances contemplated in national legislation, while foreign investors under bilateral investment treaties (BITs) and free trade agreements (FTAs) have access to justice through international arbitration tribunals that are not always independent, impartial and that privilege the interests of the market. This legal architecture conditions the actions of States in relation to society and its rights. The conclusions point out that the Escazú Agreement faces legal challenges in terms of the investor protection regime, where economic guarantees limit concrete actions to address the climate crisis, protect the environment or enforce human rights.

Resumen En el contexto de la economía política internacional, el régimen de protección de derechos humanos y el régimen de inversores extranjeros atraviesan tensiones como resultado de una arquitectura jurídica que privilegia la libertad de capitales. Un análisis de contenido del Acuerdo de Escazú revelaría, respecto al acceso a la justicia en temas ambientales, que las personas y la sociedad civil acceden a instancias judiciales y administrativas contempladas en la legislación nacional de cada país, mientras que los inversores extranjeros, bajo la figura de los tratados bilaterales de inversión (TBI) y libre comercio (TLC), recurren a la justicia mediante tribunales de arbitraje internacional que no siempre son independientes, imparciales y que privilegian los intereses del mercado. Esta arquitectura jurídica condiciona el accionar de los Estados frente a la sociedad civil y sus derechos. El Acuerdo de Escazú atraviesa desafíos jurídicos frente al régimen de protección a los inversores, en el cual las garantías económicas limitan las acciones concretas para abordar la crisis climática, proteger el medioambiente o hacer efectivos los derechos humanos.

ABSTRACT Since the emergence of the African Continental Free Trade Area (AfCFTA) in March 2018, which promises to become the largest economic integration area in the world with 54 member countries, exaggerated optimism has been generated, especially by different international organizations formerly critics like the World Bank, who now highly praise the benefits of the regional integration process. This article contributes to the understanding of the complexity in the implementation of this area, which delves into the analysis of the background, potential, scope and challenges of the AfCFTA. It is argued that this new attempt at regional integration is not very different or distant from neoliberal ideology and seems to be part of open regionalism that tends to favor outward integration, which is why it does not contribute to the solution of the enormous problems of underdevelopment, poverty and social injustice on the continent.

RESUMEN A partir del surgimiento del Área de Libre Comercio Continental Africana (AfCFTA) en marzo del 2018 -que promete erigirse en la mayor área de integración económica del mundo con 54 países miembros- se ha generado un optimismo exagerado, sobre todo por parte de diferentes organismos internacionales otrora críticos como el Banco Mundial, que ahora ponderan sobremanera las bondades del proceso de integración regional. A la comprensión de la complejidad en la implementación de esa área contribuye el presente artículo, el cual se adentra en el análisis de los antecedentes, potencialidades, alcance y desafíos del AfCFTA. Se argumenta que este nuevo intento de integración regional no es muy diferente ni distante del ideario neoliberal y parece inscribirse dentro del regionalismo abierto que tiende a favorecer una integración hacia afuera, por lo que no tributa a la solución de los enormes problemas de subdesarrollo, pobreza e injusticia social del continente.

Abstract We study the international transmission of U.S. real and financial shocks on the USMCA region using a global approach. The study relies on a GVAR (Global Vector Autoregressive) model and generalized impulse-response functions (GIRF). The main findings suggest that: 1) The USMCA economies are contemporaneously linked to the world economy mainly through private credit, international trade and real GDP; 2) shocks on U.S. GDP and U.S. trade flows have higher influence in Canada than in Mexico; 3) shocks on U.S. interest rates have higher influence in Mexico than in Canada; 4) the private credit and the international trade channels are the most important ones for the transmission of international macroeconomic shocks. The study relies on quarterly data for 33 countries of the period 1986:Q1-2019:Q4.

Resumen Estudiamos la transmisión internacional de los shocks reales y financieros de Estados Unidos en la región del T-MEC utilizando un enfoque global. El estudio se basa en un modelo GVAR (Vector Global Auto-regresivo) y funciones generalizadas de impulso-respuesta (GIRF). Los principales hallazgos sugieren que: 1) Las economías del T-MEC están simultáneamente vinculadas a la economía mundial, principalmente a través del crédito privado, el comercio internacional y el PIB real; 2) los shocks sobre el PIB y los flujos comerciales de Estados Unidos tienen mayor influencia en Canadá que en México; 3) los shocks sobre las tasas de interés estadounidenses tienen mayor influencia en México que en Canadá; 4) el crédito privado y el comercio internacional son los más importantes canales para la transmisión de shocks macroeconómicos internacionales. El estudio se basa en datos trimestrales de 33 países del período 1986:T1- 2019:T4.

Abstract We analize the Mexican peso-US dollar exchange parity the volatility using three models in order to evaluate the exchange rate risk performance and the these models capability of modeling such risk. The period June 21st, 2017 to June 21st, 2022 is marked by singular events that pressed this exchange rate parity, making it of great interest to study the tools that can be used to measure this uncertainty besides the study of the exchange rate uncertainty itself. The arrival of a left- wing politician to the presidency was an unprecedented event. At the beginning of 2020 the price war in the oil market and the emergence of the COVID-19 pandemic had important effects in the world economy. Finally, the war in Ukraine added pressures to the international trade of raw materials, inducing an inflationary episode with bad expectations about the economic performance around the world. The exchange rate scenarios posed by the aforesaid events provide us with a natural context to test which of the posited volatility models offers a better fit. Unanimously, the results under the three models suggest that during the first year of the President López Obrador period the exchange rate uncertainty was reduced compared to previous levels, returning again to those minor levels after the forced closure of economic activities due to the emergence of COVID-19, even though the exchange fluctuation band has been slightly higher than before the pandemic and the war on East Europe.

Resumen Analizamos la volatilidad de la paridad cambiaria peso-dólar mexicano utilizando tres modelos con el fin de evaluar el desempeño del riesgo cambiario y la capacidad de estos modelos para modelar dicho riesgo. El periodo comprendido entre el 21 de junio de 2017 y el 21 de junio de 2022 está marcado por eventos singulares que presionaron esta paridad cambiaria, por lo que es de gran interés estudiar las herramientas que se pueden utilizar para medir esta incertidumbre además de estudiar la propia incertidumbre cambiaria. La llegada de un político de izquierda a la presidencia fue un hecho sin precedentes. A principios de 2020, la guerra de precios en el mercado petrolero y la aparición de la pandemia de COVID-19 tuvieron efectos importantes en la economía mundial. Finalmente, la guerra en Ucrania sumó presiones al comercio internacional de materias primas, induciendo un episodio inflacionario con malas expectativas sobre el desempeño económico en todo el mundo. Los escenarios cambiarios planteados por los eventos mencionados nos proporcionan un contexto natural para probar cuál de los modelos de volatilidad postulados ofrece un mejor ajuste. De manera unánime, los resultados bajo los tres modelos sugieren que durante el primer año del periodo del presidente López Obrador la incertidumbre cambiaria se redujo en comparación con niveles anteriores, regresando nuevamente a esos niveles menores tras el cierre forzoso de actividades económicas por la aparición del COVID-19, a pesar de que la banda de fluctuación cambiaria ha sido ligeramente superior a la anterior a la pandemia y la guerra en Europa del Este.

Resumen Desde 2015 China es el líder mundial en la producción y uso de energía solar y también el principal exportador de paneles solares. En este trabajo se argumenta que el liderazgo de China surge de la convergencia de factores como el agravamiento del cambio climático, el empleo por varios países de estímulos fiscales para fomentar los paneles solares, los avances en tecnología fotovoltaica y el impulso de las políticas públicas que aprovecharon las propias condiciones económicas del país. El objetivo es describir la evolución de China como líder mundial en energía solar mediante un enfoque de políticas públicas. La metodología parte de la revisión cualitativa de las estadísticas de la producción mundial de energía solar y del comercio internacional en paneles fotovoltaicos de 2001 a 2021 para evaluar la evolución de China en este campo. Los datos sugieren que las políticas públicas instrumentadas por China han desempeñado un rol crucial en fomentar su liderazgo en energías renovables.

Abstract Since 2015, China has been the world’s leading producer and user of solar energy and also the world’s largest exporter of solar panels. This paper argues that China’s leadership arises from the convergence of factors such as worsening climate change, the use by several countries of fiscal stimuli to promote solar panels, advances in photovoltaic technology (PV), and the momentum of public policies that took advantage of the country’s own economy. The objective is to describe China’s evolution as a world leader in solar energy through a public policy approach. The methodology is based on a qualitative review of global solar energy production statistics and international trade in PV panels from 2001 to 2021 to assess China’s evolution in this field. Empirical findings suggest that China’s policies have played a crucial role in fostering its leadership in renewable energy.

Abstract The determination of the tax savings´ value and the impact of income tax on the firm valuation is related to the current tax systems. The tax effects imply cash out flow and savings, and, must be analyzed with the tax systems where the firm operates. Modigliani and Miller (1963) and Miller (1977) works suppose a classical system of income tax. The World Trade Organization (OCDE), identify seven tax systems classified into two large groups: integrated and classical. The paper reviews the existing models, particularly the General Model. Next, shows the value equations corresponding to the different tax systems. Through an analysis of cases, the impact on the variables of the tax system in which the firm operates is analyzed, according to the systems classified by the OECD.

Resumen La determinación del valor de los ahorros fiscales y el impacto del impuesto a la renta en la valuación de empresa depende del sistema tributario vigente en el mercado. Los efectos fiscales que implican pagos y ahorros deben analizarse con el sistema tributario donde opera la firma. Los trabajos de Modigliani y Miller (1963) y Miller (1977) suponen un sistema clásico de imposición a la renta. La Organización Mundial del Comercio (OCDE) identifica siete sistemas tributarios clasificados en dos grandes grupos: integrados y clásicos. El trabajo revisa los modelos existentes, particularmente el Modelo General. Seguidamente, expone las ecuaciones de valor correspondientes a los diferentes sistemas tributarios. Mediante un análisis de casos se analiza el impacto en las variables del sistema tributario en el que opera la firma, según los sistemas clasificados por la OCDE.

Abstract Fashion as a cultural expression involves a great amount of goods that circulate internationally. The designs, shapes, and utilities are the result of the creative work of people, interdisciplinary teams, researchers, and companies. The fruit obtained in this activity is protected by the WTO Agreement on Trade-Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights (TRIPS). Intangible rights are an integral part of the value of goods and therefore have an impact on Customs Law since they are the basis of valuation for the purposes of applying taxes to foreign trade. The protection of copyright and the correct use of commercial and industrial trademarks has been presented as a control activity of the customs and in that mission the World Customs Organization made recommendations to optimize the control and thus prevent the flow of infringing goods. In Argentina, according to these parameters, a mechanism has been implemented to prohibit the circulation of goods in trademark fraud or pirated or unauthorized copies.

Resumen La moda como expresión cultural involucra a una gran cantidad de mercaderías que circulan internacionalmente. Los diseños, formas, utilidades son el fruto de un trabajo creativo de personas, equipos interdisciplinarios, investigadores, y de empresas. El fruto obtenido en esa actividad tiene tutela en virtud del Acuerdo de la OMC sobre los Aspectos de los Derechos de Propiedad Intelectual relacionados con el Comercio (ADPIC). Los derechos intangibles son una parte integrante del valor de las mercaderías y por tal motivo tiene impacto en el Derecho Aduanero ya que integran la base de valoración a los fines de la aplicación de los tributos al comercio exterior. La tutela de respetar los derechos de autor y el uso correcto de las marcas comerciales e industriales se ha presentado como una actividad de control propia de las aduanas y en esa misión la Organización Mundial de Aduanas realizó recomendaciones para optimizar el control y de esta manera impedir el flujo de mercaderías en infracción. En la Argentina conforme a estos parámetros ha implementado un mecanismo de prohibición de circulación de mercaderías en fraude marcario o copia pirata o no autorizada.

Resumo A moda, como expressão cultural, envolve uma grande quantidade de bens que circulam internacionalmente. Os desenhos, formas e utilidades são o resultado do trabalho criativo de pessoas, equipes interdisciplinares, pesquisadores e empresas. Os frutos obtidos desta atividade são protegidos pelo Acordo da OMC sobre Aspectos dos Direitos de Propriedade Intelectual Relacionados ao Comércio (TRIPS). Os direitos intangíveis são parte integrante do valor das mercadorias e, por esta razão, têm um impacto no Direito Aduaneiro, pois são a base da avaliação para fins de aplicação de impostos ao comércio exterior. A proteção dos direitos autorais e o uso correto das marcas comerciais e industriais foi apresentada como uma atividade de controle da alfândega e, nesta missão, a Organização Mundial das Alfândegas fez recomendações para otimizar o controle e assim evitar o fluxo de mercadorias infratoras. De acordo com estes parâmetros, a Argentina implementou um mecanismo para proibir a circulação de mercadorias em fraudes de marcas ou cópias piratas ou não autorizadas.

ABSTRACT The objective of this article is to contribute to the improvement of a more comprehensive approach to international competitiveness, from the attempt to construct a revealed comparative advantages index that considers not only the participation of economies in the world market from the perspective of exports, but also the importance of value-added of exports and, in a broader sense, decentralization of world production, for the construction and maintenance of oligopolistic positions of industries and countries. For this, we used data from the TiVA database, in the period between 1995 and 2018, focusing on two groups of developing countries: BRICS and ASEAN. competitiveness valueadded value added sense production countries database 199 2018 ASEAN 19 201 1 20 2

RESUMO O objetivo deste artigo é colaborar para o aperfeiçoamento de um enfoque mais abrangente sobre competitividade internacional, a partir da tentativa de construir índices de vantagens comparativas reveladas que consideram não apenas a participação das economias no mercado mundial pela ótica das exportações, mas também a importância do valor adicionado das exportações e, num sentido mais amplo, da descentralização da produção mundial, para a construção e manutenção de posições oligopolistas de indústrias e países. Para tanto, foram utilizados dados da base TiVA, no período entre 1995 e 2018, com enfoque em dois grupos de países em desenvolvimento: BRICS e ASEAN. internacional amplo tanto TiVA 199 2018 desenvolvimento ASEAN 19 201 1 20 2

The trafficking of wild animals is one of the biggest causes of loss of biodiversity in the world. This descriptive article, using the hypothetical-deductive method, identified the regulations on the subject and the socioeconomic characteristics of wild animal traders in the state of São Paulo in 2018 and 2019. After analyzing 5,005 cases, the traders were identified as male, white, married, native, aged between fifty and 59 years old, with adequate income to pay the fine, with complete elementary education and educated, which opposes empirical findings present in the world literature, enabling the break of consolidated paradigms. article hypotheticaldeductive hypothetical deductive method 201 2019 5005 5 005 5,00 cases male white married native old fine educated literature paradigms 20 500 00 5,0 2 50 0 5,

O tráfico de animais silvestres é uma das maiores causas de perda de biodiversidade no mundo. Este artigo descritivo, utilizando-se do método hipotético-dedutivo, identificou as normativas do tema e as características socioeconômicas de traficantes de animais silvestres no estado de São Paulo nos anos 2018 e 2019. Após análise de 5.005 casos ocorridos, os traficantes foram identificados como sendo do sexo masculino, brancos, casados, nativos, com idade entre cinquenta e 59 anos, com renda adequada para o pagamento da multa, ensino primário completo e instruído, o que contrapõe as constatações empíricas presentes na literatura mundial, possibilitando a quebra de paradigmas consolidados. mundo descritivo utilizandose utilizando se hipotéticodedutivo, hipotéticodedutivo hipotético dedutivo, dedutivo hipotético-dedutivo 201 2019 5005 5 005 5.00 ocorridos masculino brancos casados nativos multa instruído mundial consolidados 20 500 00 5.0 2 50 0 5.

Resumo O trabalho avaliou o comportamento do mercado mundial de arroz nas dimensões produção, importação e exportação, considerando o período de 1990 a 2019. Foram estimados índices de concentração (razões de concentração dos dois maiores (CR2), dos cinco maiores (CR5) e dos dez maiores (CR10) players, quartéis de concentração e Índice Herfindahl-Hirschmann) e taxas de crescimento, calculadas projeções de médio prazo e proposto um índice de presença dos países nesse mercado. A produção de arroz no mundo apresentou níveis elevados de concentração em 1990 (CR2 58%, CR5 75%, CR10 87%, IHH >1800) e foi se tornando menos concentrada em 2000 e 2010 (IHH entre 1400 e 1550), alcançando em 2019 CR2 de 51%, CR5 de 71%, CR10 de 84% e IHH de 1508. A importação mundial de arroz, que apresentava elevados níveis de concentração em 1990 (CR2 56%, CR5 79%, CR10 94%, IHH 1830), passou por um processo de desconcentração ao longo do tempo, alcançando níveis moderados de concentração em 2019 (CR2 42%, CR5 61%, CR10 80% e IHH 1152). A exportação mundial apresenta elevados níveis de concentração em poucos países (CR2 >70%, CR5 >85%, CR10 >90%, IHH >3000). China, Índia, Indonésia, Tailândia e Estados Unidos apresentam os maiores índices de presença no mercado mundial. 199 razões CR2, CR , (CR2) (CR5 (CR10 players HerfindahlHirschmann Herfindahl Hirschmann Herfindahl-Hirschmann crescimento (CR 58 58% 75 75% CR1 87 87% >1800 1800 200 201 140 1550, 1550 1550) 51 51% 71 71% 84 1508 56 56% 79 79% 94 94% 1830, 1830 1830) tempo 42 42% 61 61% 80 1152. 1152 . 1152) 70 >70% 85 >85% 90 >90% >3000. 3000 >3000 >3000) China Índia Indonésia 19 (CR1 5 7 8 >180 180 20 14 155 150 9 183 4 6 115 >70 >85 >90 300 >300 1 >18 18 2 15 11 >7 >8 >9 30 >30 >1 > 3 >3

Abstract In this paper we evaluated the world rice market behavior in terms of production, imports and exports, considering 1990 to 2019. We estimated concentration indices (concentration ratios of the two biggest (CR2), five biggest (CR5) and ten biggest (CR10) players, concentration quarters and Herfindahl-Hirschmann Index) and growth rates, we calculated medium-term projections and proposed an index representing the presence of countries in this market. Rice production in the world showed high levels of concentration in 1990 (CR2 58%, CR5 75%, CR10 87%, HHI >1800) and it became less concentrated in 2000 and 2010 (HHI between 1400 and 1550), reaching in 2019 CR2 of 51%, CR5 of 71%, CR10 of 84% and HHI of 1508. The word rice imports, which was highly concentrated in 1990 (CR2 56%, CR5 79%, CR10 94%, HHI 1830), underwent a dispersion process over time, reaching moderate levels of concentration in 2019 (CR2 42%, CR5 61%, CR10 80% and HHI 1152). World rice exports showed high levels of concentration in a few countries (CR2 >70%, CR5 >85%, CR10 >90%, HHI >3000). The highest scores of presences in the world rice market were from China, India, Indonesia, Thailand and United States. 199 CR2, CR , (CR2) (CR5 (CR10 players HerfindahlHirschmann Herfindahl Hirschmann Index rates mediumterm medium term (CR 58 58% 75 75% CR1 87 87% >1800 1800 200 201 140 1550, 1550 1550) 51 51% 71 71% 84 1508 56 56% 79 79% 94 94% 1830, 1830 1830) time 42 42% 61 61% 80 1152. 1152 . 1152) 70 >70% 85 >85% 90 >90% >3000. 3000 >3000 >3000) China India Indonesia States 19 (CR1 5 7 8 >180 180 20 14 155 150 9 183 4 6 115 >70 >85 >90 300 >300 1 >18 18 2 15 11 >7 >8 >9 30 >30 >1 > 3 >3

Resumo Introdução Todos os anos, em todo o mundo, ocorrem milhões de mortes e lesões não fatais devido a práticas inadequadas de saúde ocupacional, as mortes por doença cardíaca isquêmica e acidente vascular cerebral são causadas por longas jornadas de trabalho e altas cargas de trabalho. Objetivo Identificar o grau de correlação do risco psicossocial com o risco de doenças cardiovasculares e com os indicadores de adiposidade corporal: IMC (índice de massa corporal), PA (circunferência abdominal) e PBC (percentagem de gordura corporal) em trabalhadores do sector econômico do comércio. Método Estudo quantitativo de âmbito correlacional não causal, com uma amostra de 118 indivíduos (56.7% mulheres e 43.3% homens). Os indicadores de adiposidade foram avaliados através do protocolo internacional de avaliação antropométrica ISAK, o risco cardiovascular foi avaliado através da escala de Framingham e o risco psicossocial foi avaliado através da Bateria de Instrumentos para a Avaliação de Factores de Risco Psicossocial validada para a população colombiana. Estes dados foram processados e analisados estatisticamente utilizando o SPSS versão 28. Resultados Existe uma relação significativa (p < .05) entre as variáveis em diferentes graus, no caso da correlação entre doença cardiovascular e risco psicossocial o seu coeficiente de correlação é (r = .62), para a correlação entre IMC e risco psicossocial um coeficiente de (r = .52), para a PAF e risco psicossocial nas mulheres um coeficiente de (r = .52). 62), para a correlação entre o IMC e o risco psicossocial um coeficiente de (r = .52), no caso da PA e do risco psicossocial nas mulheres foi (r = .45) e nos homens (r = .67) e para a PA e o risco psicossocial, o seu coeficiente de correlação foi (r = .42) e (r = .64) respetivamente. Conclusão Existe uma forte correlação positiva entre o risco psicossocial e o risco de doença cardiovascular, bem como entre o IMC e o risco psicossocial. No caso da PAF e do risco psicossocial, o grau de correlação foi moderado nas mulheres e forte nos homens, tal como a correlação entre a PA e o risco psicossocial. anos mundo ocupacional corporal índice corporal, , circunferência abdominal percentagem comércio causal 11 56.7% 567 56 7 (56.7 433 43 3 43.3 homens. . homens) ISAK colombiana 28 p .05 05 graus r .62, 62 .62 .62) .52, 52 .52 .52) .52. 62, 62) .45 45 .67 67 .42 42 .64 64 respetivamente 1 56.7 5 (56. 4 43. 2 .0 0 6 .6 .5 .4 56. (56 (5 (

Abstract Introduction Every year worldwide millions of deaths and non-fatal injuries occur due to inadequate occupational health practices, deaths from ischemic heart disease and stroke are caused by long working hours and high workloads. Objective To identify the degree of correlation of psychosocial risk with the risk of cardiovascular disease and body adiposity indicators: BMI (body mass index), AC (abdominal circumference) and BFP (body fat percentage) in workers of the commerce economic sector. Method A study with a quantitative approach and non-causal correlational scope, with a sample of 118 subjects (56.7% women and 43.3% men). Adiposity indicators were evaluated by means of the international protocol for anthropometric assessment ISAK, cardiovascular risk by means of the Framingham scale and to evaluate psychosocial risk, the Battery of Instruments for the Evaluation of Psychosocial Risk Factors validated for the Colombian population was applied. These data were processed and analyzed statistically using SPSS version 28. Results A significant relationship (p < .05) between the variables is highlighted in different degrees, in the case of the correlation between cardiovascular disease and psychosocial risk its correlation coefficient is (r =. 62), for the correlation between BMI and psychosocial risk a coefficient of (r = .52), in the case of BFP and psychosocial risk in women it was (r = .45) and in men (r = .67) and for AC and psychosocial risk, its correlation coefficient was (r = .42) and (r = .64) respectively. Conclusion There was a strong positive correlation between psychosocial risk and cardiovascular disease risk, as well as between BMI and psychosocial risk. In the case of BFP and psychosocial risk, the degree of correlation was moderate in women and strong in men, as was the correlation between AC and psychosocial risk. nonfatal non fatal practices workloads index, index , index) abdominal circumference percentage sector noncausal causal scope 11 56.7% 567 56 7 (56.7 433 43 3 43.3 men. . men) ISAK applied 28 p .05 05 degrees r 62, 62 62) .52, 52 .52 .52) .45 45 .67 67 .42 42 .64 64 respectively 1 56.7 5 (56. 4 43. 2 .0 0 6 .5 .4 .6 56. (56 (5 (

Resumen Introducción Cada año a nivel mundial se presentan millones de muertes y lesiones no mortales por inadecuadas prácticas en salud laboral, muertes por cardiopatías isquémicas y accidente cerebrovascular son causadas por largas jornadas y altas cargas laborales. Objetivo Identificar el grado de correlación del riesgo psicosocial con el riesgo de enfermedad cardiovascular e indicadores de adiposidad corporal: IMC (índice de masa corporal), PA (perímetro abdominal) y BFP (porcentaje de grasa corporal) en trabajadores del sector económico de comercio. Método Estudio de enfoque cuantitativo y alcance correlacional no causal, con una muestra de 118 sujetos (56.7% mujeres y 43.3% hombres). Se evaluó los indicadores de adiposidad mediante el protocolo internacional para la valoración antropométrica ISAK, el riesgo cardiovascular por medio de la escala de Framingham y para evaluar el riesgo psicosocial se aplicó la Batería de Instrumentos para la Evaluación de Factores de Riesgos Psicosociales validada para la población colombiana. Estos datos fueron procesados y analizados estadísticamente mediante SPSS versión 28. Resultados Se destaca una relación significativa (p < .05) entre las variables en diferentes grados, en el caso de la correlación entre enfermedad cardiovascular y el riesgo psicosocial su coeficiente de correlación es de (r = .62), para la correlación entre el IMC y el riesgo psicosocial un coeficiente de (r = .52), en el caso del BFP y el riesgo psicosocial en mujeres fue de (r = .45) y en hombres de (r = .67) y para el PA y el riesgo psicosocial, su coeficiente de correlación fue de (r = .42) y (r = .64) respectivamente. Conclusión Existe una correlación positiva y fuerte entre el riesgo psicosocial y el riesgo de enfermedad cardiovascular, del mismo modo, entre el IMC y el riesgo psicosocial. En el caso del BFP y el riesgo psicosocial, el grado de correlación fue moderado en mujeres y fuerte en hombres al igual que en la correlación entre el PA y el riesgo psicosocial. laboral laborales corporal índice corporal, , perímetro abdominal porcentaje comercio causal 11 56.7% 567 56 7 (56.7 433 43 3 43.3 hombres. . hombres) ISAK colombiana 28 p .05 05 grados r .62, 62 .62 .62) .52, 52 .52 .52) .45 45 .67 67 .42 42 .64 64 respectivamente modo 1 56.7 5 (56. 4 43. 2 .0 0 6 .6 .5 .4 56. (56 (5 (

Abstract The objective of this article is to characterize the process of reprimarization of the Brazilian export tariff, its impact on labor public policy and the deepening of the exploitation of the workforce in Brazil. When “Dialectic of dependence”, by Ruy Mauro Marini, completes 50 years, its relevance is observed to apprehend the process that Brazil has been going through since its reinsertion in the world economy. Documentary research works with data from foreign trade and the new legal frameworks for work. In the bibliographical research, dependence theory is used, with emphasis on Marini's work. As a result, the process of reprimarization of the export tariff and the new legal order of labor/capital relations are identified, setting up in Brazil the environment conducive to especially high levels of intensity and length of the working day, two frequent mechanisms of overexploitation. Dialectic dependence, , dependence” Marini 5 years economy work used Marinis s result laborcapital capital identified day overexploitation

Resumo O objetivo deste artigo é caracterizar o processo de reprimarização da pauta exportadora brasileira, sua repercussão sobre a política pública trabalhista e o aprofundamento da exploração da força de trabalho no Brasil. Quando “Dialética da Dependência”, de Ruy Mauro Marini, completa 50 anos, observa-se sua atualidade para apreender o processo pelo qual o Brasil vem passando a partir de sua reinserção na economia mundial. A pesquisa documental trabalha com dados do comércio exterior e com os novos marcos legais do trabalho. Na pesquisa bibliográfica, recorre-se à teoria da dependência, com ênfase na obra de Marini. Como resultado, identificam-se o processo de reprimarização da pauta exportadora e a nova ordem legal das relações trabalho/capital, configurando-se no Brasil o ambiente propício a níveis especialmente elevados de intensidade e extensão da jornada de trabalho, dois mecanismos frequentes de superexploração. brasileira Dialética Dependência, Dependência , Dependência” Marini 5 anos observase observa se mundial bibliográfica recorrese recorre dependência resultado identificamse identificam trabalhocapital capital trabalho/capital configurandose configurando superexploração

ABSTRACT In the world (and especially in Peru), e-commerce is currently in constant growth and adoption by entrepreneurs, due to the abrupt change that companies have had to face as a result of the global pandemic caused by Covid-19 in order to properly manage their sales. The main purpose of this research was to determine the impact of e-commerce on sales management in Gamarra Commercial Emporium (Lima-Peru) during 2021. Each of the study variables was subdivided into three dimensions for better understanding; for example, the e-commerce variable was subdivided into sales channel, digital advertising and information systems; while, on the other hand, the sales management variable was broken down into customer service, customer satisfaction and distribution. Methodologically, the research was developed under the quantitative approach, explanatory scope and used the non-experimental correlational-causal cross-sectional design; the participants were 100 micro-entrepreneurs from the commercial area under study, specifically linked to formal companies that make use of e-commerce, who were administered a questionnaire of 18 items with valuation alternatives in the form of the Likert scale. After the processing and analysis of the information, the existence of a significant impact between e-commerce and sales management was found (p < .05), because after using linear regression a test coefficient of 0.752 was obtained.

RESUMEN En el mundo (y sobre todo en el Perú), actualmente el comercio electrónico se encuentra en constante crecimiento y adopción por parte de los empresarios, debido al cambio abrupto que las empresas han tenido que enfrentar a raíz de la pandemia mundial ocasionada por la Covid-19 para poder gestionar adecuadamente sus ventas. El propósito principal de esta investigación fue determinar el impacto del comercio electrónico en la gestión de ventas en el Emporio Comercial de Gamarra (Lima-Perú) durante el 2021. Cada una de las variables del estudio fue subdividida en tres dimensiones para una mejor comprensión; por ejemplo, la variable comercio electrónico se subdividió en canal de ventas, publicidad digital y sistemas de información; mientras que, por otra parte, la variable gestión de ventas fue desglosada en atención al cliente, satisfacción del cliente y distribución. Metodológicamente, la investigación se desarrolló bajo el enfoque cuantitativo, alcance explicativo y utilizó el diseño no experimental transeccional correlacional-causal; los participantes fueron 100 microempresarios de la zona comercial objeto de estudio, específicamente vinculados a empresas formales que hacen uso del comercio electrónico, a los cuales se les administró un cuestionario de 18 ítems con alternativas de valoración bajo la forma de la escala de Likert. Luego del procesamiento y análisis de la información, se constató la existencia de un impacto significativo entre el comercio electrónico y la gestión de ventas (p < .05), debido a que luego de usar la regresión lineal se obtuvo un coeficiente de prueba de 0.752.

Resumen En 1990 la participación de China en las importaciones globales de América Latina (ALC) era incipiente, mientras que para 2019 China se había convertido en el segundo proveedor de la región. Este documento utiliza una muestra de 14 países de ALC, estima los efectos de las importaciones de China en el crecimiento económico de cada país de ALC y verifica si estos efectos se evidencian en los sectores no exportadores o exportadores de estos países. Estimamos un sistema de regresiones aparentemente no relacionadas (SUR) para cada sector. Los resultados muestran que antes de que China ingresara a la Organización Mundial del Comercio (OMC), las importaciones de ALC desde China afectaron positivamente el crecimiento económico de algunos países de ALC. Sin embargo, el número de países beneficiarios aumentó tras la adhesión de China a la OMC. Las importaciones desde China impulsan el crecimiento económico de los sectores no exportadores de Argentina, Costa Rica, Ecuador y El Salvador, el sector exportador de República Dominicana y ambos sectores de Brasil, Chile, Colombia, Perú, Uruguay y Venezuela. Con excepción de la República Dominicana, los países cuyos sectores exportadores se benefician de las importaciones de China son países primarios exportadores. Se estiman efectos adversos o nulos para el resto de los países.

Abstract In 1990, the participation of China in the global imports of Latin America (LAC) was incipient, while by 2019, China had become the second largest supplier of the region. This paper uses a sample of 14 LAC countries, estimates the effects of imports from China on each LAC country's economic growth, and verifies if these effects are evidenced in these countries' non-exporting or exporting sectors. This study proposes a Seemingly-Unrelated-Regressions (SUR) system for each sector. Results show that before China entered into World Trade Organization (WTO), LAC imports from China positively affected the economic growth of some LAC countries. However, beneficiary countries increased after China´s adhesion to WTO. Imports from China drive the economic growth of the non-exporting sectors of Argentina, Costa Rica, Ecuador, and El Salvador, the exporting sector of the Dominican Republic, and both sectors of Brazil, Chile, Colombia, Peru, Uruguay, and Venezuela. Except for the Dominican Republic, the countries whose export sectors benefit from China's imports are primary exporting countries. Adverse or null effects are estimated for the rest of the countries.

Abstract This article aims to analyze the actions of the Joseph Biden administration to recover the US economic-commercial leadership in Asia Pacific, just as the trustworthiness of its regional allies; after former president Donald Trump decided to withdraw the US from Trans-Pacific Partnership (TPP) in 2017 and renegotiated free trade agreements. Besides, this in the context of the confrontation between China and USA for world hegemony and the signing, in November 2020, of the Regional Comprehensive Economic Partnership (RCEP), an initiative in which China is present and has been identified as the largest free trade agreement in history. It is considered that the Biden administration will do everything possible to return to Asia Pacific, emulating what was done with the strategy called “Pivot to Asia”, and thus counterbalance the Chinese rise, through instruments such as the Free and Open Indo Pacific Strategy (FOIP).

Resumen El presente artículo pretende analizar el actuar de la administración de Joseph Biden para recuperar el liderazgo económico-comercial estadounidense en Asia Pacífico, así como la confianza de sus aliados regionales, luego de que en 2017 el expresidente, Donald Trump decidiera retirarse del Acuerdo Transpacífico de Cooperación Económica (TPP por sus siglas en inglés) y optara por renegociar acuerdos comerciales. Lo anterior en el marco de la confrontación sinoestadounidense por la hegemonía mundial y de la firma, en noviembre de 2020, de la Asociación Económica Integral Regional (RCEP por sus siglas en inglés), iniciativa que cuenta con la presencia de China y es catalogada como el acuerdo de libre comercio más grande de la historia. Se considera que la administración Biden hará lo posible para regresar a Asia Pacífico emulando lo realizado con la estrategia denominada pivote asiático, y así poder hacer un contrapeso al ascenso chino, mediante instrumentos como la Estrategia del Indo Pacífico Libre y Abierto (FOIP).