Abstract Purpose: To review the current advances and current of the study of consciousness in order to discuss the advantages of a research program on consciousness defined by biology and complexity sciences. Methodological design: A review of the scientific literature of consciousness showed conceptual and methodological findings and their limitations. An analysis of the methods of complexity sciences and biology was carried out to discuss how this approach is able to contribute to the study of consciousness. Results: Among the comparative development of different current theories on consciousness we have the Theory of the integration of information and the Theory of the global work area. We also present a working scheme with the methods of complexity sciences and suggest evolutionary biology as a framework for the interpretation of the results. Research Limitations: A lack of consensus on definition makes it difficult to integrate empirical data into a general theory of consciousness. Findings: Six points were discussed as necessary for the research program of evolutionary biology and complexity, such as: the adaptive functional analysis of consciousness, the emergence of modular structures, evolutionary novelties, the genetic correspondence of cognitive abilities, the effect of the environment and reciprocal causality.

Resumen Objetivo: Presentar los avances y problemas vigentes del estudio de la consciencia con el fin de discutir las ventajas de un programa de investigación centrado en ella, definido por la biología evolutiva y las ciencias de la complejidad. Diseño metodológico: Se realizó una revisión de la literatura científica de los estudios de la consciencia. La revisión se centró en mostrar los hallazgos y limitaciones conceptuales y metodológicas. Posterior a eso, se realizó un análisis de los métodos de las ciencias de la complejidad y la biología evolutiva para discutir sus alcances en el estudio de la consciencia. Resultados: Se presenta el desarrollo comparativo de diferentes teorías actuales sobre la consciencia, entre ellas: la Teoría de la integración de la información y la Teoría del área de trabajo global. También se presenta un esquema de trabajo con los métodos de las ciencias de la complejidad y se sugiere a la biología evolutiva como un marco para la interpretación de los resultados. Limitaciones de la investigación: La falta de consenso en la definición dificulta la integración de los datos empíricos en una teoría general de la consciencia. Hallazgos: Se argumenta a favor de seis puntos necesarios para el programa de investigación de la biología evolutiva y de la complejidad. Los puntos son: el análisis funcional adaptativo de la consciencia, la emergencia de estructuras modulares, las novedades evolutivas, la correspondencia genética de las capacidades cognitivas, el efecto del medio y la causalidad recíproca.

Abstract Purpose: To review the current advances and current of the study of consciousness in order to discuss the advantages of a research program on consciousness defined by biology and complexity sciences. Methodological design: A review of the scientific literature of consciousness showed conceptual and methodological findings and their limitations. An analysis of the methods of complexity sciences and biology was carried out to discuss how this approach is able to contribute to the study of consciousness. Results: Among the comparative development of different current theories on consciousness we have the Theory of the integration of information and the Theory of the global work area. We also present a working scheme with the methods of complexity sciences and suggest evolutionary biology as a framework for the interpretation of the results. Research Limitations: A lack of consensus on definition makes it difficult to integrate empirical data into a general theory of consciousness. Findings: Six points were discussed as necessary for the research program of evolutionary biology and complexity, such as: the adaptive functional analysis of consciousness, the emergence of modular structures, evolutionary novelties, the genetic correspondence of cognitive abilities, the effect of the environment and reciprocal causality.

Resumen Objetivo: Presentar los avances y problemas vigentes del estudio de la consciencia con el fin de discutir las ventajas de un programa de investigación centrado en ella, definido por la biología evolutiva y las ciencias de la complejidad. Diseño metodológico: Se realizó una revisión de la literatura científica de los estudios de la consciencia. La revisión se centró en mostrar los hallazgos y limitaciones conceptuales y metodológicas. Posterior a eso, se realizó un análisis de los métodos de las ciencias de la complejidad y la biología evolutiva para discutir sus alcances en el estudio de la consciencia. Resultados: Se presenta el desarrollo comparativo de diferentes teorías actuales sobre la consciencia, entre ellas: la Teoría de la integración de la información y la Teoría del área de trabajo global. También se presenta un esquema de trabajo con los métodos de las ciencias de la complejidad y se sugiere a la biología evolutiva como un marco para la interpretación de los resultados. Limitaciones de la investigación: La falta de consenso en la definición dificulta la integración de los datos empíricos en una teoría general de la consciencia. Hallazgos: Se argumenta a favor de seis puntos necesarios para el programa de investigación de la biología evolutiva y de la complejidad. Los puntos son: el análisis funcional adaptativo de la consciencia, la emergencia de estructuras modulares, las novedades evolutivas, la correspondencia genética de las capacidades cognitivas, el efecto del medio y la causalidad recíproca.

Resumo: As habilidades cognitivas das crianças variam conforme os contextos de desenvolvimento cultural em que elas se desenvolvem. Partindo do pressuposto da variabilidade cultural, este estudo teve como objetivo comparar as habilidades executivas de 110 crianças, com idades entre 9 e 11 anos, pertencentes a três grupos: não mapuche urbanas, mapuche urbanas e mapuche rurais, de municípios da região de La Araucanía, Chile. Foi utilizado um desenho descritivo e correlacional para comparar o desempenho das crianças nas variáveis de interesse. A bateria de instrumentos foi composta por três testes que avaliaram: atualização, mudança entre conjuntos mentais e inibição, respectivamente. Os resultados indicam que não houve diferença estatisticamente significativa em atualização e mudança entre conjuntos mentais, mas houve significância estatística para as diferenças em inibição, com as crianças não mapuches apresentando maior inibição do que os outros dois grupos. Os resultados são discutidos de acordo com a hipótese de que o desenvolvimento de habilidades está relacionado às práticas cotidianas, demandas e características sociodemográficas dos contextos em que as crianças se desenvolvem.

Resumen: Las habilidades cognitivas de los niños varían conforme a los contextos de desarrollo cultural en los que se desenvuelven. Asumiendo la variabilidad cultural, este estudio tuvo por objetivo comparar las habilidades ejecutivas en 110 niños, entre 9 y 11 años, pertenecientes a tres grupos: no mapuche urbanos, mapuche urbanos y mapuche rurales, de comunas de la región de La Araucanía, Chile. Se usó un diseño descriptivo y correlacional para contrastar el desempeño de los niños en las variables de interés. La batería de instrumentos estuvo formada por tres pruebas que evaluaron: actualización, cambio entre conjuntos mentales e inhibición, respectivamente. Los resultados indican que no hubo diferencias estadísticamente significativas en actualización y cambio entre conjuntos mentales, pero sí hubo significancia estadística para las diferencias en inhibición; siendo los niños no mapuche quienes tuvieron mayor inhibición respecto de los otros dos grupos. Se discuten los hallazgos según la hipótesis de que el desarrollo de habilidades se relaciona con las prácticas cotidianas, demandas y características sociodemográficas de los contextos en los que los niños se desarrollan.

Abstract: Children's cognitive abilities differ according to the cultural development settings in which they are raised. Assuming cultural variability, this study compared the executive functions in 110 children, aged 9 to 11 years, belonging to three groups: urban non-Mapuche, urban Mapuche, and rural Mapuche, from communes in the Araucanía region, Chile. A descriptive and correlational design was used to contrast children's performance on the variables of interest. The battery of instruments comprised three tests that assessed updating, set-shifting, and inhibition, respectively. The results indicate no statistically significant differences in updating and set-shifting, but there was a statistical significance for differences in inhibition, with non-Mapuche children having greater inhibition than the other two groups. The findings are discussed according to the hypothesis that skill development is related to the daily practices, demands, and sociodemographic characteristics of the settings in which children are raised.

Resumen Introducción/objetivo: El proceso de envejecimiento saludable implica cambios en las funciones neurobiológicas a varios niveles y se asocia con un ligero deterioro en diversos dominios cognitivos, como las funciones ejecutivas (FE), así como con una mejora de las habilidades emocionales. El objetivo de este estudio es comparar el uso de estrategias de regulación emocional (RE) en jóvenes y adultos mayores y explorar la asociación entre habilidades de RE y FE entre los grupos etarios. Método: Participaron 40 jóvenes entre 18 y 39 años (50 % mujeres) y 40 adultos mayores de > 60 años (50 % mujeres), todos residentes en el Distrito Federal (Brasil). Se administraron las pruebas de Fluidez Verbal Fonológica (FAS), semántica y de cambio (animales y frutas) y de acciones, junto al Test de Stroop. Resultados: Hubo una correlación estadísticamente significativa entre la estrategia de reevaluación cognitiva (RC) y las pruebas de fluidez verbal semántica y de cambio en jóvenes y entre la estrategia de RC y la prueba FAS y el Test Stroop en adultos mayores. Eso es, el desempeño ejecutivo mostró relación directa con la RE en ambos grupos, con mayor uso de la RC por parte de los adultos mayores. Conclusiones: Los resultados de este estudio resaltan la pertinencia de continuar investigando la relación entre estas habilidades y analizar con mayor profundidad sus alteraciones durante la edad adulta y el proceso de envejecimiento.

Abstract Introduction/objective: The healthy aging process involves changes in neurobiological functions at various levels and is associated with a slight impairment in various cognitive domains, such as executive functions (EF), as well as the enhancement of emotional skills. The objective of this study was to compare the use of emotion regulation (ER) strategies in young adults (YA) and older adults (OA) and explore the association between ER skills and EF between age groups. Method: Participants were 40 YA between 18 and 39 years of age (50% women) and 40 OA > 60 years old (50% women), residents in the Federal District, Brazil. Phonological Verbal Fluency (FAS), semantic and switching (animals and fruits) and action tests were administered, along with the Stroop Test. Results: There was a statistically significant correlation of the Cognitive Reappraisal (CR) strategy and both semantic and switching verbal fluency tests in YA, and between the CR strategy and the FAS test and the Stroop Test in OA. That is, executive performance showed a direct relationship with ER in both groups, with greater use of cognitive reappraisal by older adults. Conclusions: The results of this study highlight the relevance of continuing to investigate the relationship between these abilities and analysing in greater depth their alterations during the aging process.

RESUMEN Aprender constituye uno de los mayores desafíos que enfrenta el sujeto. Un suceso biológico, psicológico y social multifactorial que implica: las potencialidades del sujeto, la motivación para aprender, la calidad de los servicios educacionales, la psicomotricidad y las capacidades cognitivas. Las limitaciones en estas últimas, caracterizan a los educandos con dificultades en el aprendizaje y demandan la búsqueda de recursos atemperados a los adelantos de la ciencia y a las particularidades del sujeto. A partir de la indagación teórica, es objetivo presentar un cuaderno de actividades basado en la expresión corporal para contribuir a potenciar las capacidades cognitivas básicas para aprender de los educandos de segundo grado con esta desviación del desarrollo intelectual, desde lo más natural y propio; aquello que para ellos es potencialidad: el movimiento. Se utilizaron métodos del nivel teórico, empírico y matemáticos. La propuesta se orienta al trabajo correctivo compensatorio que realiza la institución educativa de la Educación Especial: Batalla de Ogaden para educandos con Retardo en el desarrollo psíquico del municipio San Miguel del Padrón. Su instrumentación es factible en cualquier espacio del proceso pedagógico y el entorno familiar; además de contextualizarse a otros grados y situaciones de aprendizaje, previa preparación del docente.

ABSTRACT Learning constitutes one of the greatest challenges faced by the subject. It is a multifactorial biological, psychological and social event that involves: the subject's potential, motivation to learn, the quality of educational services, psychomotor skills and cognitive abilities. The limitations in the latter characterize students with learning difficulties and demand the search for resources adjusted to the advances of science and the particularities of the subject. From the theoretical inquiry, the objective is to present a notebook of activities based on corporal expression to contribute to enhance the basic cognitive capacities to learn of second grade students with this deviation of intellectual development, from what is most natural and proper; that which for them is potentiality: movement. Theoretical, empirical and mathematical methods were used. The proposal is oriented to the compensatory corrective work carried out by the educational institution of Special Education: Batalla de Ogaden for students with retarded mental development in the municipality of San Miguel del Padrón. Its instrumentation is feasible in any space of the pedagogical process and the family environment; it can also be contextualized to other grades and learning situations, prior preparation of the teacher.

Resumo: O manuscrito procura demonstrar o valor formativo do movimento corporal nos processos de mediação pedagógica das habilidades matemáticas dos estudantes no ensino fundamental, o que constitui um processo de pesquisa realizado com o corpo docente do Sistema Educacional Sancti Spíritus, localizado no cantão de Esparza, na província de Puntarenas, Costa Rica. A pesquisa está embasada nos princípios teóricos que mostram que o movimento corporal constitui um elemento central da aprendizagem na infância e contribui para o fortalecimento integral das capacidades e habilidades cognitivas, psicomotoras e sociais. A abordagem qualitativa utilizada na seleção dos instrumentos e análise da informação recolhida permite concluir que, no grupo de participantes, o movimento corporal como recurso de mediação de competências matemáticas é raro, razão pela qual surge a necessidade de abandonar a concentração da aprendizagem nas capacidades de memorização e repensar as formas como a mediação pedagógica da disciplina é assumida a partir de um currículo aberto, dinâmico, criativo, eficaz e de qualidade, com uma abordagem pedagógica inovadora que responda aos princípios de uma educação transformadora, que a partir do movimento corporal (entendido como habilidades naturais para pular, virar, andar, correr, manter o equilíbrio, a coordenação, bem como a capacidade de concentração), faz com que cada estudante seja protagonista de sua aprendizagem, possibilitando sua unificação física, emocional e cognitiva.

Resumen: Este artículo busca demostrar el valor formativo del movimiento corporal en los procesos de la mediación pedagógica de las habilidades matemáticas del estudiantado de educación primaria, el cual constituye un proceso investigativo realizado con la población docente del Sistema Educativo Sancti Spíritus, ubicado en el cantón de Esparza, de la provincia de Puntarenas, Costa Rica. La investigación parte de principios teóricos que evidencian que el movimiento corporal constituye un elemento central del aprendizaje en la infancia y contribuye al fortalecimiento integral de las capacidades y habilidades cognitivas, psicomotoras y sociales. El enfoque cualitativo utilizado en la selección de los instrumentos y análisis de la información recolectada permite concluir que, en el grupo de participantes, el movimiento corporal como recurso para la mediación de las habilidades matemáticas es poco frecuente; por lo que se plantea la necesidad de abandonar la concentración del aprendizaje en las capacidades de memorización y el replanteamiento en las formas como se asume la mediación pedagógica de la asignatura desde un currículo abierto, dinámico, creativo, eficaz y de calidad. Esto con un en- foque pedagógico innovador que responda a los principios de una educación transformadora, la cual, desde el movimiento corporal (entendido como las capacidades naturales de saltar, dar vueltas, caminar, correr, mantener el equilibrio, la coordinación y la habilidad para concentrarse), convierta a cada estudiante en protagonista de su aprendizaje, posibilitando su unificación física, emocional y cognitiva.

Abstract: This paper aims to demonstrate the formative value of physical movement in pedagogical mediation processes of mathematical skills in elementary school students. This research was conducted with the faculty of the Sancti Spíritus Educational System, in the canton of Esparza, province of Puntarenas, Costa Rica. The research is based on theoretical principles that prove that physical movement is a central element of learning during childhood and contributes to the integral strengthening of cognitive, psychomotor and social skills and abilities. The qualitative approach used for the selection of the instruments and analysis of the information collected, concludes that for the group of participants, body movement is infrequent as a resource for the mediation of mathematical skills. This suggests that the concept of memorization should be abandoned and instead the pedagogical mediation of the subject should be rethought from an open, dynamic, creative, effective and quality curriculum. The innovative pedagogical approach must respond to the principles of a transformative education, that from the body movement (understood as the natural abilities to jump, turn, walk, run, maintain balance, coordination and the ability to concentrate), make each student the protagonist of their individual learning, allowing physical, emotional and cognitive unification.

Abstract Physical activity shows benefits in cognitive function and the prevention and treatment of depression in older adults with Alzheimer’s disease and healthy ones. So, the purpose of this study was to compare cognitive function and depressive symptoms in two groups: a group of older adults with Alzheimer’s disease and a group of older adults without neurodegenerative diseases, by sex and level of physical activity. The sample was 30 participants divided into two groups: 15 participants with Alzheimer’s disease and 15 participants without neurodegenerative diseases. The instruments used were the Geriatric Depression Scale (GDS) and Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE). The results revealed that older persons with Alzheimer’s disease exhibit a more significant impairment of cognitive skills (p = .001) and a higher incidence of depressive symptoms (p = .001) compared to older persons without neurodegenerative diseases, with no differences between sex (p > .05). Results show that active older person had higher scores in cognitive abilities (p = .001) and a lower incidence of depression (p = .001). It seems that Alzheimer’s disease, typically associated with cognitive abilities decline and incidence of depressive symptoms, and physical activity influence cognitive performance and depressive symptoms in older people with Alzheimer’s disease and without dementia.

Resumo A atividade física demonstra benefícios na função cognitiva e na prevenção e tratamento da depressão em idosos com doença de Alzheimer e em idosos saudáveis. Assim, o objetivo deste estudo foi comparar a função cognitiva e os sintomas depressivos em dois grupos: um grupo de idosos com doença de Alzheimer e um grupo de idosos sem doenças neurodegenerativas, por sexo e nível de atividade física. A amostra foi de 30 participantes divididos em dois grupos: 15 participantes com doença de Alzheimer e 15 participantes sem doenças neurodegenerativas. Os instrumentos utilizados foram a Escala de Depressão Geriátrica (GDS) e o Mini Exame do Estado Mental (MMSE). Os resultados revelaram que os idosos com doença de Alzheimer apresentam um comprometimento mais significativo das capacidades cognitivas (p = .001) e uma maior incidência de sintomas depressivos (p = .001) em comparação com idosos sem doenças neurodegenerativas, sem diferenças entre sexos (p > .05). Os resultados mostram que os idosos ativos tiveram pontuações mais elevadas nas capacidades cognitivas (p = .001) e uma menor incidência de depressão (p = .001). Parece que a doença de Alzheimer, tipicamente associada ao declínio das capacidades cognitivas e à incidência de sintomas depressivos, e a atividade física influenciam o desempenho cognitivo e os sintomas depressivos em idosos com doença de Alzheimer e sem demência.

RESUMEN En los últimos años, se ha prestado mucha atención a la búsqueda de métodos eficientes para evaluar las habilidades de escritura de los estudiantes universitarios. Se ha señalado que los ejercicios de escritura en inglés existentes son en gran medida ineficaces para los estudiantes universitarios entrantes, y los estudiantes tienen dificultades con las tareas de escritura libre. De esta manera, desarrollar sólidas habilidades de escritura en inglés plantea muchos desafíos para los estudiantes, por lo que es necesario buscar formas eficientes de mejorar el conocimiento, la estructura de las oraciones y el contenido de los estudiantes al escribir. En este sentido, un objetivo clave es enfatizar la importancia de la evaluación para enseñar con éxito la escritura en inglés. Considerando lo anterior, este estudio examina conceptos para evaluar las habilidades de escritura en inglés de los estudiantes universitarios. Para lograr este objetivo, los principales métodos de investigación utilizados fueron una revisión de la literatura y una encuesta entre estudiantes de la Universidad Pedagógica Estatal de Azerbaiyán. El estudio destaca cómo el dominio de la escritura beneficia el crecimiento cognitivo de los estudiantes y considera los impactos psicológicos de las evaluaciones de escritura. Los hallazgos indican que las evaluaciones pueden aumentar la ansiedad y reducir el rendimiento de la escritura de los estudiantes universitarios. Como resultado, evaluar el trabajo escrito de los estudiantes plantea dificultades para los educadores. Además, el proceso de escritura y las características de una escritura efectiva difieren en contextos de investigación versus evaluación. Los hallazgos clave de la encuesta realizada muestran que las instrucciones descritas para evaluar la escritura ofrecen a los estudiantes conocimientos sistemáticos para desarrollar eficazmente sus habilidades de escritura.

ABSTRACT In recent years, finding efficient methods to assess university students' writing abilities has received significant attention. It has been pointed out that existing English writing exercises are largely ineffective for incoming university students, and students struggle with free writing tasks. This way, developing strong writing skills in English poses many challenges for students so, it is necessary to look for efficient ways to improve students' knowledge, sentence structure, and content when writing. In this regard, a key goal is emphasizing the importance of assessment for successfully teaching English writing. Considering the above, this study examines concepts for assessing university students' English writing skills. To accomplish this goal, the main methods of research used were a literature review and a survey among students at Azerbaijan State Pedagogical University. The study highlights how writing proficiency benefits students' cognitive growth and considers the psychological impacts of writing assessments. Findings indicate that assessments may increase anxiety and lower performance for college students' writing. As a result, evaluating students' written work poses difficulties for educators. Moreover, the writing process and features of effective writing differ in research versus assessment contexts. Key findings in the survey conducted show that instructions described for assessing writing offer students’ systematic knowledge for effectively developing their writing abilities.

ABSTRACT Purpose To address the need for a standardized assessment tool for assessing cognitive-communication abilities among Indian preschoolers, the current study aimed at describing a Delphi based development and validation process for developing one such tool. The objectives of the research were to conceptualize and construct the tool, validate its content, and assess its feasibility through pilot testing. Methods The study followed a Delphi approach to develop and validate the tool across four phases i.e. conceptualization; construction; content validation; and pilot testing. The first three phases were performed with a panel of six experts including speech-language pathologists and preschool teachers while the pilot testing was done with 20 typically developing preschoolers. A literature review was also conducted with the Delphi rounds to support the developmental process. Results The first two rounds of the Delphi aided in the construction of a culturally and linguistically suitable story-based cognitive-communication assessment tool with the memory (free recall, recognition, and literary recall) and executive function (reasoning, inhibition, and switching) related tasks relevant for preschoolers. The content validation of the tool was continued with the experts till the revisions were satisfactory and yielded an optimum Content Validity Index. The pilot test of the finalized version confirmed its feasibility and appropriateness to assess developmental changes in the cognitive-communication abilities of preschoolers. Conclusion The study describes the Delphi-based conceptualization, construction, content validation, and feasibility check of a tool to assess cognitive-communication skills in preschool children. cognitivecommunication cognitive communication preschoolers ie i e i.e conceptualization speechlanguage speech language 2 storybased story free recall recognition reasoning, reasoning (reasoning inhibition switching Index Delphibased children

Abstract Introduction Advanced Glycation End-Products (AGEs) are a diverse group of highly reactive molecules that play a vital role in the development of neurodegenerative disorders, such as Parkinson's Disease (PD), leading to a decline in functional and cognitive capacity. The objective of this study was to assess the intake and quantification of AGEs in individuals with PD and to correlate them with their functional and cognitive abilities. Methods This was a cross-sectional study involving 20 PD patients and 20 non-PD individuals as the Control group (C). The autofluorescence reader was used to evaluate skin AGEs, while food recall was used to quantify AGEs consumed for three different days. The Montreal Cognitive Assessment, Short Physical Performance Battery, and handgrip tests were used. PD patients demonstrated greater impairment in functional capacity compared to the control group. Results Dominant Handgrip (p = 0.02) and motor performance, in the sit and stand test (p = 0.01) and Short Physical Performance Battery (SPPB) (p = 0.01) were inferior in PD patients than the control group. Although PD patients tended to consume less AGEs than the control group, AGE intake was negatively correlated with handgrip strength in individuals with PD (r = -0.59; p < 0.05). Conclusion PD patients had lower strength and functional capacity, suggesting that the effects of AGEs might be exacerbated during chronic diseases like Parkinson's. EndProducts End Products (AGEs disorders Parkinsons Parkinson s PD, , (PD) abilities crosssectional cross sectional 2 nonPD non C. C . (C) days Assessment 0.02 002 0 02 performance 0.01 001 01 SPPB (SPPB r 0.59 059 59 -0.59 0.05. 005 0.05 05 0.05) Parkinsons. s. (PD (C 0.0 00 0.5 5 -0.5 0. -0. -0 -

Abstract: Since its emergence, philosophical deconstructionism has been regarded as an unconventional and anti-dogmatic ideology, which has strong reference significance for the reform of English courses in Chinese universities. China is in a critical period of transformation, which requires university English education to fundamentally change traditional educational concepts and carry out comprehensive English teaching reforms. At the same time, issues, such as cross-cultural adaptability and communication in Chinese English teaching, have gradually attracted people’s attention. The academic community in China has been discussing issues related to English education for many years, but few people have placed English education from a philosophical perspective. In response to the issues of insufficient understanding of cultural differences and incomplete cognitive evaluation systems in current English cross-cultural teaching, this article aims to improve people’s cross-cultural abilities through a deconstructive perspective, thereby better understanding cultural differences, respecting multiculturalism, promoting students’ diverse development and deepening English education. Therefore, this article attempts to explore the cross-cultural adaptability of English from the perspective of philosophical deconstruction and how to achieve English teaching reform in China, which has important practical significance for related fields. Through the study of English cross-cultural communication from the perspective of philosophical structure, it can be concluded that applying structuralism to English cross-cultural teaching helps to better understand cultural differences, respect multiculturalism, advocate dialogue and communication, and rebuild a new cognitive system. Abstract emergence antidogmatic anti dogmatic ideology universities transformation reforms time crosscultural cross peoples s attention years multiculturalism students Therefore fields structure system

Resumen: Desde su aparición, el deconstruccionismo filosófico ha sido considerado como una ideología no convencional y anti dogmática, que tiene un fuerte significado de referencia para la reforma de los cursos de inglés en las universidades chinas. China se encuentra en un periodo crítico de transformación, que exige que la enseñanza universitaria del inglés cambie radicalmente los conceptos educativos tradicionales y lleve a cabo reformas integrales de la enseñanza del inglés. Al mismo tiempo, cuestiones como la adaptabilidad transcultural y la comunicación en la enseñanza del inglés en China han atraído gradualmente la atención de la gente. La comunidad académica de China lleva muchos años debatiendo cuestiones relacionadas con la enseñanza del inglés, pero son pocos los que han situado la enseñanza del inglés desde una perspectiva filosófica. En respuesta a los problemas de comprensión insuficiente de las diferencias culturales y de sistemas incompletos de evaluación cognitiva en la enseñanza intercultural del inglés actual, este artículo pretende mejorar las capacidades interculturales de las personas mediante una perspectiva deconstructiva, comprendiendo así mejor las diferencias culturales, respetando el multiculturalismo, promoviendo el desarrollo diverso de los estudiantes y profundizando en la enseñanza del inglés. Por lo tanto, este artículo intenta explorar la adaptabilidad transcultural del inglés desde la perspectiva de la deconstrucción filosófica y cómo lograr la reforma de la enseñanza del inglés en China, lo que tiene un importante significado práctico para los campos relacionados. Mediante el estudio de la comunicación intercultural en inglés desde la perspectiva de la estructura filosófica, se puede concluir que aplicar el estructuralismo a la enseñanza intercultural del inglés ayuda a comprender mejor las diferencias culturales, respetar el multiculturalismo, abogar por el diálogo y la comunicación, y reconstruir un nuevo sistema cognitivo. Resumen aparición dogmática chinas transformación tiempo gente actual deconstructiva multiculturalismo tanto relacionados cognitivo

ABSTRACT Objective: To investigate the single and combined associations between sleep disturbances (sleep duration, insomnia symptoms in the last 30 nights, and daytime tiredness) and performance in cognitive tests. Methods: Cross-sectional analysis of data from visit 2 (2012–2014) of the Longitudinal Study of Adult Health from a cohort of active and retired civil servants from six Brazilian capitals. Polynomial regression with quadratic term and multiple linear regression models were performed to assess single and combined associations between sleep disturbances and memory performance, fluency, executive functions, and global cognition. Results: A total of 7,248 participants were included, with a mean age of 62.7 years (standard deviation [SD]=5.9), and 55.2% were women. Inverted U-shaped associations were observed between sleep duration and performance on all cognitive abilities, suggesting that durations shorter or longer than seven hours are associated with worse performance, regardless of age. Reported insomnia was associated with worse executive function (β: -0.08; 95% confidence interval [CI]: -0.15 to -0.01), and the magnitudes of associations were higher for individuals with insomnia at two or more moments (β: -0.12; 95%CI -0.19 to -0.05) or, especially, insomnia combined with short sleep (β: -0.18; 95%CI -0.24 to -0.11). Insomnia in two or more periods was also associated with lower memory and global cognition. There was no association between any sleep disturbance tested and verbal fluency. Isolated daytime tiredness was not associated with performance in the evaluated tests. Conclusion: The results suggest that extreme sleep durations are detrimental to almost all cognitive abilities investigated, whereas insomnia appears to affect more severely the executive function. Objective 3 nights tests Methods Crosssectional Cross sectional 2012–2014 20122014 2012 2014 (2012–2014 capitals fluency functions cognition Results 7248 7 248 7,24 included 627 62 62. standard SD=5.9, SD59 SD =5.9 , 5 9 [SD]=5.9) 552 55 55.2 women Ushaped U shaped β (β 0.08 008 0 08 -0.08 95 CI [CI] 0.15 015 15 -0.1 0.01, 001 0.01 01 -0.01) 0.12 012 12 -0.12 95CI 0.19 019 19 0.05 005 05 -0.05 especially 0.18 018 18 -0.18 0.24 024 24 -0.2 0.11. 011 0.11 . 11 -0.11) Conclusion investigated 2012–201 2012201 201 (2012–201 724 7,2 6 SD=5.9 SD5 59 =5. [SD]=5.9 55. 0.0 00 -0.0 [CI 0.1 1 -0. -0.01 0.2 02 -0.11 2012–20 201220 20 (2012–20 72 7, SD=5. =5 [SD]=5. 0. -0 2012–2 20122 (2012–2 SD=5 = [SD]=5 - 2012– (2012– SD= [SD]= (2012 [SD] (201 [SD (20 (2 (

RESUMO Objetivo: Investigar a associação isolada e combinada entre distúrbios do sono (duração do sono, sintomas de insônia nas últimas 30 noites e cansaço diurno) e desempenho em testes cognitivos. Métodos: Análise transversal dos dados da visita 2 (2012–2014) do Estudo Longitudinal de Saúde do Adulto de coorte de servidores públicos ativos e aposentados de seis capitais brasileiras. Regressão polinomial com termo quadrático e modelos de regressão linear múltipla foram realizados para avaliar associações isoladas e combinadas entre distúrbios do sono e desempenho na memória, fluência, funções executivas e cognição global. Resultados: Foram incluídos um total de 7.248 participantes, com média etária de 62,7 anos (desvio padrão [DP]=5,9), sendo 55,2% mulheres. Associações em forma de U invertido foram observadas entre duração do sono e desempenho em todas as habilidades cognitivas, sugerindo que durações menores ou maiores que sete horas estão associadas ao pior desempenho, independentemente da idade. O relato de insônia foi associado à pior função executiva (β: -0.08; IC95% -0.15 a -0.01), sendo as magnitudes das associações maiores para indivíduos com insônia em dois ou mais momentos (β: -0.12; intervalo de confiança [IC]95% -0.19 a -0.05) ou, especialmente, insônia combinada com sono curto (β: -0.18; IC95% -0.24 a -0.11). Insônia em dois ou mais períodos também foi associada à menor memória e cognição global. Não houve associação entre qualquer distúrbio do sono testado e fluência verbal. Cansaço diurno isolado não foi associado ao desempenho nos testes avaliados. Conclusão: Os resultados sugerem que a duração extrema do sono é prejudicial para quase todas as funções cognitivas investigadas, enquanto a insônia parece afetar mais fortemente a função executiva. Objetivo 3 cognitivos Métodos 2012–2014 20122014 2012 2014 (2012–2014 brasileiras global Resultados 7248 7 248 7.24 participantes 627 62 62, desvio DP=5,9, DP59 DP =5,9 , 5 9 [DP]=5,9) 552 55 55,2 mulheres idade β (β 0.08 008 0 08 -0.08 IC95 IC 0.15 015 15 -0.1 0.01, 001 0.01 01 -0.01) 0.12 012 12 -0.12 95% 95 [IC]95 0.19 019 19 0.05 005 05 -0.05 especialmente 0.18 018 18 -0.18 0.24 024 24 -0.2 0.11. 011 0.11 . 11 -0.11) verbal avaliados Conclusão investigadas 2012–201 2012201 201 (2012–201 724 7.2 6 DP=5,9 DP5 59 =5, [DP]=5,9 55, 0.0 00 -0.0 IC9 0.1 1 -0. -0.01 [IC]9 0.2 02 -0.11 2012–20 201220 20 (2012–20 72 7. DP=5, =5 [DP]=5, 0. -0 [IC] 2012–2 20122 (2012–2 DP=5 = [DP]=5 - [IC 2012– (2012– DP= [DP]= (2012 [DP] (201 [DP (20 (2 (

RESUMO Objetivo: Investigar a associação isolada e combinada entre distúrbios do sono (duração do sono, sintomas de insônia nas últimas 30 noites e cansaço diurno) e desempenho em testes cognitivos. Métodos: Análise transversal dos dados da visita 2 (2012–2014) do Estudo Longitudinal de Saúde do Adulto de coorte de servidores públicos ativos e aposentados de seis capitais brasileiras. Regressão polinomial com termo quadrático e modelos de regressão linear múltipla foram realizados para avaliar associações isoladas e combinadas entre distúrbios do sono e desempenho na memória, fluência, funções executivas e cognição global. Resultados: Foram incluídos um total de 7.248 participantes, com média etária de 62,7 anos (desvio padrão [DP]=5,9), sendo 55,2% mulheres. Associações em forma de U invertido foram observadas entre duração do sono e desempenho em todas as habilidades cognitivas, sugerindo que durações menores ou maiores que sete horas estão associadas ao pior desempenho, independentemente da idade. O relato de insônia foi associado à pior função executiva (β: -0.08; IC95% -0.15 a -0.01), sendo as magnitudes das associações maiores para indivíduos com insônia em dois ou mais momentos (β: -0.12; intervalo de confiança [IC]95% -0.19 a -0.05) ou, especialmente, insônia combinada com sono curto (β: -0.18; IC95% -0.24 a -0.11). Insônia em dois ou mais períodos também foi associada à menor memória e cognição global. Não houve associação entre qualquer distúrbio do sono testado e fluência verbal. Cansaço diurno isolado não foi associado ao desempenho nos testes avaliados. Conclusão: Os resultados sugerem que a duração extrema do sono é prejudicial para quase todas as funções cognitivas investigadas, enquanto a insônia parece afetar mais fortemente a função executiva.

ABSTRACT Objective: To investigate the single and combined associations between sleep disturbances (sleep duration, insomnia symptoms in the last 30 nights, and daytime tiredness) and performance in cognitive tests. Methods: Cross-sectional analysis of data from visit 2 (2012–2014) of the Longitudinal Study of Adult Health from a cohort of active and retired civil servants from six Brazilian capitals. Polynomial regression with quadratic term and multiple linear regression models were performed to assess single and combined associations between sleep disturbances and memory performance, fluency, executive functions, and global cognition. Results: A total of 7,248 participants were included, with a mean age of 62.7 years (standard deviation [SD]=5.9), and 55.2% were women. Inverted U-shaped associations were observed between sleep duration and performance on all cognitive abilities, suggesting that durations shorter or longer than seven hours are associated with worse performance, regardless of age. Reported insomnia was associated with worse executive function (β: -0.08; 95% confidence interval [CI]: -0.15 to -0.01), and the magnitudes of associations were higher for individuals with insomnia at two or more moments (β: -0.12; 95%CI -0.19 to -0.05) or, especially, insomnia combined with short sleep (β: -0.18; 95%CI -0.24 to -0.11). Insomnia in two or more periods was also associated with lower memory and global cognition. There was no association between any sleep disturbance tested and verbal fluency. Isolated daytime tiredness was not associated with performance in the evaluated tests. Conclusion: The results suggest that extreme sleep durations are detrimental to almost all cognitive abilities investigated, whereas insomnia appears to affect more severely the executive function.

Abstract Background With aging, some cognitive abilities change because of neurobiological processes. Cognition may also be influenced by psychosocial aspects. Objective To describe the relationship between a measure of neuroticism, depression symptoms, purpose in life, and cognitive performance in community-dwelling older adults. Methods This was a cross-sectional analysis based on the data from the second wave of the Frailty in Brazilian Older Adults (FIBRA) study, carried out between 2016 and 2017. The sample consisted of 419 older people (≥ 72 years old) cognitively unimpaired and mostly with low education. The variables of interest were sociodemographic, Neuroticism domain from the NEO-PI-R, Geriatric Depression Scale (GDS), Purpose in Life (PiL) scale, and a cognitive composite score which included the Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE), and the scores for the sub-items of the Mini-Addenbrooke's Cognitive Examination (M-ACE), namely, Verbal Fluency (VF) – Animal, Clock Drawing Test (CDT), Episodic Memory (name and address). Results There was a greater number of women (70%), with older age (median = 80 years, IQR = 77-82), and low education (median = 4 years, IQR = 2-5). In the bivariate correlations, years of education (ρ = 0.415; p < 0.001) and PiL (ρ = 0.220; p < 0.001) were positively associated with cognition. Neuroticism (ρ = -0.175; p < 0.001) and depression symptoms (ρ = -0.185; p < 0.001) were negatively associated with cognition. In the logistic regression, after including confounding variables, the associations between cognition and PiL (OR = 2.04; p = 0.007) and education (OR = 1.32; p < 0.001) remained significant. Conclusion Low PiL and low education levels were associated with worse cognition among older adults. Such results may be of relevance in programs that aim to improve cognition among older adults. aging processes aspects neuroticism life communitydwelling community dwelling adults crosssectional cross sectional FIBRA (FIBRA study 201 2017 41 ≥ ( 7 old sociodemographic NEOPIR, NEOPIR NEO PI R, R NEO-PI-R GDS, GDS , (GDS) (PiL scale MiniMental Mini Mental MMSE, MMSE (MMSE) subitems sub items MiniAddenbrookes Addenbrooke s MACE, MACE M ACE (M-ACE) namely VF (VF Animal CDT, CDT (CDT) name address. address . address) 70%, 70 70% (70%) median 8 7782, 7782 77 82 77-82) 25. 25 2 5 2-5) correlations ρ 0.415 0415 0 415 0.001 0001 001 0.220 0220 220 0.175 0175 175 -0.175 0.185 0185 185 -0.185 regression OR 2.04 204 04 0.007 0007 007 1.32 132 1 32 significant 20 (GDS (MMSE (M-ACE (CDT (70% 778 77-82 2-5 0.41 041 0.00 000 00 0.22 022 22 0.17 017 17 -0.17 0.18 018 18 -0.18 2.0 1.3 13 3 (70 77-8 2- 0.4 0.0 0.2 02 0.1 01 -0.1 2. 1. (7 77- 0. -0. -0 -

Resumo Antecedentes Com o envelhecimento, algumas habilidades cognitivas mudam devido a processos neurobiológicos. A cognição também pode ser influenciada por aspectos psicossociais. Objetivo Descrever as relações entre uma medida de neuroticismo, sintomas depressivos, propósito de vida e o desempenho cognitivo em pessoas idosas residentes na comunidade. Métodos Trata-se de uma análise transversal com base nos dados da segunda onda do estudo de Fragilidade em Idosos Brasileiros (FIBRA), realizado entre 2016 e 2017. A amostra foi composta por 419 pessoas idosas (≥ 72 anos) cognitivamente saudáveis e em maior parte com baixa escolaridade. As variáveis de interesse foram as sociodemográficas, domínio Neuroticismo do NEO-PI-R, Escala de Depressão Geriátrica (EDG) e Escala de Propósito de Vida (PV) e um escore cognitivo composto que incluiu o Miniexame de Estado Mental (MEEM) e as pontuações dos subitens do Miniexame Cognitivo de Addenbrooke (M-ACE), a saber, Fluência Verbal (FV) Animal, Teste do Desenho do Relógio (TDR) e Memória Episódica (nome e endereço). Resultados Houve um maior número de mulheres (70%), com idade elevada (mediana = 80 anos, IIQ = 77-82) e baixa escolaridade (mediana = 4 anos, IIQ = 2-5). Nas correlações bivariadas, anos de escolaridade (ρ = 0,415; p < 0,001) e PV (ρ = 0,220; p < 0,001) foram positivamente associadas à cognição. Neuroticismo (ρ = -0,175; p < 0,001) e sintomas depressivos (ρ = -0,185; p < 0,001) foram negativamente associados à cognição. Na regressão logística, após a inclusão de variáveis de confusão, as associações entre cognição e PV (OR = 2,04; p = 0,007) e escolaridade (OR = 1,32; p < 0,001) permaneceram significativas. Conclusão Baixo PV e baixa escolaridade foram associados à pior cognição em idosos. Tais resultados podem ser relevantes em programas que visam a melhorar a cognição entre pessoas idosas. envelhecimento neurobiológicos psicossociais neuroticismo comunidade Tratase Trata se FIBRA, FIBRA , (FIBRA) 201 2017 41 ≥ ( 7 sociodemográficas NEOPIR, NEOPIR NEO PI R, R NEO-PI-R EDG (EDG (PV MEEM (MEEM MACE, MACE M ACE (M-ACE) saber FV (FV Animal TDR (TDR nome endereço. endereço . endereço) 70%, 70 70% (70%) mediana 8 7782 77 82 77-82 25. 25 2 5 2-5) bivariadas ρ 0,415 0415 0 415 0,001 0001 001 0,220 0220 220 0,175 0175 175 -0,175 0,185 0185 185 -0,185 logística confusão OR 2,04 204 04 0,007 0007 007 1,32 132 1 32 significativas idosos (FIBRA 20 (M-ACE (70% 778 77-8 2-5 0,41 041 0,00 000 00 0,22 022 22 0,17 017 17 -0,17 0,18 018 18 -0,18 2,0 1,3 13 3 (70 77- 2- 0,4 0,0 0,2 02 0,1 01 -0,1 2, 1, (7 0, -0, -0 -

ABSTRACT The purpose of this review is to highlight the most important aspects of the anatomical and functional uniqueness of the human brain. For this, a comparison is made between our brains and those of our closest ancestors (chimpanzees and bonobos) and human ancestors. During human evolution, several changes occurred in the brain, such as an absolute increase in brain size and number of cortical neurons, in addition to a greater degree of functional lateralization and anatomical asymmetry. Also, the cortical cytoarchitecture became more diversified and there was an increase in the number of intracortical networks and networks extending from the cerebral cortex to subcortical structures, with more neural networks being invested in multisensory and sensory-motor-affective-cognitive integration. These changes permitted more complex, flexible and versatile cognitive abilities and social behavior, such as shared intentionality and symbolic articulated language, which, in turn, made possible the formation of larger social groups and cumulative cultural evolution that are characteristic of our species. chimpanzees bonobos neurons asymmetry Also structures sensorymotoraffectivecognitive sensory motor affective integration complex behavior language which turn species

RESUMO Esta revisão se propõe a relatar os aspectos mais importantes da singularidade anatômica e funcional do cérebro humano. Para isso, faz-se uma comparação entre o nosso cérebro e os de nossos parentes evolutivos mais próximos (chimpanzés e bonobos) e os ancestrais humanos. Durante a evolução humana ocorreu aumento absoluto do tamanho do cérebro e do número de neurônios corticais cerebrais, maior grau de lateralização funcional e assimetria anatômica cerebral, citoarquitetura cortical mais diversificada e aumento das redes neurais intracorticais e do córtex cerebral para as estruturas subcorticais acompanhada de mudança em direção ao investimento de redes neurais na integração multissensorial e sensório-motora-afetiva-cognitiva. Essas mudanças possibilitaram capacidades cognitivas e comportamentos sociais complexos, flexíveis e versáteis, destacando-se a intencionalidade compartilhada e a linguagem articulada simbólica, que permitiram a formação de grupos sociais maiores e a evolução cultural cumulativa característica de nossa espécie. humano isso fazse faz chimpanzés bonobos humanos cerebrais sensóriomotoraafetivacognitiva. sensóriomotoraafetivacognitiva sensório motora afetiva cognitiva. cognitiva sensório-motora-afetiva-cognitiva complexos versáteis destacandose destacando simbólica espécie