Resumen Ante los profundos cambios y necesidades en los entornos rurales, el turismo representa una alternativa de desarrollo holístico para el aprovechamiento de recursos y cohesión social que generen beneficios. En la Reserva de la Biosfera Sierra Gorda en Querétaro, México, recientemente se han integrado diversos emprendimientos turísticos de base comunitaria que trabajan inconexos, limitando su fortalecimiento y consolidación. El objetivo del presente estudio fue analizar si la integración de una red puede ser una herramienta que propicie el desarrollo local en la región. A través de la investigación-acción participativa con enfoque constructivista y técnicas como la entrevista semiestructurada, talleres comunitarios y observación participativa, se rescata la perspectiva visionaria de las comunidades, emprendedores, los principales actores institucionales públicos, privados y de gobierno a nivel local. Los resultados destacan al cooperativismo, desde la perspectiva teórica, como pieza medular del turismo comunitario, donde la cohesión social genera mejores resultados. Por otro lado, desde la práctica se conformó la Red con autogestión y protagonismo de la comunidad, en una actividad turística solidaria, viable y ambientalmente responsable. Se concluye visualizando que la planeación desde la cooperación entre diversos actores puede lograr un desarrollo con enfoque sustentable.

Resumo Diante das profundas mudanças e necessidades nos ambientes rurais, o turismo representa uma alternativa de desenvolvimento holístico para o uso de recursos e coesão social que gera benefícios. Na Reserva da Biosfera de Sierra Gorda, em Querétaro, México, várias empresas de turismo comunitário foram recentemente integradas, mas funcionam de forma desarticulada, limitando seu fortalecimento e consolidação. O objetivo deste estudo foi analisar se a integração de uma rede pode ser uma ferramenta para o desenvolvimento local na região. Por meio de pesquisa-ação participativa com uma abordagem construtivista e técnicas como entrevistas semiestruturadas, oficinas comunitárias e observação participativa, foi recuperada a perspectiva visionária das comunidades, dos empresários e dos principais atores institucionais públicos, privados e governamentais em nível local. Os resultados destacam o cooperativismo, a partir de uma perspectiva teórica, como a pedra angular do turismo de base comunitária, em que a coesão social gera melhores resultados. Por outro lado, do ponto de vista prático, a Rede foi formada com autogestão e protagonismo da comunidade, em uma atividade turística solidária, viável e ambientalmente responsável. Conclui-se visualizando que o planejamento baseado na cooperação entre diferentes atores pode alcançar o desenvolvimento com uma abordagem sustentável.

Abstract In the face of profound changes and needs in rural environments, tourism represents a holistic development alternative for the use of resources and social cohesion that generates benefits. In the Sierra Gorda Biosphere Reserve in Querétaro, Mexico, several community-based tourism ventures have recently been integrated but work in a disjointed manner, limiting their strengthening and consolidation. The objective of the present study was to analyze whether the integration of a network can be a tool for local development in the region. Through participatory action research with a constructivist approach and techniques such as semi-structured interviews, community workshops and participatory observation, the visionary perspective of the communities, entrepreneurs, and the main public, private and governmental institutional actors at the local level was rescued. The results highlight cooperativism, from a theoretical perspective, as a cornerstone of community tourism, where social cohesion generates better results. On the other hand, from practice, the Network was formed with self-management and protagonism of the community, in a solidary, viable and environmentally responsible tourism activity. It is concluded by visualizing that planning from the cooperation among diverse actors can achieve a development with a sustainable approach.

One of the key contemporary needs in education is to promote nationalism and national cohesion. Challenges confronting most developing countries include political instability, violence, voter apathy, and youth disintegration. Many regard the teaching of citizenship as a possible panacea to remedy these problems. Scholars have applauded the role of citizenship education in inculcating crucial values such as active citizenship, tolerance, and social cohesion. The Lesotho curriculum uses social science subjects, especially history, to address these challenges. Pursuant to repeated calls for the integration of history with citizenship in Lesotho schools in order to enhance history's thrust in achieving the task, this qualitative study adopted the case study design to purposively sample six history teachers, two from each of three secondary schools in the Maseru district. Semi-structured interviews and document analysis of the Education Sector Plan 2005-2015 and Education Sector Strategic Plan 2016-2026, Curriculum and Assessment Policy (CAP) 2009, Lesotho General Certificate of Secondary Education (LGCSE), and the Grade 8 Social Science Syllabus were relied upon for the collection of data. Our findings from this study show that teachers believe that the integration of history and citizenship can instil values of active citizenship, patriotism, political stability, and economic development to mention but a few. We therefore concluded that there are possibilities of integrating history with citizenship instead of leaving them as subjects independent from each other. We recommend that the Ministry of Education and Training (MoET) should consider the integration ofhistory and citizenship into the curriculum.

ABSTRACT Introduction: This project aimed to recognize relational intelligence as an instrument of cohesion, satisfaction, and professional motivation with inherent repercussions on the quality and safety of care provided, as well as the promotion of healthy work environments. Diagnosis: Was use consensus research to identify the area of intervention, more specifically the “brainstorming” technique, prioritizing relational issues based on the number of times they were mentioned by employees. Objective: Promote relational intelligence in the team at the Surgery A unit, at Hospital Curry Cabral, as a management tool, increasing employee satisfaction in relation to the work environment by at least 20%. Methodology: The methodology used focused on two assessment moments, qualitative and quantitative. The qualitative assessment began with the project “Thinking outside the box…writing inside the box”, in which employees were encouraged to share emotions, suggestions, compliments, complaints, or any other subject they considered relevant. The anonymity of the contributions allowed sincerity and directness in the work environment to emerge without constraints, allowing psychological safety. This strategy was the “driver” of this project because, based on its contributions, it was possible to identify areas that could be improved. For a quantitative analysis, to measure the intended objective, was applied questionnaires on two evaluation moments. Results: With the contributions of the qualitative assessment, mas observed the need for intervention in terms of employees’ mental health. This began new routines, which include weekly reflection meetings, training on interpersonal relationships and health and well-being measures in the team. The strategies used allowed the results obtained in the quantitative evaluation with an increase of 44,1% in the satisfaction of this population. Conclusion: There is an association of the ability to actively listen to employees’ problems and their involvement. Participatory, transformative, and humanized leadership contributed to the well-being of professionals. If is therefore considered that this project added value in terms of improving the working environment, with repercussions on productivity and the quality of service provided to users.

RESUMO Introdução: Este projeto visa reconhecer a inteligência relacional como instrumento de coesão, satisfação e motivação profissional, com inerente repercussão na qualidade e segurança dos cuidados prestados, bem como na promoção de ambientes de trabalho saudáveis. Diagnóstico da situação: Procedeu-se ao diagnóstico da situação utilizando-se a pesquisa de consenso, mais especificamente a técnica de “brainstorming”, para identificar a área de intervenção, priorizando-se as questões relacionais pelo número de vezes que foram mencionadas pelos colaboradores. Objetivo: Promover a inteligência relacional na equipa da unidade Cirurgia A, do Hospital Curry Cabral, como instrumento de gestão, aumentando em pelo menos 20% a satisfação dos colaboradores, em relação ao ambiente de trabalho. Metodologia: A metodologia focou-se em dois momentos de avaliação, qualitativa e quantitativa. A primeira iniciou-se com o projeto “Pensar fora da caixa…escrevendo para dentro da caixa”- nesta os colaboradores foram estimulados a partilhar emoções, sugestões, elogios, reclamações ou qualquer outro assunto que considerassem pertinente. O anonimato dos contributos permitiu que a sinceridade e frontalidade sobre o ambiente de trabalho emergisse sem constrangimentos e em segurança psicológica. Esta estratégia foi, sem dúvida, o “motor” deste projeto pois, a partir dos seus contributos, foi possível identificar as áreas passiveis de melhoria. Para uma análise quantitativa, de forma que existissem indicadores para medir o objetivo pretendido, foram realizados dois momentos de avaliação através da aplicação de questionários. Resultados: Com os contributos da avaliação qualitativa observou-se a necessidade de intervenção a nível da saúde mental dos colaboradores. Deu-se assim inicio a novas rotinas, onde se incluíram reuniões semanais de reflexão, formação sobre relacionamento interpessoal e medidas de saúde e bem-estar na equipa. As estratégias utilizadas permitiram os resultados obtidos na avaliação quantitativa com um aumento de 44,1% na satisfação desta população. Conclusões: A capacidade de escuta ativa dos problemas dos colaboradores e o envolvimento dos mesmos na sua melhoria associado a uma liderança participativa, transformadora e humanizada contribuiu para o bem-estar dos profissionais. Considera-se assim que este projeto acrescentou valor no que diz respeito à melhoria do ambiente de trabalho, com repercussão na produtividade e na qualidade do atendimento feito aos utentes.

ABSTRACT Academic writing at the university level stands as one of the fundamental tools for conveying knowledge, thoughts, ideas, results, alternative solutions, etc., stemming from rigorous research, analysis, organization, and reflection within specialized thematic fields. Throughout their professional development, the student generates various types of academic texts, underscoring the importance of their accurate construction in terms of coherence, cohesion, and appropriateness to effectively convey the author's communicative intent. The objective of the article was to disseminate an analysis of the theoretical foundations related to the four stages of the academic writing process in university students. The research methodology employed involved a comprehensive review of literature pertaining to the four stages of academic review: planning, text production, revision, and editing, fundamental in producing coherent, clear, cohesive, and field-appropriate texts. Scientific articles from databases such as Scielo, Scopus, ERIC, and EBSCO were compiled for the study. Findings were associated with identifying the primary contributions to the cognitive approach of the writing process and systematizing the logical sequence of the writing process. It was concluded that there is a necessity to raise awareness within the university community about the application of planning, text production, revision, and editing stages to enhance the production of academic texts; therefore, the attention of authorities, professors, and students is required to foster high-quality academic production.

RESUMO A redação acadêmica, no nível universitário, é uma das ferramentas fundamentais para transmitir conhecimentos, pensamentos, ideias, resultados, alternativas de solução, etc., resultantes de uma rigorosa investigação, análise, organização e reflexão em campos temáticos especializados. Ao longo de sua formação profissional, o estudante elabora diversos tipos de textos acadêmicos, destacando-se a importância de sua correta produção em termos de coerência, coesão e adequação para transmitir efetivamente o propósito comunicativo do autor. O objetivo do artigo foi socializar a análise das bases teóricas relacionadas às quatro etapas do processo de redação acadêmica em estudantes universitários. A metodologia de pesquisa empregada envolveu uma revisão abrangente da literatura relacionada às quatro etapas de revisão acadêmica: planejamento, textualização, revisão e edição, fundamentais para produzir textos coerentes, claros, coesos e adequados ao campo científico. Para o estudo, foram compilados artigos científicos de bases de dados como Scielo, Scopus, ERIC, EBSCO. As descobertas estão associadas à identificação das principais contribuições para a abordagem cognitiva do processo de escrita e à sistematização da sequência lógica do processo de redação. Concluiu-se que há a necessidade de conscientizar a comunidade universitária sobre a aplicação das etapas de planejamento, textualização, revisão e edição para aprimorar a produção de textos acadêmicos; portanto, é necessária a atenção das autoridades, professores e alunos para promover a produção acadêmica de qualidade.

RESUMEN La redacción académica, a nivel universitario, es una de las herramientas fundamentales para transmitir conocimientos, pensamientos, ideas, resultados, alternativas de solución, etc., producto de una rigurosa investigación, análisis, organización y reflexión de los campos temáticos especializados. En el transcurso de su formación profesional, el estudiante elabora diversos tipos de textos académicos, de ahí la importancia de su correcta producción en cuanto a coherencia, cohesión y adecuación para lograr transmitir el propósito comunicativo del autor. El objetivo del artículo fue socializar el análisis de las bases teóricas relacionadas a las cuatro etapas del proceso de la redacción académica en estudiantes universitarios. La metodología de investigación empleada consistió en una revisión general de la bibliografía relacionada con los cuatro procesos de revisión académica: planificación, textualización, revisión y edición, fundamental para producir textos coherentes, claros, cohesionado y adecuados al campo científico. Para el estudio se recopilaron artículos científicos de bases de datos científicas como Scielo, Scopus, ERIC, EBSCO. Los hallazgos se relacionan a la identificación de los principales aportes al enfoque cognitivo del proceso escritura; y la sistematización de la secuencia lógica del proceso de redacción. Se concluyó que existe la necesidad de concienciar en la comunidad universitaria la aplicación de las etapas de planificación, textualización, revisión y edición para mejorar la producción de textos académicos, por ello, se requiere la atención de autoridades, docentes y estudiantes, para fomentar la producción académica de calidad.

RESUMEN El estudio propone evaluar los beneficios sociales de las actividades recreativas en diferentes comunidades mexicanas y resalta su importancia en el fomento de beneficios sociales positivos. Estos hallazgos respaldan la promoción y el desarrollo de programas recreativos en comunidades para mejorar la calidad de vida y el bienestar social. Los resultados revelaron que las actividades recreativas generaban beneficios sociales, como el fortalecimiento de las relaciones sociales, el aumento de la cohesión comunitaria, la mejora de la salud mental y el bienestar general. Además de las diferencias significativas en la percepción de los beneficios sociales según la edad y el nivel socioeconómico de los participantes. Se llevó a cabo un diseño de investigación cualitativo que incluyó la recopilación de datos para obtener una comprensión completa de los efectos sociales de dichas actividades. La muestra de participantes incluyó a niños y jóvenes de diferentes edades y trasfondos socioeconómicos de una colonia del municipio de Huimanguillo, Tabasco, México; quienes participaron en diversas actividades durante un período de cuatro meses. Se utilizaron métodos del nivel teórico y empírico para la labor de muestreo intencional garantizó la representación de una amplia gama de experiencias y perspectivas de las políticas y planificadores urbanos para diseñar programas y espacios recreativos en beneficio de la sociedad.

ABSTRACT The study proposes to evaluate the social benefits of recreational activities in different Mexican communities and highlights their importance in promoting positive social benefits. These findings support the promotion and development of recreational programs in communities to improve quality of life and social well-being. The results revealed that recreational activities generated social benefits, such as strengthening social relationships, increasing community cohesion, improving mental health and general well-being. In addition to the significant differences in the perception of social benefits according to the age and socioeconomic level of the participants. A qualitative research design was conducted that included data collection to gain a full understanding of the social effects of such activities. The sample of participants included children and young people of different ages and socioeconomic backgrounds from a neighborhood in the municipality of Huimanguillo, Tabasco, Mexico; who participated in various activities during a period of four months. Theoretical and empirical methods were used for the purposeful sampling effort, ensuring the representation of a wide range of experiences and perspectives of urban policies and planners to design programs and and planners to design programs and recreational spaces for the benefit of society.

Abstract: Social cohesion and coexistence are today our society's main topics of interest. In the educational system of the Aysén region, although reports of violence are on the rise, the vast majority of teachers and principals claim to build relationships based on healthy coexistence. In order to establish which teaching and management capacities are still to be built for schools to teach coexistence, we applied the sociopoietic approach to analyze five qualitative and quantitative studies applied to samples of teachers, managers, and education professionals, which characterize their installed capacities, training needs and challenges to improve school coexistence in the Aysén region. The results indicate the installation of a coexistence restricted to the interpersonal, a great willingness to reflect on its foundations, and the challenge of stabilizing organizational structures that promote compassion. We conclude that there is a need for continuing education at the regional level for education professionals to enable them to affect the decisions of their organizations.

Resumen: La cohesión social ha sido el mayor nudo crítico de la modernidad y, al mismo tiempo, la principal función del sistema educativo. Durante la pandemia las escuelas sustituyeron la competencia por rendimiento para poner, en primer lugar, el bienestar de sus estudiantes y así convocarlos de vuelta a las salas de clases. En la pos-pandemia el aumento del conflicto escolar no solo sostuvo dicha priorización, sino que originó una comprensión socioemocional de la reactivación. En la región de Aysén, si bien las denuncias por hechos de violencia están al alza, la mayoría de los docentes y directivos afirman construir relaciones basadas en una sana convivencia. A fin de analizar esta paradoja, revisamos estudios que caracterizan las capacidades, necesidades y desafíos de las escuelas de Aysén en convivencia escolar. Asumimos un enfoque sistémico de la organización para observar las posibilidades de innovación que resultan de sus actuales relaciones influenciadas por el entorno. Como en los resultados identificamos un desacople entre las estructuras escolares y sus sistemas interpersonales, concluimos la necesidad de construir capacidades entre los profesionales de la educación a fin de iniciar procesos reflexivos que permitan estabilizar respuestas compasivas en la organización.

Resumo: A coesão social tem sido o nó mais crítico da modernidade e, ao mesmo tempo, a principal função do sistema educativo. Durante a pandemia, as escolas substituíram a competição pelo desempenho, a fim de colocar o bem-estar dos seus alunos em primeiro lugar e, assim, convocá-los de volta para a sala de aula. No período pós-pandémico, o aumento do conflito escolar não só sustentou esta priorização, como também deu origem a uma compreensão socio-emocional da reativação. Na região de Aysén, enquanto as denúncias de violência aumentam, a maioria dos professores e directores afirma construir relações baseadas na convivência saudável. Para analisar este paradoxo, revimos estudos que caracterizam as capacidades, as necessidades e os desafios das escolas de Aysén em termos de convivência escolar. Fizemos uma abordagem sistémica da organização para observar as possibilidades de inovação que resultam das suas relações actuais influenciadas pelo ambiente. Ao identificarmos nos resultados uma dissociação entre as estruturas escolares e os seus sistemas interpessoais, concluímos a necessidade de capacitação dos profissionais da educação para iniciarem processos de reflexão que estabilizem as respostas compassivas na organização.

RESUMEN La cáscara de arroz se ha empleado sin procesar como desgrasante de pastas cerámicas, pero no se ha investigado su empleo de forma micronizada, opción que podría facilitar la homogenización y cohesión de sus componentes, ahorrando la utilización de otros materiales convencionales. El trabajo persiguió como objetivo evaluar la influencia del empleo de cáscara de arroz micronizada como desgrasante en las propiedades de ladrillos cerámicos. La investigación se desarrolló en dos etapas: una primera, en que se diseñaron briquetas cocidas en mufla determinando el porcentaje óptimo de cáscara de arroz micronizada; y una segunda etapa, el control de calidad de la dosificación del ladrillo cocido en horno industrial con adición de cascara de arroz micronizada. Se evaluaron formulaciones con 10 % y 20 % de cáscara de arroz, llegando a la conclusión que con la primera es factible producir ladrillos cerámicos para tabiques, cumpliendo estos las propiedades especificadas.

ABSTRACT Rice husk has been used unprocessed as a degreaser in ceramic pastes, but its use in micronized form has not been investigated. This option could facilitate the homogenization and cohesion of its components, reducing the need for other conventional materials. The objective of the study was to evaluate the influence of using micronized rice husk as a degreaser on the properties of ceramic bricks. The research was conducted in two stages: the first stage involved designing sintered briquettes in a muffle furnace to determine the optimal percentage of micronized rice husk; in the second stage, the quality control of the brick formulation was carried out in an industrial kiln with the addition of micronized rice husk. Formulations with 10% and 20% rice husk were evaluated, concluding that with the former, it is feasible to produce ceramic bricks for partitions, meeting the specified properties.

Résumé Une revue des manuels scolaires gratuits pour l’année scolaire 2023-2024 a détecté une présence considérable du Mexique antique en termes d’écriture de l’histoire et de l’iconographie utilisée. Dans le cadre de la nouvelle école mexicaine, les matières ont été intégrées dans quatre domaines de formation et, pour certaines voix, celles-ci, comme traditionnellement enseignées dans le pays, ont disparu ou se sont estompées dans les manuels scolaires, désormais appelés "Projets". Ces matières comprennent l’histoire du Mexique et les mathématiques. Dans cet article, à travers une analyse historiographique, on a projeté de s’interroger sur la raison de l’apparition si constante du Mexique antique, puisque, en termes d’historiographie mexicaine, peu est consacré aux autres étapes de l’histoire et plus encore, devient un aspect à souligner que la période vice-royaliste est pratiquement inexistante. Les résultats rapportent une ligne qui vient de la vision nationaliste du gouvernement et imaginaire mexicains visant à exalter les racines préhispaniques du pays, et regarder avec dédain l’impact hispanique pour s’associer à ce passé de répression, génocide, invasion et pillage. L’article affirme qu’outre la nouvelle approche didactique de la décolonisation et de l’interculturalité, l’enseignement de l’histoire au Mexique maintient une continuité dans l’appréciation d’un passé plus approprié aux fins de la cohésion nationale, dictée par l’appropriation de contenus très spécifiques comme l’exaltation du Mexique préhispanique.

Streszczenie Przegląd bezpłatnych podręczników szkolnych na cykl nauki 2023-2024 wykazał znaczną obecność starożytnego Meksyku pod względem pisania historii i używanej ikonografii. W ramach Nowej Szkoły Meksykańskiej przedmioty zostały zintegrowane w cztery obszary kształcenia i dla niektórych głosów te, jak tradycyjnie nauczane w kraju, albo zniknęły, albo rozmyły się w podręcznikach, które teraz nazywane są "Projektami". Wśród tych przedmiotów znajdują się historia Meksyku i matematyka. W niniejszym artykule, poprzez analizę historiograficzną, zakwestionowano, dlaczego tak często pojawia się starożytny Meksyk, biorąc pod uwagę, że w kontekście historiografii meksykańskiej niewiele uwagi poświęca się innym etapom historii, a co więcej, staje się on aspektem wartym zauważenia, że okres wicekrólewski jest praktycznie nieobecny. Wyniki raportują tendencję wynikającą z nacjonalistycznego spojrzenia na rząd i wyobraźnię Meksykanów, dążącą do wywyższania prekolumbijskich korzeni kraju, oraz patrzenia z pogardą na hiszpański wpływ, kojarząc go z przeszłością represji, ludobójstwa, inwazji i grabieży. Artykuł twierdzi, że oprócz nowego podejścia do dydaktyki dekolonialnej i międzykulturowości, nauczanie historii w Meksyku utrzymuje ciągłość w docenianiu przeszłości bardziej korzystnej dla celów spójności narodowej, dyktowanej pop

Resumen Una revisión a los libros de texto gratuitos para el ciclo escolar 2023-2024 detectó una considerable presencia del México antiguo en términos de la escritura de la historia y la iconografía utilizada. En el marco de la Nueva Escuela Mexicana, las asignaturas fueron integradas a cuatro campos formativos y, para algunas voces, aquellas, como tradicionalmente se impartían en el país, o desaparecieron, o se difuminaron en los libros de texto, que ahora reciben el nombre de “Proyectos”. Entre estas asignaturas se encuentran la historia de México y las matemáticas. En este artículo, mediante un análisis historiográfico, se proyectó cuestionar a qué se debió la aparición tan constante del México antiguo, toda vez que, en términos de historiografía mexicana, poco se dedica a las demás etapas de la historia y más aún, se convierte en un aspecto a destacar que el periodo virreinal es prácticamente inexistente. Los resultados reportan una línea que proviene de la visión nacionalista del gobierno e imaginario mexicanos tendientes a exaltar las raíces prehispánicas del país, y mirar con desdén el impacto hispano por asociarse a este un pasado de represión, genocidio, invasión y saqueo. El artículo sostiene que además del nuevo enfoque de didáctica decolonial e interculturalidad, la enseñanza de la historia en México mantiene una continuidad en apreciar un pasado más conveniente para los fines de cohesión nacional, dictada a través de la apropiación de contenidos muy específicos como es la exaltación del México prehispánico.

Abstract The review of free textbooks for the 2023-2024 school cycle revealed a strong emphasis on ancient Mexico in the historical narrative and imagery used, alongside a notable absence of the colonial period. Within the framework of the New Mexican School, subjects were grouped into four formative areas, leading to the elimination or dilution of some traditional subjects into what are now known as “Projects”. Among these subjects are the history of Mexico and mathematics. In this article, through a historiographical analysis, the reasons behind the prevalence of ancient Mexico are explored, considering the limited attention given to other stages of Mexican history, and even less to the colonial period, which is scarcely addressed. The results suggest a nationalist inclination on the part of the Mexican government, seeking to exalt the pre-Hispanic roots of the country while downplaying the impact of the Spanish colonial period by associating it with a history of repression, genocide, invasion, and plunder. It is argued that, in addition to the new focus on decolonial and intercultural didactics, the teaching of history in Mexico continues to highlight a past that promotes national cohesion, through the selection of specific contents, such as the exaltation of pre-Hispanic Mexico.

Resumen Este estudio tuvo como objetivo evaluar efectos de prebióticos (jarabe de topinambur e inulina comercial) sobre las características de bebidas de almendras Prunus dulcisvar “Non Pareil”, inoculadas con probióticos (Streptococcus salivarius subsp. thermophilus y Lactobacillus delbrueckii subsp. bulgaricus). El contenido de inulina obtenido en jarabe de topinambur fue de 2,25 gramos de inulina por 100 gramos de fructanos totales, en la muestra a 7°Bx. Se evaluaron las propiedades fisicoquímicas, microbiológicas y sensoriales de los productos fermentados durante el almacenamiento en frío (4°C) por unperíodo de 28 días. Las bebidas adicionadas con jarabe de topinambur mostraron mayor acidez (valores menores de pH y contenidosmayores de ácido láctico) y mayores densidades que el producto elaborado con inulina comercial. La adición de jarabe de topinambur afectó los parámetros de textura, los productos mostraron menor dureza, adhesividad, gomosidad y mayores valores de cohesión y elasticidad que los elaborados con inulina comercial. La muestra con mayor preferencia sensorial fue la preparada con inulina comercial y bebida vegetal filtrada. La concentración de bacterias lácticas se mantuvo mayor en las muestras con jarabe de topinambur con la misma proporción de inulina que las muestras con prebiótico comercial, después de 21 días de almacenamiento en refrigeración.

Abstract This study aimed to evaluate the effect of prebiotics (Jerusalem artichoke syrup and commercial inulin) on the characteristics of Prunus dulcis var “Non Pareil”almond beverages, inoculated with probiotics (Streptococcus salivarius subsp. thermophilus and Lactobacillus delbrueckii subsp. bulgaricus). The inulin content obtained in the Jerusalem artichoke syrup was 2.25 grams of inulin per 100 grams of total fructans, in the sample at 7°Bx. The fermented products were evaluated for physicochemical, microbiological and sensory properties during cold storage (4°C) for 28 days. The fermented beverages with the addition of Jerusalem artichoke syrup showed higher acidity (lower pH value and higher lactic acid content), and higher density than the product made with commercial inulin. The addition of Jerusalem artichoke syrup affected the textural parameters. The products showed less hardness, stickiness, gumminess and higher values of cohesiveness and elasticity than those made with commercial inulin. The sample with the highest sensory preference was the one prepared with commercial inulin and a filtered vegetable beverage. The concentration of lactic bacteria remained higher in the samples with Jerusalem artichoke syrup with the same proportion of inulin than the samples with commercial prebiotic, during 21 days of storage under refrigeration.

Resumen: El principal objetivo del presente estudio es estimar los factores de seguridad y la probabilidad de falla planar en los taludes de la Comuna Universitaria de la ciudad de Manizales (Colombia). Se realiza un procesamiento estadístico de los datos recolectados durante 14 años de estudios geotécnicos. Se aplica la ecuación de talud infinito en una simulación de Monte Carlo para analizar escenarios típicos de entrada como cohesión, ángulo de fricción, nivel de aguas freáticas e inclinación de estratos con presencia de ceniza y llenos antrópicos. En la simulación se generan 5000 iteraciones para cada variable, obteniendo como resultado la representación de una herramienta para detección de condiciones que generan inestabilidad en los taludes de la comuna. Se concluye que para factores de seguridad aceptables calculados por métodos determinísticos, se pueden tener niveles de amenaza altos en función de probabilidad de falla por lo que los análisis probabilísticos se consideran conservadores y útiles en la detección temprana de desastres.

Abstract: The main objective of this study is to estimate the safety factors and the probability of planar failure in the slopes of the Comuna Universitaria of the city of Manizales (Colombia). Geotechnical data gathered over a period of 14 years is processed statistically. The infinite slope equation is applied through Monte Carlo simulations to assess typical input scenarios including cohesion, friction angle, groundwater level, and inclination of layers with the presence of ash and anthropogenic fills. The simulation involved 5000 iterations for each variable, resulting in a tool for detecting conditions causing instability in the slopes of the Comuna Universitaria. It is concluded that for acceptable safety factors calculated deterministically, it is possible to obtain high risk levels with relation to failure probability function, making probabilistic analyses conservative and useful for early warning detection.

Abstract This article has the objective of study the inter-island aerial accessibility in the Azores Islands (Portugal). As a space with a particular territorial fragmentation and, furthermore, distant between the different islands, air transport is of vital importance for the socioeconomic development of the Archipelago, promoting the mobility of residents and the increase in tourism. This is penalized in the Azores by the low demographic and economic weight, and also by the notorious imbalance between islands. Methodologically, we study several accessibility parameters, focusing on hourly operations, since it is the one that we detected that presents the worst ratios. For this, we take the inter-island air schedules of 12 years (2009-2020) of the winter seasons, with a greater probability of use by residents and, therefore, for reasons of travel related to business, health, administration, etc. As a result of this article, we discovered that although positive work has been done with the introduction of air public service obligations, imposing a certain number of frequencies, seats, rate caps, etc., the little interest in working in an adaptation of the operating hours based on demand, is leading to availability of time for travelers at destination - in a round-trip operation on the same day, very frequent in inter-island mobility, hardly positive for travelers in more than 70% of the operational routes.

Resumo Este artigo tem como objetivo realizar uma análise da acessibilidade aérea inter-ilhas nas ilhas dos Açores (Portugal). Enquanto espaço afetado pela fragmentação territorial e, ainda por cima, distante entre as diferentes ilhas, o transporte aéreo assume uma importância vital para o desenvolvimento socioeconómico do Arquipélago, facilitando a mobilidade dos residentes e o aumento do turismo. Esta situação é agravada nos Açores pelo baixo peso demográfico e económico, para além do notório desequilíbrio entre ilhas. Metodologicamente, analisamos vários parâmetros de acessibilidade, focando-nos nas operações horárias, pois é onde detetámos os piores rácios. Para tal, tomamos como base os horários das conexões aéreas inter-ilhas de 12 anos (2009-2020) das épocas de inverno, com maior probabilidade de utilização por residentes e, portanto, por motivos de deslocação relacionados com negócios, saúde, administração, etc. Como resultado do artigo, detetamos que embora se tenha trabalhado positivamente com a introdução de obrigações de serviço público aéreo, impondo um certo número de frequências, lugares, tetos tarifários, etc., o pouco interesse em trabalhar num ajustamento dos horários de funcionamento em função da procura está a levar a uma disponibilidade de tempo no destino - numa operação de ida e volta no mesmo dia, muito recorrente na mobilidade inter-ilhas, pouco favorável paraos viajantes em mais de 70% das rotas operacionais.

Resumen Este artículo tiene como objetivo la realización de un análisis de la accesibilidad aérea interinsular en las Islas Azores (Portugal). Como espacio afectado por una fragmentación territorial y, además, distante entre las diferentes islas, el transporte aéreo es de vital importancia para el desarrollo socioeconómico del Archipiélago, facilitando la movilidad de los residentes y creciente turismo. Ello se ve agravado en Azores por el escaso peso demográfico y económico, además con notorio desequilibrio entre islas. Metodológicamente, analizamos varios parámetros de accesibilidad, centrándonos en la operativa horaria, ya que es la que detectamos que presenta peores ratios. Para ello tomamos los horarios aéreos interinsulares de 12 años (2009-2020) de las temporadas de invierno, con mayor probabilidad de uso por residentes y, por ende, por motivos de desplazamiento relacionados con negocios, sanitarios, administración, etc. Como resultados del artículo, detectamos que si bien se ha trabajado positivamente con la introducción de las obligaciones de servicio público aéreo, imponiendo un determinado número de frecuencias, asientos, tope de tarifas, etc., el escaso interés en la mejora de los horarios de operatividad en función de la demanda, está llevando a disponibilidades de tiempo en destino - en una operativa de ida y vuelta en la misma jornada, muy recurrente en la movilidad interinsular, escasamente favorable para los viajeros en más del 70% de las rutas operativas.

Abstract The centenary of Celso Furtado’s birth (1920-2020), one of the most important interpreters of the Brazilian modernization process in the 20th century, has raised several debates. This article approaches his political ideas from 1945 to 1964, especially reflections on the problem of cooperation between the Union and the states, directed to reducing regional inequalities in democratic contexts. His contributions favored the advance of cooperative federalism, and had greater prestige in the Juscelino Kubitschek’s government, when Furtado coordinated the GTDN and took over Sudene - an intermediary instance between the Union and the Northeastern states. In an innovative perspective, different from the North American federalist model, the intervention of the federal government and its regional institutions gain relevance in the construction of nationality and of a more egalitarian democratic order. In addition to it, Sudene would promote another standard of public management in the Northeast, directing federal public resources according to technical criteria, and therefore strengthening regional cohesion. Furtados s 19202020, 19202020 1920 2020 , (1920-2020) th century debates 194 1964 states contexts federalism Kubitscheks Kubitschek perspective model order it Northeast criteria cohesion 1920202 192 202 (1920-2020 19 196 192020 20 (1920-202 1 19202 2 (1920-20 (1920-2 (1920- (1920 (192 (19 (1 (

Resumo O centenário do nascimento de Celso Furtado (1920-2020), um dos mais importantes intérpretes do processo de modernização brasileiro no século XX, tem suscitado diversos debates. O artigo aborda suas ideias políticas, no período de 1945 a 1964, especialmente as reflexões sobre o problema da cooperação entre a União e os estados, voltadas para a redução das desigualdades regionais em contextos democráticos. Suas contribuições favoreceram o avanço do federalismo cooperativo e tiveram maior prestígio no Governo Juscelino Kubitscheck, quando coordenou o GTDN e assumiu a Sudene - instância intermediária entre a União e os estados nordestinos. Numa perspectiva inovadora, diferente do modelo federalista norte-americano, a intervenção do governo federal e de suas instituições regionais ganham relevância na construção da nacionalidade e de uma ordem democrática mais igualitária. Além disso, a Sudene promoveria um outro padrão de gestão pública no Nordeste, direcionando recursos públicos federais segundo critérios técnicos e fortalecendo a coesão regional. JEL: B3, H77, P48. 19202020, 19202020 1920 2020 , (1920-2020) XX debates políticas 194 1964 democráticos Kubitscheck nordestinos inovadora norteamericano, norteamericano norte americano, americano norte-americano igualitária disso Nordeste regional JEL B3 B H77 H P48 P 1920202 192 202 (1920-2020 19 196 H7 P4 192020 20 (1920-202 1 19202 2 (1920-20 (1920-2 (1920- (1920 (192 (19 (1 (

Resumen Las etiquetas discursivas constituyen un mecanismo de cohesión que permite encapsular fragmentos textuales previos por medio de sintagmas nominales. Estos sintagmas funcionan como arranque para la organización informativa subsiguiente e incorporan conceptualizaciones subjetivas sobre los fragmentos a los que hace referencia y poseen, por esta razón, la capacidad de expresar evaluaciones implícitas y constituirse así en recursos argumentativos. En este artículo se estudia el rendimiento funcional de las etiquetas discursivas en el discurso oral de hablantes de español como segunda lengua (en adelante, español L2) a partir de un corpus de 5 clases de español L2 grabadas en audio. Los resultados del estudio evidencian la escasa presencia de este mecanismo cohesivo y la tendencia a utilizar en su lugar la anáfora gramatical.

Abstract Signalling nouns are cohesive devices that allow the encapsulation of previous textual fragments through nominal phrases. These phrases function as a start for the subsequent informative organization and incorporate subjective conceptualizations about referred fragments, which gives them the capacity to express implicit evaluations and thus becoming argumentation devices. This article studies the functional performance of signalling nouns in Spanish as a second language oral speech on the basis of a corpus of five Spanish lessons that were audio recorded. The study findings show the lack of these cohesive devices and the tendency to use grammatical anaphora instead.

Abstract: The clay fraction of earthen plasters is the part responsible for the acquisition of cohesion and adherence that they possess against deterioration factors. Adherence is the property responsible for keeping the plaster together with the wall and is influenced by the percentage content of clay as well as by its mineralogy and the heterogeneity of minerals that may be present. However, it is still unknown in depth how clay minerals perform in the adherent properties of earthen plasters when the composition is heterogeneous in the material. The objective of this study is to evaluate the incidence of the mineralogical complexity of clay mineralogy in the variability of the adherence of earth plasters. To evaluate the variability, considering that the mineralogy of the soils depends directly on the place and the formation processes, eight soils from Tucumán (Argentina) corresponding to different physiographic units were analyzed. A methodology was designed for sample preparation that allows soils to be compared through adhesion tests. They were characterized by XRD to determine their mineralogical composition and by the hydrometric method to determine their granulometry. To evaluate the adherence of mixtures made with the respective soils, it was proposed in the first instance to compensate the granulometry of the soils to equate them and, once the plasters were made, this property was evaluated through shear and pull-off tests. The results showed that they allowed us to identify that the soils presented a pattern of mineralogical composition common to all the physiographic units, made up of the Ill and K pair, the former being predominant. For this pattern, it was observed in particular that there is a positive correlation between the increase in Ill content with the increase in the adhesive strength of the plasters. Clay minerals from the Sm group also contribute to the increase in adherence when the percentage is greater than or equal to 11%. On the contrary, K and Cl do not influence the increase in adhesive strength

Abstract Seismic bearing capacity of strip footings is a challenging task for geotechnical engineers due to its stochastic framework instigated by the natural uncertainties incorporated into geotechnical properties and earthquake parameters. Consequently, the introduction of the random field theory into reliability analysis may provide power tools to succor designers check how reliable their designs. This paper aims to assess the seismic bearing capacity of shallow strip footings resting on soils with randomly varying parameters. Bearing capacity formulas for purely cohesive and cohesive-frictional soils are considered. The influence of the type of the autocorrelation functions (ACFs), the scale of fluctuations (SOFs) and the coefficient of variation (COV) of the random parameters are investigated. Statistical moments, probability density function (PDF) and failure probability (Pf) of the seismic bearing capacity are computed. It is shown that the Single Exponential (SNE) ACF is the most appropriate function to characterize the spatial variability of the soil properties since it provides conservative results. On other hand, the results indicate that the increase in the coefficients of variation (COV) of the cohesion or the friction angle increases the variability of the seismic bearing capacity while this variability remains unaffected when the COV of the seismic coefficient increases. The results also highlight that the effect of the vertical SOF on the PDF and the failure probability is much more significant than that of the horizontal SOF. In addition, the mean seismic bearing capacity fluctuates slightly as the horizontal or vertical SOF increases so that the increment of variation is between 0.4% and 2% for the both two soil types. Consequently designs cohesivefrictional frictional considered ACFs, ACFs , (ACFs) SOFs (SOFs (COV investigated moments (PDF Pf (Pf computed SNE (SNE hand addition 04 0 4 0.4 2 types (ACFs 0.