Resumen Este estudio sobre migración latinoamericana asentada en la ciudad de Tijuana, México, pretende explorar, describir y analizar la influencia de la condición fronteriza en la creación, desarrollo y persistencia de un emergente empresariado étnico y sus respectivos negocios de y para inmigrantes de las periferias mundiales. Para ello, se propone una investigación etnográfica en cinco unidades de observación distribuidas en diversos puntos de la trama urbana fronteriza, pertenecientes a empresarios gastronómicos de tres grupos nacionales: hondureños, salvadoreños y venezolanos. La observación participativa se realiza como comensal y se instrumentan varias técnicas de conversación con los administradores de dichos restaurantes típicos. Finalmente, mediante un análisis interactivo se determina la presencia de sinergias entre los negocios de inmigrantes y la región fronteriza, la cuales facilitan la existencia de estos. El resultado en su conjunto supone un primer acercamiento al fenómeno, inédito en estudios previos en México.

Abstract This study on Latin American migration settled in the city of Tijuana, Mexico, aims to explore, describe and analyze the influence of the border condition in the creation, development and persistence of an emerging ethnic entrepreneurship and its respective businesses of and for immigrants from the global peripheries. To this end an ethnographic research is proposed in five observation units distributed in as various points of the border urban weave, belonging to gastronomic entrepreneurs from three national groups: Hondurans, Salvadorans, and Venezuelans. Participatory observation is carried out as a diner and several conversation techniques are implemented with the managers of these typical restaurants. Finally, through an interactive analysis, the presence of synergies between immigrant businesses and the border region is determined, which facilitate the existence of such businesses. The overall result is a first approach to the phenomenon, unpublished in previous studies in Mexico.

Abstract Global access to clean and safe drinking water remains a formidable challenge, contributing to a myriad of health issues. This research exposes the existence of waterborne parasites in seemingly pristine spring waters, indicating potential contamination. Daily extensive sampling of Seventeen water sources was conducted in the untarnished freshwater streams of Tehsil Babuzai, District Swat, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan, from February to September 2021. Employing a stringent filtration process, the collected samples were effectively concentrated to detect any waterborne parasites. Subsequent application of the wet mount technique, combined with the capabilities of a compound microscope, revealed a disconcerting reality: all examined samples tested positive for various parasites. Identified parasites included Schistosoma species, Ascaris lumbricoides, Trichiuria trichiuria, Taenia saginata, Entamoeba histolytica, Amoeba, Lacrymana olor, Tintinnids, Paramecium, Dileptus, Euglena, Loxodes striatus, Acanthocyclops lynceus, Spondylosium, Oscillatoria, Cyanobacteria, Cilindros, Cilindros cerro, Commensal amoeba mature cysts,, Filliform larva of Strongyloides, Cercaria larva, Larva of Taenia solium, Egg of Enterobius vermiculais, Egg of Isospora belli, Egg of Tapeworm, Egg of Schistosoma species, Egg of Toxocara, and Egg of Diphyllobothrium latum. These findings clearly demonstrate the presence of a diverse array of parasites in the freshwater springs of Tehsil Babuzai, Swat, Pakistan. Implementing robust water treatment protocols, conducting regular monitoring and testing, and raising awareness about the risks of waterborne parasites are crucial steps to safeguard public health in the region. challenge issues waters contamination Babuzai Swat Pakhtunkhwa Pakistan 2021 process technique microscope reality species lumbricoides trichiuria saginata histolytica Amoeba olor Tintinnids Paramecium Dileptus Euglena striatus lynceus Spondylosium Oscillatoria Cyanobacteria cerro cysts cysts, Strongyloides solium vermiculais belli Tapeworm Toxocara latum protocols testing region 202 20 2

Resumo O acesso global à água potável limpa e segura continua a ser um desafio formidável, e a falta das condições de potabilidade contribui para uma miríade de problemas de saúde. Esta pesquisa expõe a existência de parasitas transmitidos pela água em águas de nascentes aparentemente intocadas, indicando uma possível contaminação. Foram realizadas amostragens extensivas diárias de 17 fontes de água nos riachos de água doce intocados de Tehsil Babuzai, Distrito de Swat, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Paquistão, de fevereiro a setembro de 2021. Utilizando um processo rigoroso de filtração, as amostras coletadas foram concentradas de forma eficaz para detectar quaisquer parasitas transmitidos pela água. A aplicação subsequente da técnica de montagem a úmido, combinada com as capacidades de um microscópio composto, revelou uma realidade desconcertante: todas as amostras examinadas testaram positivo para vários parasitas. Os parasitas identificados incluíram espécies de Schistosoma, Ascaris lumbricoides, Trichiuria trichiura, Taenia saginata, Entamoeba histolytica, Amoeba, Lacrymana olor, Tintinnids, Paramecium, Dileptus, Euglena, Loxodes striatus, Acanthocyclops lynceus, Spondylosium, Oscillatoria, Cyanobacteria, Cilindros, Cilindros cerro, Cistos maduros de ameba comensal, Larva filiforme de Strongyloides, Larva de Taenia solium, Ovo de Enterobius vermiculais, Ovo de Isospora belli, Ovo de verme, Ovo de espécies de Schistosoma, Ovo de Toxocara e Ovo de Diphyllobothrium latum. Estes achados demonstram claramente a presença diversificada de parasitas nas nascentes de água doce de Tehsil Babuzai, Swat, Paquistão. Implementar protocolos robustos de tratamento de água, conduzir monitoramento e testes regulares, e aumentar a conscientização sobre os riscos de parasitas transmitidos pela água são passos cruciais para proteger a saúde pública na região. formidável intocadas contaminação 1 Babuzai Swat Pakhtunkhwa Paquistão 2021 filtração úmido composto desconcertante Schistosoma lumbricoides trichiura saginata histolytica Amoeba olor Tintinnids Paramecium Dileptus Euglena striatus lynceus Spondylosium Oscillatoria Cyanobacteria cerro comensal Strongyloides solium vermiculais belli verme latum regulares região 202 20 2

ABSTRACT Introduction: Resistance to third generation cephalosporins in Enterobacteriacea is mediated by extended spectrum β-lactamase enzymes. The main families of β-lactamase enzymes are CTX-M and SHV. E. coli and its genes are spread either by clonal spread or horizontal transfer through the food chain. Previous studies demonstrated in Cuba β-lactamase enzymes CTX-M types in human strains, but there are no data in animals. The objective was to characterize commensal E. coli- third generation cephalosporins in healthy poultry and pigs. Methods: Cloacal exudates (434) were collected from birds (2013-2015) in Mayabeque and 215 rectals from pigs in western farms and slaughterhouses in (2016-2015). They were analyzed by molecular epidemiology techniques. Results: The presence of E. coli- third generation cephalosporins strains is reported in birds (62) and pigs (96). The variants blaCTX-M-1, blaCTX-M-15 were reported for the first time in Cuba in E.coli from birds and blaCTX-M-32, blaCTX-M-15 and blaCTX-M-55 in strains of pigs. The strains showed multi-resistance to other antibiotics tetracyclines and fluoroquinolones, revealed high diversity, those of birds corresponded to 23 types of sequences and different groups of plasmid incompatibility. The pig strains had 16 types of sequences, in one of them the entire genome was sequenced and the location of the blaCTX-M-32 gene in an IncX1 plasmid was verified. Coincidentally, sequence types 410 (birds) and 648 (pigs) harboring blaCTX-M-15 are detected in human clinical strains. Conclusions CTX-M-type ESBL-producing E. coli strains are widespread in poultry and pig production facilities in the western region; active horizontal transfer seems to be the main route for the dissemination of blaCTX-M genes. It is suggested to review the use of antimicrobials in animals and to strengthen good hygiene practices to minimize the risk of propagation of E.coli third generation cephalosporins clones.

RESUMEN Introducción: La resistencia a cefalosporinas de tercera generación en Enterobacteriacea es mediada por las enzimas β-lactamasas de espectro extendido. Las familias principales de enzimas β-lactamasas de espectro extendido son CTX-M y SHV. E. coli y sus genes se propagan, ya sea por diseminación clonal o transferencia horizontal a través de la cadena alimentaria. Estudios previos demostraron en Cuba tipos cefalosporinas de tercera generación CTX-M en cepas de humanos, pero no existen datos en animales. El objetivo fue caracterizar E. coli- cefalosporinas de tercera generación comensal en aves y cerdos sanos. Métodos: Se colectaron 434 exudados cloacales de aves (2013-2015) en Mayabeque y 215 rectales de cerdos en granjas y mataderos del occidente en 2016-2018. Se analizaron por técnicas de epidemiología molecular. Resultados: Se informa la presencia de 62 cepas de E.coli-RC3G en aves y 96 de cerdos. Se notificaron por primera vez en Cuba las variantes blaCTX-M-1, blaCTX-M-15 en E. coli de aves y blaCTX-M-32, blaCTX-M-15 y blaCTX-M-55 en cepas de cerdos. Las cepas mostraron multirresistencia a otros antibióticos como tetraciclinas y fluoroquinolonas, revelaron alta diversidad, las de aves correspondieron a 23 tipos de secuencias y diferentes grupos de incompatibilidad plasmídica. Las cepas de cerdos a 16 tipos de secuencias, en una de ellas se secuenció el genoma completo y se comprobó la localización del gen blaCTX-M-32 en un plásmido IncX1. Coincidentemente, se detectan en cepas clínicas de humanos los tipos de secuencias 410 (aves) y 648 (cerdos) albergando blaCTX-M-15. Conclusiones Cepas de E. coli productoras de BLEE tipo CTX-M están extendidas en instalaciones de producción de aves y cerdos en la región occidental, la transferencia horizontal activa parece ser la vía principal para la diseminación de los genes blaCTX-M. Se sugiere revisar el uso de antimicrobianos en animales y fortalecer las buenas prácticas de higiene para minimizar el riesgo de propagación de clones de E. coli R-C3G.

ABSTRACT The word "amoeba" contains the species of the genus Entamoeba, Endolimax and Iodamoeba, belonging to the Entamoebidae family. Iodamoeba bütschlii is found worldwide, it receives its name from the characteristic glycogen mass present in its cystic form, being a non- pathogenic intestinal amoeba, related as an exclusive commensal parasite of the human large intestine which acquires it by oral-fecal contamination of food and water, that is, by a non-hygienic lifestyle. Infections by intestinal parasites can lead to diseases with serious implications, mainly in the child population. Iodamoeba butschlii is acquired due to the lack of basic services in countries with lower development or high rates of rurality. The Objective, to determine the risk factors associated with intestinal parasitism caused by Iodamoeba butschlii in pre-school children. Documentary research was carried out, and authors' criteria and research results available in all the bibliographies in existing articles in databases such as Scielo, Pub Med, Lifeder, slideplayer were made known. In research carried out in Ecuador on intestinal parasitosis in children in 5 provinces, the highest incidence was in the province of Pichincha, demonstrating the existence of infections by Iodamoeba butschlii in the country. In Conclusion, to avoid the infection of this parasite, hygienic actions such as hand washing, disinfection of fruits, vegetables and avoiding the consumption of non-drinking water should be implemented.

RESUMEN El presente artículo es una revisión bibliográfica sobre la metodología de tratamiento de Iodamoeba bütschlii, se enfoca en una definición desde el punto de vista de promoción para la salud. Este parásito engloba a las especies pertenecientes a los géneros Entamoeba, Endolimax y Iodamoeba, incluidas dentro de la familia Entamoebidae. Iodamoeba bütschlii es de distribución mundial, siendo una ameba intestinal no patógena, relacionada como un parásito comensal exclusivo del intestino grueso del ser humano el cual lo adquiere por contaminación oral-fecal de alimentos y agua, es decir, por un estilo de vida no higiénico. Las infecciones por parásitos intestinales pueden llevar a enfermedades con implicaciones graves principalmente en la población infantil, el mismo se adquiere por la falta de servicios básicos en países con menor desarrollo o con altos índices de ruralidad. El objetivo es determinar el factor de riesgo asociados al parasitismo intestinal provocado por la Iodamoeba butschlii en poblaciones de niños en edad preescolar. Se realizó una investigación documental, se dieron a conocer criterios de autores y resultados de investigaciones disponibles en todas las bibliografías en artículos existentes en la base de datos como Scielo, Pub Med, Lifeder, slideplayer. En investigación realizados en Ecuador sobre parasitosis intestinal en niños de 5 provincias, la mayor incidencia se la localizó en la provincia de Pichincha, demostrando la existencia de infecciones por Iodamoeba butschlii en el país. Conclusión, para evitar el contagio de este parásito se debe implementar acciones de higiene como lavado de manos, desinfección de frutas, verduras y evitar el consumo de agua no potable.

Resumen Candida albicans es un comensal del microbioma de mamíferos y el principal hongopatógeno de humanos. En pacientes inmunocomprometidos se convierte en un grave problemade salud por causar una amplia variedad de infecciones en mucosas y sistémicas. La interacciónentre C. albicans y las células del huésped lleva a la expresión de factores de virulencia, comoadhesinas e invasinas, a la secreción de enzimas hidrolíticas y a la transición de levadura a hifa filamentosa, capaz de para formar biopelículas, lo que genera adherencia, invasión y dano celular. En esta revisión describimos la compleja interacción comensal de C. albicans con la célula huésped y los eventos celulares que ejecuta en un ambiente patogénico. También se revisa la respuesta inmunitaria del huésped inducida por antígenos de C. albicans y los mecanismos desarrollados por este hongo para evitar la acción de agentes antifúngicos.

Abstract Candida albicans is a commensal of the mammalian microbiome and the primarypathogenic fungus of humans. It becomes a severe health problem in immunocompromisedpatients and can cause a wide variety of mucosal and systemic infections. The interactionbetween C. albicans and host cells is characterized by the expression of virulence factors suchas adhesins and invasins, the secretion of hydrolytic enzymes, a transition from yeast to fil-amentous hyphae form, and the ability to form biofilms; these features collectively result in cell adhesion, invasion, and damage. This review describes complex commensal interactions of C. albicans with host cells and the cellular events that it triggers in a pathogenic environment. We also review the host immune response induced by C. albicans antigens and the mechanisms developed by this fungus to avoid the action of antifungal agents.

Resumen Muchos microorganismos capaces de producir infecciones en el ser humano son de origen zoonótico. Entre éstos está Pasteurella multocida, la cual se encuentra como comensal y/o patógeno oportunista, colonizando el tracto gastrointestinal y respiratorio de gran cantidad de mamíferos y aves. Por otro lado, Staphylococcus aureus es un colonizante de piel y nasofaringe y un patógeno oportunista para seres humanos y animales y su transmisión podría ser bidireccional. Se presenta un caso de neumonía por P. multocida y S. aureus en una mujer sin enfermedad subyacente, que acogía perros y gatos abandonados e ingresó con politraumatismo por caída desde un quinto piso. Ambos microorganismos fueron recuperados en una muestra de aspirado traqueal e identificados por Vitek®2 Compact. La identificación de P. multocida fue confirmada por espectrometría de masas (MALDI-TOF-MS) y presentó sensibilidad a penicilina, cefotaxima, amoxicilina-ácido clavulánico, ciprofloxacina, tetraciclina y trimetoprima-sulfametoxazol. S. aureus era sensible a meticilina sin resistencia acompañante.

Resumo Muitos dos microrganismos capazes de produzir infecções no ser humano têm origem zoonótico. Entre eles está a Pasteurella multocida, que se encontra como comensal e/ou patógeno oportunista, colonizando o trato gastrintestinal e respiratório de grande quantidade de mamíferos e aves. Por outro lado, Staphylococcus aureus é um colonizador de pele e nasofaringe e um patógeno oportunista para seres humanos e animais e sua transmissão poderia ser bidirecional. Apresenta-se um caso de pneumonia por P. multocida e S. aureus em uma mulher, sem doença subjacente, que abrigava cães e gatos abandonados e entrou com múltiplos traumatismos devido à queda desde o quinto andar. Ambos os microrganismos foram obtidos da amostra de aspiração traqueal e identificados por Vitek®2 Compact. A identificação de P. multocida foi validada por espectrometria de massas (MALDI-TOF MS) e apresentou sensibilidade à penicilina, cefotaxima, amoxicilina-ácido clavulânico, ciprofloxacina, tetraciclina e trimetoprim-sulfometoxazol. S. aureus era meticilino sensível sem resistência acompanhante.

Abstract Many microorganisms capable of producing infections in humans are of zoonotic origin. Among them, Pasteurella multocida, is a commensal and/or opportunistic pathogen that colonises the gastrointestinal and the respiratory tract of a great number of mammals and birds. On the other hand, Staphylococcus aureus is a coloniser of skin and nasopharynx and an opportunistic pathogen in humans and animals, whose transmission might be bidirectional. A case of pneumonia by P. multocida and S. aureus was presented in a woman without an underlying condition, who sheltered stray dogs and cats and was admitted with multiple trauma due to a fall from a fifth floor. Both microorganisms were recovered from a tracheal aspirate sample and identified by Vitek®2 Compact. Identification of P. multocida was confirmed by mass spectrometry (MALDI-TOF MS) and was susceptible to penicillin, cefotaxime, amoxicillin-clavulanic acid, ciprofloxacin, tetracycline and trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole. S. aureus was methicillin-susceptible without accompanying resistance.

RESUMEN Se presenta el caso de un paciente joven inmunocompetente, con antecedente de tuberculosis pulmonar, que acude al hospital por un cuadro clínico subagudo de fiebre persistente, baja de peso, disnea y abolición del murmullo vesicular. La tomografía de tórax mostró un extenso empiema en hemitórax izquierdo. Se le toman muestras para detección de gérmenes comunes y se le colocan un tubo de drenaje torácico y se inicia antibioticoterapia. La prueba de MALDI-TOF MS identificó a Parvimonas micra, una bacteria anaerobia, comensal de la flora oral, asociado a periodontitis severa, escasamente reportado en empiema pleural, especialmente, en personas inmunocompetentes. En la evaluación odontológica se realizó el diagnóstico de gingivitis y pericoronaritis de la tercera molar. El paciente evolucionó favorablemente. Se sugiere que, en casos de empiemas pleurales subagudos o crónicos, se debe considerar, además de las micobacterias, como agente etiológico al Parvimonas micra, y optar por exámenes como MALDI-TOF MS o secuenciamiento del 16S rRNA, colocación de tubo de tórax, cobertura antibiótica empírica y evaluación odontológica.

ABSTRACT We present the case of a young immunocompetent patient, with a history of pulmonary tuberculosis, who attended the hospital with a subacute clinical picture of persistent fever, weight loss, dyspnea and abolition of vesicular murmur. Chest CT scan showed an extensive empyema in the left hemithorax. Samples were taken for detection of common germs. Then, a chest drainage tube was placed and antibiotic therapy started. The MALDI-TOF MS test identified Parvimonas micra, an anaerobic bacterium, commensal to the oral flora, associated with severe periodontitis, but rarely reported in cases of pleural empyema, especially in immunocompetent patients. Gingivitis and pericoronaritis of the third molar were diagnosed during oral evaluation. The patient progressed favorably. Parvimonas micra should be considered as a possible etiological agent in cases of subacute or chronic pleural empyema, in addition to mycobacteria. Tests such as MALDI-TOF MS or 16S rRNA sequencing, chest tube placement, empirical antibiotic coverage and an adequate oral evaluation should be considered in these cases.

ABSTRACT We present the case of a young immunocompetent patient, with a history of pulmonary tuberculosis, who attended the hospital with a subacute clinical picture of persistent fever, weight loss, dyspnea and abolition of vesicular murmur. Chest CT scan showed an extensive empyema in the left hemithorax. Samples were taken for detection of common germs. Then, a chest drainage tube was placed and antibiotic therapy started. The MALDI-TOF MS test identified Parvimonas micra, an anaerobic bacterium, commensal to the oral flora, associated with severe periodontitis, but rarely reported in cases of pleural empyema, especially in immunocompetent patients. Gingivitis and pericoronaritis of the third molar were diagnosed during oral evaluation. The patient progressed favorably. Parvimonas micra should be considered as a possible etiological agent in cases of subacute or chronic pleural empyema, in addition to mycobacteria. Tests such as MALDI-TOF MS or 16S rRNA sequencing, chest tube placement, empirical antibiotic coverage and an adequate oral evaluation should be considered in these cases.

RESUMEN Se presenta el caso de un paciente joven inmunocompetente, con antecedente de tuberculosis pulmonar, que acude al hospital por un cuadro clínico subagudo de fiebre persistente, baja de peso, disnea y abolición del murmullo vesicular. La tomografía de tórax mostró un extenso empiema en hemitórax izquierdo. Se le toman muestras para detección de gérmenes comunes y se le colocan un tubo de drenaje torácico y se inicia antibioticoterapia. La prueba de MALDI-TOF MS identificó a Parvimonas micra, una bacteria anaerobia, comensal de la flora oral, asociado a periodontitis severa, escasamente reportado en empiema pleural, especialmente, en personas inmunocompetentes. En la evaluación odontológica se realizó el diagnóstico de gingivitis y pericoronaritis de la tercera molar. El paciente evolucionó favorablemente. Se sugiere que, en casos de empiemas pleurales subagudos o crónicos, se debe considerar, además de las micobacterias, como agente etiológico al Parvimonas micra, y optar por exámenes como MALDI-TOF MS o secuenciamiento del 16S rRNA, colocación de tubo de tórax, cobertura antibiótica empírica y evaluación odontológica.

RESUMO A perturbação da microbiota intestinal comensal está relacionada à dermatose inflamatória crônica. Analisamos a diversidade da microbiota intestinal para caracterizar a variação biológica da psoríase (Ps). Diferenças significativas do perfil microbiológico intestinal foram reveladas no modelo murino com psoríase pelo sequenciamento da região variável 16S rRNA V3-V4. As comparações de grupo incluíram o creme imiquimod (grupo IMQ, n=8), o creme imiquimod e antibióticos (ATB) (grupo PC+IMQ, n=8) e o controle saudável (grupo CTRL, n=8). A microbiota intestinal existia nos grupos Ps, incluindo o grupo IMQ e o grupo PC+IMQ englobava menos diversidade do que os controles, que foram atribuídos à diminuição da presença de vários taxa. Os dois grupos de Ps caracterizavam-se por uma redução significativa nos firicutes. Neste estudo, a microbiota da psoríase foi definida por um aumento da presença de bacteroides. Após o tratamento com ATB, encontramos um aumento substancial de Lactobacillales mas uma diminuição significativa de Clostridiales e Coriobacteriales. Uma menor abundância relativa de bactérias intestinais múltiplas foi observada nos grupos de Ps. Embora parte dos gêneros tenha sido concomitantemente reduzida tanto em condições IMQ como PC+IMQ, descobrimos que a especialidade das amostras do grupo PC+IMQ era que continham menor abundância de taxas benéficas. As características dos perfis de microbiota intestinal em ratos de Ps eram comparáveis aos perfis em pacientes com Ps, que estavam relacionados à alteração de proteínas inflamatórias específicas em grupos de doenças, mas eram significativamente diferentes do grupo controle. Assim, este estudo enfatiza o papel da microbiota intestinal na patogênese do Ps e fornece novos conhecimentos para investigar a associação entre micróbios intestinais e inflamação imunológica.

ABSTRACT Disturbance of commensal intestinal microbiota is related to chronic inflammatory dermatosis. We analyzed the diversity of the gut microbiota to characterize the biological variation of psoriasis (Ps). Significant differences of gut microbiome profiles were revealed in murine model with psoriasis by sequencing 16S rRNA V3-V4 variable region. Group comparisons included the imiquimod cream (IMQ group, n=8), the imiquimod cream and antibiotics (ATB) (PC+IMQ group, n=8) and the healthy control (CTRL group, n=8). The gut microbiota existed in Ps groups including IMQ group and PC+IMQ group encompassed less diversity than controls, which were attributed to decreased presence of several taxa. The two Ps groups were characterized by significant reduction in firmicutes. In this study, microbiota of psoriasis was defined by an increase presence of Bacteroides. After treated with ATB, we found substantial increase of Lactobacillales but significant decrease of Clostridiales and Coriobacteriales. Relative lower abundance of multiple intestinal bacteria was observed in Ps groups. Although part of genera were concomitantly reduced in both IMQ and PC+IMQ conditions, we discovered the specialty of PC+IMQ group samples was that contained lower abundance of beneficial taxa. Characteristics of gut microbiota profiles in Ps mice were comparable to profiles in patients with Ps, which were related to alteration of specific inflammatory proteins in disease groups but were significantly different from control group. Thus, this study emphasizes the role of intestinal microbiota in the pathogenesis of Ps and provides new insight for investigating association between intestinal microbes and immune inflammation.

ABSTRACT The aim if this study was to characterize strains of E. coli isolated from Rattus norvegicus belonging to a level 1 animal facility. Faecal samples were taken from 13 rats. Five colonies were randomly selected from the primary growth of the culture of each sampled individual. Biochemical tests were performed and the pathotype and phylogroup were established in the strains that were identified as E. coli by means of the PCR technique. In addition, tests for biofilm formation and antimicrobial susceptibility were performed. Results showed that 65% (26/40) of the isolated strains corresponded to E. coli and all clustered in phylogroup B2. Six of the E. coli strains were resistant to nitrofurantoin (23%), four were resistant to ampicillin (15%), and three strains were resistant to cefozolin (11%). None showed the formation of biofilms, nor the amplification of genes related to any pathotype. The results denote that E. coli belonging to the biota of laboratory rats presents resistance to antibiotics and the presence of the chuA and yjaA genes associated with the B2 phylogroup strains related to extraintestinal diseases.

RESUMEN El objetivo del trabajo fue caracterizar cepas de E. coli aisladas de Rattus norvegicus pertenecientes a un bioterio de nivel 1. Se tomaron muestras de heces a 13 ratas. Se seleccionaron cinco colonias al azar del crecimiento primario del cultivo de cada individuo muestreado. Se realizaron pruebas bioquímicas y en las cepas que fueron identifica- das como E. coli se estableció el patotipo y el filogrupo por medio de la técnica de PCR. Además, se realizaron pruebas para la formación de biopelículas y la susceptibilidad antimicrobiana. El 65% (26/40) de las cepas aisladas correspondieron a E. coli. El análisis mediante PCR mostró que todas se agruparon en el filogrupo B2. Seis de las cepas de E. coli presentaban resistencia a nitrofurantoina (23%), cuatro fueron resistentes a ampicilina (15%) y en tres cepas se observó resistencia a cefozolina (11%). Ninguna mostró la formación de biopelículas, ni la amplificación de genes relacionados a algún patotipo. Los resultados denotan que E. coli perteneciente a la biota de ratas de bioterio presenta resistencia a antibióticos y la presencia de los genes chuA y yjaA que incluyen a las cepas en el filogrupo B2 relacionado a enfermedades extraintestinales.

RESUMO O comportamento de following é uma especialização de forrageamento bem documentada em aves neotropicais, que consiste em indivíduos de espécies solitárias ou em bandos mistos seguindo outros animais em movimento para capturar presas afugentadas. Aqui reportamos duas observações do falcão-críptico, Micrastur mintoni seguindo grupos de primatas, durante um inventário ornitológico na Amazônia oriental brasileira. Durante as duas observações, o falcão emitiu uma vocalização típica e capturou insetos afugentados pelos primatas em movimento pela floresta enquanto forrageavam. Esse é o primeiro relato de uma associação aparentemente comensal entre um falcão florestal do gênero Micrastur e duas espécies de primatas.

ABSTRACT Following behavior is a well-documented foraging specialization in Neotropical birds, which consists of individuals of solitary or mixed-flocking species following other moving animals to capture fleeing prey. Here, we report two observations of the cryptic forest-falcon, Micrastur mintoni following troops of primates during an ornithological inventory in the eastern Brazilian Amazon. During both observations, the falcon emitted a typical vocalization and captured fleeing insects dispersed by the primates moving through the forest while foraging. This is the first report of an apparently commensal association between a Micrastur forest falcon and two species of primates.

RESUMO: O gênero Pasteurella spp., considerado um comensal da cavidade bucal de gatos domésticos, vem sendo, nos últimos anos, apontado como possível agente etiológico de quadros inflamatórios crônicos bucais em felinos. Ademais, em animais, as espécies de Pasteurella têm apresentado cada vez mais resistência a um grande número de antimicrobianos de uso rotineiro. Nesse contexto, os produtos naturais, como óleos essenciais com potencial antimicrobiano tem sido alvo de estudos e apontados como alternativa terapêutica. Neste estudo, objetivou-se determinar a Concentração Mínima Inibitória (CMI) e da Concentração Bactericida Mínima (CBM) de seis óleos essenciais frente a isolados de Pasteurella spp. oriundos da cavidade bucal de gatos domésticos. Dos óleos essenciais testados, o capim-limão, tea tree, cravo e a camomila romana apresentaram ação bacteriostática frente aos isolados de Pasteurella spp. Contudo, os óleos de capim-limão, tea-tree e cravo apresentaram os melhores resultados, com valores de inibitórios entre 50 a 800 µg mL-1. Esses resultados sugerem que os óleos de capim-limão, tea tree e cravo têm potencial para serem utilizados como produtos para higiene bucal e para o tratamento de infecções da cavidade bucal de gatos domésticos.

ABSTRACT: Pasteurella spp. have been identified predominantly in the oral microbiota of domestic cats. However, Pasteurella spp. was significantly more prevalent in cats with inflammatory oral disease; and consequently, it was considered as part of the etiology in this disease. In addition, in animals, Pasteurella spp. have become increasingly resistant to a large number of antimicrobials. Natural products, especially essential oils, could contribute to minimizing this issue. This study determined the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC) of six essential oils against Pasteurella spp. isolates from the oral cavity of domestic cats. Our results showed that essential oils with better antimicrobial effectiveness against most of the Pasteurella isolates were lemongrass, tea tree and clove, with inhibition values between 50 to 800 µg mL-1. All essential oils showed bacteriostatic activity against the species of Pasteurella isolated from the domestic cats. These results suggested that lemongrass, tea tree and clove oils have potential to be used in products for oral hygiene and treatment of oral infections in domestic cats.

RESUMO: Neste trabalho, tratamos da merendeira, profissional responsável pelo preparo da alimentação escolar das escolas públicas brasileiras, a qual exerce um papel fundamental no atingimento dos objetivos do Programa Nacional de Alimentação Escolar (PNAE), como contribuir para o crescimento e o desenvolvimento biopsicossocial, para a aprendizagem, para o rendimento escolar e para a formação de hábitos alimentares saudáveis dos estudantes. Apesar da importância da merendeira para esse Programa, o potencial educativo dessa profissional é, muitas vezes, invisibilizado e não reconhecido no âmbito escolar. Diante disso, este estudo teve como objetivos averiguar quais são os documentos e as iniciativas desenvolvidos pela gestão federal do PNAE que envolvem a merendeira e se eles podem contribuir para a (des)valorização de sua profissão e para a sua manutenção como sujeito não participante das decisões no âmbito escolar, reforçando sua posição de subalternidade. A análise documental nos permitiu verificar que o PNAE possui arcabouço legal para fortalecer e valorizar os papéis das merendeiras, especialmente no que se refere à função de educadora. Porém, os resultados dessa análise sugerem que as ações ficam voltadas para o âmbito da inscrição no discurso oficial mais do que no da representação/representatividade, o que pode contribuir para o desprestígio social da merendeira e a consolidação de sua função enquanto sujeito subalterno.

ABSTRACT: This paper deals with the lunch lady (Merendeira), a professional responsible for preparing school meals in Brazilian public schools and who plays a key role in achieving the goals of the National School Meals Program (PNAE), such as contributing to the biopsychosocial growth and development, learning, school performance and the formation of healthy eating habits for students. Despite the lunch lady’s importance for the Program, the educational potential of this professional is often invisible and unrecognized in the school environment. Therefore, this study aimed to investigate what are the documents and initiatives developed by the federal management of PNAE that involve the lunch lady and if they can contribute to the (de)valorization of her profession and her maintenance as a subject that does not participate in the school environment’s decisions, reinforcing her subaltern position. The document analysis allowed us to verify that PNAE has a legal framework to strengthen and enhance the roles of the lunch ladies, especially concerning the role of educator. However, the results of this analysis suggest that the actions are focused on the scope of registration in the official discourse more than on representation/representation, which can contribute to the lunch lady’s social discredit and the consolidation of their role as a subordinate subject.

RESUMEN: En este artículo abordamos a la comensal (Merendeira), profesional responsable de la preparación de las comidas escolares en las escuelas públicas brasileñas y que desempeña un papel fundamental en la consecución de los objetivos del Programa Nacional de Alimentación Escolar (PNAE): contribuir al crecimiento y desarrollo biopsicosocial, al aprendizaje, al rendimiento escolar y a la formación de hábitos alimentarios saludables de los alumnos. A pesar de la importancia de la señora del almuerzo para ese Programa, el potencial educativo de esta profesional suele ser invisible y no se reconoce en el entorno escolar. Ante esto, este estudio tuvo como objetivo investigar cuáles son los documentos e las iniciativas desarrolladas por la dirección federal del PNAE que involucran a la comensal y si ellos pueden contribuir para (des)valoración de su profesión y para su mantenimiento como un sujeto que no participa en las decisiones dentro de la escuela, reforzando su posición de subalternidad. El análisis documental permitió comprobar que el PNAE cuenta con un marco legal para fortalecer y potenciar las funciones de las comensales, especialmente en lo que respecta al rol de educadora. Sin embargo, los resultados del análisis sugieren que las acciones se centran más en el alcance del registro en el discurso oficial que en la representación/representación, lo que puede contribuir a su descrédito social y a la consolidación de su papel como sujeto subalterno.

RESUMEN Introducción: La mano alberga diferentes especies de bacterias que pueden jugar un papel en la transmisión de enfermedades infecciosas. Este estudio se realizó para determinar el perfil bacteriano de las manos y evaluar la eficacia de los tres métodos más comunes de limpieza de manos en la reducción de esa bacteria. Materiales y métodos: Se recolectaron información de las manos de 150 adultos. La identidad de las bacterias se realizó mediante procedimientos microbiológicos estándar. Cada participante aplicó uno de los tres métodos seleccionados de limpieza de manos, a saber: lavarse las manos con agua y jabón común, frotarse las manos con un desinfectante a base de alcohol y limpiarse las manos con toallitas desinfectantes para manos sin alcohol. Se recogió una segunda muestra después de la limpieza para determinar la eficacia de cada método calculando el porcentaje de reducción de bacterias aisladas. Resultados: La mayoría de las bacterias aisladas fueron flora comensal como Staphylococcus Coagulasa Negativo (92%) y Corynebacterium spp (81,3%). Se aislaron otras bacterias patógenas principalmente, Staphylococcus aureus (32%), Escherichia coli (10%), Pseudomonas aeruginosa (2,6%), Klebsiella spp (2,6%) y Acinetobacter spp. (2%). Frotar las manos fue más eficaz que lavarse las manos sin una diferencia estadísticamente significativa (P> 0,05), y la limpieza de las manos tuvo una eficacia menor que los otros dos métodos con una diferencia estadísticamente significativa (P <0,001). Conclusiones: La mano es una fuente grave de infección debido a la variedad de bacterias que contiene. Estas bacterias pueden eliminarse lavándose las manos con agua y jabón común o frotándose las manos con un desinfectante a base de alcohol. Las toallitas desinfectantes para manos sin alcohol deben usarse solo para limpiar sin desinfectar debido a su baja eficacia como desinfectantes.

ABSTRACT Introduction: The hand harbors different species of bacteria that may play a role in the transmission of infectious diseases. Therefore, this study was conducted to determine the bacterial profile of hands and assess the efficacy of the three most common methods of hand cleansing on the reduction of that bacteria. Materials and methods: Hand swaps were collected from 150 adults. The identity of bacteria was done by standard microbiological procedures. Each participant applied one of three selected methods of hand cleansing namely, handwashing with water and plain soap, hand rubbing with an alcohol-based sanitizer, and hand wiping with alcohol-free hand sanitizer wipes. A second swap was collected after cleansing to determine the efficacy of each method by calculating the percentage of the reduction of isolated bacteria. Results: Most isolated bacteria were commensal flora like Coagulase Negative Staphylococcus (92%), and Corynebacterium spp (81.3%). Other pathogenic bacteria were isolated mainly, Staphylococcus aureus (32%), Escherichia coli (10%), Pseudomonas aeruginosa (2.6%), Klebsiella spp (2.6%) and Acinetobacter spp. (2%). The hand rubbing was more efficacy than handwashing without a statistically significant difference (P>0.05), and the hand wiping had lower efficacy than the other two methods with statistically significant difference (P<0.001). Conclusions: The hand is a serious source of infection due to the variety of bacteria on it. These bacteria can be eliminated either by handwashing with water and plain soap or hand rubbing with an alcohol-based sanitizer. Alcohol-free hand sanitizer wipes should be used just for cleaning without disinfection due to their low efficacy as a sanitizer.

ABSTRACT Introduction: In the light of the most recent knowledge, it is important to emphasize the potential role played by the gut microbiota, through the gut-lung axis, with the lung microbiota. Objective: Update the criteria about the lung microbiota in healthy subjects and its relationship with the gut-lung axis. Methods: Publications in Spanish and English were reviewed in PubMed, Google Scholar, ScIELO, from January 2010 to May 2020; the following terms were used: lung microbiota, lower respiratory tract microbiota, gut-lung axis, lung microbiota and immunity and next- generation probiotics. Analysis and integration of information: Arguments related to the presence of commensal microbiota resident in the lung formed by bacteria, fungi and viruses as members of the microbial community are presented. Role of the gut-lung axis and its participation in immune modulation. Features of the lung microbiota, its biomass, diversity, and component phylums are described. Researches in animals are summarized. The value of the new 16S gene sequencing technology of rRNA for study and identification is highlighted. Final considerations: The lung was considered a sterile organ. Here the presence of resident commensal microbiota of great diversity in the lung is documented; the mechanisms of the gut-lung axis and its role in the modulation of lung immunity and diagnostic value in diseases of the lower respiratory tract are stated. The future use of next-generation probiotics as modulators of the lung microbiota is emphasized.

RESUMEN Introducción: A la luz de los conocimientos más recientes, es trascendente enfatizar el potencial papel que desarrolla la microbiota intestinal, a través del eje intestino-pulmón, con la microbiota pulmonar. Objetivo: Actualizar criterios acerca de la microbiota pulmonar en sujetos sanos y su relación con el eje intestino-pulmón. Métodos: Se revisaron publicaciones en español e inglés en PubMed, Google Scholar, ScIELO, desde enero 2010-mayo 2020, se usaron los términos: microbiota pulmonar, microbiota vías respiratorias inferiores, eje intestino-pulmón, microbiota pulmonar e inmunidad y probióticos de nueva generación. Análisis e integración de la información: Se exponen argumentos relacionados con la presencia de microbiota comensal residente en el pulmón formada por bacterias, hongos y virus como integrantes de la comunidad microbiana. Papel del eje intestino-pulmón y su participación en modulación inmune. Se describen rasgos de la microbiota pulmonar, su biomasa, diversidad, y filos integrantes. Se resumen investigaciones en animales. Se destaca valor de la nueva tecnología de secuenciación gen 16S del ARNr para estudio e identificación. Consideraciones finales: El pulmón era considerado órgano estéril. Aquí se documenta la presencia de microbiota comensal residente en el pulmón, de gran diversidad, se postulan los mecanismos del eje intestino-pulmón y su papel en la modulación de la inmunidad pulmonar y valor diagnóstico en enfermedades del tracto respiratorio inferior. Se enfatiza el uso futuro de probióticos de nueva generación como moduladores de la microbiota pulmonar.