ABSTRACT: In Brazil, certain studies have been performed on the exposure to global occupational noise levels when mechanized equipment is used in coffee-growing. However, these did not indicate the behavior within a frequency spectrum (Hz) by octave bands. The objective of this study was to assess the sound pressure levels of the brush, mower, and atomizer attached to a tractor under actual operating conditions by using 1/1 octave band filters. Quantitative assessments were performed with the mower, brush, and atomizer attached to the MF 275 tractor under two conditions: operative and static. The noise levels obtained under actual operating conditions were determined using a DOS 1000 noise dosimeter and an octave band filter. The static condition assessments were performed inside and outside the coffee plantation using a Hikari HDB 900 digital sound level meter. The NR 15 and NHO 01 standards were used to analyze the data. Under operative and static conditions, the tractor units showed noise levels above the exposure limit of 85 dB (A) for an 8h working day. The assessment of the frequency spectrum revealed the highest noise levels to be in the 125-1000 Hz range. ABSTRACT Brazil coffeegrowing. coffeegrowing growing. growing coffee-growing However (Hz bands brush mower 11 1 1/ filters 27 100 filter 90 meter 0 data 8 A (A h day 1251000 125 125-100 range 2 10 9 125100 12 125-10 12510 125-1 1251 125-

RESUMO: No Brasil, alguns estudos têm sido realizados sobre exposição a níveis de ruído ocupacional global na utilização de conjuntos mecanizados na cafeicultura, não apontando o comportamento dentro de um espectro de frequência (Hz) por bandas de oitava. O objetivo do presente estudo foi avaliar o nível de pressão sonora dos implementos trincha, roçadora e pulverizador acoplados ao trator em condições reais de operação por filtros de banda de 1/1 oitava. As avaliações quantitativas foram realizadas com os implementos roçadora, trincha e pulverizador acoplados ao trator MF 275 em duas condições: operação e estático. Os níveis de ruído obtidos em condições reais de operação foram determinados com dosímetro de ruído DOS 1000 e filtro de banda de oitava. Já as avaliações em condição estática dentro e fora da lavoura cafeeira ocorreram por meio da utilização de sonômetro digital Hikari HDB 900. Foram utilizadas as normativas NR 15 e NHO 01 para análise dos dados. Em condições de operação e estático, todos os conjuntos tratorizados apresentaram níveis de ruído superiores ao limite de exposição de 85 dB (A) para uma jornada de trabalho de oito horas. A avaliação do espectro de frequência apontou que os maiores níveis de ruído foram encontrados no intervalo de 125 a 1000 Hz. RESUMO Brasil cafeicultura Hz (Hz oitava 11 1 1/ 27 estático 100 900 0 dados 8 (A horas 12 2 10 90 9

Resumen Los cafetales (Coffea arabica) de la región de la Montaña de Guerrero mantienen las características de un bosque, además contribuyen a la generación de recursos económicos que ayudan a un gran número de familias a mitigar parte de sus necesidades básicas. El objetivo de este trabajo fue identificar la estructura y los usos de las especies de sombra de los cafetales en dos comunidades Me’phaa de la Montaña de Guerrero. Se muestrearon 12 parcelas en Tres Cruces (TC), Acatepec y La Ciénega (LC), Malinaltepec; se utilizó el método de punto-centro-cuadrado; a los árboles se les midió la distancia, altura, cobertura de copa y diámetro normal. Se estimó la diversidad alfa basada en la riqueza de especies (S), el Índice de Simpson, Shannon-Wiener y el número efectivo de especies (N0, N1 y N2), la similitud se calculó con el Coeficiente Jaccard (I J ) y se determinó el Índice de Valor de Importancia (IVI). Para reconocer los usos de los árboles se aplicaron entrevistas (50 en TC y 10 en LC) estructuradas a los cafeticultores. Se registraron 35 especies, 16 en Tres Cruces y 22 en La Ciénega, de las cuales 83.3 % fueron nativas, por lo que se clasifica como manejo tradicional. Alnus acuminata en LC y Myrsine juergensenii en TC fueron las de mayor IVI. Los cafeticultores señalaron a 24 especies en TC y 14 en LC que proporcionan sombra, generan materia orgánica, frutos, flores y combustibles; las especies más empleadas son Clethra mexicana y A. acuminata.

Abstract The coffee (Coffea arabica) plantations of the Montaña de Guerrero region preserve the characteristics of a forest and also contribute to the generation of economic resources that help a large number of families to meet some of their basic needs. The objective of this work was to identify the structure and uses of shade species in coffee plantations in two Me'phaa communities in the Montaña de Guerrero region. Twelve plots in Tres Cruces (TC), Acatepec and La Ciénega (LC), Malinaltepec, were sampled using the point-center-square method; trees were measured for distance, height, crown cover and normal diameter. The alpha diversity was estimated based on species richness (S), Simpson's Index, Shannon-Wiener’s Index, and the effective number of species (N0, N1 and N2); similarity was calculated with the Jaccard index (J I ), and the Importance Value Index (IVI) was determined. In order to identify the uses of the trees, structured interviews (50 in TC and 10 in LC) were carried out with coffee growers. Thirty-five species were recorded -16 in Tres Cruces and 22 in La Ciénega-, of which 83.3 % were native; therefore, the region is classified as under traditional management. Alnus acuminata in LC and Myrsine juergensenii in TC had the highest IVI. Coffee growers reported 24 species in TC and 14 in LC that provide shade, generate organic matter, fruits, flowers, and fuel. The most commonly used species are Clethra mexicana and A. acuminata.

ABSTRACT The municipality of Amatepec with a planted area of 338 hectares is the main coffee producer in the State of Mexico, with the participation of 230 producers, it has a production volume of 393 tons. With the objective of knowing the socioeconomic, agronomic and cultural characteristics of coffee growers to establish an analysis of production in the municipality, between December 2021 and March 2022, information was collected in 18 locations, through an interview applied to 80 producers. 54 variables divided into the four aspects mentioned above were evaluated. The average age was 56.07 years, men predominate (81.2%), 30% of those interviewed have a bachelor's degree and 11.3% of these are teachers (primary school). 43.8% sell the coffee as ground, between $180.00 and $250.00 pesos per kilogram, thus 92.4% of the production is destined for the local market. 93.7% of producers market the bean as green or gold or as ground coffee, with incomes of $10,001.00 to $100,000.00 pesos annually (55.8%). More than 83.6% cultivate the Typical variety, with a diversity of frames and plantation densities, 31.1% of the plantations are older than 31 years. 81.3% of those interviewed receive technical assistance, which is provided by some public institution (97.3%). For some of them, coffee is the only source of income, whose distinctive strength is the altitude.

RESUMEN El municipio de Amatepec con una superficie plantada de 338 hectáreas es el principal productor de café en el Estado de México, con la participación de 230 productores tiene un volumen de producción de 393 toneladas. Con el objetivo de conocer las características socioeconómicas, agronómicas y culturales de los cafeticultores para establecer un análisis de la producción en el municipio, entre diciembre de 2021 y marzo del 2022 se llevó a cabo el levantamiento de la información en 18 localidades, mediante una entrevista aplicada a 80 productores. Se evaluaron 54 variables divididas en los cuatro aspectos. El promedio de edad fue de 56.07 años, predominan los hombres (81.2%), el 30% de los entrevistados tienen licenciatura y el 11.3% de estos son profesores (primaria). El 43.8% vende el café como molido, entre $180.00 y $250.00 pesos kilogramo, así el 92.4% de la producción se destina para el mercado local. Un 93.7% de los productores comercializan el grano como verde u oro o a manera de café molido, con ingresos de $10 001.00 a $100 000.00 pesos anuales (55.8%). Más del 83.6% cultivan la variedad Típica, con diversidad de marcos y densidades de plantación, un 31.1% de las plantaciones poseen una edad mayor a 31 años. El 81.3% de los entrevistados recibe asistencia técnica, proporcionada por alguna institución pública (97.3%). Para algunos de ellos, el café es la única fuente de ingreso, cuya fortaleza distintiva es la altitud.

Abstract Carbon accumulation in coffee is a way to reduce greenhouse gases and combat climate change; nevertheless, in the Sierra de Chiapas, there is no accurate information on carbon capture in coffee plantations. Quantifying carbon is essential to value this ecosystem service and conserve coffee plantations through subsidies. For this reason, this research aims to evaluate the carbon stored in the aerial biomass of coffee in two altitudinal gradients and determine the concentration of carbon (CC) and nitrogen, with CC being an indispensable element in obtaining the carbon stored in coffee. The study was carried out at two altitudes: the first at 1 200 m and the second at an altitude of 1 500 m, in the year 2022. To estimate the carbon, first, the biomass was estimated indirectly using an allometric equation for the species, then the concentration of carbon and nitrogen was determined with a device called Thermo Scientific Flash 2000 NC Soils Analyzer, which works by complete combustion at 950 °C. Once the biomass and the concentration of carbon in coffee were obtained, they were multiplied, thus obtaining the stored carbon; for carbon dioxide, the stored carbon was multiplied by the constant 3.67. The results indicate significant differences in the range of 1 200 masl (10.72 t C ha-1) and the lowest carbon storage in the range of 1 500 masl (4.74 t C ha-1). This indicates that the altitude of the site influences carbon capture in coffee; the lower the altitude, the more carbon stored there will be in the coffee.

Resumen La acumulación de carbono en el café es una forma de disminuir los gases de efecto invernadero y combatir el cambio climático; sin embargo, en la Sierra de Chiapas no se tiene información precisa sobre la captura de carbono en los cafetales. Cuantificar el carbono es dispensable para valorar este servicio ecosistémico y conservar las plantaciones de café a través de subsidios. Por esta razón la presente investigación tiene como objetivo, evaluar el carbono almacenado en biomasa aérea de café en dos gradientes altitudinales, así también determinar la concentración de carbono (CC) y nitrógeno, siendo la CC un elemento indispensable para obtener el carbono almacenado en café. El estudio se realizó en dos altitudes: la primera a 1 200 m y la segunda a una altitud de 1 500 m. Para estimar el carbono, primeramente, se estimó la biomasa de manera indirecta utilizando una ecuación alométrica para la especie, posteriormente la concentración de carbono y nitrógeno se determinó con un equipo denominado analizador elemental Thermo Scientific Flash 2000 NC Soils Analyzer, que funciona por combustión completa a 950 °C. Una vez obtenido la biomasa y la concentración de carbono en café se multiplicaron, obteniendo así el carbono almacenado, para el dióxido de carbono se multiplicó el carbono almacenado por la constante 3.67. Los resultados indican diferencias significativas en el rango 1 200 msnm (10.72 t C ha-1) y el más bajo almacenamiento de carbono en el rango 1 500 msnm (4. 74 t C ha-1). Lo anterior, indica que la captura de carbono en café es influenciada por la altitud del sitio, a menor altitud mayor carbono almacenado habrá en el café.

Abstract The cultivation of coffee in agroecosystems atypical for this species affects its growth due to the effect of climate, mainly temperature and solar radiation. In 2021, variations in the microclimate, functional traits, and phenotypic plasticity of the coffee tree were studied in two altitudinal gradients of the Frailesca region, Chiapas. Plant height, stem diameter, length of orthotropic internodes, branches per plant, length of plagiotropic branches, total nodes per plant, leaves per plant, specific leaf mass, and specific leaf area were recorded in two shaded coffee plantations located at 600 and 1 000 masl. Diurnal variations in photosynthetically active radiation, air temperature, and relative humidity were recorded. Photosynthetically active radiation, air temperature, and leaves per plant were greater at 1 000 masl due to the greater amount of shade existing in the coffee plantation located at 600 masl. The photosynthetically active and incident radiation at both altitudes was below the points of light compensation and saturation reported for this crop, while air temperature, leaves per plant, and RH were outside the recommended range for the coffee tree. Stem diameter, branches per plant, length of plagiotropic branches, specific leaf mass, and specific leaf area were higher in coffee trees grown at 1 000 masl. It is concluded that the Costa Rica 95 variety showed phenotypic plasticity in response to the altitudinal gradient reflected in increases in the relative distance plasticity index of stem diameter and specific leaf mass.

Resumen El cultivo de café en agroecosistemas atípicos para esta especie afecta su crecimiento debido al efecto del clima, principalmente la temperatura y la radiación solar. En el año 2021, se estudiaron las variaciones en el microclima, los rasgos funcionales y plasticidad fenotípica del cafeto en dos gradientes altitudinales de la región Frailesca, Chiapas. En dos cafetales bajo sombra, situados a 600 y 1 000 msnm, se registraron la altura de la planta, diámetro del tallo, longitud de entrenudos ortotrópicos, ramas por planta, longitud de ramas plagiotrópicas, nudos totales por planta, hojas por planta, masa foliar específica y área foliar específica. Se registraron las variaciones diurnas de la radiación fotosintéticamente activa, temperatura del aire y humedad relativa. Tanto la radiación fotosintéticamente activa, como la temperatura del aire y las hojas por planta fueron mayores a 1 000 msnm debido la mayor cantidad de sombra existente en el cafetal situado a 600 msnm. La radiación fotosintéticamente activa e incidente en ambas altitudes estuvo por debajo de los puntos de compensación y saturación luminosa reportados para este cultivo, mientras que la temperatura del aire y las hojas por planta HR estuvieron fuera del rango recomendado para el cafeto. El diámetro del tallo, ramas por planta, longitud de ramas plagiotrópicas, la masa foliar específica y el área foliar específica, fueron mayores en los cafetos crecidos a 1 000 msnm. Se concluye que la variedad Costa Rica 95, mostró plasticidad fenotípica en respuesta a la gradiente altitudinal reflejada en incrementos en el índice de plasticidad de distancias relativas del diámetro del tallo y la masa foliar específica.

ABSTRACT The coffee sector is estimated to have a retail market value in excess of USD 83 billion, and over 125 million jobs have been created in the global coffee chain. The coffee specialty market has recently increased significantly, generating opportunities to certify coffee beans produced by sustainable practices. This avoids practices potentially harmful to the environment. Agroforestry, organic farming, intercropping, and soil conservation strategies are examples of sustainable alternatives in the production of coffee. In this review, we focus on practices for the sustainable management of coffee plantations that can help farmers fight problems caused by global warming. More specifically, we address soil organic matter and microbiota, the use of Urochloa grass as intercrop in coffee plantations, shading systems (including agroforestry), and organic coffee production. We concluded that from the agronomic viewpoint, we already have production techniques that can replace traditional ones with significant advantages accruing to the quality of coffee orchard ecosystems. Nevertheless, we need scientific research efforts to deal with the existing gaps and the engagement of the whole coffee chain as a means of guaranteeing an adequate profit to those smallholders who adopt and maintain sustainable practice and are capable of bringing several positive changes to the coffee crop, including the use of microbia-based commercial products and new organic sources of nutrients to complement chemical fertilizers and improve coffee quality. 8 billion 12 significantly environment Agroforestry farming intercropping review warming specifically microbiota agroforestry, agroforestry , agroforestry) viewpoint ecosystems Nevertheless crop microbiabased microbia based 1

Abstract Herbaceous plants are important elements in coffee plantations of any producing region, coexisting in different degrees with coffee and woody plants. The objective of this study was to identify the principal herbaceous species present within one of the main coffee-producing strips in the state, analyzing seven coffee regions sampling 27 sites. 167 morphotypes were identified of which 148 were taxonomically determined to species level belonging to 52 botanical families. The families Asteraceae and Poaceae were the richest families with 20 and 21 species respectively; followed by Convolvulaceae and Fabaceae with 7 species each; and Euphorbiaceae, Lamiaceae and Solanaceae with six species each; the first two families have about the half of all individuals registered in the entire work. The families with the highest IVI were: Commelinaceae, Asteraceae, Poaceae, Acanthaceae, Crassulaceae; and the species with the highest IVI were: Bidens pilosa, Commelina coelestis, Melampodium divaricatum, Pseudechinolaena polystachya and Commelina erecta, respectively. The results showed that some variables such as altitude and precipitation have a significant influence on the diversity of weed species throughout the central zone of the state of Veracruz.

Resumen Las arvenses son elementos importantes dentro de los cafetales de cualquier región productora, coexistiendo en diferentes grados con el cafeto y especies leñosas asociadas. El objetivo fue identificar las especies de arvenses presentes "en la principal zona productora de café en el estado de Veracruz, analizando siete regiones cafetaleras muestreando 27 sitios. Se registraron 167 morfotipos de arvenses, de las cuales se determinaron taxonómicamente 148 hasta nivel de especie pertenecientes a 52 familias botánicas. Las familias Asteraceae y Poaceae fueron las más ricas en especies con 20 y 21 respectivamente, seguidas de Lamiaceae con 8 especies, Convolvulaceae y Fabaceae cada una con 7 especies, Euphorbiaceae, Malvaceae y Solanaceae con seis especies cada una; las dos primeras familias acumulan alrededor de la mitad de los individuos registrados en todo el trabajo. Las familias con los valores más altos del Índice de Valor de Importancia (IVI) fueron: Commelinaceae, Asteraceae, Poaceae, Acanthaceae, Crassulaceae; las especies con mayor IVI fueron: Bidens pilosa, Commelina coelestis, Melampodium divaricatum, Pseudechinolaena polystachya y Commelina erecta. Se logró identificar que variables como la altitud y precipitación tienen una influencia significativa sobre la diversidad de especies de arvenses a lo largo de la zona centro del estado de Veracruz.

Abstract In the community of Santiago Ecatlán, Jonotla, Puebla, located in a cultural region inhabited by Totonacos, the residents take advantage of various plant species with different uses. Among the edible species, some of the Begonia genus (Begoniaceae) stand out, valued mainly for their cultural importance. The petioles of these begonias are consumed as "quelites" and are appreciated both for their flavor and for the economic income they generate through their sale. Factors such as cultural erosion, climate change, the exchange of species between communities from different states, in addition to advances in taxonomic studies, can modify the existing information from previous works about plants. Therefore, the objective of this work was to update the information on edible begonias, their propagation and form of consumption in the community of Ecatlán, through an ethnobotanical study. The information was collected through participant observation, open and semi-structured interviews, and the collection of botanical samples. The following species were identified: Begonia thiemei and B. manicata as the most used, B. heracleifolia with two variants, a probable hybrid between B. heracleifolia and B. manicata, which had possibly been reported by other authors as B. barkeri or B. aff. barkeri and another identified only to the genus, whose morphological characteristics suggest that it could be a new species for science. Regarding the species mentioned by other authors as edible in the area, there was agreement on the use of Begonia heracleifolia, B. manicata and the probable hybrid mentioned above. However, no evidence was found of the presence and/or use of B. fusca, B. incarnata and B. glabra, reported in previous works. Finally, it was recorded that B. nelumbonifolia is not appreciated as food by the local inhabitants. The identified species were found in family gardens, coffee plantations, "ranches" and along roads. Based on the information collected, it was found that the propagation of begonias is carried out in two ways: 1) through the rhizomes and 2) in the case of B. thiemei, by cutting the mature leaf, approximately 2 -3 cm below the leaf blade, and its subsequent planting in soil. These species are available throughout the year, and the preparation of the traditional dish includes various ingredients, including species from the Apiaceae and Piperaceae families.

Resumen En la comunidad de Santiago Ecatlán, Jonotla, Puebla, ubicada en una región cultural habitada por totonacos, los pobladores aprovechan diversas especies vegetales con distintos usos. Entre las especies comestibles, destacan algunas del género Begonia (Begoniaceae), valoradas principalmente por su importancia cultural. Los peciolos de estas begonias se consumen como "quelites" y son apreciados tanto por su sabor como por los ingresos económicos que generan a través de su venta. Factores como la erosión cultural, el cambio climático, el intercambio de especies entre comunidades de diferentes estados, además de los avances en los estudios taxonómicos, pueden modificar la información existente de trabajos anteriores acerca de las plantas. Por lo anterior, el objetivo de este trabajo fue actualizar la información sobre las begonias comestibles, su propagación y forma de consumo en la comunidad de Ecatlán, a través de un estudio etnobotánico. La información se recopiló mediante la observación participante, entrevistas abiertas y semiestructuradas y la recolección de muestras botánicas. Se identificaron las siguientes especies: Begonia thiemei y B. manicata como las más utilizadas, B. heracleifolia con dos variantes, un probable híbrido entre B. heracleifolia y B. manicata, que posiblemente había sido reportado por otros autores como B. barkeri o B. aff. barkeri y otra identificada solamente a género, cuyas características morfológicas hacen suponer que podría ser una especie nueva para la ciencia. En cuanto a las especies mencionadas por otros autores como comestibles en la zona, se coincidió en el uso de Begonia heracleifolia, B. manicata y el probable híbrido mencionado anteriormente. Sin embargo, no se encontraron indicios de la presencia y/o uso de B. fusca, B. incarnata y B. glabra, reportadas en trabajos anteriores. Por último, se registró que B. nelumbonifolia no es apreciada como alimento por los habitantes de la localidad. Las especies identificadas se encontraron en huertos familiares, cafetales, "ranchos" y a lo largo de los caminos. Con base en la información recopilada se encontró que la propagación de las begonias se lleva a cabo de dos formas: 1) a través de los rizomas y 2) en el caso de B. thiemei, mediante el corte de la hoja madura, aproximadamente 2-3 cm por debajo de la lámina foliar, y su posterior plantación en tierra. Estas especies están disponibles durante todo el año, y la preparación del platillo tradicional incluye diversos ingredientes, entre ellos, especies de las familias Apiaceae y Piperaceae.

ABSTRACT This article seeks to reconstitute the ways in which the monjolo, an oriental hydraulic hammer brought to Brazil during the colonial period, was elected as symbol of the paulista identity by artists and men of letter between late 19th and early 20th century. As well as its incorporation by historical studies and museums. The articles also focus on how such artifacts was exposed in the São Paulo museums since its understand that musealization constituted a pivotal moment in this development. The cases here studied are the collections of the Museu Paulista, the Casa do Bandeirante museum and the commemorative exhibitions of the 4th centenary of the São Paulo city. monjolo period th century development Paulista city

RESUMO O artigo busca reconstituir a construção do monjolo, maquinismo de origem oriental trazido ao Brasil durante o período colonial como signo da identidade cultural de São Paulo por artistas e literatos entre o fim do séc. XIX e o início do séc. XX e a sua posterior incorporação pelo discurso historiográfico e museológico. O artigo focaliza, em especial, nos modos como tais artefatos foram agenciados nos museus da cidade de São Paulo por entender que a musealização constituiu momentos decisivos desse percurso. São abordados os casos dos acervos e exposições do Museu Paulista, da Casa do Bandeirante e das exposições comemorativas do IV centenário da cidade de São Paulo. monjolo séc museológico focaliza especial percurso Paulista

ABSTRACT. Agroforestry systems may show low CO2 efflux, and CO2 efflux contributes to sustainability. This work aimed to evaluate the soil CO2 efflux in coffee plantations cultivated in agroforestry and full-sun systems during the winter in high-altitude tropical climate regions. The work was carried out at three family farms (RO, GI, and PA) in Minas Gerais, Brazil. Two treatments were established: coffee with and without trees, and 20 sampling spots for soil and gases. The air and soil temperatures in the agroforestry systems were lower than in the full-sun systems. The soil moisture content in agroforestry systems was higher than full-sun only on the GI. Except for the agroforestry systems in PA, all the other systems showed an increase in CO2 efflux with increasing soil moisture. This increase was more pronounced in agroforestry systems (RO), followed by full sun (RO). On the GI farm, this correlation was lower in the agroforestry system. Soil CO2 efflux was positively correlated with soil temperature and negatively correlated with total nitrogen, labile carbon and total organic carbon. Therefore, despite the microclimate stability promoted by the agroforestry systems in the winter, no decrease in the soil CO2 efflux was observed when compared to full sun systems. ABSTRACT CO sustainability fullsun highaltitude high altitude regions RO, RO (RO PA Gerais Brazil established trees 2 gases , (RO) RO. . farm system nitrogen Therefore

Abstract Agroecosystems with coffee (Coffea arabica) are biodiversity reservoirs where fauna species can be found, including some mammals. Mammal’s studies in this habitat have been increasing in recent years. It is important to know the richness, abundance, and diversity of species, as well as the periods of activity to understand the dynamic in a productive system such as coffee plantations. The aim is to determine the diversity of mammals in coffee agroecosystems in Rincón de Mora, San Ramón, Alajuela, Costa Rica. To do this, different capture methods were used (Sherman, Havahart type live capture traps, camera traps and mist nets) which were placed in strategic sites for three years of sampling. 22 species of mammals were detected, classified into three groups according to their abundance: higher, medium, and less. The higher presence of mammals occurred in the phenological stages of flowering-filling and fruit-leaf (at the end of the harvest). Data were obtained from mammals during daytime and nighttime hours. The Shannon H diversity index had a result of 1.80, while the Berger-Parker d= 0.69. According to this research, as well as other studies, coffee agroecosystems can be considered an alternative supporting habitat for the protection of mammal species and other associated fauna.

Resumen Los agroecosistemas con café (Coffea arabica) son reservorios de biodiversidad donde se pueden encontrar especies de fauna, entre ellos algunos mamíferos. Los estudios de mamíferos en este hábitat han ido aumentando en los últimos años. Es importante conocer la riqueza, abundancia y diversidad de especies, así como los periodos de actividad para conocer a profundidad la dinámica en un sistema productivo como los cafetales. El objetivo es determinar la diversidad de mamíferos en agroecosistemas con café en Rincón de Mora, San Ramón, Alajuela, Costa Rica. Para ello, se utilizaron diferentes métodos de captura (trampas de captura viva tipo Sherman, Havahart, cámaras trampa y redes de niebla) las cuales se colocaron en sitios estratégicos durante tres años de muestreo. Se detectaron 22 especies de mamíferos clasificadas en tres grupos según su abundancia: mayor, media y menor. La mayor presencia de mamíferos se dio en las etapas fenológicas de floración-llenado y de fruto-hoja (al final de la cosecha). Se obtuvieron datos de mamíferos en horarios diurnos y nocturnos. El índice de diversidad Shannon H tuvo un resultado de 1,80, mientras que el de Berger-Parker d= 0,69. Según esta investigación, así como con otros estudios, se puede considerar que los agroecosistemas con café son un hábitat alternativo de apoyo para la protección de especies de mamíferos y otra fauna asociada.

Abstract Beyond the cultural and historical richness that identifies Cuetzalan and Tlatlauquitepec, there is the biological diversity it houses. The dominant type of vegetation is the cloud forest, which is at risk of disappearing due to the transformation to land cultivation, coffee plantations, and tourism, causing the extirpation of the species that live there, such as ferns, lycopods, and lichens. This study aimed to document the lichen richness species of cloud forest; we conducted field trips and opportunistic non-quantitative recollections. We identified 110 lichen species in 52 genera. Most of the species were crustose lichens (38%) and foliose lichens (51%). The genus Parmotrema was mesodiverse with 23 species, while 33 genera were monospecific in presenting only one species each, such as Bacidia, Baeomyces, Bulbothrix, Dermatocarpon, and Teloschistes. We report to Allographa chlorocarpa, A. rufopallida, Leucodermia guzmaniana, and Pyxine pyxinoides that had not previously been recorded in the Puebla state. Instead of the results obtained, there is still much work to inventory the lichen thoroughly. It is necessary to design effective strategies in which lichens are included in priority areas for conservation since they are an important component of ecosystems.

Resumen Más allá de la riqueza cultural e histórica que identifica a Cuetzalan y Tlatlauquitepec, está la diversidad biológica que alberga. El tipo de vegetación dominante es el bosque mesófilo de montaña, el cual se encuentra en riesgo de desaparecer debido a la transformación a tierras de cultivo, plantíos de café y al turismo, lo que provoca la extirpación de las especies que ahí habitan, tales como helechos, licopodios y líquenes. El objetivo de este estudio fue documentar la riqueza liquénica del bosque mesófilo de montaña para lo cual se hicieron recorridos de campo y una recolecta oportunista no cuantitativa. Se identificaron 110 especies de líquenes en 52 géneros. La mayoría de las especies fueron líquenes costrosos (38%) y líquenes foliosos (51% líquenes). El género Parmotrema fue mesodiverso con 23 especies, mientras que 33 géneros fueron monoespecíficos al presentar cada uno de ellos una sola especie, tal es el caso de Bacidia, Baeomyces, Bulbothrix, Dermatocarpon, y Teloschistes. Se reporta a Allographa chlorocarpa, A. rufopallida, Leucodermia guzmaniana y a Pyxine pyxinoides como nuevos registros para el estado de Puebla. A pesar de los resultados obtenidos, aún falta mucho por hacer para completar el inventario de los líquenes. Es necesario diseñar estrategias efectivas en las que se incluya en las áreas prioritarias para la conservación a los líquenes, ya que son un componente importante de los ecosistemas.

Resumen: El café de sombra de la Serra de Baturité, una de las pocas plantaciones de Brasil que integra cultivo-silvicultura, se configura como la antítesis del modelo agrícola predominante en nuestro país, en monocultivo. Conocido como “café de Baturité”, es apreciado porque proviene de la variedad típica de la especie arábica (Coffea arabica) de sombra, con producción realizada por pequeños productores rurales familiares de forma natural y artesanal. Ante este escenario, este artículo tiene como objetivo verificar el impacto de la revitalización de la cultura del café de sombra en la sierra de Baturité a partir de iniciativas orientadas al turismo, la preservación ambiental y el desarrollo socioeconómico regional. El procedimiento metodológico adoptado incluye estudio bibliográfico, observación participante y entrevistas semiestructuradas con fuentes clave. Para ello, la información fue catalogada, analizada y confrontada a través de la triangulación de datos. Los resultados muestran que la caficultura, inserta en la región hace dos siglos (1822-2022), se encuentra en una fase de revitalización. Esta revalorización del cultivo, ahora con conocimiento empírico y técnico, ha contribuido a minimizar el impacto antrópico en las prácticas agrícolas de montaña, a ampliar la gestión socioambiental en las propiedades rurales (donde el café se ha convertido en un vector de desarrollo sostenible) y a impulsar la economía regional, como se desprende de las acciones dirigidas al ecoturismo, el emprendimiento rural y la economía circular. Resumen cultivosilvicultura, cultivosilvicultura cultivo silvicultura, silvicultura cultivo-silvicultura país monocultivo , Baturité” Coffea arabica artesanal escenario turismo regional bibliográfico clave ello catalogada datos caficultura 18222022, 18222022 1822 2022 (1822-2022) técnico montaña donde sostenible ecoturismo circular 1822202 182 202 (1822-2022 182220 18 20 (1822-202 18222 1 2 (1822-20 (1822-2 (1822- (1822 (182 (18 (1 (

Abstract: The shaded coffee from Serra de Baturité, one of the few plantations in Brazil that integrates crop-forestry, is configured as an antithesis to the predominant agricultural model in our country, in monoculture. Known as “coffee from Baturité”, it is appreciated because it originates from the typical variety of the Arabica species (Coffea arabica) shaded, with production carried out by small rural family producers in a natural and artisanal way. Given this scenario, this article aims to verify the impact of the revitalization of the shaded coffee culture in the Baturité mountain range from initiatives aimed at tourism, environmental preservation and regional socioeconomic development. The methodological procedure adopted includes a bibliographical study, participant observation and semi-structured interviews with key sources. For that, the information was catalogued, analyzed and confronted, through data triangulation. The results show that coffee growing, inserted in the region two centuries ago (1822-2022), is in a revitalization phase. This revaluation of cultivation, now with empirical and technical knowledge, has contributed to minimize the anthropic impact on mountain farming practices, to expand socio-environmental management on rural properties (where coffee has become a vector of sustainable development) and to foster the regional economy, as can be seen from actions aimed at ecotourism, rural entrepreneurship, and the circular economy. Abstract cropforestry, cropforestry crop forestry, forestry crop-forestry country monoculture , Baturité” Coffea arabica way scenario tourism development study semistructured semi structured sources catalogued confronted triangulation growing 18222022, 18222022 1822 2022 (1822-2022) phase cultivation knowledge practices socioenvironmental socio where economy ecotourism entrepreneurship 1822202 182 202 (1822-2022 182220 18 20 (1822-202 18222 1 2 (1822-20 (1822-2 (1822- (1822 (182 (18 (1 (

Resumo: O café sombreado da serra de Baturité, uma das poucas plantações no Brasil que integram lavoura-floresta, configura-se como uma antítese ao modelo agrícola predominante em nosso país, em monocultivo. Conhecido como “café de Baturité”, é apreciado por ser originário da variedade típica da espécie arábica (Coffea arabica) sombreada, com produção realizada por pequenos produtores rurais familiares, de forma agroflorestal. Diante desse cenário, o presente artigo objetiva verificar o impacto da revitalização da cultura do café de sombra na serra de Baturité a partir de iniciativas voltadas para o turismo, preservação ambiental e desenvolvimento socioeconômico regional. O procedimento metodológico adotado contempla estudo bibliográfico, observação participante e entrevistas semiestruturadas, com fontes-chave. Para tanto, as informações foram catalogadas, analisadas e confrontadas através da triangulação dos dados. Os resultados evidenciam que a cafeicultura, inserida na região há dois séculos (1822-2022), se encontra em fase de revitalização. Essa revalorização do cultivo, agora com conhecimentos empírico e técnico, vem contribuindo para minimizar o impacto antrópico na prática agrícola serrana, ampliar a gestão socioambiental nas propriedades rurais (onde o café se tornou um vetor de desenvolvimento sustentável) e fomentar a economia regional, como se observa a partir das ações voltadas para o ecoturismo, o empreendedorismo rural e a economia circular. Resumo lavourafloresta, lavourafloresta lavoura floresta, floresta lavoura-floresta configurase configura país monocultivo , Baturité” Coffea arabica sombreada familiares agroflorestal cenário turismo regional bibliográfico semiestruturadas fonteschave. fonteschave fontes chave. chave fontes-chave tanto catalogadas dados cafeicultura 18222022, 18222022 1822 2022 (1822-2022) cultivo técnico serrana onde sustentável ecoturismo circular 1822202 182 202 (1822-2022 182220 18 20 (1822-202 18222 1 2 (1822-20 (1822-2 (1822- (1822 (182 (18 (1 (

Abstract Introduction. The lack of economic information is a barrier to the promotion of agroforestry systems (AFS). The forestry component could represent an important contribution to economy, an increase in biodiversity and, a high carbon footprint in coffee AFS, which are promoted throughout more than 93 600 ha in 8 regions of Costa Rica. A new coffee-timber production relationship model is required, which would provide additional economic value to the coffee growers, than the traditional environmental services. Objective. To determine the costs required for cropping timber trees in a coffee plantation. Materials and methods. A complete cost structure of shading-trees cultivation in coffee plantations is reported. It is based on an individual tree model due to its greater applicability. The cost model is based on the cultivation of a maximum of 275 trees.ha-1 (6 x6 m in an irregular distribution), which allows a thinning of 50% of the trees in year 7, for the cultivation of laurel (Cordia alliodora) and cedro (Cedrela odorata) trees mainly, at altitudes between 700 and 1450 meters above sea level. Results. Production costs of a timber tree up to year 15 is ¢2386.tree-1 (US$4, exchange rate of ¢600), where 50% corresponds to labor work, 24% to management and technical assistance, 15% to fertilizers and other inputs and 11% for the trees. Laurel tree intercepts 60% of solar radiation with no effect in the production of 36.5 bushels.ha-1 in ovatá coffee variety at 1200 masl. Conclusions. The total costs of planting 275 trees.ha-1 in AFS with coffee is ¢2386.tree-1 (US$3.98). A financing scenario could make a capital contribution of ¢950 per tree in year 0, another capital contribution of ¢850 in year 5, for a total of ¢1750.tree-1 ($2.9). However, FONAFIFO's current financing model for coffee production in AFS could keep its capital contribution scheme in the first five years and same amount of ¢2000 per tree, in order to avoid volatility in agrochemicals prices. The cultivation of timber-shade trees in coffee is low and would have a high economic, social and environmental impact on coffee farming in Costa Rica.

Resumen Introducción. La ausencia de información económica constituye una barrera para el fomento de sistemas agroforestales (SAF). El componente forestal podría representar una contribución importante en la economía y aumento de biodiversidad de los SAF con café, que mantiene una huella de carbono alta y se desarrolla en más de 93 600 ha en 8 regiones de Costa Rica. Se requiere un nuevo modelo de asociación café con árboles maderables, que aporte valor económico, adicional a los servicios ambientales tradicionales. Objetivo. Determinar los costos del cultivo de árboles maderables de sombra en SAF de café. Materiales y métodos. Se reporta la estructura de costos de cultivo de maderables en cafetales, basada en árboles individuales por su aplicabilidad. La base de datos se construyó a partir de experiencias en SAF establecidas en cooperativas de café. El modelo se basa en el cultivo máximo de 275 árboles.ha-1 (6 x 6 m en tresbolillo), que permite efectuar un raleo (50%) al año 7, con especies como laurel (Cordia alliodora) y cedro (Cedrela odorata) principalmente, en altitudes entre 700 a 1450 msnm. Resultados. El costo del cultivo de un árbol hasta el año 15 es de ¢2386.árbol-1 (US$4 con tasa de cambio de ¢600), 50% corresponde a mano de obra, 24% a regencia y asistencia técnica, 15% insumos y 11% al costo del árbol. El laurel interceptó un 60% de radiación sin afectación de la producción de 36,5 fanegas por ha de café ovatá a 1200 msnm. Conclusiones. El costo total para cultivar 275 árboles maderables.ha-1 en un SAF café es de ¢2386.árbol-1 (US$3,98). Un escenario de financiamiento podría realizar un aporte de capital de ¢950 por árbol en el año 0, otro aporte en el año 5 de ¢850, para un total de ¢1750.árbol-1 ($2,9). Sin embargo, el modelo de financiamiento actual del FONAFIFO para SAF café, podría mantener su esquema actual de aportes de capital en 5 años y mismo monto de ¢2000 por árbol, con el fin de evitar el efecto de la volatilidad en los precios de los insumos. El costo del cultivo de árboles maderables como sombra en café es bajo y tendría un alto impacto económico, social y ambiental en la caficultura.

Abstract Introduction: There are no previous studies about the Achiote Interurban Biological Corridor, Costa Rica. Objective: To characterize birds and land use to improve the corridor’s functional connectivity. Methods: We selected ten sampling sites (sugar cane and coffee cultivation areas, urban areas, secondary forest, and riparian forest) and used the point count technique for six months (100 sampling hours and 120 samples). We determined bird richness and abundance associated with each type of cover. Results: We identified 194 bird species. Secondary forest, riparian areas, and coffee plantations had the highest diversity. Trophic guilds and habitat use were not related to cover, and insectivores and frugivores were generally dominant. Conclusion: Birds with generalist habits predominated in open areas and forest patches within the biological corridor.

Resumen Introducción: No existen estudios previos sobre el Corredor Biológico Interurbano El Achiote, Costa Rica. Objetivo: Caracterizar las aves y el uso del suelo para mejorar la conectividad funcional del corredor. Métodos: Seleccionamos diez sitios de muestreo (áreas de cañal y cafetal, áreas urbanas, bosque secundario y bosque ribereño) y utilizamos la técnica de conteo de puntos, durante seis meses (100 horas de muestreo y 120 muestras). Determinamos la riqueza y abundancia de aves asociadas a cada tipo de cobertura. Resultados: Identificamos 194 especies de aves. El bosque secundario, las áreas ribereñas y el cafetal tuvieron la mayor diversidad. Los gremios tróficos y el uso del hábitat no estuvieron relacionados con la cobertura, y los insectívoros y frugívoros fueron generalmente dominantes. Conclusión: Las aves de hábitos generalistas predominaron en áreas abiertas y parches de bosque dentro del corredor biológico.