ABSTRACT: Candida albicans is a dimorphic, yeast- like fungus, commensal of the human microbiota found on the oropharyngeal surface. The objective of this study was to analyze the literature regarding Candida albicans from the dental point of view, epidemiology, pathogenesis, immune response, and treatment. An information search was carried out in the PubMed database using the terms “Candida albicans”, in combination with “oral epidemiology”, “pathogenesis”, “immune response”, “oral candidiasis” and “treatment”. Epidemiology- In Mexico, it was reported that a group of 60 children with HIV/AIDS and another group of 55 children with malnutrition showed the highest frequency of Candida spp with 51.7% and 38.2% respectively. Oral candidiasis occurs especially inpatients with malignant neoplasms and undergoing chemotherapy and/or radiotherapy with an incidence of 7 % to 52 % and associated with the use of dental prostheses in 15% to 70% of people. Oral candidiasis - Acute pseudomembranous candidiasis is the most common form of oral candidiasis. Factors such as xerostomia, smoking, oral prostheses, dental caries, diabetes, and cancer treatment accelerate the process of oral candidiasis formation. Pathogenesis- Candida albicans virulence factors such as adhesins, morphogenetic conversion and enzyme secretion can cause disease; Candidalysin is a cytolytic peptide secreted by Candida albicans hyphae. Immune response- As part of innate immunity in mucosa, epithelial cells mount complex immune responses that discriminate between commensal and pathogenic microbes, including C. albicans. Treatment- Candida albicans has shown resistance to azoles. Evaluating the pathogenesis and immunity of Candida albicans in the oral mucosa will help develop effective preventive and therapeutic strategies against oral candidiasis.

RESUMEN: Candida albicans es un hongo dimórfico, levaduriforme, comensal de la microbiota humana que se encuentra en la superficie orofaríngea. El objetivo de este trabajo fue analizar la literatura acerca de Candida albicans desde el punto de vista odontológico, epidemiología, patogénesis, respuesta inmune y tratamiento. Se realizó una búsqueda de información en la base de datos de PubMed empleando los términos “Candida albicans”, en combinación con “oral epidemiology”, “pathogenesis”, “immune response”, “oral candidiasis” y “treatment”. Epidemiología- En México, se reportó que un grupo de 60 niños con VIH/sida y otro grupo de 55 niños con desnutrición, mostraron la frecuencia más alta de Candida spp con un 51,7 % y 38,2 %, respectivamente. La candidiasis oral se presenta especialmente en pacientes con neoplasias malignas y sometidos a quimioterapia y/o radioterapia con una incidencia del 7 % al 52 % y asociada al uso de protésis dental en un 15 % a 70 % de las personas. Candidiasis oral- La candidiasis pseudomembranosa aguda es la forma más común de candidiasis oral, factores como la xerostomía, tabaquismo, prótesis orales, caries dental, diabetes y el tratamiento de cáncer aceleran el proceso de la formación de candidiasis oral. Patogénesis- Los factores de virulencia de Candida albicans como las adhesinas, la conversión morfogenética y la secreción de enzimas son capaces de causar enfermedad; la candidalisina es un péptido citolítico secretado por hifas de Candida albicans. Respuesta inmune- Como parte de la inmunidad innata en las mucosas, las células epiteliales elaboran respuestas inmunitarias complejas que discriminan entre los microbios comensales y patógenos, incluido el Candida albicans. Tratamiento- Candida albicans ha mostrado resistencia a los azoles. Evaluar la patogénesis e inmunidad de Candida albicans en la mucosa oral ayudará a desarrollar estrategias preventivas y terapéuticas efectivas contra la candidiasis oral.

Resumen Este estudio sobre migración latinoamericana asentada en la ciudad de Tijuana, México, pretende explorar, describir y analizar la influencia de la condición fronteriza en la creación, desarrollo y persistencia de un emergente empresariado étnico y sus respectivos negocios de y para inmigrantes de las periferias mundiales. Para ello, se propone una investigación etnográfica en cinco unidades de observación distribuidas en diversos puntos de la trama urbana fronteriza, pertenecientes a empresarios gastronómicos de tres grupos nacionales: hondureños, salvadoreños y venezolanos. La observación participativa se realiza como comensal y se instrumentan varias técnicas de conversación con los administradores de dichos restaurantes típicos. Finalmente, mediante un análisis interactivo se determina la presencia de sinergias entre los negocios de inmigrantes y la región fronteriza, la cuales facilitan la existencia de estos. El resultado en su conjunto supone un primer acercamiento al fenómeno, inédito en estudios previos en México.

Abstract This study on Latin American migration settled in the city of Tijuana, Mexico, aims to explore, describe and analyze the influence of the border condition in the creation, development and persistence of an emerging ethnic entrepreneurship and its respective businesses of and for immigrants from the global peripheries. To this end an ethnographic research is proposed in five observation units distributed in as various points of the border urban weave, belonging to gastronomic entrepreneurs from three national groups: Hondurans, Salvadorans, and Venezuelans. Participatory observation is carried out as a diner and several conversation techniques are implemented with the managers of these typical restaurants. Finally, through an interactive analysis, the presence of synergies between immigrant businesses and the border region is determined, which facilitate the existence of such businesses. The overall result is a first approach to the phenomenon, unpublished in previous studies in Mexico.

Resumo O acesso global à água potável limpa e segura continua a ser um desafio formidável, e a falta das condições de potabilidade contribui para uma miríade de problemas de saúde. Esta pesquisa expõe a existência de parasitas transmitidos pela água em águas de nascentes aparentemente intocadas, indicando uma possível contaminação. Foram realizadas amostragens extensivas diárias de 17 fontes de água nos riachos de água doce intocados de Tehsil Babuzai, Distrito de Swat, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Paquistão, de fevereiro a setembro de 2021. Utilizando um processo rigoroso de filtração, as amostras coletadas foram concentradas de forma eficaz para detectar quaisquer parasitas transmitidos pela água. A aplicação subsequente da técnica de montagem a úmido, combinada com as capacidades de um microscópio composto, revelou uma realidade desconcertante: todas as amostras examinadas testaram positivo para vários parasitas. Os parasitas identificados incluíram espécies de Schistosoma, Ascaris lumbricoides, Trichiuria trichiura, Taenia saginata, Entamoeba histolytica, Amoeba, Lacrymana olor, Tintinnids, Paramecium, Dileptus, Euglena, Loxodes striatus, Acanthocyclops lynceus, Spondylosium, Oscillatoria, Cyanobacteria, Cilindros, Cilindros cerro, Cistos maduros de ameba comensal, Larva filiforme de Strongyloides, Larva de Taenia solium, Ovo de Enterobius vermiculais, Ovo de Isospora belli, Ovo de verme, Ovo de espécies de Schistosoma, Ovo de Toxocara e Ovo de Diphyllobothrium latum. Estes achados demonstram claramente a presença diversificada de parasitas nas nascentes de água doce de Tehsil Babuzai, Swat, Paquistão. Implementar protocolos robustos de tratamento de água, conduzir monitoramento e testes regulares, e aumentar a conscientização sobre os riscos de parasitas transmitidos pela água são passos cruciais para proteger a saúde pública na região. formidável intocadas contaminação 1 Babuzai Swat Pakhtunkhwa Paquistão 2021 filtração úmido composto desconcertante Schistosoma lumbricoides trichiura saginata histolytica Amoeba olor Tintinnids Paramecium Dileptus Euglena striatus lynceus Spondylosium Oscillatoria Cyanobacteria cerro comensal Strongyloides solium vermiculais belli verme latum regulares região 202 20 2

Abstract Global access to clean and safe drinking water remains a formidable challenge, contributing to a myriad of health issues. This research exposes the existence of waterborne parasites in seemingly pristine spring waters, indicating potential contamination. Daily extensive sampling of Seventeen water sources was conducted in the untarnished freshwater streams of Tehsil Babuzai, District Swat, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan, from February to September 2021. Employing a stringent filtration process, the collected samples were effectively concentrated to detect any waterborne parasites. Subsequent application of the wet mount technique, combined with the capabilities of a compound microscope, revealed a disconcerting reality: all examined samples tested positive for various parasites. Identified parasites included Schistosoma species, Ascaris lumbricoides, Trichiuria trichiuria, Taenia saginata, Entamoeba histolytica, Amoeba, Lacrymana olor, Tintinnids, Paramecium, Dileptus, Euglena, Loxodes striatus, Acanthocyclops lynceus, Spondylosium, Oscillatoria, Cyanobacteria, Cilindros, Cilindros cerro, Commensal amoeba mature cysts,, Filliform larva of Strongyloides, Cercaria larva, Larva of Taenia solium, Egg of Enterobius vermiculais, Egg of Isospora belli, Egg of Tapeworm, Egg of Schistosoma species, Egg of Toxocara, and Egg of Diphyllobothrium latum. These findings clearly demonstrate the presence of a diverse array of parasites in the freshwater springs of Tehsil Babuzai, Swat, Pakistan. Implementing robust water treatment protocols, conducting regular monitoring and testing, and raising awareness about the risks of waterborne parasites are crucial steps to safeguard public health in the region. challenge issues waters contamination Babuzai Swat Pakhtunkhwa Pakistan 2021 process technique microscope reality species lumbricoides trichiuria saginata histolytica Amoeba olor Tintinnids Paramecium Dileptus Euglena striatus lynceus Spondylosium Oscillatoria Cyanobacteria cerro cysts cysts, Strongyloides solium vermiculais belli Tapeworm Toxocara latum protocols testing region 202 20 2

Resumen La paloma de Castilla (Columba livia Gmelin, 1789) originaria de África y Eurasia se encuentra ampliamente distribuida en la mayor parte de Europa, Asia occidental, África y América. Columba livia fue introducida en el Perú por los españoles en el siglo XVI. Habita en zonas urbanas y rurales; en las últimas décadas su población ha crecido de manera exponencial alrededor del mundo; se considera que es una especie comensal del ser humano y en algunos casos en las ciudades que coloniza, causa daño a la infraestructura y constituye un riesgo en la salud pública. Si bien su origen es silvestre se comporta como una de las especies con mayor interacción con los humanos. El incremento de su población en las ciudades la ha convertido en una especie plaga. En esta revisión se describe el estado actual del conocimiento de las poblaciones de Columba livia, sus posibles efectos sobre la salud de la población humana, el ornato público y el análisis de su condición de especie exótica invasora, a cinco siglos de su introducción en el Perú.

Abstract The Castile pigeon (Columba livia Gmelin, 1789), native to Africa and Eurasia, is widely distributed in most of Europe, western Asia, Africa and America. Columba livia was introduced to Peru by the Spanish in the 16th century. It lives in urban and rural areas; in recent decades its population has grown exponentially around the world; it is considered to be a commensal species of the human being and in some cases in the cities it colonizes, it causes damage to the infrastructure and constitutes a risk to public health. Although its origin is wild, it behaves as one of the species with the greatest interaction with humans. The increase in its population in cities has turned it into a pest species. This review describes the current state of knowledge of Columba livia populations, its possible effects on the health of the human population, public ornamentation and the analysis of its status as an invasive exotic species, five centuries after its introduction into the Peru.

ABSTRACT The word "amoeba" contains the species of the genus Entamoeba, Endolimax and Iodamoeba, belonging to the Entamoebidae family. Iodamoeba bütschlii is found worldwide, it receives its name from the characteristic glycogen mass present in its cystic form, being a non- pathogenic intestinal amoeba, related as an exclusive commensal parasite of the human large intestine which acquires it by oral-fecal contamination of food and water, that is, by a non-hygienic lifestyle. Infections by intestinal parasites can lead to diseases with serious implications, mainly in the child population. Iodamoeba butschlii is acquired due to the lack of basic services in countries with lower development or high rates of rurality. The Objective, to determine the risk factors associated with intestinal parasitism caused by Iodamoeba butschlii in pre-school children. Documentary research was carried out, and authors' criteria and research results available in all the bibliographies in existing articles in databases such as Scielo, Pub Med, Lifeder, slideplayer were made known. In research carried out in Ecuador on intestinal parasitosis in children in 5 provinces, the highest incidence was in the province of Pichincha, demonstrating the existence of infections by Iodamoeba butschlii in the country. In Conclusion, to avoid the infection of this parasite, hygienic actions such as hand washing, disinfection of fruits, vegetables and avoiding the consumption of non-drinking water should be implemented.

RESUMEN El presente artículo es una revisión bibliográfica sobre la metodología de tratamiento de Iodamoeba bütschlii, se enfoca en una definición desde el punto de vista de promoción para la salud. Este parásito engloba a las especies pertenecientes a los géneros Entamoeba, Endolimax y Iodamoeba, incluidas dentro de la familia Entamoebidae. Iodamoeba bütschlii es de distribución mundial, siendo una ameba intestinal no patógena, relacionada como un parásito comensal exclusivo del intestino grueso del ser humano el cual lo adquiere por contaminación oral-fecal de alimentos y agua, es decir, por un estilo de vida no higiénico. Las infecciones por parásitos intestinales pueden llevar a enfermedades con implicaciones graves principalmente en la población infantil, el mismo se adquiere por la falta de servicios básicos en países con menor desarrollo o con altos índices de ruralidad. El objetivo es determinar el factor de riesgo asociados al parasitismo intestinal provocado por la Iodamoeba butschlii en poblaciones de niños en edad preescolar. Se realizó una investigación documental, se dieron a conocer criterios de autores y resultados de investigaciones disponibles en todas las bibliografías en artículos existentes en la base de datos como Scielo, Pub Med, Lifeder, slideplayer. En investigación realizados en Ecuador sobre parasitosis intestinal en niños de 5 provincias, la mayor incidencia se la localizó en la provincia de Pichincha, demostrando la existencia de infecciones por Iodamoeba butschlii en el país. Conclusión, para evitar el contagio de este parásito se debe implementar acciones de higiene como lavado de manos, desinfección de frutas, verduras y evitar el consumo de agua no potable.

ABSTRACT Introduction: Resistance to third generation cephalosporins in Enterobacteriacea is mediated by extended spectrum β-lactamase enzymes. The main families of β-lactamase enzymes are CTX-M and SHV. E. coli and its genes are spread either by clonal spread or horizontal transfer through the food chain. Previous studies demonstrated in Cuba β-lactamase enzymes CTX-M types in human strains, but there are no data in animals. The objective was to characterize commensal E. coli- third generation cephalosporins in healthy poultry and pigs. Methods: Cloacal exudates (434) were collected from birds (2013-2015) in Mayabeque and 215 rectals from pigs in western farms and slaughterhouses in (2016-2015). They were analyzed by molecular epidemiology techniques. Results: The presence of E. coli- third generation cephalosporins strains is reported in birds (62) and pigs (96). The variants blaCTX-M-1, blaCTX-M-15 were reported for the first time in Cuba in E.coli from birds and blaCTX-M-32, blaCTX-M-15 and blaCTX-M-55 in strains of pigs. The strains showed multi-resistance to other antibiotics tetracyclines and fluoroquinolones, revealed high diversity, those of birds corresponded to 23 types of sequences and different groups of plasmid incompatibility. The pig strains had 16 types of sequences, in one of them the entire genome was sequenced and the location of the blaCTX-M-32 gene in an IncX1 plasmid was verified. Coincidentally, sequence types 410 (birds) and 648 (pigs) harboring blaCTX-M-15 are detected in human clinical strains. Conclusions CTX-M-type ESBL-producing E. coli strains are widespread in poultry and pig production facilities in the western region; active horizontal transfer seems to be the main route for the dissemination of blaCTX-M genes. It is suggested to review the use of antimicrobials in animals and to strengthen good hygiene practices to minimize the risk of propagation of E.coli third generation cephalosporins clones.

RESUMEN Introducción: La resistencia a cefalosporinas de tercera generación en Enterobacteriacea es mediada por las enzimas β-lactamasas de espectro extendido. Las familias principales de enzimas β-lactamasas de espectro extendido son CTX-M y SHV. E. coli y sus genes se propagan, ya sea por diseminación clonal o transferencia horizontal a través de la cadena alimentaria. Estudios previos demostraron en Cuba tipos cefalosporinas de tercera generación CTX-M en cepas de humanos, pero no existen datos en animales. El objetivo fue caracterizar E. coli- cefalosporinas de tercera generación comensal en aves y cerdos sanos. Métodos: Se colectaron 434 exudados cloacales de aves (2013-2015) en Mayabeque y 215 rectales de cerdos en granjas y mataderos del occidente en 2016-2018. Se analizaron por técnicas de epidemiología molecular. Resultados: Se informa la presencia de 62 cepas de E.coli-RC3G en aves y 96 de cerdos. Se notificaron por primera vez en Cuba las variantes blaCTX-M-1, blaCTX-M-15 en E. coli de aves y blaCTX-M-32, blaCTX-M-15 y blaCTX-M-55 en cepas de cerdos. Las cepas mostraron multirresistencia a otros antibióticos como tetraciclinas y fluoroquinolonas, revelaron alta diversidad, las de aves correspondieron a 23 tipos de secuencias y diferentes grupos de incompatibilidad plasmídica. Las cepas de cerdos a 16 tipos de secuencias, en una de ellas se secuenció el genoma completo y se comprobó la localización del gen blaCTX-M-32 en un plásmido IncX1. Coincidentemente, se detectan en cepas clínicas de humanos los tipos de secuencias 410 (aves) y 648 (cerdos) albergando blaCTX-M-15. Conclusiones Cepas de E. coli productoras de BLEE tipo CTX-M están extendidas en instalaciones de producción de aves y cerdos en la región occidental, la transferencia horizontal activa parece ser la vía principal para la diseminación de los genes blaCTX-M. Se sugiere revisar el uso de antimicrobianos en animales y fortalecer las buenas prácticas de higiene para minimizar el riesgo de propagación de clones de E. coli R-C3G.

Lawsonella clevelandensis is a gram-positive anaerobic bacillus, partially acid-fast, belonging to the order Corynebacteriales and is considered commensal of the skin and oral cavity. In recent years, few cases of infection by this microorganism have been reported, generally in immunosuppressed patients, with the most reported clinical presentation being the generation of abscesses. The isolation of this bacterium is difficult since it does not grow in traditional cultures, so its identification usually requires the use of molecular biology. We present the case of a 29-year-old patient with a kidney transplant and progressive worsening of kidney function in the context of a pauci-immune vasculitis which required greater immunosuppression. During the investigation, it was identified an asymptomatic leukocyturia, with a negative urine culture, for which six urine smear microscopy tests were performed of which 3 were positive, but with a negative Koch culture. Sequencing of the gene that codes for the 16s RNA of the bacterial ribosome was performed from a urine sample, obtaining a sequence compatible with Lawsonella clevelandensis. After the result, therapy with amoxicillin-clavulanic acid was indicated with resolution of the leukocyturia and negative smear microscopy, and immunosuppression could be indicated without inconvenience. To the authors’ knowledge, this is the twelfth case of Lawsonella clevelandensis infection described in the medical literature in the world and the first to report the isolation of the pathogen in urine.

RESUMEN Lawsonella clevelandensis es un bacilo anaerobio Gram positivo, parcialmente ácido-alcohol resistente, perteneciente al orden Corynebacteriales y considerado comensal de la piel y la cavidad bucal. En los últimos años se han reportado escasos casos de infección por este microorganismo, generalmente en pacientes inmunosuprimidos, siendo la presentación clínica más común la generación de abscesos. El aislamiento de esta bacteria es difícil ya que no crece en los medios de cultivo tradicionales, por lo que su identificación requiere habitualmente del uso de biología molecular. Presentamos el caso de una paciente de 29 años con trasplante renal y empeoramiento progresivo de la función renal en contexto de una vasculitis pauciinmune con requerimiento de mayor inmunosupresión. En el laboratorio destacaba leucocituria asintomática, con urocultivo negativo, por lo que se realizaron 7 baciloscopias en orina, con resultados positivos en 3, pero con PCR de M. tuberculosis y cultivo de micobacterias negativo. Se realizó secuenciación del gen que codifica para el ARN 16s del ribosoma bacteriano a partir de una muestra de orina, obteniéndose una secuencia compatible con Lawsonella clevelandensis. Tras el resultado, se indicó terapia con amoxicilina-ácido clavulánico por 7 meses. A conocimiento de los autores, este es el duodécimo caso de infección por Lawsonella clevelandensis descrito en la literatura médica y el primero que reporta el aislamiento del patógeno en la orina.

Resumen Candida albicans es un comensal del microbioma de mamíferos y el principal hongopatógeno de humanos. En pacientes inmunocomprometidos se convierte en un grave problemade salud por causar una amplia variedad de infecciones en mucosas y sistémicas. La interacciónentre C. albicans y las células del huésped lleva a la expresión de factores de virulencia, comoadhesinas e invasinas, a la secreción de enzimas hidrolíticas y a la transición de levadura a hifa filamentosa, capaz de para formar biopelículas, lo que genera adherencia, invasión y dano celular. En esta revisión describimos la compleja interacción comensal de C. albicans con la célula huésped y los eventos celulares que ejecuta en un ambiente patogénico. También se revisa la respuesta inmunitaria del huésped inducida por antígenos de C. albicans y los mecanismos desarrollados por este hongo para evitar la acción de agentes antifúngicos.

Abstract Candida albicans is a commensal of the mammalian microbiome and the primarypathogenic fungus of humans. It becomes a severe health problem in immunocompromisedpatients and can cause a wide variety of mucosal and systemic infections. The interactionbetween C. albicans and host cells is characterized by the expression of virulence factors suchas adhesins and invasins, the secretion of hydrolytic enzymes, a transition from yeast to fil-amentous hyphae form, and the ability to form biofilms; these features collectively result in cell adhesion, invasion, and damage. This review describes complex commensal interactions of C. albicans with host cells and the cellular events that it triggers in a pathogenic environment. We also review the host immune response induced by C. albicans antigens and the mechanisms developed by this fungus to avoid the action of antifungal agents.

Resumen Muchos microorganismos capaces de producir infecciones en el ser humano son de origen zoonótico. Entre éstos está Pasteurella multocida, la cual se encuentra como comensal y/o patógeno oportunista, colonizando el tracto gastrointestinal y respiratorio de gran cantidad de mamíferos y aves. Por otro lado, Staphylococcus aureus es un colonizante de piel y nasofaringe y un patógeno oportunista para seres humanos y animales y su transmisión podría ser bidireccional. Se presenta un caso de neumonía por P. multocida y S. aureus en una mujer sin enfermedad subyacente, que acogía perros y gatos abandonados e ingresó con politraumatismo por caída desde un quinto piso. Ambos microorganismos fueron recuperados en una muestra de aspirado traqueal e identificados por Vitek®2 Compact. La identificación de P. multocida fue confirmada por espectrometría de masas (MALDI-TOF-MS) y presentó sensibilidad a penicilina, cefotaxima, amoxicilina-ácido clavulánico, ciprofloxacina, tetraciclina y trimetoprima-sulfametoxazol. S. aureus era sensible a meticilina sin resistencia acompañante.

Abstract Many microorganisms capable of producing infections in humans are of zoonotic origin. Among them, Pasteurella multocida, is a commensal and/or opportunistic pathogen that colonises the gastrointestinal and the respiratory tract of a great number of mammals and birds. On the other hand, Staphylococcus aureus is a coloniser of skin and nasopharynx and an opportunistic pathogen in humans and animals, whose transmission might be bidirectional. A case of pneumonia by P. multocida and S. aureus was presented in a woman without an underlying condition, who sheltered stray dogs and cats and was admitted with multiple trauma due to a fall from a fifth floor. Both microorganisms were recovered from a tracheal aspirate sample and identified by Vitek®2 Compact. Identification of P. multocida was confirmed by mass spectrometry (MALDI-TOF MS) and was susceptible to penicillin, cefotaxime, amoxicillin-clavulanic acid, ciprofloxacin, tetracycline and trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole. S. aureus was methicillin-susceptible without accompanying resistance.

Resumo Muitos dos microrganismos capazes de produzir infecções no ser humano têm origem zoonótico. Entre eles está a Pasteurella multocida, que se encontra como comensal e/ou patógeno oportunista, colonizando o trato gastrintestinal e respiratório de grande quantidade de mamíferos e aves. Por outro lado, Staphylococcus aureus é um colonizador de pele e nasofaringe e um patógeno oportunista para seres humanos e animais e sua transmissão poderia ser bidirecional. Apresenta-se um caso de pneumonia por P. multocida e S. aureus em uma mulher, sem doença subjacente, que abrigava cães e gatos abandonados e entrou com múltiplos traumatismos devido à queda desde o quinto andar. Ambos os microrganismos foram obtidos da amostra de aspiração traqueal e identificados por Vitek®2 Compact. A identificação de P. multocida foi validada por espectrometria de massas (MALDI-TOF MS) e apresentou sensibilidade à penicilina, cefotaxima, amoxicilina-ácido clavulânico, ciprofloxacina, tetraciclina e trimetoprim-sulfometoxazol. S. aureus era meticilino sensível sem resistência acompanhante.

RESUMEN Se presenta el caso de un paciente joven inmunocompetente, con antecedente de tuberculosis pulmonar, que acude al hospital por un cuadro clínico subagudo de fiebre persistente, baja de peso, disnea y abolición del murmullo vesicular. La tomografía de tórax mostró un extenso empiema en hemitórax izquierdo. Se le toman muestras para detección de gérmenes comunes y se le colocan un tubo de drenaje torácico y se inicia antibioticoterapia. La prueba de MALDI-TOF MS identificó a Parvimonas micra, una bacteria anaerobia, comensal de la flora oral, asociado a periodontitis severa, escasamente reportado en empiema pleural, especialmente, en personas inmunocompetentes. En la evaluación odontológica se realizó el diagnóstico de gingivitis y pericoronaritis de la tercera molar. El paciente evolucionó favorablemente. Se sugiere que, en casos de empiemas pleurales subagudos o crónicos, se debe considerar, además de las micobacterias, como agente etiológico al Parvimonas micra, y optar por exámenes como MALDI-TOF MS o secuenciamiento del 16S rRNA, colocación de tubo de tórax, cobertura antibiótica empírica y evaluación odontológica.

ABSTRACT We present the case of a young immunocompetent patient, with a history of pulmonary tuberculosis, who attended the hospital with a subacute clinical picture of persistent fever, weight loss, dyspnea and abolition of vesicular murmur. Chest CT scan showed an extensive empyema in the left hemithorax. Samples were taken for detection of common germs. Then, a chest drainage tube was placed and antibiotic therapy started. The MALDI-TOF MS test identified Parvimonas micra, an anaerobic bacterium, commensal to the oral flora, associated with severe periodontitis, but rarely reported in cases of pleural empyema, especially in immunocompetent patients. Gingivitis and pericoronaritis of the third molar were diagnosed during oral evaluation. The patient progressed favorably. Parvimonas micra should be considered as a possible etiological agent in cases of subacute or chronic pleural empyema, in addition to mycobacteria. Tests such as MALDI-TOF MS or 16S rRNA sequencing, chest tube placement, empirical antibiotic coverage and an adequate oral evaluation should be considered in these cases.

RESUMEN Se presenta el caso de un paciente joven inmunocompetente, con antecedente de tuberculosis pulmonar, que acude al hospital por un cuadro clínico subagudo de fiebre persistente, baja de peso, disnea y abolición del murmullo vesicular. La tomografía de tórax mostró un extenso empiema en hemitórax izquierdo. Se le toman muestras para detección de gérmenes comunes y se le colocan un tubo de drenaje torácico y se inicia antibioticoterapia. La prueba de MALDI-TOF MS identificó a Parvimonas micra, una bacteria anaerobia, comensal de la flora oral, asociado a periodontitis severa, escasamente reportado en empiema pleural, especialmente, en personas inmunocompetentes. En la evaluación odontológica se realizó el diagnóstico de gingivitis y pericoronaritis de la tercera molar. El paciente evolucionó favorablemente. Se sugiere que, en casos de empiemas pleurales subagudos o crónicos, se debe considerar, además de las micobacterias, como agente etiológico al Parvimonas micra, y optar por exámenes como MALDI-TOF MS o secuenciamiento del 16S rRNA, colocación de tubo de tórax, cobertura antibiótica empírica y evaluación odontológica.

ABSTRACT We present the case of a young immunocompetent patient, with a history of pulmonary tuberculosis, who attended the hospital with a subacute clinical picture of persistent fever, weight loss, dyspnea and abolition of vesicular murmur. Chest CT scan showed an extensive empyema in the left hemithorax. Samples were taken for detection of common germs. Then, a chest drainage tube was placed and antibiotic therapy started. The MALDI-TOF MS test identified Parvimonas micra, an anaerobic bacterium, commensal to the oral flora, associated with severe periodontitis, but rarely reported in cases of pleural empyema, especially in immunocompetent patients. Gingivitis and pericoronaritis of the third molar were diagnosed during oral evaluation. The patient progressed favorably. Parvimonas micra should be considered as a possible etiological agent in cases of subacute or chronic pleural empyema, in addition to mycobacteria. Tests such as MALDI-TOF MS or 16S rRNA sequencing, chest tube placement, empirical antibiotic coverage and an adequate oral evaluation should be considered in these cases.

RESUMO A perturbação da microbiota intestinal comensal está relacionada à dermatose inflamatória crônica. Analisamos a diversidade da microbiota intestinal para caracterizar a variação biológica da psoríase (Ps). Diferenças significativas do perfil microbiológico intestinal foram reveladas no modelo murino com psoríase pelo sequenciamento da região variável 16S rRNA V3-V4. As comparações de grupo incluíram o creme imiquimod (grupo IMQ, n=8), o creme imiquimod e antibióticos (ATB) (grupo PC+IMQ, n=8) e o controle saudável (grupo CTRL, n=8). A microbiota intestinal existia nos grupos Ps, incluindo o grupo IMQ e o grupo PC+IMQ englobava menos diversidade do que os controles, que foram atribuídos à diminuição da presença de vários taxa. Os dois grupos de Ps caracterizavam-se por uma redução significativa nos firicutes. Neste estudo, a microbiota da psoríase foi definida por um aumento da presença de bacteroides. Após o tratamento com ATB, encontramos um aumento substancial de Lactobacillales mas uma diminuição significativa de Clostridiales e Coriobacteriales. Uma menor abundância relativa de bactérias intestinais múltiplas foi observada nos grupos de Ps. Embora parte dos gêneros tenha sido concomitantemente reduzida tanto em condições IMQ como PC+IMQ, descobrimos que a especialidade das amostras do grupo PC+IMQ era que continham menor abundância de taxas benéficas. As características dos perfis de microbiota intestinal em ratos de Ps eram comparáveis aos perfis em pacientes com Ps, que estavam relacionados à alteração de proteínas inflamatórias específicas em grupos de doenças, mas eram significativamente diferentes do grupo controle. Assim, este estudo enfatiza o papel da microbiota intestinal na patogênese do Ps e fornece novos conhecimentos para investigar a associação entre micróbios intestinais e inflamação imunológica.

ABSTRACT Disturbance of commensal intestinal microbiota is related to chronic inflammatory dermatosis. We analyzed the diversity of the gut microbiota to characterize the biological variation of psoriasis (Ps). Significant differences of gut microbiome profiles were revealed in murine model with psoriasis by sequencing 16S rRNA V3-V4 variable region. Group comparisons included the imiquimod cream (IMQ group, n=8), the imiquimod cream and antibiotics (ATB) (PC+IMQ group, n=8) and the healthy control (CTRL group, n=8). The gut microbiota existed in Ps groups including IMQ group and PC+IMQ group encompassed less diversity than controls, which were attributed to decreased presence of several taxa. The two Ps groups were characterized by significant reduction in firmicutes. In this study, microbiota of psoriasis was defined by an increase presence of Bacteroides. After treated with ATB, we found substantial increase of Lactobacillales but significant decrease of Clostridiales and Coriobacteriales. Relative lower abundance of multiple intestinal bacteria was observed in Ps groups. Although part of genera were concomitantly reduced in both IMQ and PC+IMQ conditions, we discovered the specialty of PC+IMQ group samples was that contained lower abundance of beneficial taxa. Characteristics of gut microbiota profiles in Ps mice were comparable to profiles in patients with Ps, which were related to alteration of specific inflammatory proteins in disease groups but were significantly different from control group. Thus, this study emphasizes the role of intestinal microbiota in the pathogenesis of Ps and provides new insight for investigating association between intestinal microbes and immune inflammation.

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Abstract Background: Commensal microflora such as Escherichia coli and Enterococcus spp. are representative indicators of antimicrobial resistance (AMR) as they are part of the normal intestinal microflora and can acquire and disseminate AMR to pathogenic or zoonotic bacteria like Salmonella spp. Objective: To investigate the state of AMR among E. coli and Salmonella spp., potential pathogens in humans, isolated from cecal contents of pigs submitted to a veterinary diagnostic laboratory in Colombia from 2016 to 2019. Methods: Susceptibility testing was conducted using the Kirby-Bauer disk diffusion method according to the Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute guidelines for antimicrobial zone diameter breakpoints. An E. coli strain (ATCC 25922) was used as the quality control organism. Isolates showing resistance to three or more antimicrobial classes were classified as multidrug-resistant (MDR) as defined by a joint group of the European Centre for Disease prevention and Control and the Center for Disease Control and Prevention of the USA. Results: A total of 112 E. coli and 192 Salmonella spp. colonies were isolated from 557 samples received between 2016 and 2019. In order of decreasing frequency, E. coli was resistant to tetracycline (100%), sulfamethoxazol-trimethoprim (97.5%), amoxicillin (86.4%), enrofloxacin (82.6%), tylosin (82.1%), doxycycline (59%), neomycin (50%), ciprofloxacin (45.5%), ceftiofur (35%), gentamicin (30%), tilmicosin (29%), and fosfomycin (12.5%). When compared with E. coli, Salmonella spp. was generally resistant to the same agents with slightly less resistance (between 10-30%) to eight of the antimicrobials tested. Salmonella spp. showed <20% resistance to three antimicrobials, as follows: neomycin (17%), gentamicin (16%), and fosfomycin (14%). Multi-resistance occurred in 68.7% (77/112) of E. coli and 70.3% (135/192) of Salmonella spp. isolates. Resistance of Salmonella spp. was alarming to all the critically important antimicrobials tested: fluoroquinolones (enrofloxacin, ciprofloxacin), ceftiofur (third- generation cephalosporin), and macrolides (tylosin). Conclusions: According to our results, there is a high level of multi- drug resistance (MDR) in E. coli and Salmonella spp. It is necessary to implement a nationwide antimicrobial resistance monitoring program in Colombia, together with proper antimicrobial prescribing guidelines for pigs. The indiscriminate use of antimicrobial growth promoters by the swine industry is generating widespread bacterial resistance and should be discontinued.

Resumo Antecedentes: Flora comensal como espécies de Escherichia coli e Enterococcus são tipicamente escolhidas como indicadores representativos de la resistência antimicrobiana (AMR), pois fazem parte da flora intestinal normal e podem adquirir e disseminar AMR a bactérias patogênicas ou zoonóticas como Salmonella spp. Objetivo: Investigar o estado da AMR entre E. coli e Salmonella spp. isolados do conteúdo cecal de porcos colombianos submetidos ao Laboratório de Diagnóstico Veterinário de 2016 a 2019, ambos sendo patógenos potenciais em humanos. Métodos: O teste de suscetibilidade foi conduzido usando o método de difusão em disco Kirby-Bauer de acordo com as diretrizes do Instituto de Padrões Clínicos e Laboratoriais para pontos de quebra de diâmetro da zona antimicrobiana. A cepa de E. coli (ATCC 25922) foi usada como organismo de controle de qualidade. Os isolados que apresentam resistência a três ou mais classes de antimicrobianos foram classificados como multirresistentes (MDR), conforme definido por um grupo conjunto do Centro Europeu para Prevenção e Controle de Doenças e Centro para Controle e Prevenção de Doenças dos EUA. Resultados: Um total de 112 E. coli e 192 Salmonella spp. foram isolados de 557 amostras submetidas entre 2016 e 2019. Em ordem decrescente de frequência, a resistência a E. coli foi: tetraciclina (100%), sulfametoxazol-trimetoprim (97,5%), amoxicilina (86,4%), enrofloxacina (82,6%), tilosina (82,1%), doxiciclina (59%), neomicina (50%), ciprofloxacina (45,5%), ceftiofur (35%), gentamicina (30%), tilmicosina (29%) e fosfomicina (12,5%). Quando comparada com E. coli, Salmonella spp. foi geralmente resistente aos mesmos agentes com resistência ligeiramente menor (entre 10-30%) a oito dos antimicrobianos. Apenas três antimicrobianos apresentaram resistência a Salmonella spp. abaixo de 20% da seguinte forma: neomicina (17%), gentamicina (16%) e fosfomicina (14%). Multi-resistência ocorreu em 68,7% (77/112) de E. coli e 70,3% (135/192) de Salmonella spp. isolados. Resistência de Salmonella spp. foi alarmante para todos os antimicrobianos criticamente importantes testados: fluoroquinolonas (enrofloxacina, ciprofloxacina), ceftiofur (cefalosporina de terceira geração) e macrolídeos (tilosina). Conclusões: Esses resultados indicam um alto nível de resistência a múltiplos medicamentos (MDR) e que um Programa Nacional de Monitoramento da Resistência Antimicrobiana é necessário para a Colômbia, juntamente com a implementação de diretrizes de prescrição de antimicrobianos para suínos. O uso indiscriminado de antimicrobianos para promoção de crescimento na indústria suína está claramente promovendo resistência generalizada e deve ser interrompido.

RESUMEN El objetivo del trabajo fue caracterizar cepas de E. coli aisladas de Rattus norvegicus pertenecientes a un bioterio de nivel 1. Se tomaron muestras de heces a 13 ratas. Se seleccionaron cinco colonias al azar del crecimiento primario del cultivo de cada individuo muestreado. Se realizaron pruebas bioquímicas y en las cepas que fueron identifica- das como E. coli se estableció el patotipo y el filogrupo por medio de la técnica de PCR. Además, se realizaron pruebas para la formación de biopelículas y la susceptibilidad antimicrobiana. El 65% (26/40) de las cepas aisladas correspondieron a E. coli. El análisis mediante PCR mostró que todas se agruparon en el filogrupo B2. Seis de las cepas de E. coli presentaban resistencia a nitrofurantoina (23%), cuatro fueron resistentes a ampicilina (15%) y en tres cepas se observó resistencia a cefozolina (11%). Ninguna mostró la formación de biopelículas, ni la amplificación de genes relacionados a algún patotipo. Los resultados denotan que E. coli perteneciente a la biota de ratas de bioterio presenta resistencia a antibióticos y la presencia de los genes chuA y yjaA que incluyen a las cepas en el filogrupo B2 relacionado a enfermedades extraintestinales.

ABSTRACT The aim if this study was to characterize strains of E. coli isolated from Rattus norvegicus belonging to a level 1 animal facility. Faecal samples were taken from 13 rats. Five colonies were randomly selected from the primary growth of the culture of each sampled individual. Biochemical tests were performed and the pathotype and phylogroup were established in the strains that were identified as E. coli by means of the PCR technique. In addition, tests for biofilm formation and antimicrobial susceptibility were performed. Results showed that 65% (26/40) of the isolated strains corresponded to E. coli and all clustered in phylogroup B2. Six of the E. coli strains were resistant to nitrofurantoin (23%), four were resistant to ampicillin (15%), and three strains were resistant to cefozolin (11%). None showed the formation of biofilms, nor the amplification of genes related to any pathotype. The results denote that E. coli belonging to the biota of laboratory rats presents resistance to antibiotics and the presence of the chuA and yjaA genes associated with the B2 phylogroup strains related to extraintestinal diseases.

RESUMO O comportamento de following é uma especialização de forrageamento bem documentada em aves neotropicais, que consiste em indivíduos de espécies solitárias ou em bandos mistos seguindo outros animais em movimento para capturar presas afugentadas. Aqui reportamos duas observações do falcão-críptico, Micrastur mintoni seguindo grupos de primatas, durante um inventário ornitológico na Amazônia oriental brasileira. Durante as duas observações, o falcão emitiu uma vocalização típica e capturou insetos afugentados pelos primatas em movimento pela floresta enquanto forrageavam. Esse é o primeiro relato de uma associação aparentemente comensal entre um falcão florestal do gênero Micrastur e duas espécies de primatas.

ABSTRACT Following behavior is a well-documented foraging specialization in Neotropical birds, which consists of individuals of solitary or mixed-flocking species following other moving animals to capture fleeing prey. Here, we report two observations of the cryptic forest-falcon, Micrastur mintoni following troops of primates during an ornithological inventory in the eastern Brazilian Amazon. During both observations, the falcon emitted a typical vocalization and captured fleeing insects dispersed by the primates moving through the forest while foraging. This is the first report of an apparently commensal association between a Micrastur forest falcon and two species of primates.