Resumen En prisión existen programas específicos de tratamiento para condenados por agresión sexual a menores; sin embargo, quienes además tienen pedofilia, requieren una atención específica. El objetivo del presente estudio es doble: primero, ofrecer una propuesta de intervención específica para pedofilia en el entorno penitenciario basada en la evidencia científica disponible y complementaria al Programa de Control de la Agresión Sexual y después, justificar dicha propuesta a través del caso de un interno con pedofilia. En concreto, proponemos una intervención individual y centrada en personas con pedofilia; trabajando la baja autoestima, evaluando la ideación suicida y reestructurando las distorsiones cognitivas con menores, facilitando la creación de relaciones personales funcionales con adultos, evaluando la polivictimización pasada y su posible influencia sobre la conducta sexual posterior, proporcionar a los internos psicoeducación sobre pedofilia; atender de forma específica las fantasías sexuales con menores, evitando las conductas disexuales y la eliminación del consumo de material abusivo.

Abstract There are specific treatment programs in prisons for those convicted of sexually assaulting minors; however, those who also have pedophilia require specific attention. The aim of this study is twofold: first, to offer a specific intervention proposal for pedophilia in the prison setting based on the available scientific evidence, and complementary to the Sexual Assault Control Program, and second, to justify this proposal through the case of an inmate with pedophilia. Specifically, we propose an individual intervention focused on people with pedophilia; working on low self-esteem, assessing suicidal ideation, and restructuring cognitive distortions with minors, facilitating the creation of functional personal relationships with adults, assessing past polyvictimization and its possible influence on subsequent sexual behavior, providing inmates with psychoeducation on pedophilia; specifically addressing sexual fantasies with minors, avoiding dissexual behavior, and eliminating the consumption of abusive material.

RESUMEN Introducción: En Santa Clara se recibieron los primeros casos diagnosticados en Cuba de la COVID-19. A partir de alteraciones emocionales reportadas se decidió utilizar la psicoterapia cognitivo conductual como recurso terapéutico para tratar los estados depresivos consecuentes. Objetivo: Evaluar la efectividad de la psicoterapia cognitivo conductual bajo estado hipnótico en pacientes con depresión post-COVID-19. Métodos: Se realizó un estudio explicativo con enfoque cuantitativo. La muestra se seleccionó de manera aleatoria en 30 pacientes divididos en 2 grupos, ingresados entre abril y septiembre del 2020 y diagnosticados con la COVID-19. Se empleó el inventario de depresión de Beck para evaluar el estado depresivo antes y después de la intervención con psicoterapia en estado de vigilia y en hipnosis. Resultados: En ambos grupos, los síntomas depresivos desaparecieron, en el 97 % de los pacientes el estado depresivo se eliminó. La psicoterapia de enfoque cognitivo conductual en estado de vigila e hipnótico se consideró efectiva en la depresión post-COVID-19 a partir de evaluar mejoría en más del 50 % de los casos. El grupo que recibió la psicoterapia en estado hipnótico necesitó la mitad de las sesiones que el grupo en vigilia. Conclusiones: La terapia cognitivo conductual en estado hipnótico es efectiva, reduce las distorsiones cognitivas, los niveles de depresión y la sintomatología depresiva.

ABSTRACT Introduction: The first cases diagnosed in Cuba of COVID-19 were received in Santa Clara. Based on reported emotional disturbances, it was decided to use Cognitive Behavioral psychotherapy as a therapeutic resource to treat consequent depressive states. Objective: To evaluate the effectiveness of Cognitive Behavioral psychotherapy under hypnosis in patients with post-COVID-19 depression. Methods: An explanatory study with a quantitative approach was carried out. The sample was randomly selected in 30 patients divided into 2 groups, admitted between April and September 2020 and diagnosed with COVID-19. The Beck Depression Inventory was used to assess depressive state before and after the intervention with psychotherapy in the waking state and in hypnosis. Results: In both groups, the depressive symptoms disappeared, in 97% of the patients the depressive state was eliminated. Psychotherapy with a Cognitive Behavioral approach in a vigilant and hypnotic state was considered effective in post-COVID-19 depression after evaluating improvement in more than 50% of cases. The group that received psychotherapy in a hypnotic state required half as many sessions as the waking group. Conclusions: Cognitive behavioral therapy in a hypnotic state is effective, reducing cognitive distortions, levels of depression and depressive symptoms.

RESUMEN La educación no puede quedar al margen del funcionamiento del cerebro de los discentes, como tampoco de los docentes. Ha emergido con fuerza el paradigma de la neuroeducación como pedagogía del futuro. Aglutina, principalmente, a la pedagogía, la psicología del aprendizaje y las neurociencias cognitivas. Reivindica ajustar la enseñanza al funcionamiento cerebral del aprendiente, reaccionando ante las escasas evidencias neurocientíficas del corpus teórico de la pedagogía y la didáctica. En parte, porque muchas han sido descubiertas recientemente gracias a la investigación neurológica y a los avances en el conocimiento del cerebro. A ello se suma que el cerebro no es algo inmutable, sino que su anatomía y funcionamiento varían según su empleo, de unos contextos a otros y, sobre todo, con la evolución de los tiempos, de generación en generación. De hecho, han venido proliferando en la sociedad los denominados neuromitos: malentendidos, imprecisiones, sesgos, distorsiones, bulos y errores sobre el cerebro y su funcionamiento. También se han identificado en el colectivo docente, con las consecuentes implicaciones negativas en la didáctica. Así pues, se requiere su superación, por el impacto positivo que tendrá en la educación. Se registran en este estudio los principales neuromitos docentes y los diversos contextos e instrumentos de indagación.

ABSTRACT Education cannot be ignored in the functioning of the brain of the students, nor of the teachers. The Neuroeducation paradigm has emerged with force. It mainly brings together pedagogy, learning psychology and cognitive neurosciences. It claims to adjust teaching to the brain functioning of the learner, reacting to the scarce neuroscientific evidence in the theoretical corpus of pedagogy and didactics. This is partly because much of it has only recently been discovered thanks to neurological research and advances in our knowledge of the brain. In addition, the brain is not something immutable, but its anatomy and functioning vary according to its use, from one context to another and, above all, with the evolution of time, from generation to generation. In fact, so-called neuromyths have been proliferating in society: misunderstandings, inaccuracies, biases, distortions, hoaxes and errors about the brain and how it works. They have also been identified in the teaching profession, with consequent negative implications for didactics. Overcoming them is therefore required because of the positive impact it will have on education. The main teaching neuromyths and the various contexts and instruments of enquiry are recorded in this study.

Resumen Desde el surgimiento de la psicología cognitiva, las cogniciones han tomado gran relevancia para explicar una gran variedad de fenómenos psicológicos. Un constructo que ha sido empleado en el ámbito clínico y forense es el de las distorsiones cognitivas que tiene poder predictivo sobre la conducta violenta. Las distorsiones cognitivas se definen como cogniciones irracionales y negativas: pensamiento egocéntrico, culpar a los demás, minimización y asumir lo peor. Para evaluar las distorsiones cognitivas se ha empleado el cuestionario How I Think (“Cómo pienso”), que ha sido validado para población hispanoparlante, pero no contaba con una versión validada en Perú. La presente investigación tuvo como objetivo analizar las propiedades psicométricas de una prueba que evalúa las distorsiones cognitivas en una muestra de adolescentes de la ciudad de Arequipa, Perú. Se evaluó a 2803 estudiantes nivel secundario (48.9 % mujeres y 51.1 % varones) entre 13 y 19 años, a través del cuestionario How I Think de Barriga y Gibbs (1996). El procesamiento psicométrico implicó el análisis de la validez por medio del análisis factorial confirmatorio, la confiabilidad por el método de consistencia interna y la invarianza factorial según el sexo. Los resultados psicométricos indican que la prueba tiene validez de constructo con tres factores: culpar a los demás/asumir lo peor, la minimización y el egocentrismo. También tiene índices de confiabilidad adecuados y no presenta sesgos entre varones o mujeres. Se concluye que el cuestionario How I Think es un instrumento válido y confiable para evaluar a los adolescentes peruanos, aunque presenta variaciones con respecto a su estructura original.

Abstract Since the consolidation of the cognitive psychology and its diffusion around the world, the cognitions have taken a place of great relevance in order to explain a large variety of psychological events and phenomena. Nowadays the cognitive psychology is the dominant paradigm in the wide world of psychology, including obviously the Ibero-american countries. One construct that had been used in the field of clinical and forensic psychology is related to cognitive distortions, which have predictive power over the violent and aggressive behavior in children, adolescents, and adult people (Peña & Andreu, 2012). The cognitive distortions can be defined as a kind of negative and irrational cognitions (Ellis, 1999) that are used to explain or justify the aggressive behavior, and they are also linked to delinquent behavior (Roncero et al., 2016). Cognitive distortions can be classified in two types: self-serving and self-debasing cognitive distortions. In the first case, there are four types of self-serving cognitive distortions: Self-centered, Blaming others, Minimizing/Mislabeling, and Assuming the worst. In the second case, there are also four self-debasing cognitive distortions: Catastrophizing, Overgeneralizing, Personalizing, and Selective abstraction. Both types have great influence in people’s beliefs, emotions, attitudes, and behaviors (Barriga et al., 2008). Several instruments have been applied to measure cognitive distortions. Some of them are orientated to measure the self-serving cognitive distortions and some others are orientated to measure the self-debasing type, such as The Cognitive Errors Questionnaire or The Automatic Thoughts Questionnaire. One of the most used tests to assess the self-serving cognitive distortions is the How I Think Questionnaire, that has been validated in Spanish-speaking population such as Spain, with adequate goodness of fit indexes and reliability; but there is not a validated version in Peru (Rojas et al., 2019). The present research pretends to analyze the psychometrical properties of the How I Think Questionnaire, a mental test that measures the cognitive distortions. Following that aim, this instrument was applied in a sample of adolescents from Arequipa (Peru), comprised of 2 803 middle and upper High School students (48.9 % female and 51.1 % male) between 13 and 19 years old. The version used of the How I Think Questionnaire was the one developed and validated by Barriga and Gibbs (1996), which has 54 items with five levels of Likert’s scale response. The psychometrical process implies the analysis of validity by confirmatory factor analysis, reliability by the internal consistency method, and factorial invariance according to the sex of the adolescents that participated in the sample. The psychometrical results indicate that the How I Think Questionnaire possesses construct validity with three factors: Blaming others/Assuming the worst (which contains two factors from the original version), Minimizing and Self-Centered. It also has adequate reliability indexes, estimated by McDonald’s Omega Test, and there are no trends to male or female scores according to the factorial invariance applied, taking sex as a comparison criterion. It is concluded that the How I Think Questionnaire is a valid and reliable instrument to assess Peruvian adolescents who live in Arequipa, although it presents some variations compared to its original structure. And the How I Think Questionnaire can be applied in male and female adolescents from Arequipa without the risk of biased scores. However, it is recommendable to perform new psychometric studies that include adolescent’s samples from all of Peru to obtain a standardized version for the Peruvian population that could be used in several fields of psychological work. The version presented in this research is a useful instrument to assess cognitive distortions in educational, social, and forensic psychology, by mental health specialists in Arequipa Metropolitan City.

RESUMO JUSTIFICATIVA E OBJETIVOS: A dor é definida como uma experiência sensitiva e emocional complexa, e está entre as principais causas de busca por atendimento médico, sendo a dor crônica um dos problemas de saúde mais prevalentes no mundo atual, com milhões de pessoas debilitadas por condições sintomáticas. A descoberta do sistema endocanabinoide e seus efeitos orgânicos na modulação da dor, especialmente a crônica, representou uma fonte desconhecida de possibilidades para a produção de fármacos que, teoricamente, possuiriam grande potencial de melhorar a qualidade de vida de indivíduos portadores de dor crônica. Diante disso, o objetivo geral deste trabalho foi buscar na literatura estudos que investigaram o uso de canabinoides medicinais para o tratamento da dor crônica e do comportamento doloroso. CONTEÚDO: Trata-se de um estudo de revisão narrativa da literatura em que são apresentados aspectos do comportamento doloroso, como as distorções cognitivas associadas à experiência de dor, e a influência do trauma, do estresse e de comorbidades psiquiátricas nos desfechos de dor. O sistema endocanabinoide tem influência na modulação de todos esses pontos e também na própria regulação da dor. CONCLUSÃO: Este estudo traz perspectivas sobre o comportamento doloroso e de como o sistema endocanabinoide pode interferir em diversos aspectos da dor e da forma como o paciente percebe a dor. Mais estudos sobre o assunto são de extrema relevância.

ABSTRACT BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: Pain is defined as a complex sensory and emotional experience, and it is one of the most common causes for seeking health care, being the chronic pain one of the most prevalent health conditions in the world today, with millions of people debilitated by symptomatic conditions. The discovery of the endocannabinoid system and its organic effects on pain modulation, especially chronic pain, represented an unknown source of possibilities for the production of drugs that, theoretically, would have great potential to improve the quality of life of individuals with chronic pain. Given this, the general objective of this work was to search the literature for studies that investigated the use of medicinal cannabinoids for the treatment of chronic pain and pain behavior. CONTENTS: This is a narrative review of the literature in which aspects of painful behavior are presented, such as cognitive distortions associated with the experience of pain, and the influence of trauma, stress and psychiatric comorbidities on pain outcomes. The endocannabinoid system influences the modulation of all these points and also the regulation of pain itself. CONCLUSION: This study provides perspectives on painful behavior and how the endocannabinoid system can interfere with different aspects of pain and with the way the patient perceives pain. Further studies on this issue are extremely important.

Abstract Introduction The Cognitive Distortions Questionnaire (CD-Quest) is an instrument that identifies logical errors or cognitive distortions and is used in trial-based cognitive therapy (TBCT). However, it had previously only been available for adults. Objectives To develop and validate a version of the CD-Quest for teens (CD-Quest-T) aged 11 to 17 years and test its psychometric properties. Method A total of 299 schoolchildren participated in the investigation. After content validity was assessed, the language was adapted for the target age group, and the length of the instrument was reduced to eight items (from the initial 15). Five cognitive therapists analyzed the content and structure of the items. Finally, to investigate the construct validity of the CD-Quest-T, the instrument was divided into a full scale and two subscales, which measure the frequency of the distortions and the intensity attributed to them, respectively. Results The overall internal consistency of the scale was α = 0.77, whereas subscale indices were α = 0.75 for the frequency scale and α = 0.73 for the intensity scale. Results from exploratory factor analysis and concurrent validity analysis indicated that the CD-Quest-T items have good psychometric properties and generate scores reliably. Conclusion The psychometric properties of the CD-Quest-T demonstrate its adequacy for measurement of cognitive distortions in adolescents. CDQuest CD Quest (CD-Quest trialbased trial based TBCT. TBCT . (TBCT) However adults CDQuestT T (CD-Quest-T 1 29 investigation assessed group 15. 15 15) Finally CDQuestT, T, subscales them respectively 077 0 77 0.77 075 75 0.7 073 73 reliably adolescents (TBCT 2 07 7 0.

ABSTRACT BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: Pain is defined as a complex sensory and emotional experience, and it is one of the most common causes for seeking health care, being the chronic pain one of the most prevalent health conditions in the world today, with millions of people debilitated by symptomatic conditions. The discovery of the endocannabinoid system and its organic effects on pain modulation, especially chronic pain, represented an unknown source of possibilities for the production of drugs that, theoretically, would have great potential to improve the quality of life of individuals with chronic pain. Given this, the general objective of this work was to search the literature for studies that investigated the use of medicinal cannabinoids for the treatment of chronic pain and pain behavior. CONTENTS: This is a narrative review of the literature in which aspects of painful behavior are presented, such as cognitive distortions associated with the experience of pain, and the influence of trauma, stress and psychiatric comorbidities on pain outcomes. The endocannabinoid system influences the modulation of all these points and also the regulation of pain itself. CONCLUSION: This study provides perspectives on painful behavior and how the endocannabinoid system can interfere with different aspects of pain and with the way the patient perceives pain. Further studies on this issue are extremely important. OBJECTIVES care today theoretically CONTENTS presented trauma outcomes itself CONCLUSION important

RESUMO JUSTIFICATIVA E OBJETIVOS: A dor é definida como uma experiência sensitiva e emocional complexa, e está entre as principais causas de busca por atendimento médico, sendo a dor crônica um dos problemas de saúde mais prevalentes no mundo atual, com milhões de pessoas debilitadas por condições sintomáticas. A descoberta do sistema endocanabinoide e seus efeitos orgânicos na modulação da dor, especialmente a crônica, representou uma fonte desconhecida de possibilidades para a produção de fármacos que, teoricamente, possuiriam grande potencial de melhorar a qualidade de vida de indivíduos portadores de dor crônica. Diante disso, o objetivo geral deste trabalho foi buscar na literatura estudos que investigaram o uso de canabinoides medicinais para o tratamento da dor crônica e do comportamento doloroso. CONTEÚDO: Trata-se de um estudo de revisão narrativa da literatura em que são apresentados aspectos do comportamento doloroso, como as distorções cognitivas associadas à experiência de dor, e a influência do trauma, do estresse e de comorbidades psiquiátricas nos desfechos de dor. O sistema endocanabinoide tem influência na modulação de todos esses pontos e também na própria regulação da dor. CONCLUSÃO: Este estudo traz perspectivas sobre o comportamento doloroso e de como o sistema endocanabinoide pode interferir em diversos aspectos da dor e da forma como o paciente percebe a dor. Mais estudos sobre o assunto são de extrema relevância. OBJETIVOS complexa médico atual sintomáticas teoricamente disso CONTEÚDO Tratase Trata se trauma CONCLUSÃO relevância

Resumo Introdução: As distorções cognitivas de indivíduos que vitimizam sexualmente crianças e/ou adolescentes vêm sendo objeto de investigação, pois podem estar na base da conduta delitiva. Objetivo: analisar as distorções cognitivas de indivíduos presos pelo crime de estupro de vulnerável contra crianças e/ou adolescentes e verificar associações com experiências na família de origem, esquemas iniciais desadaptativos, autoestima e autoeficácia, bem como avaliar o poder preditivo dessas variáveis para a ocorrência de distorções cognitivas. Método: Tratase de uma pesquisa descritiva, correlacional e explicativa, realizada com 49 homens cumprindo pena em regime fechado. Foram aplicados os instrumentos Family Background Questionnaire, Young Schema Quetionnaire, General Self-Efficacy Scale, Rosenberg Self-Esteem Scale e foi feito um levantamento documental dos processos judiciais dos participantes. Resultados: O estudo revelou associações entre as distorções cognitivas e o abuso de substâncias paterno (r=0,417; p=0,034), assim como com os esquemas de vulnerabilidade ao dano (r=0,416; p=0,008), defectividade (r=0,405; p=0,013) e grandiosidade (r=0,339; p=0,040). O esquema de vulnerabilidade ao dano foi a única variável preditiva das distorções cognitivas, explicando 73,4 % da variância. Conclusão: importância da análise de distorções cognitivas em vitimizadores sexuais infantis e a possibilidade da terapia dos esquemas como alternativa de tratamento.

Resumen Introdución: Las distorsiones cognitivas de individuos que victimizan sexualmente a niños han sido objeto de investigación, pues pueden ser la base de un comportamiento criminal. Objetivo: Analizar las distorsiones cognitivas de personas encarceladas por el delito de violencia sexual contra niños y / o adolescentes y verificar las asociaciones con experiencias en la familia de origen, esquemas iniciales desadaptativos, autoestima y autoeficacia, así como evaluar el poder predictivo de estas variables en las distorsiones cognitivas. Método: Es una investigación descriptiva, correlacional y explicativa, llevada a cabo con 49 hombres encarcelados en régimen cerrado. Se aplicaron los instrumentos Family Background Questionnaire, Young Schema Quetionnaire, General Self-Efficacy Scale, Rosenberg Self-Esteem Scale y se realizó una encuesta documental de los procesos judiciales de los participantes. Resultados: El estudio reveló asociaciones entre las distorsiones cognitivas y el abuso de sustancias paterno (r = 0,417; p = 0,034), así como con los esquemas de vulnerabilidad a daños (r = 0,416; p = 0,008), defectos (r = 0,405; p = 0,013) y magnitud (r = 0,339; p = 0,040). El esquema de vulnerabilidad al daño fue la única variable predictiva para las distorsiones cognitivas, explicando el 73,4 % de la varianza. Conclusiones: importancia de analizar las distorsiones cognitivas en los abusadores sexuales infantiles y la posibilidad de la terapia de esquema como un tratamiento alternativo.

Abstract Introduction: Cognitive distortions of child sexual offenders have been researched because they might be the foundation for tort conduct. Objective: the aim of this study was to analyze cognitive distortions in individuals convicted for statutory rape against children and/or teenagers and verify connections with their family of origin, early maladaptive schema, self-esteem, and self-efficacy, as well as to assess the predictive power of these variables in the occurrence of cognitive distortions. Method: this was a descriptive, correlational and explanatory research performed with 49 men currently serving time without parole. The following instruments were administered: Family Background Questionnaire, Young Schema Questionnaire, General Self-Efficacy Scale, Rosenberg Self-Esteem Scale, as well as a documentary review of the legal proceedings of the participants. Results: the study revealed connections between cognitive distortions and substance abuse by the father (r=0,417; p=0,034), as well as vulnerability to harm (r=0,416; p=0,008), defectiveness (r=0,405; p=0,013), and grandiosity (r=0,339; p=0,040) schema. The vulnerability to harm scheme was the only predictive variable for cognitive distortions, accounting for 73,4 % of the variance. Conclusion: importance of analyzing cognitive distortions in child sexual victimizers and the possibility of schema therapy as an alternative treatment.

RESUMEN Se analizó el papel del género con relación a dos estrategias de evaluación de intereses sexuales: una versión reducida ad-hoc del Inventario Multifásico de la Sexualidad (IMS) y una tarea de medición de Tiempos de Reacción a Estímulos Sexuales visuales (TRES). Con una muestra incidental de 60 sujetos se analizaron las propiedades psicométricas de una versión de 63 ítems del IMS. La prueba TRES se basó en imágenes de contenidos heterosexuales, homosexuales, de adultos, infantiles y neutrales presentadas en computador. Los resultados muestran una fiabilidad interna aceptable de varias de las subescalas del IMS, y validez de constructo entre ellas. En el IMS, los hombres mostraron más distorsiones cognitivas y obsesiones sexuales, inicio más temprano en la sexualidad y menor deseabilidad social en temas sexuales. En relación con la prueba TRES, las mujeres emplearon menos tiempo ante imágenes de adultos (d de Cohen: 0,85), y más ante imágenes de niños y neutrales (d: 0.61 y d: 0.75). Se encontraron varias correlaciones significativas entre subescalas del IMS y las dimensiones TRES.

RESUMO O papel do gênero foi examinado em relação a duas estratégias de avaliação de interesse sexual: uma versão abreviada ad-hoc do Multiphasic Sexuality Inventory (MSE) e uma tarefa que mede os tempos de reação aos estímulos sexuais visuais (TRES). Com uma amostra incidental de 60 sujeitos, foram analisadas as propriedades psicométricas de uma versão de 63 itens do IMS. O teste TRES foi baseado em imagens computadorizadas de conteúdo heterossexual, homossexual, adulto, infantil e neutro. Os resultados mostram a confiabilidade interna aceitável de vários dos subscritores do IMS, e constroem validade entre eles. No IMS, os homens mostraram mais distorções cognitivas e obsessões sexuais, início mais precoce da sexualidade e menos desejo social em matéria sexual. Em relação ao teste TRES, as mulheres passaram menos tempo com imagens de adultos (d: 0,85 da Cohen), e mais tempo com imagens de crianças e neutros (d: 0,61 e d: 0,75 da Cohen). Foram encontradas várias correlações significativas entre as dimensões IMS e TRES.

ABSTRACT Gender differences were analyzed in relation to two sexual interest evaluation strategies: a reduced ad-hoc version of the Multiphasic Sex Inventory (MSI) and a measurement task of Visual Reaction Times (VRT) to Sexual Stimuli. With an incidental sample of 60 individuals, psychometric properties of a 63 items version of the MSI were analyzed. The VRT was a computer-based heterosexual, homosexual, adults, children, and neutral images test. Results show an acceptable internal reliability of several MSI subscales, and construct validity among them. In the MSI, men showed more cognitive distortions and sexual obsessions, as well as early starting in sexual activities and less social desirability in sexual matters. Regarding to VRT, women spent less time on adult images (Cohen's d: 0.85, and more on children (d: 0.61) and neutral images (d: 0.75). Several significant correlations between MSI subscales and VRT dimensions were found.

Abstract Growing number of researches has studied driving phobia of in the last decades. Excessive fear of driving can cause impacts on the individual's career, social embarrassment and significant restrictions on their autonomy. The aim of this study was to investigate whether treatment with virtual reality exposure and Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (CBT) strategies were able to 1- reduce the frequency of cognitive distortions associated with driving, 2- increase participants' sense of self-efficacy, and 3 - increase the probability of going to in vivo exposure. 18 participants were randomly allocated into three groups: 1) 3 cognitive restructuring sessions + 7 virtual reality exposure sessions; 2) 3 relaxation / diaphragmatic breathing sessions + 7 virtual reality exposure sessions; 3) 3 relaxation / diaphragmatic breathing sessions and cognitive restructuring + 7 virtual reality exposure sessions. Participants answered Driving Cognition Questionnaire (DCQ) and the Self-efficacy Driving Scale (EADir - v2) in the first and tenth session. There was a significant reduction in the frequency of distorted thoughts and a significant increase in participants' sense of self-efficacy. In addition, it can be observed that the treatment favored to go to in vivo exposures. CBT strategies and virtual reality exposure proved to be effective. Although there are statistically significant changes in the mean scores of the instruments used, we can point out as limitations of this study the sample size. We use nonparametric statistical test and there was not follow up to confirm if the gains were maintained. Therefore, we recommend new investigations, controlling these variables.

Resumo A Fobia de Dirigir tem sido alvo, nas últimas décadas, de um crescente número de estudos, uma vez que o medo excessivo e perseverante de conduzir um automóvel pode promover impactos na carreira do indivíduo, embaraço social e restrições significativas em sua autonomia. O objetivo desse estudo foi investigar se o tratamento através da exposição por realidade virtual e outras estratégias da Terapia Cognitivo-Comportamental (TCC) foram capazes de 1- reduzir a frequência de pensamentos distorcidos associados à direção, 2- aumentar o senso de autoeficácia dos participantes e 3- contribuir para que esses se engajassem em exposições ao vivo. Dezoito participantes foram alocados de forma aleatória em três grupos: 1) 3 sessões de reestruturação cognitiva + 7 sessões de exposição por realidade virtual; 2) 3 sessões de relaxamento/ respiração diafragmática + 7 sessões de exposição por realidade virtual; 3) 3 sessões de relaxamento/ respiração diafragmática e reestruturação cognitiva + 7 sessões de exposição por realidade virtual. Os participantes responderam na primeira e na décima sessão o Questionário de Cognições na Direção (DCQ) e a Escala de Autoeficácia para dirigir (EADir-v2). Houve redução significativa na frequência de pensamentos distorcidos e aumento significativo no senso de autoeficácia dos participantes. Além disso, pode-se afirmar que o tratamento favoreceu para que os sujeitos enfrentassem posteriormente as exposições ao vivo. As estratégias de TCC e a exposição por realidade virtual mostraram-se eficazes. Apesar de se apresentarem mudanças estatisticamente significativas nos escores médios dos instrumentos utilizados, podemos apontar como limitações do estudo o tamanho da amostra, a utilização de um teste estatístico não paramétrico e a ausência de uma reavaliação para se confirmar se os ganhos foram mantidos. Portanto, recomendamos que outras investigações, controlando mais e melhor estas variáveis, sejam feitas.

The central theme of the present argument is the matter of church participants' engagement in liturgy and how this could enhance their capacity for making moral decisions. First, one should acknowledge that participants in the liturgy and faith communities have to cope with the reality that people should make moral decisions within the public domain. Liturgy has inevitably enabled participants to see things they do not or may not want to. The functioning of cognitive distortions in corruption is evident in systemic political corruption and micro-levels of community and culture. Furthermore, people are confronted with different kinds of understandings about corruption. In this article, it is argued that moral decision-making should be enhanced and communicated by liturgy. It embarks on descriptive, systemising, and strategizing perspectives to delineate faith communities' responsibility regarding people's duty to act morally within their environments. First, this article offers a descriptive section of the currently concerning aspects to be found under this rubric. Second, systemising perspectives based on the philosophy of religion and cognitive psychology are examined as centred on the intimate interplay with ethics and liturgy. Finally, the following research question is formulated and briefly discussed: Could participation in the liturgy offer a new understanding to people confronted with moral decisionmaking in a praxis of cognitive corruption? The methodological approach of Browning has been carefully identified to arrange the research into coherent phases and reflect on the research question. The article concludes with one or two practical theological perspectives that could lead to a follow-up discussion around how cognitive corruption could be addressed within a liturgical praxis.

Abstract: This research studied the relationship between Emotional Dependence and Cognitive Distortions in women victims of intimate partner violence. It is a quantitative study of correlational scope. We worked with an intentional sample of 42 women aged between 18 and 54 years victims of Domestic Violence who attend public institutions that provide legal and psychological assistance to them. The Emotional Dependency Questionnaire and the Inventory of Automatic Thoughts were used. The data analysis was done with the SPSS 20 statistical program. The results indicate that there are positive relationships between most dimensions of emotional dependence and types of cognitive distortions.

Resumen: Esta investigación estudia la relación entre Dependencia Emocional y Distorsiones Cognitivas en mujeres víctimas de violencia conyugal. Se trata de un estudio cuantitativo de alcance correlacional. Se trabajó con una muestra intencional de 42 mujeres con edades comprendidas entre 18 a 54 años víctimas de Violencia Doméstica quienes asisten a instituciones públicas que brindan asistencia jurídica y psicológica a estas personas. Se utilizó el Cuestionario de Dependencia Emocional y el Inventario de Pensamientos Automáticos. El análisis de datos se realizó con el programa estadístico SPSS 20. Los resultados indican que existen relaciones positivas entre la mayoría de las dimensiones de dependencia emocional y los tipos de distorsiones cognitivas.

Abstract. Objective: The main aim of this study is to analyse the acceptance of distorted beliefs about gender roles and violence against women in a sample of future teachers from Spain and Latin America. Method: The methodology used has been quantitative, and the design is cross-sectional. The sampling was intentional and not probabilistic. The sample is composed of 2395 trainee teachers who studied at universities and higher education centers from Argentina, Chile, Colombia, El Salvador, Spain, and Mexico. Information was collected through a structured questionnaire that included the Inventory of Distorted Thoughts about Women and the Use of Violence-Revised (Echeburúa et al., 2016). The analysis used (chi-square, Student T, and ANOVA) made it possible to evaluate the influence of sex and country. Results: The results show statistically significant differences among countries in the acceptance of distorted beliefs. Men, compared to women, tend to present more cognitive distortions about gender roles and intimate partner violence against women. Conclusion: The education system is one of the main socialising agents, so teacher training in equality is essential to eliminate gender biases and contribute to the promotion of a society free of violence against women.

Resumen. Objetivo: El objetivo de este estudio ha sido analizar la aceptación de creencias distorsionadas sobre los roles de género y sobre la violencia contra las mujeres en una muestra de futuros y futuras docentes de España y Latinoamérica. Metodología: La metodología del estudio ha sido cuantitativa y el diseño, transversal. El muestreo fue intencional y no probabilístico. Participaron 2395 docentes en formación de universidades y centros de formación superior de Argentina, Chile, Colombia, El Salvador, España y México. La información se recolectó por medio de un cuestionario estructurado que incluyó el Inventario de Pensamientos Distorsionados sobre la Mujer y el Uso de la Violencia Revisado (Echeburúa et al., 2016). Los análisis empleados (chi-cuadrado, t de Student y ANOVA) han permitido evaluar la influencia del sexo y del país. Resultados: Los resultados reportan diferencias estadísticamente significativas entre los países de la muestra en la aceptación de las creencias distorsionadas. Los hombres, en comparación con las mujeres, tienden a presentar más distorsiones cognitivas sobre los roles de género y la violencia íntima de pareja contra las mujeres. Conclusión: El sistema educativo es uno de los principales agentes socializadores, por lo que la formación del profesorado en materia de igualdad es esencial para eliminar los sesgos de género y contribuir al fomento de una sociedad libre de violencia contra las mujeres.

Resumen Antecedentes/objetivo: La toma de decisiones es un conjunto de habilidades útiles para el funcionamiento diario que permite a las personas realizar sus tareas y controlar objetivos y metas, generando respuestas a las demandas del entorno a partir de sus recursos. La investigación y la intervención con adolescentes requieren instrumentos fiables para evaluar la toma de decisiones. El Melbourne Decision Making Questionnaire (MDMQ) es un instrumento que evalúa los estilos de toma de decisiones y ha sido validado con éxito en diferentes contextos culturales. Este artículo analizó las propiedades psicométricas, la validez de constructo (factorial, convergente y discriminante) y la validez predictiva del MDMQ en adolescentes colombianos. Método: Se realizó un estudio transversal en el que participaron 822 adolescentes de 14 a 18 años (M = 16.09, DT = 1.31, 33,7% chicas), 410 del sistema escolar (M = 15.50, DT = 1.29, 48.54% chicas) y 412 adolescentes del Sistema de Responsabilidad Penal (M = 16.6, DT = 1.04, 18.93% chicas). Se evaluaron los estilos de toma de decisiones, la inteligencia emocional, las distorsiones cognitivas, la conducta prosocial y la conducta antisocial. Se realizaron análisis factoriales confirmatorios (AFC), análisis de fiabilidad, correlacionales y predictivos. Resultados: El AFC mostró índices de ajuste satisfactorios para el modelo original de cuatro factores y 22 ítems. Se observaron condiciones de fiabilidad suficientes. Los resultados indicaron que la toma de decisiones racional (vigilancia) se asocia positivamente con la inteligencia emocional e influye en el comportamiento prosocial. Los estilos negativos de toma de decisiones se asocian con las distorsiones cognitivas e influyen en el comportamiento antisocial. Conclusiones: Después de analizar las propiedades psicométricas, se concluye que el MDMQ es un instrumento válido para evaluar los estilos de toma de decisiones de los adolescentes colombianos.

Abstract Background/objective: Decision-making is a set of skills useful for daily functioning which allow people to perform their tasks and control objectives and goals, generating responses to the environment’s demands from their resources. Research and intervention with adolescents require reliable instruments to assess decision-making. The Melbourne Decision Making Questionnaire (MDMQ) is an instrument that assesses decision-making styles and has been successfully validated in different cultural contexts. This study analysed the psychometric properties, construct validity (factorial, convergent, and discriminant), and predictive validity of the MDMQ in Colombian adolescents. Method: A cross-sectional study was conducted in which 822 adolescents aged 14 to 18 years (M = 16.09, SD = 1.31, 33.7% girls), 410 from the regular school system (M = 15.50, SD = 1.29, 48.54% girls) and 412 adolescents from the Criminal Responsibility System (M = 16.6, SD = 1.04, 18.93% girls) participated. Decision-making styles, emotional intelligence, cognitive distortions, prosocial behaviour and antisocial behaviour were assessed. Confirmatory Factor Analysis (CFA), reliability, correlational and predictive analyses were performed. Results: The CFA showed satisfactory fit indices for the original model of four factors and 22 items. Sufficient reliability conditions were observed. The results indicated that rational decision-making (vigilance) is positively associated with emotional intelligence and influences prosocial behaviour. Negative decision-making styles are associated with cognitive distortions and influence antisocial behaviour. Conclusions: After analysing the psychometric properties, it is concluded that the MDMQ is a valid instrument to assess the decision-making styles of Colombian adolescents.

Abstract The COVID-19 pandemic is unquestionably impacting on the mental health of the population worldwide. Fear of contamination can both increase levels of stress in healthy individuals and intensify psychiatric symptoms in patients with pre-existing conditions, especially obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD). During the COVID-19 pandemic, the imminent risk of contamination creates a logical need for self-surveillance and hygiene habits. However, this kind of information can have drastic implications for subjects with OCD, since cognitive distortions and compensatory strategies (cleansing rituals) are no longer irrational or oversized – rather, these ideas become legitimate and socially accepted, generating plausible validation for the intensification of compulsive cleaning rituals. Patients who presented remission of OCD symptoms would be more likely to have a relapse, and subclinical patients may scale up and ultimately be diagnosed with OCD due to the reinforcement of their habits, emotions and thoughts.